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Aakre, S. 111 West African Gas Pipeline Project (WAGP Aarhus Convention on Access to Information Project) 353–4, 355–6 65, 75 windfall profit taxes 356–7, 360 Abs, H. 266 Africa, oil and gas investment and local Aburdene, P. 509 communities 480–503 access to water see water and investment Chad–Cameroon Petroleum Development Acconci, P. 184 and Pipeline Project 354–6, 480–81, accountability see transparency 483, 484, 485, 491, 492, 494–502 Addis Ababa Action Agenda 15–16, 36, 153 ‘choice and self-determination’ issues 488 Africa, long-term investment contracts in communities’ views and consultations 485–6, energy sector and stabilization clauses 487–8, 491–502 340–63 Compensation and Resettlement Plan 497–8, Chad–Cameroon Petroleum Development 499 and Pipeline Project 354–6, 480–81, Compliance Advisor Ombudsman (CAO) 483, 484, 485, 491, 492, 494–502 485–6, 495–8 compensation issues 342, 347–8, 357, 359 decolonization effects 483–4, 490 contractual clauses 349–50 ‘development as freedom’ perspective 487 contractual clauses, and profound change in environmental impacts of oil and gas circumstances 361 production 489–92, 493–4, 495–7, current trends 356–62 498–9, 501–2 economic equilibrium clauses 342, 346–8, Environmental Management Plans 484, 354, 355, 356, 357 495–6 economic equilibrium clauses, shift towards FDI contributions to economic narrower 358–60 development, debate over 481–2, energy sector stability techniques 344–56 486–92 freezing clauses 342, 344–6, 348, 352, 354, grievance procedures 497–8 356, 357, 358–60 IFC and Multilateral Investment Guarantee human rights and environment issues Agency (MIGA) projects 495 359–60 investor-state arbitration 483, 495 hybrid clauses 342, 348, 354 marginalisation issues 490–91 inconsistency rule provision 350 neoliberalism and catching-up approach legitimate expectations 352, 356 486–7, 488–9, 490 Nigeria/Sao Tome and Principe crossborder NGO involvement 496–7 project 355 poverty reduction objectives 485, 490, 496, stability agreements 351–3, 354 500–501 stabilization clauses duration 345–6 right to a clean environment 493 stabilization clauses, flexible and double- state–investor relationship primacy edged, shift towards 360–62 481–2 stabilization clauses incorporation supervision and monitoring issues 497 techniques 349–56 voluntary dispute resolution process 497 stabilization clauses, legislation authorizing World Bank Inspection Panel 485–6, 495, 350–51, 359 498–501 stabilization clauses purpose and scope African Charter on Human and Peoples’ 341–4 Rights (ACHPR) 159, 160 stabilization techniques for crossborder African Commission projects 353–6 Centre for Minority Rights Development transparency and accountability effects (Kenya) v. Kenya 488 357 Endorois Welfare Council v. Kenya 74
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Free Legal Assistance Group and Others v. Australia Zaire 74 Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ogoni 492–4 (ANZ), pulp mill funding 511, 513 SERAC v. Nigeria 160 plain packaging 311 Sudan Human Rights Organisation & Centre Yanner v. Eaton 471 on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE) v. Sudan 74 Baetens, F. 3, 107–30 Aisbett, E. 296 Bagri, N. 319 Alam, S. 264 Bagus, P. 506 Alanis-Ortega, G. 47 Baker, S. 294 Aldy, J. 110 Bala, M. 318 Alexandrov, S. 73, 84 Baldwin, R. 382 Alschner, W. 67 Bancal, J.-C. 126 alternative mechanisms, dispute resolution Banifatemi, Y. 85, 425–6 239–41 Bankes, N. 292 Alvarez, J. 380, 429 Bao, Q. 367 Amarasinha, S. 133 Barelli, M. 466 Amerasinghe, N. 217 Barnard, C. 383 American Convention on Human Rights 159, Barnett, M. 510 161 Barrera-Hernández, L. 464 amicus curiae brief Barsch, R. 465 EU investment agreements, economic Bartels, L. 382 objectives 390, 403 Bartram, J. 79 human rights and environmental protection Bauer, R. 510 156 Baxter, J. 302 indigenous cultural heritage and natural Bayley, A. 40 resources 474 Beck, U. 244 Latin American states, investment claims Bedjaoui, M. 483 against 414 Begic, T. 85 procedural issues and innovations in Behn, D. 43, 44 environment-related investor-state benefit-sharing, biodiversity protection disputes 218 143–5 sustainable development and international Benson, K. 512 investment law 54 Beresford, Q. 511 water and investment 73, 76, 84, 91, Berger, A. 296 96 Berman, F. 124 see also investor-state dispute settlement Beyerlin, U. 41, 161, 162, 427 Anand, P. 316, 321, 483–4 Bhasin, N. 319 Anderson, R. 8–9, 441–63 Bilzen, G. 318 Andrup-Henriksen, G. 318 Binder, C. 41, 64 Anghie, A. 115, 484, 490, 502 biodiversity protection 131–49 annulment or set-aside of award 215 compensation considerations 133–4, 143 Anton, D. 157 Convention on Biological Diversity 141 Apea, Y. 255 Convention on Biological Diversity, Nagoya APEC Economic Leaders, Lima Declaration Protocol 143–5 49–50 future recommendations 147–9 Araya, M. 47 Global Opportunity Index 144 Argentinian financial crisis effects 91, 92, institutional responses to proposed 94 investments 148 Arnold, G. 514 investor-state dispute settlement 135, 137, Arsel, M. 295 138–9, 145 ASEAN and Regional Comprehensive legitimate expectations 134, 135–6, 138, Economic Partnership (RCEP) 48–9 141 Ashutosh, R. 316 minimum standard of treatment 134–5 Asteriti, A. 45 palm oil production 140, 141
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preinvestment environmental risk assessment Bourgeois, J. 17 suggestion 148–9 Bourquain, K. 69 private international investment boosting Boute, A. 126, 292 biodiversity and safeguards 146–7 Bovarnick, A. 408 private international investment boosting Bowman, M. 510, 511, 517 biodiversity and safeguards, biobanking Boxburgh, C. 504 146 Boyle, A. 110, 162, 426 private international investment boosting Brand, U. 294 biodiversity and safeguards, habitat Braunstein, E. 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, banking 146 457, 458 protected areas 139–43, 148 Brazil, Agreement for Cooperation and protected areas, developing countries and Facilitation (ADFI) 49 poverty reduction and development Brill, J. 507 141–2, 147–8 Brower, C. 29, 39 protected areas, public welfare protection Brown, C. 4–5, 175–208, 222 142–3 Brown, J. 491 Sustainable Development Goals 147–8 Brown, M. 126 sustainable investment and access and Brown Weiss, E. 71, 79 benefit-sharing agreements 143–5 Brundtland Report 40 sustainable investment and access and Brunée, J. 40, 41 benefit-sharing agreements, transaction Brunet, M. 307 cost reduction 145 Brunnée, J. 427 UNFCCC REDD+ financing and REDD+ Bücheler, G. 171, 275, 276 projects 147 Buffard, I. 426 biodiversity protection, emerging international Burman, L. 142 investment regimes and biotechnology Burroughes, T. 514 investments 132–9 Büscher, B. 295 biosafety regulations 137–8 Button, C. 250 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 137 ecotourism and environmental law 138–9 Calamita, J. 62 environmental obligations 133–6 Caldecott, B. 146 fair and equitable treatment standard 138, Camejo, P. 512 139, 144, 145 Cameron, P. 340–41, 343, 344 international environmental law 137–8 Canada NAFTA 133, 134–5, 136 EU–Canada Comprehensive Economic performance standards 135–6 and Trade Agreement (CETA) 51, 379, Trans-Pacific Trade Partnership (TPP) 392–6, 398–9, 401, 404, 405 135–6, 140, 144–5 Green Energy and Green Economy Act Transatlantic Trade and Investment (GEGEA) 300, 303 Partnership (TTIP) 135, 136, 145 Hupacasath First Nation v. Canada 471 US Model BIT 132–3, 134, 136 Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami v. Parliament and Birnie, P. 160, 164 Council 471 Biryabarema, E. 360 investment agreement transparency 54 Bjorklund, A. 2–3, 38–68, 392, 477, 478 Mikisew Cree First Nation v. Canada 66 Blackaby, N. 73, 84, 223, 224, 227, 228 Model BIT 388, 390, 394, 395 Blodget, H. 505 Model FIPA 220–21, 372–3 Blühdorn, I. 294 Responsible Investment Association 521 Boer, B. 157 Caplan, L. 180, 210, 234, 404 Bogle, J. 506 Capotorti, F. 168 Boisson de Chazournes, L. 41, 71 Carlarne, C. 107 Bonnitcha, J. 42, 296 Carlevaris, A. 76–7 Borgen, C. 190, 192, 424 Carlson, M. 84 Born, G. 217 Caron, D. 210, 234 Bottini, G. 8, 408–39 Carson, M. 73 Boumghar, M. 157 Carson, R. 164
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Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 137 Clark, G. 505, 515 carveouts Clark, M. 452 foreign investment and international law 19, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), 33–4 climate change and green investment, green multilateralism, Comprehensive and Kyoto Protocol 19–20, 110, 112, 114, 115, Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific 118, 124, 238, 240 Partnership (TPP11) 279–80, 287–8, Cleverly, R. 230 289–90 climate change, gender, environment and human rights and environmental protection foreign investment 454–5 164 climate change and green investment 107–30 India, environmental provisions in colonialism effects 114–15 investment treaties 324–5 fair and equitable treatment 116–18, 122, public welfare 125–6 128–9 treatment standards in environment-related future treaties and contracts, investor-State disputes 203–5 recommendations for 125–6 Céline, N. 424 legitimate expectations 117, 118, 122, 123, Cernic, J. 359 126, 128–9 Chad–Cameroon Petroleum Development national treatment and most favoured nation and Pipeline Project 354–6, 480–81, (MFN) treatment 116–17, 129–30 483, 484, 485, 491, 492, 494–502 performance requirements 118–20 Chimni, B. 490, 502 performance requirements, investment China, environmental concerns and clauses regulating 118–19 international investment agreements performance requirements, potential 364–78 conflicts with climate change objectives BIT negotiations 372–3 119 economic development tipping points 368 poverty issues 119 economic growth 366 reconciling and reinforcing 123–30 Environment Cooperation Agreement 372 reinterpretation of existing standards 128–9 environmental measures clauses 369 subsidies 121, 123 environmental protection