Ricardian

Bulletin Magazine of the Richard III Society

ISSN 0308 4337 June 2013

Ricardian Bulletin June 2013

Contents 2 From the Chairman 51 Industry recognition for Society’s PR 3 The reinterment and tomb: latest news work? Peter Secchi 5 Society news and notices 51 The unsung heroes of the Looking for 11 Future Society events Richard III project Philippa Langley 13 Society reviews 55 The Man Himself: Richard’s diet 20 Other news, reviews and events Peter Hammond 26 Research news 56 Anne Mowbray: the princess in the police 30–54 Looking for Richard – the follow-up: station Bruce Watson 30 Looking back at the Greyfriars 58 The role of Edward, duke of York, at phenomenon Annette Carson Agincourt Stephen Cooper 32 The nature of scoliosis 60 A game of kings Stephen York 36 Richard III, the and 63 A series of remarkable ladies. 4. Sofia King Harold Godwinson – a skeleton (Zoe) Palaiologa Rita Diefenhart-Schmitt argument Stephen Cooper 64 Lady Anne’ a ‘revisionist Richard ‘ fan! 37 Those missing feet and other Geoffrey Wheeler observations Lynda Pidgeon 66 Book reviews and notices 39 Ancestors, descendants and collateral 68 Ricardian crossword 4 by Sanglier 39 An adjournment debate about Richard 69 Correspondence III’s reinterment 70 The Barton Library 40 Update from City Council 72 Branches and Groups Sarah Levitt 79 New members 41 Leicester primary school children 87 Recently deceased members inspired by the Greyfriars dig 87 Obituaries 43 Richard on TV: the search for the lost 88 Calendar king on the nation’s screens Tom Carter 88 Late news 45 Greyfriars dig wins Current Archaeology Colour section between pp 32 and 33 award i. Grey Friars reconstructed 46 Here or there: the debate over the ii–iii The Leicester Conference reburial of Richard III and the ongoing iii The York Study Weekend press and television coverage iv Rose laying at Bosworth Bruce Watson and Geoffrey Wheeler v Andrew Jamieson’s heraldic design 50 A final flourish . . . more humour in vi–viii Advertisements varying degrees of taste Geoffrey Wheeler Booking forms between pp 64 and 65

The Ricardian Bulletin is produced by the Bulletin Editorial Committee. © Richard III Society 2013. Individual contributions and illustrations © the contributors except where otherwise stated. Printed by Micropress Printers Ltd. For details on submitting future contributions, please see p. 4 Bulletin and Ricardian back numbers: Back issues of The Ricardian and the Bulletin are available from Judith Ridley. If you are interested in obtaining any back numbers, please contact Mrs Ridley to establish whether she holds the issue(s) in which you are interested. For contact details see inside back cover of the Bulletin 1 From the Chairman

It has certainly been a very busy time for the Society as we continue dealing with the exciting aftermath of the Greyfriars excavation and the controversies surrounding King Richard’s reinterment. I address some of the issues raised by the reinterment in the section that follows this piece but I must make a very clear statement about the Society’s position on the issue of the location of King Richard’s reinterment. Understandably, this is a matter that has raised much strong emotion. The Richard III Society does not have the final say on the location – indeed, it has no say – but it does have to work with the authorities of the chosen location. Individual members of the Society are fully entitled to hold their own views and to campaign for their location of choice so long as they do not use the Society’s name when doing so. The facts around the choice of location are not clear-cut, whatever some may claim. Collectively, therefore, we have a responsibility to maintain a position that does not damage our future relationship with the chosen location. King Richard’s posthumous reputation will not be helped if matters descend into an undignified dispute. We must all behave responsibly and, as a serious and responsible historical society, that is exactly what we will continue to do. This is another larger than usual Bulletin, reflecting the heightened interest in King Richard and his reputation following the recent events in Leicester. It’s good to have Philippa Langley’s thank- you to the many people in the background who made the Looking for Richard project such a success, although I blush rather when reading some of the things she says about me. Another member of the project team, Annette Carson, gives her thoughtful reflections on the Greyfriars and we have a range of other articles on the subject which I am sure are just the beginning of what we might expect in the months and years to come. I am particularly pleased that we are focusing on King Richard’s scoliosis, a matter that will surely now be central to our understanding of the king. I am especially grateful to those who have shared their own experiences of living with the condition and the Scoliosis Association for their co-operation in putting the feature together. I am also pleased to record that the Society has recently made a donation the Association. Leicester has certainly taken to King Richard in some interesting ways – we have reports about the St John the Baptist Primary School’s very creative Greyfriars afternoon and the Richard III- themed Leicester Beer festival. Richard Smith of the East Midlands branch was our on-the-spot reporter for both. Wendy Johnson brings the recent study weekend in York alive for those unfortunate enough not to be there. She notes that ‘it is events such as this – with knowledgeable speakers, and fascinating talks – that make membership of the Richard III Society so worthwhile’. As a participant at the weekend, I couldn’t agree more. Heather Falvey tells us about the Society’s latest research achievement, the York Wills, a collaborative effort from the many members engaged in the transcription and editing of the wills, and I thank them all, especially the late Lesley Boatwright, who played such a pivotal role. This sort of research achievement is another thing that makes membership of the Society worthwhile. Such things are yet more testaments to the fact that we have been working for nearly 90 years to secure a reassessment of King Richard III’s reputation. We are advertising for more volunteers in this issue (see p. 10) and I urge anyone interested in helping us with our work to get in touch. I am sure everyone will understand that, with all the activity of recent months and with the considerably increased membership, our officers, all volunteers themselves, have been stretched considerably putting in many extra hours. So, we need to expand and strengthen our team to share out the workload a bit more and to ensure that we are fully equipped to face the challenges ahead. Here in the UK we are hoping for a decent summer after last year’s disappointment, but whatever the weather and wherever you live in the world, I wish you well – we certainly have exciting times ahead. Phil Stone

2 The reinterment and tomb: latest news

Myths and miasmas, rumours and rubbish Many will be aware of the host of rumours and stories concerning the reburial of King Richard’s remains – will they be buried in Leicester or York, who are the , etc., etc.? I cannot promise to dispel the fog that surrounds all of this, but I will try. Many, including members of the public, are unhappy about the choice of for the remains to be reburied. Many would prefer that they be reinterred in York, though other places have been mentioned at various times, including Westminster Abbey, Windsor, Worksop, Fotheringhay, Gloucester and . Leicester was chosen and, barring intervention from a much higher authority, the decision will stand. The decision has never been ours to make and the Society was never consulted. You will know that a design for a tomb for Richard III was submitted by the Society to the authorities in Leicester Cathedral. Unfortunately, though they have told us that they like certain aspects of the design, they will not accept it in full. At the time of writing, they are still undecided as to whether they want a ledger stone, a raised monument or something in between the two. They have agreed that, if the former is chosen, it will be set in such a way that it cannot be walked on. Even so, several of us have made it very clear that anything less than a table tomb monument will not be acceptable to the Society. Some of the changes suggested by the cathedral would be acceptable to us, so long as they are incorporated into a table tomb, but it also seems that in multicultural Leicester the authorities have a problem with depicting Richard’s boar on the tomb. Needless to say, we have pointed out that, as Richard’s cognisance, this is an integral part of the design and, again, it is not negotiable. The cathedral have set up various committees to discuss different aspects of the entire reinterment process – how the remains will be taken to the cathedral, what will happen then, the liturgical arrangements, and so on and so on. I am trying to make sure that the Society is represented on each of these committees and working parties. Sometimes this has not been easy. The cathedral has a liking for the fait accompli! Incidentally, King Richard will not get a funeral. Having had one at the time of his initial interment by the monks in the Greyfriars, he cannot have another. The Plantagenet Alliance is a group of people (reports of the number involved varies) who claim descent from Richard III (one even claimed on the radio to be an ancestor of Richard!) Presumably, they are descended from one of Richard’s sisters, but it is thought that there are tens of thousands who could make the same assertion. One cannot help but wonder why they have come together at this time, but they are asking for a judicial review of the Ministry of Justice’s decision to give the choice of the reburial place of the king’s remains to the University of Leicester. According to news reports, they plan to take the decision to the European Court of Human Rights, arguing that the rights of the family have been infringed. As I understand it, the claim will fail because Richard has been dead more than 100 years. Finally, to many outside the process, some of what is happening seems to be shrouded in mystery and taking place behind closed doors. Let me assure you that nothing is being kept back by me. If it seems that I’m not telling you something, it is because I’ve not been let in on the secret, either.

Donations for the tomb of King Richard Some of you noticed that the March Bulletin carried no details about how to donate towards the cost of King Richard’s tomb. Also, some have commented on the absence of this from my letter which was included with that magazine. I think the former was probably because the Bulletin went to print before we had officially launched the appeal and the latter because my letter was already long enough. Let me rectify the omission. 3 A design has been put forward for a monumental tomb for Richard III to be placed in Leicester Cathedral – if that choice has been overturned by the time you are reading this, please insert whichever church has been given the honour – and the Society has launched an appeal to pay for it. Details of how you can donate are at the end of this piece. If the chosen design is rejected and the monument selected for King Richard doesn’t meet the Society’s approval, donors will be given the opportunity of asking for their money to be returned or for it to be put towards a monument to be placed somewhere that is more aware of the honour of having it. For this reason, although we have raised the sum initially projected for the chosen design, the appeal remains open and donations are still welcome. Indeed, if enough can be raised, we would like to consider some form of monument in , wherever the king’s remains are reinterred. It would be nice to make their statue of Constantine into one of a pair of bookends, Richard III being the other! Mind you, that will cost an awful lot of money. We apologise to any who feel that by not putting something in the Bulletin we were disenfranchising anyone who does not have access to the Society’s website. Such had never been further from our thoughts – has anyone ever known the Society to turn away a legitimate means of raising money? If you wish to give money to the appeal, there are three ways: 1. Send your cheque to me at the address inside the back cover of the Bulletin. Make the cheque out to the ‘Richard III Society’ and mark it ‘Tomb appeal’ on the back. 2. Use the Society’s Paypal account. Go to www.paypal.com and select the Society’s account, which is [email protected]. At some point, you should be asked for a recipient. Please type in ‘Phil Stone’ so that the treasurer knows into which account he is to put the money – and no, that’s not mine. My name is there purely for admin purposes! 3. If you wish to do a direct bank transfer, please contact me for the details. My thanks to all of you have already donated and my thanks in advance to those of you who will do so now as a result of this. Phil Stone

Contributions to the Bulletin

Contributions are welcomed from all members. All articles and other items for the Ricardian Bulletin should be sent to the new dedicated Bulletin e-mail address: [email protected]. Alternatively, the contact details on the back inside cover can be used. The editorial team would prefer to receive contributions as Word file attachments to e- mails wherever possible, since we have limited capacity to transcribe and type up written submissions and there may be delays in using them.

Bulletin Press Dates 15 January for March issue; 15 April for June issue; 15 July for September issue; 15 October for December issue. Articles should be sent well in advance.