and FDI interplay transparency 112, 117, 128–9 366–8 United Nations Framework Convention on environmental protection focus 368–72 Climate Change 108–9 environmental protection focus, preambular climate change and green investment, green references 368–9 investment protection 113–16, 120–23 environmental regulatory space, clauses contractual disputes 120 preserving 370 direct and indirect expropriation 114–15 expropriation clauses 371 domestic renewable energy incentivisation future agreements 372–8 schemes 120–23 general exceptions clauses 370 feed-in tariffs 120 investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) investment value effects 122–3 implications 365–6, 371–2, 375, 377 investor-State arbitration 113, 121–3, 126 legitimate expectations 371, 375 potential conflicts with climate change and Multilateral Environmental Agreements objectives 115–16 (MEAs) 371–2 and principle of permanent sovereignty national treatment 373 114–15 performance requirement controls 377 prohibition on expropriation without pollution levels 366, 367 compensation 114–16, 120 right to regulate, strengthening 376–8 proportionality test 122 sustainable development objectives 374–6 treaty disputes 120–23 transparency 375 climate change and green investment, Kyoto Choudhury, B. 60, 86 Protocol 107, 109–10 Choukroune, L. 116 arbitration proceedings 114, 116, 124–5 Ciro, T. 504 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Cisse, H. 486 19–20, 110, 112, 114, 115, 118, 124, 238, Ciurtin, H. 404 240
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Doha Amendment 110–11, 130 green economy and investor-state dispute emission reduction regime 109, 110, 111, settlement (ISDS) 298, 306, 309 112, 115, 120, 125 green multilateralism 265, 266, 272, 276, 290 Flexibility Mechanisms 109–10, 113, 117–18, India, environmental provisions in 129 investment treaties 329, 331 Joint Implementation (JI) 109–10, 112, 115, Latin American states, investment claims 120, 124 against 410, 411, 422, 435 Kyoto II 125–6 treatment standards in environment-related Kyoto-friendly approach 128 investor-State disputes 176, 177, 187, non-Kyoto Parties 114, 117–18, 124 194–5 public welfare carve-outs 125–6 water and investment 91, 93, 100 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties competition limitations 126–8 for capital, gender, environment and foreign climate change and green investment, Paris investment 444–5, 448, 457–8 Agreement 107–8, 111–13 foreign investment and international law emission reduction regime 111–13 18–19, 29–33 global average temperatures 111 conciliations, dispute resolution 240–41 private investment role 112–13 Condon, M. 46, 47 US withdrawal 112 confidentiality, investment arbitrations 216–22, Clough, D. 86 236 coal industry, India 317–18 see also transparency see also fossil fuels Conley, J. 520 codification through standards, socially Constain, S. 240 responsible investment (SRI) 508–9 contractual clauses, Africa, long-term Coe, J. 273 investment contracts in energy sector and Cohen, A. 167 stabilization clauses 349–50, 361 Colen, L. 452, 453 contractual disputes, climate change and green colonialism effects investment 120 Africa, oil and gas investment and local Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) communities 483–4, 490 141, 143–5, 239 climate change and green investment 114–15 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) Committee for Economic, Social and Cultural 158 Rights (CESCR), right to water 75, 77–80, Cook, J. 515 89, 97–8 Cordonier-Segger, M.-C. 12, 44, 50, 137 community core values corporate governance effects 505, 516, 517–18 foreign investment and international law corporate social responsibility (CSR) 17, 63 31–2 Cosbey, A. 300 science use in investor-state arbitration Costa Rica see under Latin American states, 256–7 investment claims against sustainable development and international costs management, investment arbitrations investment law 58–9 232–7 treatment standards in environment-related Cotula, L. 45, 52, 55, 57, 66, 114, 359 investor-State disputes 200–201, 202 Couture, T. 308 water and investment 101 Cowton, C. 513 compensation issues Cragg, W. 508, 518 Africa, long-term investment contracts in Crawford, J. 176, 191, 283, 423, 426, 429, 431 energy sector and stabilization clauses Crockett, A. 42 342, 347–8, 357, 359 Crow, K. 52 Africa, oil and gas investment and local Cubby, B. 511 communities 497–8, 499 Cucinotta, D. 4–5, 175–208, 222 biodiversity protection 133–4, 143 Cullet, P. 489–90 climate change and green investment 114–16, cultural heritage, indigenous see indigenous 120 cultural heritage and natural resources foreign investment and international law Curtis, T. 483 29–30 Cutler, C. 467
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Daes, E.-I. 465, 467 Ecuador Daly, B. 210, 223, 224, 228, 234, 235, 236, 241, claims against see under Latin American 242 states, investment claims against Darby, A. 511 Yasuni–ITT initiative 141–2 Davies, H. 260 effects doctrine 99, 178 Davis, S. 515, 521 Ehresman, T. 293, 294 De Sadeleer, N. 261 Ekins, P. 294 De Sousa Nunes Vicente, M. 117 El Salvador, Pac Rim v. El Salvador 24, 102, de-regulatory chill 142–3, 417–18 green economy and investor-state dispute emission reduction regime settlement (ISDS) 299–307 Kyoto Protocol 109, 110, 111, 112, 115, 120, India, environmental provisions in 125 investment treaties 326 Paris Agreement 111–13 debt financing, socially responsible investment employment and wage discrimination, gender, (SRI) 514–15, 517 environment and foreign investment Del Río, P. 307, 308 442–3, 444, 445, 447, 458 Deloria, V. 467 endangered species, Latin America 410–12 Dennis, M. 162 Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) 125–6, 177, 309, Desierto, D. 44, 63, 87, 157 388 Dewar, S. 517 energy needs and energy technology needs, Di Benedetto, S. 12, 41 gender, environment and foreign Diepeveen, R. 491 investment 453–4 Dockrill, P. 318 energy sector, Africa see Africa, long-term Dolzer, R. 86, 175, 177, 212, 265, 267, 272 investment contracts in energy sector and Domini, A. 507 stabilization clauses Donders, Y. 466 Engle, K. 468 Douglas, Z. 86, 125, 184 environmental impact assessments (EIA) 52–3, Drezner, D. 369 66–7 Drymer, S. 86 see also sustainability impact assessments Dumberry, P. 86 Environmental Performance Index 317 Dupuy, P.-M. 12, 27, 85, 155, 159, 164, 423, Ergas, C. 451–2, 454, 455, 457 482, 483, 491 Erion, G. 521 Durham, J. 482 Erkan, M. 344 Escobar, L. 52 Ebeku, K. 492 ESG (environment, social and governance) economic considerations analysis, socially responsible investment and gender see gender, environment and (SRI) 510, 512, 515–16 foreign investment, economics Esteva, G. 486, 487 sustainable development and international EU investment law 41, 43–4 FTAs and sustainable development 18 economic development tipping points, China sustainability impact assessments 46 368 Sustainable Finance Initiative 522 economic equilibrium clauses, Africa, EU investment agreements, economic long-term investment contracts in energy objectives and environmental sector 342, 346–8, 354, 355, 356, 357, considerations 379–407 358–60 amicus curiae brief 390, 403 economic growth, China 366 balancing environmental and economic economic objectives, EU see EU considerations 381, 384, 385–7, 389, investment agreements, economic 393, 394, 395, 399–401, 402–3, 404–6 objectives and environmental best practices of the Member States BITs, considerations drawing from 387–8, 395 ecotourism Charter of Fundamental Rights 383–4 and biodiversity protection 138–9 Commission’s Trade and Investment treatment standards 206–8 Strategy 386–7 see also tourism Common Commercial Policy (CCP) 383
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Economic Partnership Agreements 389 identity of third State with whom EU Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) 388 negotiated, effects of 390 environmental regulation 383–4 indirect expropriation 394, 397, 399, 401 FDI flows between developing and influenced by investment (and public law) developed States 381 experience of other States 394 Founding Treaties and balancing FDI and multilateral environmental standards and environmental protection 382–4 agreements 397 four freedoms 383 national treatment 396–7 FTAs, investment chapters in 389 police powers doctrine 396 international law effects 381 right to regulate 393, 398–9 investor-state dispute settlement 390, 398, substantive investment standards 393, 394, 399, 403 398 legitimate expectations 392–3, 394, 395, Transatlantic Trade and Investment 398–9, 401, 402 Partnership (TTIP), Investment new International Investment Policy Chapter 401 385–9 Transatlantic Trade and Investment new International Investment Policy, Partnership (TTIP) negotiations Commission’s Communication and 399–403, 404, 405, 406 focus on balance 385, 386–7 transparency 403 new International Investment Policy, European Court of Human Rights Council of Europe and economic Brânduşe v. Romania 82 benefits of FDI and corporate social Budayeva v. Russia 162 responsibility 386 drinking water protection 74, 78, 80–82, 83 new International Investment Policy, Dubetska v. Ukraine 80, 82 European Parliament, investor’s rights Dzemyuk v. Ukraine 80 and the right of public authorities to Fadeyeva v. Russia 162 regulate 385–6 Fredin v. Sweden 103–4 proportionality principle 394, 401, 405 Guerra v. Italy 80, 82, 162 public interest consideration 381–2, 385–6, James v. UK 156 387, 394–5 Lopéz Ostra v. Spain 80, 162 sustainability impact assessments 387, 392 Matos et Silva v. Portugal 103, 104 sustainable development 381, 391, 392–3, Öneryildiz v. Turkey 162 397, 402, 404 Pine Valley v. Ireland 103, 104 TFEU on environmental protection 383 Taskin v. Turkey 80–81, 82, 162 EU investment agreements, economic Tatar v. Romania 80, 81–2, 162 objectives and environmental Tyrer v. United Kingdom 162 considerations, new nvestment Zander v. Sweden 82 agreements and environment 389–403 experts’ role EU–Canada Comprehensive Economic investor-state disputes see procedural issues and Trade Agreement (CETA) 51, 379, and innovations in environment-related 392–6, 398–9, 401, 404, 405 investor-state disputes, technical experts EU–Canada Comprehensive Economic science use in investor-state arbitration 262 and Trade Agreement (CETA), expropriation preambular references to non-economic China, environmental concerns and considerations 393–4 international investment agreements EU–Canada Comprehensive Economic 371 and Trade Agreement (CETA), climate change and green investment, green shortcomings 395 investment protection 114–16 EU–Singapore FTA 396–8 EU investment agreements 394, 397, 399, EU–South Korea FTA 391, 404, 405 401 EU–Vietnam FTA 398–9, 401, 404, 405 foreign investment and international law exclusive and shared competences 396 33–4 experience deficiencies 390 green multilateralism, Comprehensive and fair and equitable treatment (FET) 396 Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific financial crisis effects 389–90 Partnership (TPP11) 285–6