The Bulletin Editorial Committee

4 Society news and notices

Richard III Society Members’ Day and Annual General Meeting Saturday 5 October 2013

Notice is hereby given that the 2013 Annual General Meeting of the Richard III Society will be held on Saturday 5 October at Senate House, University of , Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HU

The formal business of the meeting will include reports from the Society’s officers, the presentation of the annual accounts of the Society to 31 March 2013 and the election of the Executive Committee for the coming year. Exact timings for the day will be notified in the September Bulletin. Nominations for the Executive Committee should be sent to the Joint Secretaries, Susan and David Wells, to be received not later than Friday 6 September 2013. All nominations must be proposed and seconded and accepted in writing by the nominee. A pro-forma for this purpose can be downloaded from the Society website. Resolutions for the agenda – also proposed and seconded – should reach the Joint Secretaries by post or e-mail by no later than Friday 6 September. Nominations for the Robert Hamblin Award (details as set out in the March Bulletin) should reach the Joint Secretaries by no later than Friday 19 July. All contact details for the Joint Secretaries are set out on the back inside cover of this Bulletin and are also detailed on the booking form.

Call to Branches and Groups If your branch or group wishes to make a report at the AGM, please let the Joint Secretaries know in writing or via e-mail by Friday 6 September so that it can be included on the AGM agenda. Reports can be made in person by a branch or group representative or, for overseas branches or groups or if no local representative is able to attend the AGM in person, a printed report can be supplied to be read at the AGM. Reports should consist of new material not previously reported verbally or in print and should take no more than three minutes to read out.

Refreshments Light refreshments will be available for purchase during the informal part of the day. Lunch will be by own arrangements and various local facilities are available within a very short walk of the venue.

Isolde Wigram Memorial Lecture This year our speaker will be the historian, Society member and MP Chris Skidmore; his lecture is entitled ‘Desertions, defections, rewards and recriminations: what was really going on at Bosworth?’ Chris has recently published Bosworth – The Birth of the Tudors and we hope to have copies of this book available on the Society’s bookstall. (See the advertisement on p. viii of the colour section.)

Registration of attendance To help us plan for the day, including arranging for refreshments, ensuring sufficient seating is available, etc., and to conform with fire regulations we ask that, if you are planning to attend, you register in advance, either by using the pro-forma in the centre pages of this Bulletin or by writing to or e-mailing the Joint Secretaries at the postal or e-mail address shown on the inside back cover of

5 the Bulletin. Please do remember to let us have the full names of all those attending. Deadline for receipt of registrations is Friday 20 September.

Full details and logistics for the Members’ Day and AGM will be published in the September Bulletin but, in the meantime, if you have any queries please get in touch with the Joint Secretaries.

A message from Philippa Langley I would like to thank all those who have contacted me since the discovery of King Richard’s remains last September. If I haven’t responded to your letter or e-mail I do apologise and hope that you will understand that it’s been a very busy time for me these past six months. Philippa has asked us to mention that in her forthcoming book The King’s Grave (see p. 67) she plans to include the list of those who donated to the Looking for Richard III project as first published under ‘Roll of Honour’ in December’s Bulletin. She requests that anyone listed who does not want to be included in the list to be published in The King’s Grave to let her know and their name will be removed. If this is the case please e-mail [email protected] in the first instance and we will forward to Philippa.

Richard III’s royal progress 2013–14 The facial reconstruction of King Richard III commissioned by the Society is about to go on tour, following its recent showing at the Richard III: Leicester’s Search for a King exhibition in the Leicester Guildhall. It will visit the Bosworth Battlefield Centre, the Yorkshire Museum, Northampton and finally the British Museum. It will then return to Leicester in the spring of 2014, where it is expected to become a central feature of the new visitor centre close to the Greyfriars site. (see also Sarah Levitt’s article on p. 40) For further information about dates and venues for the tour visit: www.visitleicester.info/richardIII or contact Leicester City Council, tel: 0844 888 5181 or 0116 299 4444.

Would you like to receive e-mail alerts from the Society?

If you would like to receive e-mails from the Society, please send a message to RIII.mailings@ gmail.com (capital letter ‘I’ for RIII) giving your name, membership number (if known), e-mail address and postcode. The purpose of the e-mail service is to provide time-sensitive information, when there are fast- moving events about which we want to notify members. Points to note:

• The list of e-mail addresses will not be made available to anyone outside the Society. • We take suitable security precautions to avoid disclosure by using the BCC option in e-mails. • The e-mails that we send are carefully considered and researched – we do not want to inundate you with messages and intend that every e-mail we send informs you of something relevant. • There is an ‘unsubscribe’ link on all our e-mails, so that you can change your mind at any time. • We always send an acknowledgement when you ask to join the mailing list; this response is usually fairly quick, but please allow up to a week to receive this. If you have events that you want to publicise to a wider audience, or ideas for future messages, please send an e-mail to [email protected] and we will consider your request. Finally, we do not wish to disenfranchise those members who do not have e-mail addresses and where it is necessary to communicate directly with all members a letter will be sent through the postal system. Helen Challinor and Wendy Moorhen

6 New Bulletin service available The Bulletin mailbox was contacted a few weeks ago by Adrienne Chalmers, who has recently rejoined the Society after an absence of more than 20 years. She had what might sound a simple request, but one that would present a challenge, a technological one at least. Adrienne wrote, ‘I’m blind and use a screenreader to read stuff. I was wondering if it would be possible to be sent a text version of the Bulletin by e-mail?’ Thanks to Bulletin team members Helen Challinor and Stephen York we were able to come up with a solution that met Adrienne’s requirements. This provision of a text file is also available to others and details are given at the end of this article. We asked Adrienne to tell us a bit more about the challenges faced by people with impaired vision, and the advantages of having material made available in a format they can access: Actually, I gave up my membership at around the same time as I lost my sight. There didn’t seem much point in getting a whole load of printed material I couldn’t read, and it’s difficult enough to get people to read your bank statements and gas bills, without having to find folk to read medieval history journals to you. Still, times move on and technology has advanced to the extent that it is possible to find a way round reading most things oneself. My preferred way of accessing documents is by using my Apple Mac and its built-in screen reader, Voice Over. I can also read documents using Voice Over on my iPhone, but it takes a bit longer. Other visually impaired people prefer to use computers with braille output. People with some sight can make use of screen magnification. A screen reader ‘does just what it says on the tin’. It reads out to you what is on your screen. Synthetic voices have vastly improved over the years and there are many to choose from. If you are using English, you can get all sorts of accents, including Scots, Irish and Australian. Unfortunately some types of files don’t work well with screen readers or braille. The basic rule of thumb is that the plainer the text, the easier it is to work with. For example, PDFs can be totally unreadable, some I can read on my iPhone using iBooks. The best thing to do is to seek the assistance of the people who produce the documents you want to read and ask them to let you have a text version. I am very pleased to say that just one e-mail to the Bulletin team produced an almost instant solution to my reading difficulties. I explained how they might help and they provided me with a plain text file of the Bulletin, with all the formatting and images stripped out. Even better, they advertised the fact that this would be available for any members with sight loss. I have also learned something new myself. I found out that I can save documents as text to speech files in iTunes. I am trying to refine this process so it will be possible to offer members who have problems seeing, but don’t have a computer or smartphone, an audio file which they will be able to play on a CD, or MP3 player. I regret to say that not every organisation is as helpful as the Society has been. Not only helpful, but clearly keen to do what they could for members with sight loss. You’d be surprised how many times I have been told, by organisations who should know better, nothing can be done, or just made to feel like a complete nuisance. If there was a prize for ‘Being Helpful to Blind People’, I’d certainly be nominating the Bulletin team. So, with my text version of the Bulletin, the Scottish Branch newsletter and my iBooks version of John Ashdown-Hill’s latest oeuvre, I feel like a proper Ricardian again. It’s good to be back. Any chance of a 3D print of the reconstruction of His Grace’s face then? Just thought I’d ask.

Would you like to receive a .txt file of the Ricardian Bulletin for use with screen readers? A .txt file strips out the formatting that we put into the Bulletin, so, for example, instead of it being presented as two columns, as it is in hard copy version, the file appears as one continuous piece of text. It also strips out all illustrations and photos. It’s not easy for the human eye to read, but this format means that a device with a screen reader, such as iPad ‘Voice over’ or ‘Speak selection’ functionality (which comes as standard as part of the

7 Apple operating system on an iPad), or other screen reader software, can read the text file out loud. This would be useful for people who are blind or partially sighted, or who want to listen to the Bulletin rather than read it, perhaps whilst on the move. We can now send you a single .txt file for each issue of the Bulletin. This service is available from, and including, the March 2013 issue. If this is something that you would like to receive, or if you know of a member who might benefit from this service, please e-mail [email protected] and we will send you the March and June editions. We will also add you to a mailing list to receive future .txt files. These will be sent at the same time as the hard copies of the Bulletin are distributed. This is not a general replacement for the published Bulletin, but is an additional service for members who need to use screen readers.

Results of the Bulletin survey Members will remember that in the September 2012 issue of the Bulletin we printed a voting paper, and gave a link to an electronic survey form, to ask all members how they would like to receive the Bulletin. We gave two options, which were: • I wish to receive my Bulletin in hard copy • I would prefer to access the Bulletin via a members-only section of the website. We have now collated the results. Out of a total ‘electorate’ of 2200, a total of 417 votes were received, as follows: • for a printed copy only, 394 votes • for an electronic copy, 21 votes • for both versions, 2 votes. It may thus be seen that the overwhelming majority of votes cast were to maintain the status quo. This low turnout is rather disappointing but perhaps it may be said that those who did not vote were content with the situation as it is. The EC will continue to monitor the situation.

Membership matters The Executive Committee have reviewed the overseas postage supplement which is currently £6 and we are pleased to announce that there will be no increase for the 2013/2014 subscription year. As usual, September’s Bulletin will give details for membership renewals for 2013/2014. However, to aid our administration, we would ask members to consider paying by standing order. Forms have been included in the packs for our new members but if this has been mislaid, or earlier members would like to take advantage of this method of payment, please write or e-mail me to obtain another copy (see contact details at the end of the Bulletin). Wendy Moorhen, Membership Officer

A new heraldic depiction of Richard III as a noble and puissant warrior Older members, i.e. those who joined the Society more years ago than some of us care to recall, may remember a heraldic artist who sold his work at Society events, particularly a depiction of Bosworth showing the knights arrayed in all their heraldry – we have a copy hanging in the upstairs hall. That artist was Andrew Jamieson and for years now he has been a heraldic artist and calligrapher for the College of Arms. Some months ago he was appointed ‘royal scrivener’ – I’m not sure if that is an official title or one I’ve made up – and he now writes and illuminates Letters Patent. Issued by the Crown Office, these are the documents that are signed by H.M. the Queen when she grants a title to a member of the royal family, creates judges of the Supreme Court or grants privileges to cities and towns. Incidentally, his actual title is ‘Her Majesty the Queen’s Official Scribe and Illuminator’. When we wrote to congratulate him, I learnt that Andrew was still very much involved in the drawing and designing of heraldic scenes – some of his work is to be found on a number of websites, including his own – and I asked about the possibility of having something for the Society to use, particularly in this special celebratory year, as well as for 2014, when we celebrate the ninetieth anniversary of the Society’s founding. I’m pleased to say that Andy was more than happy to do so and the result of his labours can be seen on p. v of the colour section in this issue.