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green multilateralism, investment treaties compensation issues 29–30 and environmental regulation 272, consolidation of upgraded approach 25–36 273–6 consolidation of upgraded approach, India, environmental provisions in mindset change 29–36 investment treaties 324 corporate social responsibility (CSR) science use in investor-state arbitration standards 17 247–8, 251–2 current trends 36–7 treatment standards in environment-related environmental mismanagement implications investor-State disputes 176–80, 194–208 34–6 environmental protection for instrumental fair and equitable treatment (FET) (competition) reasons 18–19, 29–33 biodiversity protection 138, 139, 144, 145 free trade agreements (FTAs) and climate change and green investment 116–18, megaregionals 17–19 122, 128–9 green economy concept 13 EU investment agreements 396 indirect expropriations 33–4 green multilateralism 272–7, 280–83, 284–5 investment dispute settlement 19 Latin American states 416, 419, 426 legitimacy conflicts 27–8 science use in investor-state arbitration 249, minimum standard of treatment 31, 34 252, 253 most favoured nation clause 28 treatment standards in environment- necessity clauses 27–8 related investor-State disputes 180–84, surge in investment disputes 19–25 197–200, 206–8 Sustainable Development Goals 13–16 Falsafi, A. 86 Sustainable Development Goals, Addis Fauchald, O. 43, 44 Ababa Action Agenda 15–16 feed-in tariffs (FIT) 120, 297–8, 299–302, 304, World Bank, Global Environmental Facility 307–9 14 Ferrer, M. 6–7, 313–39 Fortier, Y. 86, 392 Ferris, R. 318 fossil fuels fiduciary law omission, socially responsible coal industry, India 317–18 investment (SRI) 507, 521 divestment campaign, socially responsible Fietta, S. 230 investment (SRI) 514 finance capitalism, socially responsible mining and hydrocarbon exploration, Latin investment (SRI) 504–5 American states 413–18, 420–22, 423 financial crisis effects 91, 92, 94, 389–90 oil industry see oil industry Finnemore, M. 486 see also pollution Firger, D. 292–3 Foster, C. 244, 262 Fizmaurice, M. 162 fractional reserve banking effects, socially Flexibility Mechanisms, Kyoto Protocol responsible investment (SRI) 506 109–10, 113, 117–18, 129 Francioni, F. 467, 470 foreign direct investment (FDI) effects Franck, S. 381, 402, 468 Africa, oil and gas investment and local Frank, S. 7, 340–63 communities 481–2, 486–92 freedom of information legislation 217, 218, EU, flows between developing and 306 developed States 381 see also information disclosure human rights and environmental protection freezing clauses, Africa, long-term investment 152–3 contracts in energy sector 342, 344–6, 348, India, environmental provisions in 352, 354, 356, 357, 358–60 investment treaties 314 Freiwald, A. 452 indigenous cultural heritage and natural French, D. 169 resources 470 foreign investment, and gender see gender, Gaillard, E. 85 environment and foreign investment Gaines, S. 53 foreign investment and international law 12–37 Gal-Or, N. 469 carveouts 19, 33–4 Gallagher, K. 482 and community core values 31–2 Gallagher, N. 372
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Gantz, D. 39 regulatory incentives 447–8 Garcia Amador, F. 176–7, 179 sector-specific industries 448–50 Gardiner, R. 86 services and tourism sectors 448–50 Gathii, J. 502 special discretion jurisdictions (SDJs) 446, Gazzini, T. 41, 117 457–8 Gehring, M. 45, 46–7, 54, 137, 403 stabilization clauses in international gender, environment and foreign investment investment agreements 448 441–63 transient labour and sexual exploitation climate change 454–5 449–50 climate change, health effects 454–5 Gentry, B. 295 climate change, human rights implications George, C. 17 455 Gerrard, M. 292–3 climate change, and subsistence farming 454 Ghehibriwet, N. 319 decisionmaking effects 457–8 Ghellal, A. 349 decisionmaking effects, civil society Gibson, R. 520 engagement 457 Gilbert, J. 466–7 future research 462–3 Gleick, P. 79 gender blindness and gender mainstreaming Global Opportunity Index 144 459–62 Goergen, M. 516 gender blindness and gender mainstreaming, Goh, A. 454, 455 environmental projects 460–62 Golub, S. 453, 454, 455 gender blindness and gender mainstreaming, González-Lutzenkirchen, A. 47 gender-sensitive policy approaches 460 Gordon, K. 17, 46, 50, 153, 321, 368, 374, 380, health effects 454–6 381, 382, 389, 390, 393, 451, 491 health effects, environmental harm 456, 457 Gray, K. 116 health effects, oil spills 455–6 Grear, A. 157 occupational segregation of women and green economy special discretion jurisdictions (SDJs) concept 13 442–3, 445 incentives, gender, environment and foreign gender, environment and foreign investment, investment 446, 453–4 economics 443–5 investment and climate change see climate competition for capital 444–5, 448, 457–8 change and green investment employment 445 private sector engagement in 152 special discretion jurisdictions (SDJs) green economy and investor-state dispute 443–4 settlement (ISDS) 292–311 wage discrimination 443, 444, 445, 447, 458 compensation issues 298, 306, 309 gender, environment and foreign investment, de-regulatory chill 299–307 environmental regulation 450–54 de-regulatory chill, Mesa v. Canada 24, 122, energy needs and energy technology needs 123, 299–302, 305 453–4 de-regulatory chill, Windstream v. Canada environmentally friendly technologies 453–4, 24, 121, 123, 218, 219, 302–7 456 feed-in tariffs (FIT) 297–8, 299–302, 304, gender equality 451–2 307–9 political status 451–2 freedom of information legislation 306 pollution halo and haven hypotheses 447, green economy definition 294–5 452–3 green investment (FDI), attracting 295–8 underenforcement and health effects 452–3 ISDS role 295–310 gender, environment and foreign investment, legitimate expectations 301, 305, 309 foreign investment effects 445–50 reinvestment 298–9 dispute resolution mechanisms 448 renewable energy costs declining 298 environmental harm and environmental sanctions 305–6 protection 446, 449 Spanish solar cases 307–10 green incentives 446, 453–4 subsidies 297–8, 308, 310 market distortions 446–7, 458 targeted policy initiatives 297 race to the bottom 447 wind farms, local opposition to 302–7
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wind farms, local opposition to, financial Hajer, M. 294 benefit arrangements 306–7 Hamby, C. 210, 235 green multilateralism 264–91 Hansjürgens, B. 110 bilateralism, early 265–6, 267–9 Harrison, J. 222, 223, 224, 227, 228 compensation issues 265, 266, 272, 276, 290 Harten, G. 316 investment courts, centralisation through Hawke, A. 448, 449, 450 270–72 hazardous waste, Latin American states investment treaty system 265–72 418–20 Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) see also pollution claims 268–9, 270–72, 273–4, 275–6 Hazelton, J. 512 legitimate expectations 273, 283–5 He, J. 367 multilateralism, early 266 health effects multilateralism revival 269–70 gender, environment and foreign investment public participation 271 452–6 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties human rights and right to health 160 269, 274, 279, 288 hearings transparency, procedural issues and green multilateralism, Comprehensive and innovations 218, 219 Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific see also transparency Partnership (TPP11) 264, 271, 277–90 Heath, A. 522 balancing provision 286–90 Hebb, T. 510, 513, 520–21 carveouts and clarifications 279–80, 287–8, Heinkel, R. 514 289–90 Henckels, C. 62, 170–71, 172, 380, 437 Environment Chapter 278–9 Hepburn, J. 52, 423, 429 expropriation provisions 285–6 Herman, L. 306 fair and equitable treatment (FET) 280–83, Higgins, T. 89 284–5 Hirsch, M. 127, 155, 157, 382 interpretation 279, 287–90 Ho, R. 151 Investment Chapter 280–90 Hodgson, M. 232 minimum standard of treatment 280–83, Hof, A. 110 284, 285 Hoffmann, M. 110 green multilateralism, investment treaties and Hoffmeister, F. 405 environmental regulation 272–7 Holtz, S. 303, 307 expropriation provisions 272, 273–6 Hoshaw, L. 138 fair and equitable treatment (FET) 272–7 Howard, G. 79 fair and equitable treatment (FET), Howse, R. 344 egregious and shocking threshold 276–7 human rights necessity doctrine 275–6 Africa, long-term investment contracts in police powers 273–5 energy sector 359–60 precautionary principle 276 gender, environment and foreign investment proportionality test 274 455 greening of rights, human rights and indigenous cultural heritage and natural environmental protection 161–2, 163–4, resources 472, 476, 477–8 167 and right to water see water and investment, Grimmer, S. 222, 241 human rights supervisory bodies and Grisel, F. 423 right to water Grossman, G. 367 sustainable development and international Gruszczynski, L. 250 investment law 40 Guntrip, E. 98 human rights and environmental protection Guzman, A. 295 150–73 Addis Ababa Action Agenda 15–16, 36, habitat banking 146 153 Hackethal, A. 517 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Hadjioannou, M. 466 Rights (ACHPR) 159, 160 Hafner, G. 426 American Convention on Human Rights Haigh, M. 512 159, 161
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amicus curiae brief 156 Accession Eastern Europe Capital AB and carveouts 164 Mezzanine Management Sweden AB v. Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement Bulgaria 23 for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) ADF Group v. United States 282 153–4, 170 AES v. Hungary 305–6 Convention on the Rights of the Child Aguas del Tunari v. Bolivia 73, 84, 88, 89, 91 (CRC) 158 Aguaytia Energy v. Peru 342, 354 foreign direct investment (FDI) 152–3 Al Tamimi v. Oman 19, 24, 29, 33, 34, 36, 37, greening of rights 161–2, 163–4, 167 194, 203–5, 207–8, 288–9, 393, 398, 404 Indian Model BIT 154 AMT v. Zaire 430 indigenous rights 159, 160–61, 163 Antin v. Spain 122 Inter-American Commission on Human Asian Agricultural Products Ltd v. Sri Lanka Rights (IACommHR) 161 268 International Covenant on Economic, Social Aven v. Costa Rica 412–13 and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 151, Azinian v. Mexico 21, 202 158, 161–2, 478 Azurix v. Argentina 87, 89–91, 99, 155–6, 435 investment disputes 155–7 Bayindir v. Pakistan 184–5 and investment interactions 151–7 Bayview Irrigation District v. Mexico 21 investment law implications 163 Bear Creek v. Peru 275, 438–9 legitimate expectations 171, 172 Biloune v. Ghana 168 Morocco-Nigeria BIT 154, 166 Biwater Gauff v. Tanzania 73, 84, 88, 96–7, personal injury-based approach 164 117, 181, 182, 216 pollution and right to private and family life Blusun v. Italy 25, 38, 121, 123 162, 163 Border Timbers v. Zimbabwe 474 private sector engagement in the ‘green BP v. Libya 437–8 economy’ 152 BSG Resources v. Guinea 220 right to health 160 Burlington v. Ecuador 25, 29, 35–6, 64–5, right to water 161–2, 163 230, 231, 354, 414–15, 422, 423, 473–4 Rio Declaration on Environment and CDSE v. Costa Rica 21, 27, 29–30 Development 14, 65, 152, 159–60, 260 CMS Gas Transmission Company v. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Argentina 117, 157, 178, 226, 276 Organic Pollutants, and DDT 164 Commerce Group Corp and San Sebastian Stockholm Declaration of the United Gold Mines v. El Salvador 22 Nations Conference on the Human Corn Products International v. Mexico 189 Environment 159 Crystallex v. Venezuela 24, 421–2 sustainable development 152, 153 Daimler v. Argentina 186 US Model BIT 154, 165–6 Duke v. Ecuador 181 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Duke v. Peru 342, 354, 359 (VCLT) 167–9, 170 Eastern Credit v. Estonia 181 human rights and environmental protection, EDF v. Argentina 433 future development of international Eiser v. Spain 25, 43, 122, 123 investment law 164–73 El Paso Energy v. Argentina 181, 433 applicable in the relations between the Electrabel v. Hungary 179, 305 parties requirement 169–70 Enron v. Argentina 438 and lack of relevant treaty obligation 170 Eureko v. Poland 125 proportionality approach 170–73 Feldman v. Mexico 115, 247 systemic integration 167–9, 170–71 Foresti v. South Africa 22 Hwang, M. 114 Gambrinus v. Venezuela 24 hybrid clauses, Africa, long-term investment Gas Natural v. Argentina 187 contracts in energy sector 342, 348, 354 Goetz v. Burundi 430 Gold Reserve v. Venezuela 23, 28, 33, 37, 283, ICSID (International Centre for Settlement of 420–21, 434 Investment Disputes) Hochtief v. Argentina 435–6 Abaclat v. Argentina 217 Ickale Insaat v. Turkmenistan 185 Abengoa y COFIDES v. Mexico 23 Impregilo v. Pakistan 425
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Infinito Gold v. Costa Rica 217, 218, 221, SOFRECO v. Chad 23 413–14 Spence v. Costa Rica 19, 24, 29, 33–4, 36, International Bank of Washington v. OPIC 211, 411–12 21 SPP v. Egypt 21, 30, 126, 127–8, 380 Joy Mining Machinery v. Egypt 215 Suez v. Argentina 22, 28, 73, 84, 87–8, 91–2, Levy and Grencitel v Peru 23 95, 210, 212, 221, 226, 430–31, 433, 434 LG&E v. Argentina 28, 170, 172, 274–5, 276 Tecmed v. Mexico 21, 27, 56, 117, 138, 156, Loewen Group v. United States of America 170, 178, 223, 274–5, 327, 380, 405, 117, 124, 181, 216 419–20, 436, 438, 494–5 Lone Pine v. Canada 102–3, 220 Teco v. Guatemala 434 Lucchetti v. Peru 21 Teinver v. Argentina 185, 427 Mærsk Olie v. Algeria 357 Tokios Tokelés v. Ukraine 117 Maffezini v. Spain 21, 67, 185, 186, 187 Total v. Argentina 170, 431, 432, 433, 434–5, Mamidoil v. Albania 24 438 Masdar v. Spain 122 Toto v. Lebanon 85, 215 Metalclad v. Mexico 5, 21, 27, 56, 99, 115, Tulip v. Turkey 85 138, 141, 178, 216, 247, 251–2, 259, 380, and UNCITRAL, differences between 418–19, 494–5 212–15 Micula v. Romania 183, 390 Unglaube v. Costa Rica 23, 28, 29, 30–31, 37, Mondev v. United States of America 117, 134, 141, 223, 231, 410–11 156, 249, 282, 283 UPS v. Canada 188 MTD v. Chile 21, 148, 273 Urbaser v. Argentina 24, 94–5, 97–8, 164–5, Murphy Exploration v. Ecuador 182 169, 413 Nagel v. Czech Republic 181 Van Riet v. Croatia 24 Neer v. Mexico 180, 281–2, 283, 285 Vattenfall v. Germany 22, 99, 138, 390 Niko Resources v. Bangladesh 23 Venezuela Holdings v. Venezuela 431, 435, Occidental Petroleum v. Ecuador 170, 181, 436 188 Vivendi v. Argentina 425, 432–3 Pac Rim v. El Salvador 24, 102, 142–3, Waste Management v. Mexico 21, 182–3, 417–18 202, 249, 402 Parkerings v. Lithuania 22, 28, 248 Ilge, B. 314, 315 Perenco v. Ecuador 24, 29, 35, 36, 37, 136, Imam, B. 318 214, 223, 225, 226, 376, 414–15, 422, incentives 423, 438 domestic renewable energy incentivisation Pezold v. Zimbabwe 474 schemes 120–23 Philip Morris v. Uruguay 183, 193, 274, 396, regulatory, and gender, environment and 434 foreign investment 447–8 Plama v. Bulgaria 22, 28, 127, 185–6, 187 inconsistency rule provision, Africa, long-term PSEG Global v. Turkey 117 investment contracts in energy sector 350 Quiborax v. Bolivia 183 India Renco Group v. Peru 24, 221, 223 Bhopal Gas Peedith Mahila Udyog Roberts (USA) v. Mexico 181 Sangathan v. Union of India 321 RSM Production Corporation v. Saint Lucia Orissa Mining Corporation v. Ministry of 236 Environment & Forest 65 Rumeli Telekom v. Kazakhstan 181 India, environmental provisions in investment Rusoro Mining v. Venezuela 422 treaties 313–39 Saipem v. Bangladesh 178 arbitrations against India 316–17 Salini v. Jordan 185 BIT programme 314–15, 316–17, 319 Salini v. Morocco 215, 425 carveouts 324–5 Santa Elena v. Costa Rica 133–4, 135, 137, coal industry 317–18 194–5, 197, 199, 223, 230–31, 380, 396, coal industry, economic importance 318 409–10, 423, 430, 431, 494–5 compensation issues 329, 331 SAUR v. Argentina 84, 88, 92–4, 95, 99, 405 Environmental Performance Index score 317 Sempra Energy International v. Argentina 156 environmental provisions in BITs and FTAs Siemens v. Argentina 155, 178, 181, 185 321–5, 333–9
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environmental regulation 317–21 information disclosure expropriation liability 324 freedom of information legislation 217, 218, foreign direct investment 314 306 foreign treaty agreements (FTAs) 315, knowledge transfer and technological 321–5, 333–9 advancements, India 318–19 investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) public disclosure of information about case, mechanism 325–6, 328–30 procedural issues 214 legitimate expectations 324, 326, 327, 331 public information access, and sustainable Model BIT 48, 154, 325–7, 332–3 development 55–6 National Green Tribunal Act 320–21 socially responsible investment (SRI) 506–7, performance requirements on foreign 520 investors 323 innovations in procedural issues see procedural pollution costs 317–18 issues and innovations in environment- provisions for prevention of diseases and related investor-state disputes pests in animals or plants 323–4 institutional investors, socially responsible public interest measures 324 investment (SRI) 504, 508, 515–16, 521 regulatory chill reduction 326 Inter-American Commission on Human technological advancements and knowledge Rights (IACommHR) 161 transfer 318–19 Inter-American Court of Human Rights Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), lessons Claude-Reyes v. Chile 55 from 327–30 Kichwa Indigenous People of Sarayaku v. indigenous communities Ecuador 64–5 human rights and environmental protection Maya Indigenous Community of the Toledo 159, 160–61, 163 District v. Belize 160–61 sustainable development and international Saramaka People v. Suriname 161, 163 investment law 64–5 International Court of Justice indigenous cultural heritage and natural Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libya v. United resources 464–79 Kingdom) 191 adjudicative mechanisms, lack of 467–8 Applicability of the Obligation to Arbitrate amicus curiae brief 474 429 cultural collisions 470–75 Arbitral Award (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal) cultural integrity approach 467 167 failure to protect investments against actions Avena and Other Mexican Nationals of indigenous peoples 473–4 (Mexico v. USA) 167 FDI impact 470 Beagle Channel Arbitration (Argentina v. human rights issues 472, 476, 477–8 Chile) 279 international investment governance 468–70 Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in international protection 465–8 Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) investment treaty provision breaches 472 167, 169 investor–state arbitration 468–70, 471–2, Construction of a Road along the San Juan 477 River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) 83 judicially-driven approach 477–8 Continued Presence of South Africa in jus cogens status 477 Namibia (South West Africa) 169 natural resources development effects 471 Corfu Channel Case (United Kingdom v. permission to intervene in the proceedings Albania) 232 474 ELSI 432–3 right of self-determination 477, 478 Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/ treaty rules on hierarchy 475–6 Slovakia) 228–9, 251, 424, 427–8 treaty-driven approach 476–7 Genocide (Bosnia Herzegovina v. Serbia and UN Declaration on the Rights of Montenegro) 167 Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) 465, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear 466–7, 478 Weapons 427 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Military Activities Against Nicaragua (VCLT) 477 (Nicaragua v. United States of Indonesia, forest fires and haze 150–51, 171–2 America) 424