8 ‘Royal scrivener’ at work in his studio © Andrew Stuart Jamieson

In due course (and we hope to be able to launch them at the 2013 Members’ Day) there will be a limited edition of copies signed by the artist, together with an unlimited edition of unsigned copies. We are also looking into other ways that we can use the design, such as notelets and greetings cards. When we were agreeing the design, Andrew and I ‘discussed’ various aspects and this is a distillation of his final thoughts: ‘Because Richard III was a king as well as a warrior, he is shown holding a sceptre to emphasise the fact. The figure was inspired by Richard’s great seal, Dürer’s woodcut of a knight and the statue of Sir John Hawkwood in Florence. He wears the royal crest as on his seal and White Surrey is caparisoned in front with his livery colours and his motto, powdered with suns and roses. The rear caparison is of the royal arms of the leopards and lilies. He wears a tabard of the royal arms and the is below his knee. Signifying the warrior aspect, his armour is modelled on a gothic harness of the 1480s. At his side is his , the old Society emblem, while his heraldic standard flies above him. His shield, crowned and surrounded by the Garter, again states that he was a king. The grass they walk on is powdered with forget-me-nots and white roses. There is also some broom and the falcon and fetterlock.’ Andy and I both feel this image looks strong and noble and is symbolically powerful. We hope you will agree. Phil Stone

The York Wills The Richard III Society’s latest contribution to fifteenth-century research and scholarship, The York Wills, has now been published and details can be found on p. 26. The book is available from the Society’s Sales Officer (details on the back inside cover) and is priced at £10.00 to the transcribers who contributed to the project; £12.50 to members and £17.50 to non-members. Postage & packing: £3.00 UK, £6.75 EU and £10.25 ROW.

Commemorative postage stamp sheet Following an approach to the Society by Adrian Bradbury, trading as BFDC Ltd., a limited edition commemorative stamp sheet will be produced highlighting the Richard III Society. This will comprise ten postage stamps accompanied by carefully selected Ricardian and fifteenth-century images. Adrian is a renowned designer and supplier of specialist design stamp sheets. All designs will be subject to approval and acceptance by the Royal Mail and the stamps can be used for postal

9 purposes. It is expected that BFDC will be selling the sheets for £25 inclusive of postage and VAT and they will be available later in the year. Further details will be given in the September Bulletin.

A new group for David Lee, a new member living in Limerick, Ireland, would like to explore the possibility of establishing a new group covering Ireland. If any members resident in the country are interested in establishing such a group please contact David Lee by e-mail at [email protected].

YOUR SOCIETY NEEDS YOU!

Can you spare some time to help with our work? The Society’s global profile has increased hugely over the last few months and this is likely to continue for some time to come. Whilst this is wonderful for all Ricardians, the amount of work that needs to be done to maintain our profile, manage our growing membership and ensure that all enquiries and other matters are dealt with speedily and professionally is huge. The Executive Committee is seeking willing hands to undertake work ranging from the management of projects to general support for existing roles, such as the Chairman, Membership Officer and the secretariat. In addition to role-specific skills, this may involve writing letters, answering e-mails, making phone calls, drafting reports, checking on-line entries, etc. We are seeking volunteers with skills in the following areas: general administration, editing and publishing, design, commercial/business, project management, social networking and numeracy. For most roles you will need to be computer-literate and have access to a computer and the internet. Not all roles will require the volunteer to be resident in the . There might also be the potential for volunteers to join the Executive Committee and other relevant Society committees and working groups. If you are interested in helping please e-mail the chairman, Phil Stone (details on inside back cover), outlining your experience, skills and the areas where you might be able to help.

Sales Officer vacancy In addition, we seeking applicants for the newly defined Sales Officer role, developed to coincide with the launch of the Society’s on-line shop. The requirements for this post include: • managing the on-line shop and ensuring the sales catalogue is up to date • managing and maintaining stock levels, re-stocking and ordering when necessary • taking orders and processing them to the stockholders • investigating and sourcing new sales items • liaising with other EC members as appropriate, in particular for sales at major events • reporting to the EC on relevant matters. The post holder will need good organisational, computer and interpersonal skills. It is difficult to be precise about the time needed for the work involved but a realistic assessment would be a minimum of ten hours per week, with the possibly of a lot more at busy times. A willingness to attend and help at sales events such as Bosworth and the AGM would be an advantage. Society officers are volunteers – no payment is offered, although out of pocket expenses may be claimed. If you are interested in this post please e-mail the chairman, Phil Stone (details on inside back cover), outlining the skills and experience you have and your reasons for applying.

10 Future Society events

Bosworth 2013 Sunday 18 August 2013 This year our one-day visit to Bosworth comprises the traditional service in Sutton Cheney church and visit to the Battlefield Centre, including tea. We will be able to visit the exhibition and the Medieval Village (Ambion Parva: ‘a collection of reproduction buildings combined to create the sense of medieval village life bringing history alive’) and to walk the Battlefield Trails. For more information see www.bosworthbattlefield.com. Members will also be able to visit the Society marquee on the battlefield, and see the Paul Murray Kendall memorial bench. Alternatively, for those who have visited the battlefield before, we shall take the coach into Leicester to visit the Guildhall Exhibition ‘Richard III: Leicester’s search for a king’. This is a temporary exhibition, to be replaced after this year by a permanent arrangement, so this is your chance to visit. The exhibition offers an explanation of the findings of the 2012 Greyfriars excavation and details the evidence that proves the skeleton found belonged to Richard III. The story is told by four narrators, from the team of experts at the University of Leicester who undertook the work: the historian examines the historical context; the archaeologist covers what happened during the excavation and how the church of the Grey Friars was discovered; the bio-archaeologist examines the clues revealed by studying the bones, the injuries inflicted at the time of death and the curvature of the spine; and the scientist discusses the results of the scientific tests the skeleton underwent, including radiocarbon dating, calculus analysis, environmental sampling and DNA evidence. The exhibition includes a model of the king’s skull, objects from the excavation, and a model of the Boar Inn. It may also be possible to visit the cathedral, and the Greyfriars area, time permitting. We hope that as many members as possible will attend during the day, as this is one of the Society’s major social events and an occasion during the year when members from all over the world can meet.

Programme 09.15 Coach departs Embankment Underground Station (Embankment exit) – 09.15 sharp! 12.30 Memorial Service in Sutton Cheney Church, with Society wreath laying 13.30 approx. Coach leaves Sutton Cheney for Battlefield Centre, then Leicester Guildhall Exhibition 16.45 Tea in Heritage Room at Battlefield Centre (sandwiches, cakes and pastries, tea/coffee) 17.45 Coach leaves Bosworth for London, arriving c.20.15

Please note: 1. There will be no village hall lunch this year, owing to time constraints, and the fact that the village hall has been booked for the weekend for an art exhibition, related to the Battlefield Centre activities – which members arriving in advance of the church service would be welcome to visit. 2. If there is capacity on the coach, we may be able to take onto the coach, at the battlefield, those members travelling independently who wish to join the coach for the visit to Leicester. Capacity will not be known until bookings are completed, so if you are interested in this option, please tick the appropriate box on the booking form.

Costs Members attending on the day may book for such elements of the day as they wish:

Cost for London Day Outing Coach – visiting Battlefield (coach + battlefield entry + tea): £32.00 11 Cost for London Day Outing Coach – visiting Leicester (coach + tea): £22.00 Cost for Battlefield entry and Tea: £18.00 Cost for Tea only: £7.00 The booking form is in the centre pages. Please return it by 15 July to Elizabeth Nokes, 26 West Way, Petts Wood, Kent BR5 1LW. Tel: 01689 823569. E-mail: [email protected]. We expect that the event will prove popular, so we suggest early booking.

Bodiam Castle and Michelham Priory Saturday 7 September 2013 Our late summer trip is to a lovely part of the country – East Sussex – and our venues have something of a theme – both are extremely attractive and both have moats. Our first stop will be the picturesque fourteenth- century Bodiam Castle (a National Trust property) – everyone’s idea of what a castle should look like. Not only does it have the aforementioned moat, there are also an original wooden portcullis, spiral staircases and battlements. It was built between Bodiam Castle, Sussex 1385 and 1388 by Sir Edward Dalyngrigge, a veteran of the Hundred Years War. Richard II granted Sir Edward a licence to crenellate the walls of his mansion and he thereupon took the opportunity to build himself a new castle, which is the one that stands . Our afternoon visit will be to Michelham Priory (in the care of Sussex Archaeological Society). The Priory boasts ’s longest medieval water-filled moat, being over a mile in length. This stretch of water encircles a site with a history dating back to 1229, from its foundation by Augustinian canons, through the destruction caused by the dissolution of the monasteries and into its later life as a country house. On this picturesque island there are such treasures as the magnificent mansion, impressive gatehouse, a working watermill and forge, a Bronze Age roundhouse and an Elizabethan Great Barn. Our coach will leave from London Embankment at 9 am and we expect to arrive back in London around 7.30 (a pick up can be arranged at Bromley at 8 am for those who let me know.) The cost of the trip is £27 per person, if you are a member of the National Trust, or £33 per person if not. Cheques should be made payable to ‘Richard III Society’, endorsed ‘Bodiam’. Please complete the booking form in the centre pages and send it, together with your cheque, by 16 August 2013 to: Marian Mitchell, 20 Constance Close, Witham, Essex CM8 1XL. Tel: 01376 501984; e-mail: [email protected]. If you miss the closing date, please do not hesitate to contact me, as there are may be a few spare places on the coach. Marian Mitchell for the Visits Team

Norfolk Branch Study Day Saturday 9 November 2013 As advised in the March Bulletin, the Norfolk Branch Study Day will take place on Saturday 9 November 2013 at The Assembly House, Theatre Street, Norwich on the theme ‘The Sun in Splendour: Edward IV in peace and war’. The full programme is as follows: 09.55–10.00 Welcome by the chairman of the Norfolk Branch. 10.00–10.30 The battle of Mortimer’s Cross:; Julian Humphrys, Development Officer for The Battlefields Trust 10.30–11.00 Coffee 11.00–12.00 The crisis of 1469–71 and its causes: Dr John Watts, Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford 12.00–12.30 The battle of Barnet: Julian Humphrys 12 12.30–14.00 Lunch 14.00–15.00 ‘Take heed what love can do . . .’ – Edward IV and the ladies: Frances Sparrow 15.00–15.30 Tea 15.30–16.30 Blades, bills and bows: the battle of Tewkesbury and the nature of combat in the : Sam Wilson Questions and answers will follow each session. 16.30–16.45approx. Vote of thanks and close. The cost of the study is £24 per person. Please complete the booking form in the centre pages and return to Annmarie Hayek, 20 Rowington Road, Norwich NR1 3RR. Tel: 01603 664021. E-mail [email protected].

Society reviews

The Leicester Conference

Introduction The Society’s conference held at the University of Leicester on 2 March was a sell-out. Almost 500 attendees – Society members, non-members, guests and speakers – filled the Peter Williams Lecture Theatre to learn about ‘A New Richard III’. The conference was the first major event following the confirmation that the archaeological excavation at the Greyfriars site in Leicester had found Richard III’s burial place and that the remains that were found are his. Later in the year we expect the University of Leicester to host its own major conference, focusing on the detail of the excavation and its finds. The impact of this confirmation has changed both the nature and course of the debate that has raged for more than 500 years over the life and character of King Richard III, and the conference brought together many of the strands of this debate, refocusing them in light of the new evidence. The conference was chaired by the historian and MP Chris Skidmore and charted the road that led to the dig, and took a fresh look at some key aspects of Richard III’s reputation: the literary myths, his psychology, his appearance and his final battle. The conference concluded with the Mayor of Leicester, Sir Peter Soulsby, outlining the city’s vision for the future of the Greyfriars site. We are pleased to announce that – for the first time – videos of a selection of the conference presentations are now available on our website. The following review by Helen Challinor provides an insightful taster of the whole day, together with the thoughts and experiences of other attendees.

Reactions to the conference Excitement can sometimes be infectious. Everyone who has participated in crowd activities, perhaps attending a concert given by a favourite band, or waiting in a queue to meet an admired author, understands how being with like-minded people and attending an eagerly anticipated event can enhance the moment, and make it a more intense experience. This is what happened at the Richard III conference in Leicester on 2 March. There was an atmosphere of intense expectation and a buzz in the lecture theatre at the University of Leicester. People had rearranged plans, declined other invitations, cleared their diaries or travelled hundreds or even thousands of miles to come to hear about the findings from the Greyfriars dig. I am lucky enough to be involved with the [email protected] e-mail service and so have enjoyed a number of exchanges with fellow members who have been replying to our messages. They have told me about their plans and described a whole range of emotions, sorrow at not being able to attend, excitement from new and long-standing members alike; lovely messages full of anticipation. Some of us had followed the press conference on Twitter, watched the and More4 programmes and set up news alerts to keep in touch with the latest developments. Now we were 13 Speakers at the Leicester Conference: Above left: Philippa Langley and Annette Carson; above right: Dr John Ashdown-Hill. Below left: Bob Woosnam-Savage; below right: Professor Caroline Wilkinson. More scenes from the day can be found in the colour section.

going to hear the scientific and scholarly reports about the findings from the people directly involved. The March issue of the Bulletin contained the first in a series of conference papers. The Society website will hold recordings of some of the presentations, but what was it like at the event? I spoke with Michael Barrett in the first tea break, to ask him for his impressions of the start of the conference. At that early stage he was particularly interested in the discussion about the Princes in the Tower. However, I caught up with Michael by e-mail afterwards, and his enthusiasm for the

14 day continued. He said that it lived up to his expectations with more excellent speakers and very good organisation. He says: ‘Perhaps for me the highlight was during the afternoon, when I managed to shake the hand of Philippa Langley and thank her for the incredible work she was doing.’ He also had the chance to speak with Professor Caroline Wilkinson and congratulate her on her work on the facial reconstruction. Michael continues, ‘During my lifetime I have not had many occasions to meet people like this, who have had such an incredible influence on people in the UK and further afield. Thank you so much.’ Dr John Ashdown-Hill’s talk had the post-break slot and included a surprise for everyone in the auditorium, as well as for John himself. Whilst John was still at the podium, Dr Phil Stone, the Society’s Chairman, stepped forward to announce that John had been awarded life membership of the Society. This was in recognition of his contributions to the Looking for Richard III project. It is a high award for any member, and we could tell that John had no idea that it was coming. John said that he felt both surprised by the award and also very honoured. He mentioned that through the groups and branches – and also through Society librarians and other officers – he had encountered a great deal of help and support within the Society for his research. Another member at the conference was Agnes Meadows. Agnes and I have corresponded through RIII.mailings but we have never met. We hoped to meet at the conference but I think we should have suggested that we wear pink carnations, (but perhaps not boar badges!), because there were so many other people there that we didn’t manage to bump into each other. Agnes has a blog where she has posted her thoughts on the conference. She said, ‘I was beside myself with excitement, as were the 500 fellow-Ricardians attending. And no, they weren’t all crusty old academics or badly dressed weirdos living in a fifteenth-century twilight world. They were ordinary folk drawn together by their love of history and the desire for this dead monarch of ours to be seen as a human being rather than as a pantomime villain.’ She continues, ‘It was an awesome conference, with some truly high-quality speakers, sharing their knowledge and experience with us.’ If you want to read more from Agnes’ blog, please see the full entry for her piece on the conference, which is available at http://tinyurl.com/Agnes-Riii-blog-entry Another long standing fellow-Ricardian with observations on the day was Dave Perry. Dave thought that the day’s programme was very full and covered such a wide range of relevant topics that there must have been something for everyone there. He said, ‘All of the speakers presented their particular subject in an enthusiastic and interesting way with plenty of visual displays. Chris Skidmore spoke with all the confidence one would expect from a public figure, and was an ideal conference chair for the day’s programme.’ Dave continued, ‘The introductory pack that awaited each participant to the study day was well presented and full of interesting information. I particularly liked the brief profile on each speaker and the accompanying photograph.’ Philippa Langley and Phil Stone unveiled the facial reconstruction during the proceedings, and this was seen as an added bonus to the day. It was fun queuing to take a photograph of it, because I began chatting to Dorothea Preis while we were waiting. Dorothea and her family had travelled from Australia to be part of the conference. If you want to read Dorothea’s conference report you can do so here on the New South Wales branch blog: http://tinyurl.com/Riii-NSW-Leicester-blog Many people have talked about ‘history in the making’ and being part of a ‘once in a lifetime’ experience – all of these superlatives can be overwhelming. Are we going too far in these descriptions? I think the answer is a resounding ‘No!’ The skill, dedication and sheer scale of what has been achieved up to now, and the possibilities for the future, will change our perceptions and increase our understanding. Thanks go to everyone involved in making the conference a success, organising it so quickly and with such excellent speakers. Helen Challinor

A thank-you from the Joint Secretaries The Leicester Conference was a great event. With 480-plus delegates, the organisation was a difficult enterprise. The hardest work was on the day, particularly on reception and sales. We would like to 15 give particular thanks to the stalwart receptionists who endured freezing temperatures in the entrance corridor to ensure that all delegates received a warm welcome, a name badge (including wrestling with lanyards!) and clear directions as to where to go and what to do next. They were Nicky Brand, Sally Henshaw, Marian Mitchell, Richard Smith, Beth Stone, Jean Nichols and Carolyn West. Sales were extraordinarily busy from the very start of the day through to the very end; our special thanks go to Brian Henshaw, Howard Choppin and Jane Trump, who barely drew breath during all interval breaks to ensure record takings. A number of people offered to help but, because of the limited space, we were unable to take advantage of their kind offers. Because we were so busy, we may not have said thank you to them and we would like to do so now. Finally, if we may, we would also like to thank our granddaughter Chloe for coming to us for two days to help ‘stuff’ the conference folders and name badges. She was a huge help in getting everything together for the day. Sue and Dave Wells

Lost and found The earring pictured on the right was handed in after the Leicester Conference. If it is yours, please contact Sue or Dave Wells (address on inside back cover). We have also heard of some-one who has lost a Kindle and this may have happened at the Conference. If found, please advise Sue and Dave.

Rose laying ceremony at Bosworth Battlefield Centre On Sunday 3 March (the day after the conference), the Society was represented by our chairman Phil Stone, together with Philippa Langley, US Branch Chairman Jonathan Hayes and ourselves at a ‘Laying of Roses’ ceremony at the Bosworth Battlefield Centre. The service took place at the sundial and was to remember and commemorate Richard III and the 1,000 troops who died at the battle alongside him. The chairman of Leicestershire County Council, Peter Lewis, welcomed everybody and spoke about the battle and Phil Stone responded on behalf of the Society and Ricardians everywhere. Reverend Linda Blay led the ceremony with prayers and then invited the dignitaries to lay a rose at the foot of the sundial. After this, single white roses were made available to the rest of the audience to lay at the sundial, Richard’s standard or the stone in the courtyard at the Heritage Centre. After the ceremony, Jonathan Hayes was interviewed by Central TV. All told, this was a very moving ceremony and felt like a fitting close to an important Ricardian weekend. Sue and Dave Wells