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Norwegian Loans (France v. Norway) 437–8 Iran Oil Platforms (Iran v. United States of Sapphire International Petroleum v. National America) 168 Iranian Oil Company 437 Pacific Fur Seal Arbitration (Great Britain v. Sedco Inv v. National Iranian Oil Co 273 US) 244 Starrett Housing Corporation v. Iran 178 Pulau Ligitan/Sipadan 167 Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina Jackson, T. 294, 295 v. Uruguay) 67, 83, 168, 227, 242, 245, Jacob, M. 42, 117 261, 426 Jagusch, S. 215 Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service Jemel-Fornetty, H. 510, 513 of the United Nations 424 Jennings, R. 438 Texaco v. Libya 482–3 Jeucken, M. 507, 514 Trail Smelter Arbitration (US v. Canada) Jiménez, M. 309 244 Johnson, L. 286, 301 Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan) Joint Implementation (JI), Kyoto Protocol 253 109–10, 112, 115, 120, 124 International Covenant on Economic, Social Joint Review Panel (JRP) process, science use and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 151, 158, in investor-state arbitration 256–7 161–2, 478 Jones, R. 365 International Institute for Sustainable Joshi, M. 317 Developments Model Investment Treaty jus cogens status 45–6 indigenous cultural heritage and natural International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, resources 477 Southern Bluefin Tuna 261 Latin American states, investment claims investor networks, socially responsible against 427–8 investment (SRI) 516 treatment standards in environment-related investor-state dispute settlement investor-State disputes 191, 193, 199 Africa, oil and gas investment and local communities 483, 495 Kabange, C.-J. 66 amicus curiae brief see amicus curiae brief Kagan, J. 452 China, environmental concerns and Kaiza, B. 352 international investment agreements Kalfon, J. 126 365–6, 371–2, 375, 377 Kalicki, J. 240 climate change and green investment, green Kammerhofer, J. 51 investment protection 113, 121–3, 126 Kantor, M. 46 green economy see green economy and Kay, J. 506 investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) Keene, A. 50, 53, 62 green multilateralism 268–9, 270–72, 273–4, Kenis, A. 294 275–6 Kenny, W. 217 India, environmental provisions in Kent, A. 45, 54, 299 investment treaties 325–6, 328–30 Khachaturian, A. 52, 77 indigenous cultural heritage and natural Khoday, K. 492 resources 468–70, 471–2, 477 Kill, T. 85, 105, 167, 168, 170 innovations see procedural issues and Kinder, P. 507 innovations in environment-related Kinley, D. 70 investor-state disputes Kinnear, M. 50–51 procedural issues and innovations see Kinsella, N. 42 procedural issues and innovations in Kirkman, C. 128 environment-related investor-state Kirsey, V. 44 disputes Kläger, R. 117 science use see science use in investor-state Knahr, C. 77 arbitration knowledge transfer and technological treatment standards see treatment standards advancements, India 318–19 in environment-related investor-State see also information disclosure disputes Knox, J. 51
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Koester, V. 75 endangered species 410–12 Kokott, J. 133 fair and equitable treatment standard 416, Kolk, A. 520 419 Kolo, A. 406 hazardous waste 418–20 Kong, H. 51 legitimate expectations 416, 420, 421, 422, Kormos, R. and C. 146 429, 432, 438 Kornicker Uhlmann, E. 427 Mexico 418–20 Kreander, N. 510 Mexico, Metalclad Corporation v. Mexico Krepchev, M. 476, 477 418–19 Kriebaum, U. 3, 69–106, 176 see also under ICSID Krien, A. 511 Mexico, Tecmed v. Mexico 419–20 Krueger, A. 367 see also under ICSID Kulick, A. 39, 157, 175, 434 minimum standard of treatment 412, 425 Kulovesi, K. 300 mining and hydrocarbon exploration Kumar, R. 514 413–18, 420–22, 423 Kundra, P. 316 police powers 419, 434 Kuuya, V. 52 preventive action principle 412 Kyoto Protocol see climate change and green protection standards for foreign investments investment, Kyoto Protocol 412–13 tourism 409–10, 412–13 Laichoubi, M. 349 Venezuela 420–22 Laird, S. 131 Venezuela, Crystallex v. Venezuela 24, Landicho, R. 167 421–2 Langbein, J. 512 Venezuela, Gold Reserve v. Venezuela 23, 28, Langfield, M. 470 33, 37, 283, 420–21, 434 Langford, M. 44 Venezuela, Rusoro Mining v. Venezuela 422 Larrea, C. 142 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Latin American states, investment claims (VCLT) 431, 432, 434, 435, 436–7 against 408–39 Latin American states, investment claims arbitration against states involving against, interaction between investment environmental protection 409–23 and environmental obligations 423–39 compensation issues 410, 411, 422, 435 fair and equitable treatment 426 Costa Rica 409–14 international law provisions 424–8 Costa Rica, amicus curiae brief 414 jus cogens application 427–8 Costa Rica, Aven v. Costa Rica 412–13 national law provisions on environmental Costa Rica, Infinito Gold v. Costa Rica 117, protection 428–39 118, 121, 413–14 national law provisions on environmental Costa Rica, Santa Elena v. Costa Rica protection, characterization of conduct 409–10, 423 as internationally unlawful 432–9 see also under ICSID national law provisions on environmental Costa Rica, Spence v. Costa Rica 19, 24, 29, protection, defences under national law 33–4, 36, 211, 411–12 434–7 Costa Rica, Unglaube v. Costa Rica 410–11 national law provisions on environmental see also under ICSID protection, primacy of international law Ecuador 414–17 429–32 Ecuador, Burlington Resources v. Ecuador national law provisions on environmental 414–15, 422, 423 protection, subsequent modification of see also under ICSID national law 437–9 Ecuador, Chevron & Texaco v. Ecuador 22, polluter pays principle 426 23, 416–17 precautionary principle 426 Ecuador, Perenco v. Ecuador 414–15, 422, sustainable development 426 423 Lauterpacht, H. 190 see also under ICSID Lee, M. 515, 516 El Salvador, Pac Rim v. El Salvador 24, 102, Lefeber, R. 109 142–3, 417–18 Leger, J. 509
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legitimacy conflicts, foreign investment and Mabee, W. 297 international law 27–8 Mabey, N. 444, 448, 452, 453, 458 legitimate expectations McCafferty, G. 150 Africa, long-term investment contracts in McCaffrey, S. 162 energy sector 352, 356 McFarland Sánchez-Moreno, M. 89 biodiversity protection 134, 135–6, 138, McGarity, T. 259 141 McGarry, B. 41 China, environmental concerns and McGrath, J. 303 international investment agreements McLachlan, C. 39, 86, 127, 167, 168, 184, 371, 375 215 climate change and green investment 117, McNally, R. 444, 448, 452, 453, 458 118, 122, 123, 126, 128–9 McRae, D. 476 EU investment agreements 392–3, 394, 395, Magraw, D. 217 398–9, 401, 402 Maitland, I. 519 green economy 301, 305, 309 Malaysia, multilateral environmental green multilateralism 273, 283–5 agreements, opposition to 47 human rights and environmental protection Manger, M. 382 171, 172 Mann, F. 181, 182, 438 India, environmental provisions in Mann, H. 46, 124, 126, 217 investment treaties 324, 326, 327, 331 Manocha, R. 319 Latin American states, investment claims Marauhn, T. 161, 162, 427 against 416, 420, 421, 422, 429, 432, Marcoux, J.-M. 52 438 marginalisation issues, Africa, oil and gas science use in investor-state arbitration 249, investment and local communities 258, 259–60 490–91 socially responsible investment (SRI) 517, Markell, D. 51 522 Markert, L. 39–40 sustainable development and international market distortions, gender, environment and investment law 42, 43, 47, 59–60 foreign investment 446–7, 458 treatment standards in environment-related market governance, and socially responsible investor-State disputes 183, 195, 196–7, investment (SRI) see socially responsible 200, 202, 204, 207 investment (SRI), market governance and water and investment 86–7, 93, 94, 95, 104 investors’ influence Lehmann, T. 40–41 Marshall, F. 293 Lester, S. 255 Martinez-Alier, J. 492 Levashova, Y. 12 Mauritius Convention on Transparency 55, Lévesque, C. 245, 248, 249, 250, 255, 258 220 Levine, E. 73, 84 Mavroidis, P. 300 Levine, J. 5, 209–43, 472 Mayeda, G. 45, 52, 63–4 Levinson, A. 367 Maynard, S. 217 Liang, D. 7–8, 364–78 Mbengue, M. 52 Lievens, M. 294 Melikian, S. 236 Linderfalk, U. 170 Memoli, M. 327 Lo, M. 503 Mendes, E. 481, 482 local communities and oil and gas Méndez, R. 309 investment, Africa see Africa, oil and Méndez Bräutigam, E. 8, 408–39 gas investment and local communities Mendonca, M. 297–8, 307 Louche, C. 510 MERCOSUR Cooperation and the Loughlin, M. 246 Facilitation of Investment 49 Lounsbury, M. 515, 516 Metherall, M. 311 Lowe, V. 86, 405, 406 Mexico Lowenfeld, A. 114 claims against see under Latin American Luke, E. 4, 150–73 states, investment claims against Luttrell, S. 6, 264–91, 323 trade and environmental issues 47 Lyndenberg, S. 513 Mickelson, K. 489, 490