Richard III: His Friends and Foes in the North – a review of the 2013 Study Weekend After an absence of two years it was great to be back at the Elmbank Hotel in York for the Society’s 2013 Study Weekend – Richard III: His Friends and Foes in the North. Friday evening’s key note lecture was delivered by Tony Pollard, who discussed his personal reflections on ‘The King in the Car Park’. Tony began by looking at the implications of the discoveries in Leicester; how the skeleton’s severe scoliosis may shape the way in which we come to consider not simply Richard himself but also the reliability of his historians. Tony cited two contemporary figures: the Warwickshire antiquarian, John Rous and the Silesian knight, Nicolas von Poppelau. Both have left us descriptions of Richard written during the lifetime of their subject, but 16 The procession to the rose laying ceremony on 3 March. More pictures in the colour section. neither man mentions an unevenness of the shoulders. It is only after the king’s death that such an abnormality creeps in. Tony was interested in how modern historians have chosen to ignore the possibility of unequal shoulders, and wondered if, now that evidence has proven to the contrary, they should begin to consider more carefully those accounts made by writers such as John Rous. The disagreement between York schoolmaster, John Burton and one John Paynter – where Burton is accused of calling the king ‘a hypocrite and a crouchback’- was cited as another example of how, after Richard’s death, reference was made to some kind of physical abnormality. Some very interesting points were raised during questions, how – for example – all references to unequal shoulders, or a deformity of the spine, only occur after the king’s naked body had been displayed post-Bosworth. It can therefore be argued that Richard’s scoliosis may only have been visible to those who knew him on intimate terms, such as his personal body servants. Tony felt that, in some ways, the discovery of the king’s bones might, in fact, raise more questions than it answers. As a conclusion, we were asked to consider events even more recent than the archaeological dig. Tony cited recent television coverage on the death of Margaret Thatcher, and the eulogies made by those who knew her. The view was offered that the aptly named ‘Winter of Discontent’ is being used by former Tory MPs as an example of a leader ‘rescuing’ the country from the grip of disaster. Tony begged the question; were things all that bad in 1979? Or are we simply being led to ‘remember’ it as such – much as Tudor propagandists promoted the ‘villainy’ of Richard III to justify the victory of Henry VII. The guest speaker on Saturday morning was David Hipshon, who spoke about his specialist area, the Stanley/Harrington feud, and the part played in the dispute by Richard III. David explained how the paths of both families were comparable until 1456; the year in which Thomas Stanley was ennobled by Margaret of Anjou. Thereafter the fortunes of the Stanleys began to outweigh those of the Harringtons. David went on to show how the feud began, and how it seems to have been centred on three things; the determination of the Stanleys to possess the Harrington stronghold at Hornby, and the antagonisms over the Bailiwick of Amounderness and the Forest of Bowland. Richard’s decision to favour the Harrington family – members of which had died at Wakefield with his father, the duke of York – was typical of him. It is reasonable to assume that the decision made by Richard, as king, to re-open the Hornby Castle dispute would have been known to the Stanleys. That he would have ruled in favour of the Harringtons is certain. We are left with the possibility that this thought is what occupied the Stanleys, in August 1485, as they rode to Bosworth Field. 17 After coffee, Lynda Pidgeon posed the question ‘Friend or Foe: a North–South Divide?’ Did a North–South divide exist in terms of patrimony and allegiance? Lynda explained that it is not always easy to tell – for example, where did the boundaries lie? Which counties were considered northern? Many nobles owned estates and manors up and down the country – few were lodged firmly in one county. Lynda then referred us to her amazing database, listing hundreds of retainers across the reigns of Edward IV, Richard III and Henry VII, charting their involvement in a series of political and military events – the ‘Ballad of Bosworth Field’ and the ‘Song of the Lady Bessy’ were also consulted. The pattern that emerges is not always Society members gather in the Yorkshire Museum consistent; some who appear to have been strong Yorkist supporters are then listed amongst those who rebelled against Richard in 1483. These could well have been Edwardian sympathisers who objected to the deposition of the young king in 1483. Others went on to fight for Henry Tudor despite earlier allegiance to the Yorkist regime. Furthermore, some who were implicated in Buckingham’s Rebellion did not always appear later as Tudor supporters. Lynda referred us to a Welsh poet who complained that Tudor had not lived up to expectations. Apparently there were some in Wales who felt themselves ‘plagued’ by northerners who had managed to fit into the roles that they themselves would have expected to receive under a ‘Welsh’ monarch. King Richard drew up a list of those from whom he could expect military support. From this it is clear that support was spread out across the counties and was not, as has been suggested, specifically northern in origin. An analysis of Lynda’s database shows that, during the period of Richard’s reign, 127 of his supporters were based in the north, 399 in the midlands, and 401 in the south. However, this again begs the question; which counties, in the fifteenth century, were considered northern and which southern? Lynda’s conclusion was that, in general, there were many who would perform their required functions regardless of who was in power. Andrew Morrison, Head Curator of the Yorkshire Museum Trust, followed giving us a fascinating ‘insider’s’ view of those artefacts in his care which can claim Ricardian links; the recently acquired Stillingfleet Boar and the well- known livery badge in the shape of a boar found at Middleham Castle. The latter could well have been of a standard variety and made by stamping a piece of metal from a matrix; the former is much more detailed and there is every reason to believe that its owner would have been of high status. Andrew then discussed the Middleham Jewel. Designed as a reliquary, the jewel is unique, incorporating £2.5 million worth of gold (in today’s money) and a sapphire from Sri Lanka. The engraving is clearly the work of a master craftsman and the level of detail, which could not have been created without the use of a magnifying lens and diamond-tipped drill, could only have been commissioned by a patron of royal status. Andrew explained that a sample of the soil contained in the jewel is currently under scientific analysis. It is hoped that the results of these tests may help explain its relevance. Saturday afternoon was free, but in the evening we were all invited to the Yorkshire Museum for an after-hours ‘hands-on’ experience. With such artefacts as the Middleham Ring, the boar badges – and even the Middleham Jewel itself – being available for close examination, this proved to be an unforgettable evening for many of us. I am still floating on cloud nine, and would like to extend a sincere thank you to Andrew on behalf of the Society for this remarkable and generous opportunity. Sunday morning began with an engaging talk introduced by Peter Hammond, in which Ken Hillier spoke about John, lord Zouche, a figure whose prominence has evaded many historians. The 18 Zouche family originated from Brittany and rose in the ranks during the reign of Edward I. They made a series of strategic marriages which gave them links with the St Johns, the Dynhams, the Scropes and the Catesbys – the latter two families possibly being instrumental in bringing John, lord Zouche into the orbit of Richard of Gloucester. Although Zouche fought for Richard at Bosworth, Ken suggested that the pardon he received in 1488 could have been due to another important family link, that of the Beauforts, who were related to Zouche through the St Johns. By the end of Henry VII’s reign, Zouche was secure, but many of his estates were not returned to him and it was noted that Reginald Bray was one of those to benefit from Zouche’s confiscated manors. We returned to base with the next talk by Marie Barnfield, who spoke on ‘Miles Metcalfe – Recorder of the City of York’. The Metcalfes were a gentry family who appear to have been resident in Wensleydale for at least 130 years before Miles’ birth. Miles himself trained as a lawyer at Gray’s Inn, and served under the earl of Warwick. He was pardoned by Edward IV in 1471 and continued to serve the North Riding as a justice of the peace. As an attorney in Warwick’s service, Miles may have come to the attention of George of Clarence, who appears to have made an attempt to lure Miles into his service. It seems that Miles declined, and continued to flourish as a major figure in the city of York, where he undoubtedly came to prominence under Richard of Gloucester. From 1483 onwards, Miles was at the centre of events, following Richard to London in April and May. Marie noted how Miles’ name consistently appears in the council minutes whenever the city of York is making preparations to receive Richard as king. In 1483, during the royal progress, Miles’ contribution of £100 exceeds all other donations listed – either a measure of Miles’ continuing loyalty, or his accumulating wealth – or most likely both. As may be assumed, Miles did not fare so well under Henry VII. He was dismissed from office, but the city – still loyal to both Richard and Miles – refused to accept Henry’s proposed replacement. Miles died in 1486 and is buried in York Minster. A clause in his will (published in the new York Wills book – see p. 27), in which he remembers his servants who had experienced much trouble ‘night and day’, shows him to have been as loyal to those in his care as he himself had been to his king. A point raised earlier in the weekend, that many nobles held lands both in the North and the South, did not apply to the subjects of our final talk. The Pilkingtons, Toni Mount assured us, were most definitely northerners. The family had been loyal supporters of the house of Lancaster, but came into the Yorkist fold under Robert Pilkington, who acquired lands at Sowerby, West Yorkshire, through Richard duke of York. Robert’s son, John, was with Richard of Gloucester in Wales in 1469 and was imprisoned at the readeption, when Gloucester went into exile. John was knighted at Tewkesbury, rose to the position of knight banneret, and was given the duty of investigating lands held by George of Clarence on the day of the latter’s execution. When John died in 1478 his brother, Charles, continued to forge close links with Gloucester – serving Richard on the Scottish campaign, and being knighted by him at Berwick. Charles also took part in the arrest of William Hastings at the Tower, in June 1483. Evidence of the closer ties that were binding the Pilkingtons to the house of York is the fact that a cousin, Thomas Pilkington, became Knight of the Body to Richard III. Although Thomas received a pardon from Henry VII post-Bosworth, he continued to favour the Yorkist cause and may have died at Stoke Field, his lands passing to Thomas, lord Stanley. There was just enough time for Phil Stone to thank everyone involved in the organisation of the Study Weekend. As participants, David and I would like to add that it is events such as this – with knowledgeable speakers, and fascinating talks – that make membership of the Richard III Society so worthwhile. Thank you all! Wendy Johnson

At the end of our visit to York Museum we had a collection to show our appreciation for the museum’s kindness in allowing us to handle such items. We raised £360. The money will be put towards conservation or investigation of items with a Ricardian interest. Currently the soil found in the Middleham Jewel is being examined and this is the sort of thing our contribution will go towards. The enthusiasm of Natalie and Andrew made it a most memorable evening. Lynda Pidgeon 19 Other news, reviews and events

Leicester Beer Festival 2013 Every year the Leicester branch of CAMRA (Campaign for Real Ale) holds a festival. Interestingly CAMRA claims to have approximately 135,000 members and its Leicester branch currently has over 1,400 members. The Leicester branch always like to have a theme and after the Greyfriars dig last summer they decided that for 2013 it would be Richard III. Several times during my visit members were keen to emphasise that their decision was a brave one, as it was made before the announcement that the Greyfriars dig had indeed found the king’s remains. Clearly a great deal of work goes into organising the event, and this year that involved some of the Leicester CAMRA Branch committee getting in touch with the Society for information. They also sent out some complimentary tickets, one of which came my way. So being a fearless, intrepid sort of fellow I went over to Leicester to visit the beer festival for a couple of hours. (It actually ran for four days – sad really – so many ales and so little time!) The venue was Charotar Patidar Samaj, in Bay Left: One of the King Richard glasses that Street in Leicester quite close to St Margaret’s were featured at the Leicester CAMRA festival Church – Leicester has many interesting venues and this year. The boar image was modelled on centres one can hire for events. Upon entering the that of the Society, by permission. Right: hall I waved my complimentary ticket and was asked Richard Smith’s bottles of ‘Buckley who I was, and was hastily ushered towards the glass Kingfinder Ale’, curiously all empty! kiosk – for the festival one purchases a glass, at a reasonable price, refundable when returned, which this year featured Richard’s boar badge. It’s a matter of taste but I thought the glass looked good, and so I kept mine, and even purchased another second-hand! The hall was full of casks with volunteer staff eager to help one sample the different ales on offer. I had been given a festival guide on entry so I began to search for those ‘Festival Specials’ which had been brewed especially in King Richard’s honour. I believe my first one was ‘Yorkist King’, a pale session ale from the Full Mash Brewery. It was very pleasant. At this stage Keith, the local CAMRA branch secretary, came up to me and introduced himself. He was keen to explain that the festival’s theme of King Richard was light-hearted but no disrespect was intended. Keith and another committee member were keen to show me some of the information leaflets that they were offering festival-goers – a comprehensive selection including Leicester City Tourism, Bosworth Battlefield, and the Richard III Society. There was good introductory information for anyone who wanted to find out more about King Richard, but the festival was principally about beer. My next sample was ‘Wicked Uncle’, again from the Full Mash Brewery. This one was a fruity porter and was very pleasant. As you can see some of the names of the specials were more tongue- in-cheek than others. I spent some time chatting with a gentleman who was wearing a crown, who was either King Richard or one of the committee called Jim. He was eager to tell me that they meant no disrespect to the real King Richard, that it was just ‘fun’, and became concerned that I was paying for my drinks. He took me over to the information desk and offered me leaflets and then vanished. Soon he returned and gave me several vouchers for complimentary drinks. This, of course, was very kind. Clearly my sampling of the Festival Specials was incomplete! During my visit I also sampled ‘Last Charge’ by Oldershaw Brewery, a very tasty golden American-style ale, and ‘Car Park King’ from Parish Brewery, which was very agreeable – golden, malty and fruity; another was ‘Dick Tertius’ from Dowbridge Brewery, a golden, well-hopped ale which again was very acceptable; ‘Bow Bridge’ was another from Full Mash and was a pleasing deep golden and fruity ale. My final ale was ‘Richard’s Tipple’, the name of which really attracted me, as 20 I share the king’s name, but I think I had enjoyed such a convivial visit that I was beginning to reach that stage where all ales seemed very similar indeed. Certainly they were all very good, and all deliciously wet! These Festival Specials were all brewed for the occasion, and are not likely to be obtainable now, although ‘King’ Jim said that one could always approach a brewery and enquire. There were a few bottled beers on sale, and I did purchase a few bottles of ‘Buckley Kingfinder Ale’ which was produced by Langton Brewery. So I enjoyed my visit, and was pleased at the information that was available for any visitors who wanted to begin to find out more. Yes, it was light-hearted but I don’t feel Ricardians would have felt it was disrespectful – although I know many Ricardians for whom this event would not be ‘their scene’. The discovery of King Richard’s remains has made a huge impact on Leicester – as it should have done, of course. I’m sure we can all drink to that, whatever our tipple. Richard Smith

Blue Boars It is inevitable that publicity surrounding the Leicester dig and its astonishing outcome should be an opportunity for profit-taking by anyone with some item connected, more or less directly, with King Richard tucked away in attic or cellar. So on 26 February local auction house Gildings of Market Harborough sold a picture by John Fulleylove (1845–1908) of Richard III leaving the Blue Boar Inn, in Leicester, before Bosworth. The auctioneers describe the artist as one of Leicester’s most famous artists of that period. I don’t know other work by Fulleylove but on the evidence of this picture other Leicester artists at that time must have been a pretty poor lot. What we have here is a genre potboiler of 1880 whose estimate of £2,000/3,000 was clearly based on the aura of the recent discovery. In the event, Leicester University paid a hefty £7,300, plus buyer’s premium, for the picture, which they plan to put on display at some future time.