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Miles, K. 1–10, 39, 41, 45, 68, 116, 117, 118, expropriation protection 178, 179, 196, 198, 128, 152, 162, 175, 188, 293, 482, 490–91, 200, 251 492, 508 see also expropriation minimum standard of treatment fair and equitable treatment (FET) 249, 252, biodiversity protection 134–5 253, 281–2 foreign investment and international law 31, see also fair and equitable treatment 34 (FET) green multilateralism 280–83, 284, 285 human rights law relevance 156 Latin American states, investment claims minimum standard of treatment see against 412, 425 minimum standard of treatment science use in investor-state arbitration national treatment see national treatment 248–50, 256 police powers doctrine 179–80, 199 sustainable development and international see also police powers doctrine investment law 59, 60 procedural transparency 54–5 treatment standards in environment-related see also UNCITRAL investor-State disputes 180, 181–3, Natarajan, U. 492 196–202, 204, 205 national treatment water and investment 86, 99, 100, 101, China, environmental concerns and 102–3 international investment agreements 373 mining and hydrocarbon exploration, Latin climate change and green investment 116–17, American states 413–18, 420–22, 423 129–30 see also fossil fuels EU investment agreements 396–7 Mir-Artigues, P. 307, 308 science use in investor-state arbitration 248 Moloo, R. 52, 77 treatment standards in environment-related monitoring issues investor-State disputes 188–9, 196–200 Africa, oil and gas investment and local water and investment 99–100, 101, 102 communities 497 natural resources, and indigenous cultural water and investment 73–6 heritage see indigenous cultural heritage Montini, M. 12, 119 and natural resources Moon, J. 519–20 Ndi, G. 343 Moran, T. 482 necessity clauses Morocco-Nigeria BIT, human rights and foreign investment and international law environmental protection 154, 166 27–8 most favoured nation (MFN) treatment green multilateralism 275–6 climate change and green investment 116–17, water and investment 87–8, 91, 92, 93, 95 129–30 Nègre, C. 426, 427 foreign investment and international law neoliberalism and catching-up approach, 28 Africa, oil and gas investment and local treatment standards in environment-related communities 486–7, 488–9, 490 investor-State disputes 184–8, 196–7 Newcombe, A. 50, 53, 66, 67, 86, 119, 184 Muchlinski, P. 470 NGO involvement, Africa, oil and gas Mugerwa, N. and Y. 360 investment and local communities 496–7 Muhaddisoglu, H. 46 Nigeria Multilateral Environmental Agreements Niger Delta Development Commission v. (MEAs), China 371–2 Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas 351 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Nigeria/Sao Tome and Principe crossborder (MIGA) projects, Africa 495 project 355 multilateralism, green see green multilateralism Nottage, L. 284 Murmis, M. 142 Nowak, M. 75, 77 Mutua, M. 484, 485 Nowrot, K. 45, 63
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Odendahl, K. 426 Agreement) Odumosu-Ayanu, I. 9–10, 477, 480–503 Agreement on Environmental Cooperation Oesch, M. 258 47 O’Faircheallaigh, C. 467
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Ogbija, T. 455, 456 Almas v. Poland 232 oil industry Antaris v. Czech Republic 122 Africa see Africa, oil and gas investment and Arctic Sunrise Arbitration (Netherlands v. local communities Russia) 222 oil spills, health effects, gender, environment Atlanto-Scandian Herring Arbitration and foreign investment 455–6 (Denmark v. EU) 234 see also fossil fuels Bank for International Settlements 234 Okafor, O. 484 Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary Okereke, C. 293, 294 Arbitration (Bangladesh v. India) 229 O’Leary, S. 235, 236 Bilcon v. Canada 3, 5, 24, 31–3, 35, 37, Onorato, W. 343 57–61, 65, 68, 100–102, 103, 104, 138, Onouha, F. 355 189, 194, 200–203, 218, 219, 223, 255–7, Orellana, M. 246, 248, 249, 255, 258, 259 282–3 Ortino, F. 62, 374 Chagos Marine Protected Area Arbitration OSCE (Organization for Security and (Mauritius v. United Kingdom) 234 Co-operation in Europe), Gender and Chemtura v. Canada 22, 27–8, 179–80, 234, Environment 460–61 258–9 Chevron and Texaco v. Republic of Ecuador palm oil production, biodiversity protection 22, 23, 416–17 140, 141 Clayton v. Canada 494–5 Paparinskis, M. 222, 403 Conciliation between the Democratic Republic Pappalardo, S. 142 of Timor-Leste and Australia 241 Paradell, L. 184 Conservation and Management of High Seas Paris Agreement see climate change and green Fishery Resources in the South Pacific investment, Paris Agreement Ocean 222 Parrod, C. 110 “Enrica Lexie” Incident (Italy v. India) 219 Partasides, C. 217 Environmental Rules 237–9 Paterson, G. 514 Gallo v. Canada 234 Paulsson, J. 86, 282 Guaracachi America v. Bolivia 218, 221, 226, Pauwelyn, J. 129, 169, 250, 251, 262, 424 235, 236, 242 Pavoni, R. 62 Guyana v. Suriname 230, 232, 234 Pazienza, P. 446, 447, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, HICEE v. Slovak Republic 234 454, 455, 456, 457, 459, 462 Howard v. Canada 234 peak associations, socially responsible Hulley Enterprises v. Russia 232 investment (SRI) 521 Iberdrola v. Bolivia 219, 220 Peart, N. 5, 209–43 Indus Waters Kishenganga (Pakistan v. Peel, J. 5–6, 222, 244–63 India) 228, 229, 231–2, 234, 242 Peinhardt, C. 382 Mesa Power Group v. Canada 24, 122, 123, Perepelynska, O. 120 299–302, 305 Perez, O. 508 MOX Plant (Ireland v. United Kingdom) performance disclosure, socially responsible 233–4 investment (SRI) 520 Naftrac v. Ukraine 23, 120 performance requirements OSPAR Arbitration (Ireland v. United China, environmental concerns and Kingdom) 234 international investment agreements Polis Fondi Immobiliari di Banche Popolare 377 v. International Fund for Agricultural climate change and green investment Development 234 118–20 Romak v. Uzbekistan 234 India, environmental provisions in Russian Indemnity (Russia v. Turkey) 276 investment treaties 323 Saluka Investments v. Czech Republic 179, Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) 183–4, 193, 247–8, 274, 393, 396 Abyei Arbitration (Sudan) 219, 227, 235 South American Silver v. Bolivia 102, 235, Achmea v. Slovak Republic 219, 234 236 Allard v. Barbados 24, 34, 44, 138–9, 150, South China Sea Arbitration (Philippines v. 194, 206–8, 215, 218, 223, 224–5 China) 222, 224, 226–7, 228, 230
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Treatment of Polish Nationals 429 biodiversity protection 141–2, 147–8 Windstream Energy v. Canada 24, 121, 123, climate change and green investment 119 218, 219, 302–7 precautionary principle Wirtgen v. Czech Republic 25, 121, 122 green multilateralism 276 Yukos v. Russia 431, 437 Latin American states, investment claims Permanent Court of International Justice against 426 (PCIJ), Greco-Bulgarian ‘Communities’ science use in investor-state arbitration 429 260–61 personal injury-based approach, human rights preventive action principle, Latin American and environmental protection 164 states, investment claims against 412 Peterson, L. 120, 250, 309, 310 Priest, M. 519 Petrochilos, G. 282 Prislan, V. 168 Phillips, S. 303 procedural issues and innovations in Pilgrim, T. 309 environment-related investor-state Pohl, J. 17, 46, 50, 153, 321, 368, 374, 382, 389, disputes 209–43 390, 393, 451, 491 Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) police powers doctrine Environmental Rules 237–9 EU investment agreements 396 reporting and compliance 242 green multilateralism 273–5 specialist rules 237–9 Latin American states, investment claims procedural issues and innovations in against 419, 434 environment-related investor-state science use in investor-state arbitration 247, disputes, dispute resolution 210–15 248 alternative mechanisms 239–41 treatment standards in environment-related amicable settlement through negotiation 210 investor-State disputes 179–80, 184, annulment or set-aside of award 215 195, 199, 205 appeals processes and review panels 241 water and investment 92, 93–4, 95, 103 arbitrator challenges 213–14 political status, gender, environment and conciliations 240–41 foreign investment 451–2 default appointments 212–13 polluter pays principle, Latin American states, fora choice 211–15 investment claims against 426 ICSID and UNCITRAL, differences pollution between 212–15 China, environmental concerns and phases 212 international investment agreements pre-arbitration submission 210–11 366, 367 provisional relief 214–15 halo and haven hypotheses, gender, public disclosure of information about case environment and foreign investment 214 447, 452–3 subject matter of dispute qualifies as human rights and right to private and family investment 215 life 162, 163 time limits 210–11 India, environmental provisions in procedural issues and innovations in investment treaties 317–18 environment-related investor-state Latin American states 418–20 disputes, investment arbitrations 216–37 Stockholm Convention on Persistent amicus curiae participation 218 Organic Pollutants 164 confidentiality and transparency balance water and investment 78, 80–82 217–18, 219–20, 236 see also fossil fuels confidentiality, transparency and Poon, F. 223, 224, 228 involvement of nonparties 216–22 Porter, M. 367 costs management 232–7 Posner, R. 512 costs management, and confidentiality 236 Potestà, M. 468 costs management, security for costs 236–7 Poulsen, L. 296 freedom of information legislation 217, 218 poverty issues hearings transparency 218, 219 Africa, oil and gas investment and local Mauritius Convention on Transparency 55, communities 485, 490, 496, 500–501 220
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Model investment agreements 220–21 race to the bottom effect, gender, environment participation of nondisputing parties and foreign investment 447 218–19 Rahir, P. 310 regulation of transparency 217–18 Rajagopal, B. 488–9 site visits 228–32 Ranjan, P. 314, 316, 319 treaties concluded prior to 1 April 2014 220 Ransome, W. 508 tribunals exercise discretion to suit particular Rao, R. 128 disputes 221–2 Raphael, A. 448, 449, 450 US Model BIT and Canada Model FIPA Ratliff, D. 237 220–21 Reder, A. 507 procedural issues and innovations in Redfern, A. 235, 236 environment-related investor-state Reed, L. 210 disputes, technical experts 222–8 regulatory chill see de-regulatory chill appointment of independent experts 225–8 Reiner, C. 151, 168, 382 and burden of proof 224–5 Reinisch, A. 88, 116, 176, 177, 184 flagging questions prior to hearing 224 reinvestment, green economy 298–9 opposing sides’ experts confer in advance of Reisman, M. 381, 479 a hearing 224 Reisman, W. 86, 115 party-appointed experts 223–4 Richard, C. 73, 84 technical expert as arbitrator 228 Richardson, B. 10, 504–24 Proffitt, W. 516 Rio Declaration on Environment and proportionality principle Development 14, 65, 152, 159–60, 260 climate change and green investment 122 risk assessments EU investment agreements 394, 401, 405 biodiversity protection 148–9 green multilateralism 274 science use in investor-state arbitration 245, human rights and environmental protection 247, 249–50, 252–7, 261 170–73 water and investment 83 sustainable development and international Rivkin, D. 217 investment law 62 Rivoli, P. 509, 514 treatment standards in environment-related Robert-Cuendet, S. 12 investor-State disputes 197, 205 Roberts, A. 468 protected areas, biodiversity protection Robertson, J. 515 139–43, 148 Rogers, C. 235 provisional relief, procedural issues and Romson, Å. 12, 43, 175 innovations 214–15 Ronk, J. 295 public disclosure of information about case, Ross, A. 150 procedural issues 214 Ross, D. 510 public information access, sustainable Rostow, W. 486 development 55–6 Rousseau, C. 190 see also information disclosure Roy, P. 318 public interest measures Rubins, N. 42, 233, 273 EU investment agreements 381–2, 385–6, Rudd, A. 512 387, 394–5 Ruggie, J. 70, 165 India, environmental provisions in investment treaties 324 Sacerdoti, G. 215 public participation, green multilateralism Sachs, J. 352 271 Sachs, K. 227 public welfare Sachs, L. 286 biodiversity protection 142–3 SADC Member States Co-operation on Kyoto Protocol 125–6 Investment 49 Pulitano, E. 466 Sahani, V. 236 Pulkowski, D. 175, 425 Salacuse, J. 152, 482 Pyatt, S. 53 Salomon, R. 510 Sampford, C. 508 Quirico, O. 157 Sampliner, G. 86
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sanctions standard of review, normative judgments green economy 305–6 259–60 socially responsible investment (SRI) 513–15 standard of review, process-based approach Sandberg, J. 508 259 Sands, P. 168–9, 239, 251, 260 transparency 249, 255, 260 Satyanand, P. 316 WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Saul, B. 75, 98 Agreement (SPS Agreement) 245, 250 Sauvant, K. 374, 380 Seguino, S. 443, 445, 458 Saverin, D. 147 self-determination right, indigenous cultural Savoie, P.-O. 125 heritage and natural resources 477, 478 Schacherer, S. 52 Sen, A. 487 Schefer, K. 247, 248, 249 Sengupta, A. 487 Schiano di Pepe, L. 110–11 Sépulveda, M. 77 Schill, S. 42, 56–7, 116, 117, 128, 372 services sector, gender, environment and Schmidt-Ahrendts, N. 227 foreign investment 448–50 Schneiderman, D. 299 Shan, W. 405 Schreuer, C. 84, 85, 86, 151, 168, 177, 182, 210, Shapiro, D. 509 212, 214, 218, 241, 265, 267, 272, 382 Sharpe, J. 180, 404 Schröder, M. 426 Shawcross, H. 266 Schulte-Tenckhoff, I. 478–9 Shelton, D. 157–8, 160, 191 science use in investor-state arbitration 244–63 Shemberg, A. 116, 340, 341, 342, 356, 359 adjudicating scientific process rather than Sheppard, A. 42, 177, 213 science, Methanex Arbitration 252–5, Shetty, N. 316 259, 262 Shihata, I. 60, 469 see also under UNCITRAL Shiller, R. 504 community core values approach 256–7 Shirlow, E. 115 disputed science facts, taking no position, Sikka, P. 355–6 Metalclad Arbitration 251–2, 259 Simma, B. 85, 105, 106, 167, 168, 170, 175, see also under ICSID 382, 425 environment-related arbitrations 250–57 Simson, C. 236 experts’ role 262 Singapore, EU–Singapore FTA 396–8 expropriation claims 247–8, 251–2 Singh, K. 314, 315 fair and equitable treatment (FET) 249, 252, Singh, M. 318 253 site visits, procedural issues and innovations future challenges 258–62 228–32 international investment law 246–50 Sjafjjell, B. 507 international investment law, legal arguments Sloane, R. 86, 115 against state measures 248 Smarzynska, B. 369–70 Joint Review Panel (JRP) process 256–7 Smets, H. 162 legitimate expectations 249, 258, 259–60 socially responsible investment (SRI) 504–24 minimum standard of treatment 248–50, 256 codification through standards 508–9 national treatment 248 corporate governance effects 505 police powers doctrine 247, 248 ESG (environment, social and governance) precautionary principle 260–61 analysis 510, 512, 515–16 precautionary principle, and standard of fiduciary law 507, 521 proof 261 finance capitalism 504–5 privileging technocratic risk assessment, financial economy’s short-term outlook Bilcon Arbitration 255–7 505–6 see also under Permanent Court of fractional reserve banking effects 506 Arbitration history 507–8 risk assessments 245, 247, 249–50, 252–7, institutional investors 504, 508, 515–16, 521 261 irresponsible investment 504–7 and sovereignty 247–8, 255, 259 legal reforms and disclosure requirements standard of review 258–60 506–7 standard of review, ‘hard look’ standard 259 legitimate expectations 517, 522
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market size and growth 509 Stockholm Chamber of Commerce methods 508–9 Charanne v. Spain 24, 44, 121, 122, 123, 179, terminological differences 508 309–10 transparency 508, 516 Isolux v. Spain 24, 122, 123, 309–10 socially responsible investment (SRI), market Novenergia v. Spain 121, 123 governance and investors’ influence Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic 510–22 Pollutants 164 corporate governance legal structure 516, Stockholm Declaration on the Human 517–18 Environment 159 debt financing 514–15, 517 Stokes, L. 297 engaging with companies 515–18 Stoll, S. 297 financial advantages of SRI 512–13 Strange, T. 40 fossil fuels divestment campaign 514 subsidies institutional funds and active engagement climate change and green investment 121, 515–16 123 investor networks 516 green economy 297–8, 308, 310 market and regulatory failures, effects of sustainable development and international 513, 514 investment law 44 peak associations 521 substantive investment standards, EU performance disclosure 520 investment agreements 393, 394, 398 project financing 511 Sullivan, J. 44, 215 reforming laws 520–22 Sullivan, N. 482 sanctions 513–15 Sun, W. 504 trust issues 516 Supnik, K. 64 voluntary codes of conduct 518–20 Sussman, E. 292, 293 sole effects doctrine 99, 178 sustainability impact assessments Sornarajah, M. 114, 152, 154, 157, 165, 172, EU investment agreements 387, 392 469 see also environmental impact assessments South Africa, Promotion and Protection of sustainable development Investment Bill 47 biodiversity protection 143–5 South Korea, EU–South Korea FTA 391, 404, China, environmental concerns 374–6 405 EU investment agreements 381, 391, 392–3, sovereignty 397, 402, 404 climate change and green investment 114–15 human rights and environmental protection science use in investor-state arbitration 152, 153 247–8, 255, 259 Latin American states 426 sustainable development and international Sustainable Development Goals 13–16, 147–8, investment law 61–3 381 Spain, solar cases 307–10 sustainable development and international Sparkes, R. 507, 513 investment law 38–68 Spears, S. 380 amicus curiae participation 54 special discretion jurisdictions (SDJs), arbitrariness and reasonableness standards gender, environment and foreign 61–2 investment 442–4, 445, 446, 457–8 Brundtland Report 40 Spicer, A. 516 and community core values 58–9 Spiermann, O. 437 corporate social responsibility obligations stabilization clauses see Africa, long-term 63 investment contracts in energy sector economic considerations 41, 43–4 and stabilization clauses environmental harm concerns, Bilcon v. Stamatopoulou, E. 467 Canada 57–61, 65, 68 Stavenhagen, R. 466 see also under Permanent Court of Stavins, R. 110 Arbitration Stern, B. 66, 427 human rights protection 40 Stewart, D. 162 indigenous communities 64–5 Stiglitz, J. 487 investment facilitation 38–9
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investment stability 42–3 technological advancements and knowledge investment tribunal power and counterclaims transfer, India 318–19 63–4 see also information disclosure legal standards 41–2 Telesetsky, A. 4, 6, 131–49 legitimate expectations 42, 43, 47, 59–60 Teoh, S. 514 minimum standard of treatment 59, 60 Tereposky, G. 76 proportionality principle 62 Thomas, C. 76 regulatory flexibility 39 Thompson, P. 514 sovereignty constraints 61–3 Thulasidhass, P. 117 stakeholders 64–6 Tickner, J. 259 standard setting and investment Tienhaara, K. 6, 292–311, 471, 491 preparedness 66–7 Tietje, C. 116 state involvement 42–4, 57 Tignino, M. 71 subsidies 44 Tirado, J. 307, 308 sustainable development concept 40–44 Titi, A. 61 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Titi, C. 40, 403 (VCLT) 57 Tobin, J. 170, 171 sustainable development and international Tomka, P. 228, 229 investment law, investment treaties tourism 45–57 ecotourism see ecotourism APEC Economic Leaders Declaration Latin American states 409–10, 412–13 Investment Lima Declaration 49–50 sector, gender, environment and foreign ASEAN and Regional Comprehensive investment 448–50 Economic Partnership (RCEP) 48–9 Trachtman, J. 475 environmental impact assessment (EIA) and Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) 47, 277, 373–4 harm prevention 52–3, 66–7 biodiversity protection 135–6, 140, 144–5 EU sustainability impact assessments 46 Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement exceptions 53–4, 62–3 (CPTPP) 153–4, 170 host state and investor obligations, Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement rebalancing 48–9 (CPTPP), and green multiculturalism International Institute for Sustainable see green multiculturalism, Developments Model Investment Treaty Comprehensive and Progressive 45–6 Agreement for Trans-Pacific investor obligations 51–3, 62–3 Partnership MERCOSUR Cooperation and the India, and lessons from 327–30 Facilitation of Investment 49 Transatlantic Trade and Investment model BITs revision 47–8 Partnership (TTIP) 14, 374, 375 NAFTA, North American Agreement on biodiversity protection 135, 136, 145 Environmental Cooperation 47 EU investment agreements 399–403, 404, policy priorities 47–50 405, 406 public information access 55–6 transparency SADC Member States Co-operation on Africa, long-term investment contracts in Investment 49 energy sector 357 special treaty provisions 50–51 China, environmental concerns 375 transparency 54–7, 66 climate change and green investment 112, transparency, procedural 54–5 117, 128–9 transparency, substantive 55–7 EU investment agreements 403 UNCTAD, Investment Policy Framework Mauritius Convention on Transparency 55, for Sustainable Development (IPFSD) 220 45 procedural issues and innovations 216–22, Sykes, A. 124 236 science use in investor-state arbitration 249, Taillant, J. 42 255, 260 Talus, K. 292, 297, 307, 308 socially responsible investment (SRI) 508, Tanzi, A. 117 516