As it happens, there is another Blue Boar Inn, very much in business, with a claimed connection to Bosworth. This one is situated in the main street of Witney in Oxfordshire, as the above photographs show, but this ‘Bosworth’ seems to be a pig! Bill Featherstone Requiem Mass for King Richard III in Lincolnshire There is to be a Requiem Mass on Thursday 22 August 2013 at 4 pm, in the Royal Chantry Chapel 21 of St Edmund, Spital-in-the-Street, Lincolnshire, for the repose of the souls of King Richard, Queen Anne and Edward, Prince of Wales, and all the Fallen at Bosworth. Since 1322 the Chapel of St Edmund, King and Martyr, at Spital has been a chantry chapel for the Plantagenet kings of England. In 2011 Richard III was added to the bederoll, commemorating 22 August, the anniversary of his death, and the end of the long succession of Plantagenet kings (for a review of last year’s Mass see the March 2013 Bulletin, pp 15–16.) Please contact the Spital Chantry Trust of St Edmund (SCTSE) for further information. Places in the Chapel are limited and so is parking; it is therefore essential that you contact the organisers if you wish to attend. Contact details are SCTSE, 72 Millgate, Newark, Notts NG24 4TY. Tel: 01636 705358. E-mail: [email protected]. The SCTSE runs other events during the year, including open days. Please contact the Trust direct for further information about all activities.

A quarter peal for Richard III Graham Baskerville has contacted us about a quarter peal that took place on 4 February at St Wolvela’s church in Gulval, near Penzance, to commemorate the confirmation that King Richard’s remains had been found. He writes ‘I am delighted that the remains of Richard III have been discovered. In 1985 I lived and worked in the city of Leicester and was a bellringer at the cathedral. I remember ringing for a special service at the cathedral to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the battle. There was a wreath of white roses in the chancel that were spotlit. It was very moving and dramatic.’ For campanophiles, here are the details:

Truro Diocesan Guild Gulval, Cornwall, St Wolvela Monday 4 February 2013 in 48 mins (12.5 cwt) 1312 Spliced Surprise Major: 4m Superlative, Cambridge, London, Bristol 1 Graham Baskerville 2 Carolyn Howell 3 Jane Hitchens 4 Jonathan Young 5 Neil Hitchens 6 Sam Nankervis 7 John Davis 8 Norman Mattingley (C) On the day of confirmation that the remains of Richard III have been found in Leicester. St Wolvela’s, Gulval

Richard III, a musical tribute: correction to e-mail address In March’s Bulletin we carried an item about Richard Smolowik’s latest CD A Tribute to Richard III. Unfortunately we made an error with his e-mail address and we apologise for this and any inconvenience caused. Copies of the CD are available from Richard at a cost of £10, including postage and packing. He can be contacted on 07787 887270 or by e-mail: ryszardsmolowik19 @btinternet.com.

A Canadian Requiem for Richard III The Tallis Choir of Toronto will be holding a Requiem for Richard III on 1 March 2014; they say it will be ‘a Recreation of a Requiem as it may have been celebrated on 22 August 1499 in the presence 22 of Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, and Sister of the Late Lamented King’. Music will be by Brumel and de la Rue. For further information visit: www.tallischoir.com.

A gun tank named Richard the Third Kevin Powles, a restorer of military vehicles, contacted us to advise that he is currently restoring a Second World War Centaur gun tank, an earlier version of the Cromwell tank. This tank was left derelict on a hill for several years and bears many battle scars. Kevin tells us that he has been following events in Leicester with interest and has named his tank ‘Richard the Third’ It will bear a motif of the White Boar on its frontal armour. During the war it was common for tank crews to personalise and name their tank. Kevin points out that the history of the Centaur bears many The Centaur gun tank in its derelict state similarities in its modern-day perception to that of the misunderstood King Richard III. We have asked Kevin to keep us updated as the restoration progresses.

Fotheringhay dates in 2013 for your diary 20 September, 19.30: Organ Recital – Daniel Moult 2 November, 14.00 in Village Hall: AGM Friends of Fotheringhay Church; 15.00 Talk – ‘Sculpture in Northamptonshire Churches’ 14 December: Christmas at Fotheringhay – more details in September Bulletin. For further details of the above, contact Phil Stone, Chairman and Fotheringhay Co-ordinator

£35,000 for a letter bearing Richard III’s signature as duke of Gloucester A letter bearing the signature ‘R. Gloucestre’ has been sold at auction in Los Angeles for US$52,417 (£34,516). Given how much Richard III was recently in the news all over the world and that documents signed by him only very seldom come up for auction, the letter had been expected to fetch quite a bit more, between US$75,000 and US$125,000. By comparison, a gold coin bearing Richard’s boar’s head mint mark sold for three times its estimate at auction in London in December 2012. The letter itself is written in English by a secretary (John Kendal, Richard’s secretary, also signed the letter) and dated Pontefract, 22 April. No year is given but, as in the document Richard is referred to as Constable and Admiral of England, it is possible that it dates from the period between 1473 and 1477. It is addressed to several of the councillors of Ralph Neville, 2nd earl of Westmorland, with the aim of advising in some dispute between various of Neville’s tenants concerning some of the earl’s leaseholds. Richard refers to Ralph Neville as his ‘right entierly beloved Cousyn Therl of Wesm[or]land’, as he was a grandson from the first marriage of Richard’s grandfather, another Ralph Neville, 1st earl of Westmorland, while Richard’s mother Cecily was the daughter of his second wife. After the 1st earl’s death, most of his estates went to the family from his second marriage, which understandably the children of his first wife were not very happy about. The 2nd earl had only had 23 two substantial estates left, one around Raby and the other one in Brancepeth in County Durham. As if this was not enough to make life difficult, the 2nd earl was suffering from a mental disorder from the 1450s onwards. Dorothea Preis

For sale: maquette of James Butler’s sculpture of Richard III Official bronze statuette maquette number 002 produced by James Butler RA in 1985 of his sculpture of King Richard III, placed in Leicester to commemorate the quincentenary of the death of Richard. Limited edition of 500 only. Reserve price. Sealed bids in UK sterling to be received by Mrs Madeleine Salvetti, 1 Royal Gate, Southsea, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO4 9XH, UK, by 16.00 on 2 October 2013. The successful bidder will be required to pay the additional cost of shipping, or post and packing, and will be notified by e-mail/telephone prior to shipment and payment. It has been well treasured and needs a similarly appreciative owner.

Mary Stuart is alive and well ...... and running a pizzeria in Roscoff, Brittany, France! To many of today’s travellers the fine old town of Roscoff is not a destination but simply a cross-channel port on the busy Plymouth route, a place they rush through on the way to somewhere else. And almost 500 years ago another traveller, the 6-year-old Mary Stuart, queen of Scotland, also landed in Roscoff on her way to somewhere else, to the French court and eventual marriage with the young Dauphin of France, later François II. Mary’s ship was hit by storms and made its way into Roscoff, where Mary gave thanks for her safe arrival at St Ninien’s chapel, before going on to St Pol-de-Leon and Morlaix. Roscovites still commemorate Mary’s visit to their town, as you can see from the well-kept plaque, which says that the little queen landed close by on the shore, near the present-day concrete ramp. St Ninien’s chapel has long been demolished, but the door arch was set into a wall (see photo) and it is known as Mary Stuart’s chapel. Two old houses are named after Mary and, of course, the eponymous pizzeria. Like Richard III, Mary was a victim of the Tudors (beheaded by Elizabeth I in February 1587) and so it is gratifying to see how she is remembered in this way. And did we meet her at the pizzeria? Well, we did call in, but unfortunately she must have been off that evening – we’ll try again next time! Elaine Henderson 24 The White Queen The White Queen is a major new ten-hour adaptation of Philippa Gregory’s historical novel series The Cousin’s War, for BBC One. The series is set during the Wars of the Roses. Filming finished in Bruges early in March and it is expected that the series will be screened this summer in the UK, but as we go to press no specific date has been set.

Graham Turner’s new painting of Richard III Graham Turner’s latest painting of Richard III will be unveiled at Bosworth Battlefield Visitor Centre on the 29–30 June, in conjunction with an exhibition of his medieval-themed art. A large selection of his original paintings and prints will be on display and available for sale. Prints from the new painting will also be available at the exhibition. Admission to the exhibition is free. Opening times are Saturday 29 June, 12–4 pm and Sunday 30 June, 11 am–4 pm. Graham is also giving an illustrated talk about his work on 29 June at 5 pm and booking for this is essential. For more information and details about booking a place visit www.bosworthbattlefield.com.

Richard III – marathon man Dave Whittington ran the recent London Marathon dressed as Richard III, complete with doublet, hose and a codpiece, all based on authentic medieval designs. He also wore a boar badge and carried an appropriate flag, with a black ribbon tied to the flag pole as a mark of respect for the previous week’s victims of the terrorist attack at the Boston Marathon. Dave emphasised that his portrayal of the king was a sympathetic and respectful one, and he used the opportunity to promote a positive view of the king and the work of the Society. London Marathon runners participate to raise money for charity and in Richard’s case he ran on behalf of the Leicester Link Diocese project for improving dormitory accommodation at the Diocese of Kiteto Christian College in Tanzania. For a change, the day of the marathon proved to be a warm one and Dave noted that ‘my outfit was black material and seemed to just soak up the heat’; however, despite a pulled muscle during the fifteenth mile, he completed the run in 6 hours 45 minutes and raised over £1,700 for his chosen charity. Dave also told us that ‘It was gratifying that a number of spectators did recognise me as Richard III and the connection with the Plantagenet flag. I plan to run in the outfit again in two half-marathons, one in Loughborough on 9 June and then in Leicester in October.’ Well done, Dave.

More digging at the Greyfriars Another archaeological dig will take place this summer at the Greyfriars, from the beginning of July. It is anticipated that it will last for around four weeks and there will be opportunities for the public to see the work in progress. The new dig will uncover parts of the eastern end of the church, including the area where Richard was found. Lead archaeologist, Richard Buckley, commented, ‘This will give us the chance to investigate the fuller story of the Greyfriars area, including more graves which were identified in the previous dig but not fully excavated.’ We will report on the outcome in September’s Bulletin. 25 Research news

From the Research Officer On the inside cover of the Bulletin can be found the Society’s mission statement. The sentence of relevance here is ‘to promote in every possible way research into the life and times of Richard III’. With this in mind we have established this new section of the Bulletin, where we will share research hints and tips, news about our research projects and notification of forthcoming conferences. These days research is much easier than it used to be. Access to the internet has opened up a whole new world of research for those unable to get to an archive, while increasing quantities of primary resources are available in print. The downside to both of these is that you need access either to the internet or a good library. However, the Society does have its own library and the resources available are worth exploring. The only word of warning I would give in relation to use of the internet is to make sure it is a good source – Wikipedia may be useful, but for research anything it says should be checked and verified. If no reference is given then it should not be trusted. This applies to any site that is not provided by a trustworthy source. One of the most useful web sites is British History Online, www.british-history.ac.uk. Here you can access the Victoria County History, which is a good starting point if you are looking at local history, as this gives you references and other sources to explore. There is a section of primary sources and here you can find Three Fifteenth Century Chronicles and The Chronicles of London to name but two. Most of the information provided is open access, although some does require a subscription. The history of parliament is another open access resource: www.historyofparliamentonline.org. It is divided by period, and the medieval period is still being written, but you can find interesting essays on parliament in this period. Biographies of MPs are available for the periods 1386–1421 and 1509–1588, and you may find the grandfather or grandson of the person you are interested in. The biographical information may be useful itself and/or provide references to further sources. If politics is of interest then try a search of government sites: www.parliament.uk has links to Hansard, and a History of Parliament. Though there is very little on the medieval period, it does have some interesting items. More specific is www.legislation.gov.uk, which provides acts of parliament going back to Magna Carta; it is divided up into English Parliament Acts 1267–1706, Old Irish Parliament 1495–1800 and Old Scottish Parliament 1424–1707, although coverage for the fifteenth century is minimal. Lynda Pidgeon

The York Wills are here English wills proved in the Prerogative Court of York, 1476–1499, edited by Heather Falvey, Lesley Boatwright and Peter Hammond.

As explained in the December 2012 Bulletin, this book is a companion to the Society’s two-volume The Logge Register of PCC Wills, 1479–1486, edited by Lesley Boatwright, Moira Habberjam and Peter Hammond, published in 2008. Transcription of the Logge wills was a long-running group project, the completion of which apparently left such a gap in the transcribers’ lives that they needed another task. The Logge Register had been selected because its coverage included the reign of Richard III; it was suggested therefore that the next project should be the transcription of the equivalent register from the Prerogative Court of York (PCY). Upon investigation, it became clear that this new plan was not without difficulties, not least because the York register was much larger and a far greater proportion of the wills were in Latin. In the end, to make the project manageable, we decided to transcribe only the testaments and wills that are in English and also the handful of Latin testaments with English wills – documents relating to 89 testators in all. As with Logge, two different volunteers transcribed each will. For various reasons, after the initial 26 transcripts had been completed, the project languished for several years. Then, in 2011, with the encouragement of the Research Committee, Lesley Boatwright resurrected it. Thanks to a good response to an appeal for volunteers in the June 2011 Bulletin, the text of the wills was transferred into Microsoft Word. Lesley then began standardising their format but her untimely death intervened and so I completed that task. Several members of the Research Committee provided information for the footnotes and some details were taken from Parts III and IV of Testamenta Eboracensia, A Selection of Wills from the Registry at York, edited by James Raine and published by the Surtees Society in 1864 and 1868. Peter Hammond wrote a section of the Introduction, supplied the map and compiled Appendix 2 (places of burial); I wrote the remainder of the Introduction and compiled Appendix 1 (list of all testators in the register) and the indexes. As the wills were selected solely on the basis that they had been written (mostly) in English, they are a random selection. A few of the testators were of national importance, for example, Miles Metcalfe (42), an MP and Recorder of York, and Richard Pygot, Serjeant-at-Law (20). Of the 89 testators in this volume, 16 are women, of whom 12 specifically state that they are widows, 4 give their status as dame, and 1 is an advowess. Of the 73 men, 9 are esquires, 8 gentlemen, and 7 knights. Two of these knights, Hugh Hastings (33) and John Constable (44), make wills in the early summer of 1482 as they are about join Richard of Gloucester’s campaign against the Scots. Both return safely but neither updates his will subsequently. Several testators hold, or have held, civic office, including three aldermen and a former mayor of York. Six testators are clerics: two vicars, two priests, a parson and a rector. A number of occupations are also represented, some of them high status – perhaps not surprisingly, since these are men whose wills were proved in the PCY – five merchants, two drapers and a mercer. Then there are the leather-workers: John Londisdale, a tanner (63) and Robert Adamson (17), a barker. Most interesting, perhaps, are Laurence Swattok (56), an apothecary, and the two ‘founderers’, John Broune (58) and William Wynter (64). Despite the PCY covering the whole of the north of England, of the 80 testators who specify where they wish to be buried, only eight request burial in places outside Yorkshire, four of which are not even in the archdiocese. The four non-Yorkshire burials within the archdiocese are in Nottinghamshire. Regarding the other four, Christopher Barton (11) comes from Quenby (Leicestershire), in the Canterbury archdiocese; John , merchant of Doncaster (71), asks to be buried in the parish church of St Peter in Bordeaux, where he is a ‘merchaunt passaunt’. Two men request burial in London. Harry Sayvell (16) nominates the church of the White Friars, or Carmelites, of Fleet Street. Richard Pygot (20) chooses the priory church of St John, Clerkenwell; however, if he dies in York, he wishes to be buried in St Mary’s Abbey. More than a quarter of the testators live in York itself, 23 out of 89, and most ask to be buried in their parish church. As there were some 41 churches in York in the fifteenth century, testators have to state precisely which they mean, for example, All Saints’ Pavement or All Saints’ North Street (61, 63). John Londisdale, a tanner, requests the latter: All Saints’ North Street was very close to Tanners Row, centre of the tanning workers. The burial of William Akers (45) is to be in St Helen’s at the Walls, as opposed to that of William Wynter, founderer (64), in St Helen’s Stonegate. Indeed many metal foundries were situated in Stonegate, and John Broune, Wynter’s fellow founderer (58), also requests burial at St Helen’s Stonegate, in the churchyard, as close to the body of his late wife Johannet as possible. Many former mayors were buried in All Saints’ Pavement, which was (and is) the guild and civic church, but John Carre (31), the only former mayor in the sample, requests burial in his parish church of St Sampson, beside his wife. Several of the testators mention their trade or craft and a few specifically bequeath their tools. Thomas Knelly (23) appears to have been a corveser (shoemaker), leaving to his cousin William his ‘fourmes and butetras with turnyng staffis, drawere, j kytting knife’. John Kendale, weaver (57), mentions the weavers’ guild of Our Lady; he bequeaths a woollen loom to his nephew, Peter Bolton, 27 and a linen loom to his apprentice, Roger. The latter bequest is conditional on him remaining with Kendale’s wife for the term specified on his indenture; but she must also fulfil her duties regarding the apprentice. Many of the wills include bequests of clothing, some to servants and so the clothing of wealthy masters and mistresses would be distributed down the social scale. The wills of Katherine Sage (86) and Ellen Johnson (41) are particularly revealing. Katherine’s clothing includes ‘a cremesyn gown, a gown purfelled with blak welwitt, . . . a lined scarlet gown, a violet gown furred with calibre and a scarlet kirtill’. Amongst her garments, Ellen has a russet gown ‘furred with a kyrchew’, a violet gown ‘lyned with bokeram’, a violet kirtle and a blue of a finger’s-breadth harnessed with silver. Occasionally a piece of clothing might be donated to adorn a religious image: Ellen gives a silvered girdle with a red stock to the shrine of St John of Beverley. Many of the testators owned jewellery, often ‘a pair of beads’, i.e. a set of rosary beads, whether of gold, silver, amber, jet, coral or ivory. Some of these are described in detail: Isabel Wilton (28) has a pair of coral beads containing ‘three tymes L with all the gaudes of silver and gilt and of every side of gaudes a bede of silver’. Other jewellery owned by testators includes rings and chains. While many of these precious items are given to relatives or friends, others are offered to adorn religious images. John Carre (31), for example, bequeaths his ‘gold ryng with the dyamonde to hyng aboute the nek of the ymage of oure lady that standes abowve oure lady alter in the mynster where they sing oure lady messe’ and his ‘other ryng with a ruby and one torcos [turquoise] to hynge aboute oure lorde nek that is in the armes of the same ymage of oure lady’. While this might not be the kind of book that you would read from cover to cover, each will forms a short ‘chapter’ and so it is an easy book to dip into. Furthermore, the index of subjects has been compiled with a variety of research interests in mind; hence there are entries, for example, for ‘executor’ (their identity and/or relationship to the testator), ‘fabric’ (i.e. clothing or furnishing material) and ‘relative’ (of the testator). The Society aims to promote, in every possible way, research into the life and times of Richard III. In publishing this volume, the Research Committee is helping to fulfil this aim, because the 89 wills provide much information about people from various strata of society living in northern England in the last quarter of the fifteenth century. Heather Falvey

Ricardian Chronicle continuations The Ricardian Chronicle is one of the Society’s on-going research projects and is co-ordinated by Toni Mount. We will update members in the Bulletin with the latest finds and news from project. We’ve chosen the above title for this regular section of Research News, with obvious reference to the Crowland Chronicle. Here is Toni’s latest report. We are currently working towards building up a diary of local happenings nationwide, which coincide with the major historical events we are so familiar with. We are covering the period from the premature announcement of Edward IV’s death on the 7 April 1483 to the end of the fifteenth century, hoping to explore life during these times, not just for the high and mighty but for the common folk in the local village as well. We are interested in such topics as the weather, incidents of disorder or celebration, outbreaks of sickness, work and leisure activities, legal wrangling and saints’ days festivities, any event which will bring us closer to the people of the fifteenth century. As an example, one of our researchers found this in the Lancashire Archives: Title Richard III to Thomas Molyneux Date 17 Sep. 1483 Description The offices of Constable of Lyverpole Castle, Steward of Westderbyshire and Salfordshire, and Master Forester of Symondeswode, Toxtath and Croxtath. To hold during the minority of Richard son and heir of Sir Thomas Molyneux, decd. Given at Lancaster. Seal fragment. 28 I never knew Liverpool had a castle! Previously, we may have given the impression that you need to be able to read medieval handwriting to be able to take part in this project. Although palaeography skills are an asset, they are not essential. Many medieval documents are now online and old books – often written by the Victorians, who were so keen on anything ‘gothic’ – are a great printed source, easily read and often ready translated from the Latin. The Camden Society had many books of documents printed in the nineteenth century which are available as reprints: I have Crown Grants from the Reign of Edward the Fifth, largely extracts from Harley 433 and compiled in 1854, reprinted in 1968, bought from Amazon for £5. For those keen to take part but far from a local archive, the internet can take you anywhere – we have researchers signed up in Australia and Canada. More project researchers are eagerly sought. How much time you can spare is entirely up to you but I’m sure the results will be worthwhile and very satisfying for all of us. When you sign up, I will send more information of what is involved. Although much communication will be by e-mail, we also welcome those of you who prefer to use the post. Please consider joining us. We will help you get started and provide any assistance you need – plenty of friendly experts in the Society happy to help. To join please contact: Toni Mount, Project Co-ordinator, at [email protected], or ring 01474 355676. If you do want to read medieval handwriting, the Palaeography Course is still available. Contact Heather Falvey for details on [email protected]. The information is out there – we need you to find it for us. Toni Mount

Future conferences The International Medieval Congress 2013 (IMC) The IMC is the largest annual gathering of medievalists in Europe, with a focus on all aspects of the Middle Ages (c. 300–1500). Last year the IMC was attended by a record 1,751 participants from 40 countries worldwide, with over half coming from outside the UK. The 20th annual IMC will take place on 1–4 July 2013 in Leeds on the University of Leeds main campus and will focus on the special thematic strand, ‘Pleasure’. For more information on IMC 2013 visit: www.leeds.ac.uk/ ims/imc/index.html. Members of the Research Committee will again be in attendance, and we will also be having a stall at the IMC’s Historical and Archaeological Societies Fair, which takes place on Wednesday 3 July from 1 pm to 5 pm.