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sustainable development 54–7, 66 Al Tamimi v. Oman 203–5, 207–8 see also confidentiality see also under ICSID treaties Allard v. Barbados 206–8 disputes, climate change and green see also under Permanent Court of investment 120–23 Arbitration hierarchy rules, indigenous cultural heritage Bilcon v. Canada 200–3 and natural resources 475–6 see also under Permanent Court of successive treaties relating to the same Arbitration subject matter 191–2 community core values 200–201, 202 and sustainable development see sustainable ecotourism 206–8 development and international environmental protections and carveouts investment law, investment treaties 203–5 termination conditions, treatment standards Methanex Corporation v. United States of 192–3 America 197–200, 205 treaty-driven approach, indigenous cultural see also under UNCITRAL heritage and natural resources 476–7 Santa Elena v. Costa Rica 194–5, 197, see also individual treaties 199 treatment standards in environment-related see also under ICSID investor-State disputes 175–208 S.D. Myers v. Canada 196–7, 199, 205 compensation issues 176, 177, 187, 194–5 see also under UNCITRAL effects doctrine 178 water quality 206–8 Energy Charter Treaty 177 Treves, T. 382 fair and equitable treatment 180–84, Trouwborst, A. 261 197–200, 206–8 trust issues, socially responsible investment jus cogens 191, 193, 199 (SRI) 516 legitimate expectations 183, 195, 196–7, 200, Tudor, I. 86, 283 202, 204, 207 Tuerk, E. 67 minimum standard of treatment 180, 181–3, Tung, F. 517 196–202, 204, 205 most favoured nation treatment 184–8, UK 196–7 Norscot Rig Management v. Essar Oilfields national treatment 188–9, 196–200 Services 236 police powers doctrine 179–80, 184, 195, Social Investment Forum (UKSIF) 521 199, 205 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous proportionality principle 197, 205 Peoples (UNDRIP) 465, 466–7, 478 protection against expropriation 176–80, UN Human Rights Committee 194–208 Ivan Kitok v. Sweden 471 protection against expropriation, test 178 Jouni Lansman v. Finland 471 sole effects doctrine 178 UNCITRAL (UN Commission on US Model BIT 180 International Trade Law) treatment standards in environment-related Al Warraq v. Indonesia 85 investor-State disputes, international Anadarko Algeria and Maersk Olie v. investment law and environmental law, Sonatrach 357 relationship between 190–93 Andre v. Canada 472–3 conflict situation and compatibility 192–3 AWG Group Ltd. v. Argentina 87, 88, 91, 92 interpretation issues 193 Canadian Cattlemen for Fair Trade v. United successive treaties relating to the same States of America 22 subject matter 191–2 CJSC v. Mongolia 22 treaty termination conditions 192–3 CME v. Czech Republic 430 UN Charter response 190–91, 193 Dow Agrosciences v. Canada 22, 138 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Ethyl Corporation v. Canada 21, 138 (VCLT) response 191, 192–3 Georg Nepolsky v. The Czech Republic 22 treatment standards in environment-related Glamis Gold v. United States of America 22, investor-State disputes, investment claims 156, 157, 249, 276–7, 281–2, 283–4, 472, raising environmental issues 194–208 474
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Grand River Enterprises Six Nations v. Vadi, V. 9, 62, 245, 258, 464–79 United States of America 22 Van Aaken, A. 40–41, 125 Grand River v. United States 472 Van Asselt, H. 127 and ICSID, differences between 212–15 Van der Linder, C. 367 investment transparency rules 54–5 Van Harten, G. 246, 469 Konsortium Oeconomicus v. Czech Republic Vandevelde, K. 152 23 VanDuzer, J. 45 Malbaie River Outfitters v. Canada 23 Vargiu, P. 114 Merrill & Ring Forestry v. Canada 282 Vasani, B. 351 Mesa v. Canada 31 Vasciannie, S. 86 Methanex v. United States 5, 21, 28, 42, 73, Venezuela see under Latin American states, 84, 99–100, 103, 104, 128, 138, 179, 189, investment claims against 194, 197–200, 205, 218, 247, 252–5, 259, Venne, S. 468 262, 273–4, 380, 402, 427 Verhoosel, G. 211, 215 Michael McKenzie v. Vietnam 23 Victor, P. 294, 295 Pope & Talbot v. Canada 189 Vielleville, D. 351 Saar Papier Vertriebs v. Poland 21 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties St Marys VCNA v. Canada 23 (VCLT) S.D. Myers v. Canada 19, 21, 135, 138, 184, climate change and green investment 126–8 194, 196–7, 199, 205, 216, 248, 327, 393 green multilateralism 269, 274, 279, 288 Vito G. Gallo v. Canada 23 human rights and environmental protection White Industries v. India 7, 315, 316–17, 167–9, 170 318–19, 331–2 indigenous cultural heritage and natural see also NAFTA resources 477 UNCTAD (UN Conference on Trade and sustainable development and international Development) investment law 57 Investment Policy Framework for treatment standards 191, 192–3 Sustainable Development (IPFSD) 45 water and investment 85 World Investment Report 390 Vietnam, EU–Vietnam FTA 398–9, 401, 404, UNFCCC (UN Framework Convention on 405 Climate Change) Vihma, A. 108 Kyoto Protocol see climate change and green Villareal, M. 47 investment, Kyoto Protocol Viñuales, J. 2, 12–37, 44, 46, 51, 64, 79, 120, Paris Agreement see climate change and 151, 152, 155, 159, 164, 222, 226, 238, 251, green investment, Paris Agreement 255, 261, 262, 321, 327, 396, 403, 406, 427, REDD+ financing and REDD+ projects 491 147 voluntary codes of conduct, socially Universal Declaration of Human Rights, right responsible investment (SRI) 518–20 to water 97–8 voluntary dispute resolution process, Africa, Unmüβig, B. 294 oil and gas investment 497 Unuvar, G. 405 Von Moltke, K. 124 US investment agreement transparency 54 Waelde, T. 85–6, 406 investment risks disclosure and climate wage discrimination, gender, environment and change 521 foreign investment 442–3, 444, 445, 447, Penn Central Transportation Co v. New York 458 City 284, 394 Wälde, T. 343 Superfund legislation 521 Walker, C. 307 US Model BIT 286–7, 373, 394 Walsh, S. 110 biodiversity protection 132–3, 134, 136 Wanner, T. 294 human rights and environmental protection water access 154, 165–6 and human rights 161–2, 163 procedural issues and innovations 220–21 quality and treatment standards 206–8 treatment standards 180 water and investment 69–106 Uvin, P. 152 amicus curiae brief 73, 76, 84, 91, 96
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Committee for Economic, Social and Werksman, J. 115–16, 118, 124, 125, 126, 128 Cultural Rights (CESCR) 75, 77–80, West African Gas Pipeline Project (WAGP 89, 97–8 Project) 353–4, 355–6 compensation issues 91, 93, 100 Westra, L. 467 European Court of Human Rights, drinking White, M. 504 water pollution 74, 78, 80–82, 83 Wiessner, S. 465, 466 human and environmental rights obligations Wilbraham, A. 223, 224, 227, 228 76–7 Wilkinson, M. 511 international law framework 70–77 Williams, C. 520 international law framework, standards Williams, M. 442, 443, 444, 446, 447, 449, 451, 71–3 453, 455, 462 investment protection standards 76 Williams, Z. 309, 310 legitimate expectations 86–7, 93, 94, 95, Williamson, R. 297 104 wind farms, local opposition to, and green minimum standard of treatment 86, 99, 100, economy 302–7 101, 102–3 windfall profit taxes, Africa, long-term monitoring and complaints mechanisms investment contracts in energy sector 73–6 356–7, 360 national treatment 99–100, 101, 102 Winfield, M. 299 necessity clauses 87, 88, 91, 92, 93, 95 Wirth, D. 250 police powers doctrine 92, 93–4, 95, 103 Witenberg, J. 429 regional human rights conventions 74 Wójcik, D. 505, 520–21 risk assessments 83 women see gender, environment and foreign Universal Declaration of Human Rights investment 97–8 Wong, J. 29 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Wong, S. 516 (VCLT) 85 Wood, D. 510 water and investment, human rights Wood, S. 520 supervisory bodies and right to water Wordsworth, S. 184, 228, 229 71–3, 77–83, 86–7 Worika, I. 126 freedoms and entitlements 78–9 World Bank legal remedies 79 Global Environmental Facility 14 per capita minimum requirement 79 Inspection Panel, Africa, oil and gas privatization issues 78, 79 investment 485–6, 495, 498–501 substantive and procedural requirements water-related projects 75–6 79–80 Wright, S. 259 unlawful pollution 78, 80–82 WTO (World Trade Organization), Sanitary water and investment, investment disputes and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement 84–104 (SPS Agreement) 245, 250, 255–6, 258, access, privatisation and affordability 88–95 262 access and water quality 98–104 WTO (World Trade Organization) Appellate Argentinian financial crisis effects 91, 92, 94 Body and community core values 101 EC – Asbestos 251, 252 human rights norms status 86–7 EC – Biotech Products 170, 255–6, 257 legitimate expectations 104 EC – Meat and Meat Products 261 physical access 96–8 US – Hormone-treated Beef 252–3, 262 treaty interpretation principles 85–6 US – Standards for Reformulated and Watson, I. 468 Conventional Gasoline 424 Watts, J. 142 Wynberg, R. 131, 145 Webster, R. 303 Wyplosz, C. 382 Weeramantry, R. 6–7, 269, 313–39, 365 Wei, S.-J. 369–70 Yackee, J. 296 Weiler, J. 246 Yahya, M. 109 Welsh, D. 511 Yannaca-Small, K. 114 Wendt, K. 524 Yardley, W. 112
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York, R. 451–2, 454, 455, 457 Zhan, J. 40, 45, 66–7 Yoshida, O. 109 Zhang, S. 405 Yotova, R. 8, 379–407 Ziegler, A. 40, 184 Zleptnig, S. 34 Zahar, A. 107 Zoellner, C.-S. 217 Zarsky, L. 482 Zvelc, R. 18
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