War on Land and Sea: Agincourt in Context 2015 marks the 600th anniversary of the battle of Agincourt. A major international conference will be held at the University of Southampton between Friday 31 July and Monday 3 August 2015.This coincides with the anniversary of the plot to kill Henry V on 1 August (‘the Southampton Plot’). The expeditionary army gathered in Southampton and its environs, and sailed from the port in mid- August. The city of Southampton still has town walls surviving from this period. There will also be a visit to the Royal Armouries’ collection of artillery at Fort Nelson. The conference will cover many different aspects of medieval warfare, including the culture of war, the ‘hardware’ (armour, weaponry, fortifications, ships), armies and navies. There will also be special public events. Further information will be sent out in due course via a website. This will also contain an Agincourt Who’s Who, developed from the Medieval Soldier project (www.medievalsoldier.org), and with other interesting Agincourt-related items. In the meantime, e-mail [email protected] to register your interest. You will be kept informed of other exciting events planned for the anniversary in 2015 by the Royal Armouries and other organisations.

And also to note in the diary The 2014 study weekend in will take place on 4–6 April in York, and the theme will be a rather topical one: ‘Death, (Re)burial and Commemoration in the Fifteenth Century’. Further details to follow in September’s Bulletin. 29 Looking for Richard – the follow-up

Looking back at the Greyfriars the television side, and people and institutions phenomenon got swept up by the unaccustomed onslaught. It seems that by now everything sensible about Of course the media love soundbites, photo the discovery of Richard III has been said. Plus opps, and any display of personal enthusiasm a good deal more has been claimed, invented, or emotion. The serious history aspect got dredged up from the realms of myth or malice, junked in favour of what rapidly became a and plucked out of any amount of peripheral reality show, followed by a series of unedifying waffle and piffle. The chattering classes have public arguments about who should have had their say. I hope the effect has been to unite Richard’s body and what kind of funeral and us as Ricardians. reburial he should get. All from people who From my own point of view, as one of had played no part in the hard work of finding Philippa Langley’s little band of helpers, I saw him. Where Richard III is concerned, sadly it things from a much earlier stage. Back when seems everything must be fortissimo. she started there was no media fuss, no special The print coverage has been magnificently value placed on Leicester’s association with summarised by Geoff Wheeler and Bruce Richard, no university itching to conduct Watson, from which it can be seen that scientific research, no archaeologists begging everything started out fairly sensibly when the to search for his grave. Indeed, members of the dig was initially launched last year. But by the Richard III Society were themselves divided time the identification was announced in between those in favour of the quest and those February the coverage that dealt with Richard against. and his reputation was totally out of control. In But in February 2013 all doubts were particular, from the punning material fondly forgotten. The quest succeeded beyond our thought by sub-editors to be amusing, it was wildest hopes. And suddenly everyone had clear that no amount of Paralympic reticence something to say about Richard III, medieval on the subject of disability could hold back the warfare, fifteenth-century burials and twenty- tide of ‘hunch’ jokes. first-century reinterments. Immediately all the years of Ricardian Hunched backs and scoliosis scholarship and Langleian perseverance were Of course, if Shakespeare and his interpreters subsumed in the general acclaim for ‘the dig’, hadn’t made his Richard III into such a though the archaeologists admitted upfront that fascinating pantomime monster, the public all along (unlike us) they viewed finding would probably never have heard of Richard Richard as a very long shot. In fact, had the and the media wouldn’t constantly use his first trench deviated by half a metre from the alleged monstrousness as a reference point. spot where Philippa was convinced they must We all know that media hacks will sell their excavate, they would have missed Richard souls for a pun, but what surprised me a lot was completely. And what a good thing John Philippa’s revelation that osteologists involved Ashdown-Hill knows what he’s talking about with the forensic work repeatedly described when it comes to Franciscan priories. Richard’s body as ‘hunchbacked’. Not only is it inaccurate and deliberately distasteful, it isn’t The public interface even a medically recognised term. As part of the team handling communications, The UK Scoliosis Association (SAUK) and having some professional experience with made representations to Channel 4 objecting to the media myself, I was conscious of being less the hurtful language used on television, and I and less successful at keeping the spotlight on have suggested to them, and to the Richard III Richard III. I had hoped to steer a path offering Society, that Ricardians could learn a lot from coherent leadership while preserving some SAUK and from experts who are clinical restraint and dignity, but it was not to be. There specialists in the condition. I should was intense media pressure, especially from particularly like to see our own Society 30 Members of the ‘tomb team’: l. to r., Richard Buckley, Annette Carson, Philippa Langley, Michael Ibsen, Dr Turi King, Dr John Ashdown-Hill. members who have scoliosis canvassed in a scholarship. If I may draw a parallel, this could survey asking pertinent questions as to their offer our specialists a range of opportunities own personal experiences of its effects. We similar to those available to Egyptologists at could, for example, dispel some of the more the discovery of an important new tomb. For extreme theories as to his stance and how much onlookers it may seem ‘just another find’; but it might have reduced his height. they should never underestimate the wealth of important material it yields, which will Ricardian studies reinvigorated contribute hugely to the knowledge of those Speaking for myself, I find it a constantly capable of interpreting it. rewarding process to research and write about The Society’s sell-out conference on 2 Richard III, my latest effort being to produce a March was attended by 500 people. A roll-call succinct and readable ‘primer’ explaining of distinguished speakers addressed subjects as briefly what the controversy is all about, which diverse as Richard III’s life and reputation, should be in print soon. In a process like this I how his facial reconstruction was built up, his find I am continually re-evaluating and diet, his psychological profile, his harness and learning. Which makes it all the more difficult its fashioning to accommodate scoliosis, his to relate to the inflexibility of those battle-wounds and the weapons likely to have commentators who made up their minds about caused them, with observations on Tudor Richard years ago and are determined to fight drama and medieval friars. The day ended with their corner, come what may. Even with a once- the Mayor of Leicester speaking with pride and in-a-lifetime discovery revealing the physical appreciation about the far-reaching import of remains of a long-lost king, I have read this discovery for his city. remarks to the effect that ‘this changes nothing Nor is it insignificant that the Society’s except that there’s been some first-rate facial reconstruction has revealed the actual investigative work’. features of a medieval English king, which can Well, we can forget the nay-sayers. now be compared with his numerous portraits. Amazingly enough, we now find ourselves in This is likely to have ongoing interest for the driving seat for once, because the experts in art and art history. Greyfriars discovery unfolds a tremendous All this we have seen within a few short amount of information for Ricardian weeks of the announcement of Richard’s 31 identification. How much more may we look dissenting view, and it’s something they are forward to learning in the course of the months very interested to hear about. Certainly among and years to come? So for every cynic who my own acquaintanceship there is a growing would diminish or trivialise this momentous interest in arranging talks to schools, local discovery, let us merely smile and congratulate history societies and U3A (University of the ourselves that we have been the beneficiaries Third Age) groups. of a great achievement, the like of which has This event won’t necessarily set off a been granted to students of few other areas of revolution, but it is certainly a game-changer. history. And as long as the debate has been opened up, I’m happy to count that as progress. And what of Richard’s reputation? Annette Carson I think Ricardians are fairly well inured to digs and jibes, so when it comes to being challenged The nature of scoliosis as to what this means for a ‘re-evaluation’ or One of the most important outcomes from the ‘reassessment’ of Richard’s reputation, it’s Greyfriars dig and the identification of the worth reminding our interlocutors that remains of King Richard III is the confirmation however new and revolutionary it may appear that the king had scoliosis. This is a condition to them, the revisionist argument has actually in which the spinal column bends to the side been on the table for quite some time – 400 and the vertebrae rotate, pulling the rib cage years, in fact! – ever since Sir George Buck and round to produce a protrusion on the back. Dr the antiquary movement of the early 1600s Jo Appleby, the osteoarchaeologist based at realised that Sir Thomas More, and his source Leicester University, carried out an extensive Archbishop Morton, were not to be trusted. examination of King Richard’s skeleton and Doubtless the controversy will continue for found that he had severe scoliosis, which was many years to come: there’s no reason to likely to have developed after the age of ten. It suppose it will end now. is also possible that the condition put an As individuals we may feel constantly under additional strain on his heart and lungs and was assault from the forces of ignorance and painful. Dr Appleby concluded that the length obtuseness, but the important thing is that we of the skeleton would have meant that the king remain proud standard-bearers for that stood at around 5ft 8in. (1.72m) high, though honourable spirit of enquiry and analysis which the spinal curvature would have reduced his is at the root of all scholarship. Indeed, no height when standing. discovery in human history would ever have The university’s experts have emphasised been made without it. that Richard III did not have kyphosis, which is And let’s not underestimate the new sense a forward curvature of the spine that causes a of intrigue among those members of the public bowing or rounding of the back. The findings whose imaginations have been caught by the from the Greyfriars dig will provide much recent exciting news. Make no mistake, there is material over the coming months and years for a huge upsurge of interest in the Richard III the continuing debate about King Richard’s debate. Programme-makers in the UK and life, appearance and reputation, and in USA, Australia, Canada, even Brazil, have particular how he might have managed his mounted discussions, interviewed Ricardians, scoliosis in a fifteenth-century context. In the and are gathering footage for documentaries meantime it would be helpful if we all and DVDs. At book-signings in the past I have understood the condition a little better, so the always found people keen to discuss Richard purpose of this article is to provide some basic and ask questions, and I don’t imagine the information about scoliosis and to emphasise interest will subside now! the point that it is not something that prevents In this information age, you can never put people living active and fulfilling lives. the genie back in the bottle. People who have The Scoliosis Association (UK) was previously heard of Richard purely as established in 1981 to provide advice, support Shakespeare’s murdering villain have now and information to people affected by scoliosis, been exposed to the fact that there exists a and their families; and to raise awareness 32 Grey Friars reconstructed

Based on the archaeology uncovered during the Greyfriars dig, the University of Leicester commissioned artist Jill Atherton to create these impressions of the church of Grey Friars as it was Reconstruction of the east end of the Grey Friars church in the late fifteenth © Jill Atherton 2013 century.

The choir of the Grey Friars church looking west, showing the alabaster slab laid over the burial place of Richard III. © Jill Atherton 2013

i The Leicester Conference (see p. 13)

Over 480 delegates packed the lecture theatre for the conference.

Some of the day’s speakers. Left to right: Dr Sarah Knight, Chris Skidmore MP, Professor Caroline Wilkinson, Professor Mark Lansdale, Philippa Langley, Dr Phil Stone, Dr John Ashdown-Hill, Annette Carson, Bob Woosnam-Savage and Toby Capwell.

ii King Richard with Sir Peter Soulsby, Mayor of Leicester, Sarah Levitt, Head of Leicester Arts and Museum Service, and Phil Stone. The York Study Weekend (see p. 16)

Left: Head Curator, Andrew Morrison, introduces the Yorkshire Museum’s collection of Ricardian-related artefacts. Above: Howard Choppin examines the Middleham Jewel with Wendy Johnson in the background.

iii Rose laying at Bosworth (see p. 16)

The rose-laying ceremony

The Chairman lays a rose Roses at the stone

iv Andrew Jamieson’s heraldic design (see p. 8)

v

Bosworth: The Birth of the Tudors by Chris Skidmore is published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson in hardback on 23 May 2013.

In Bosworth Chris Skidmore tells a tale of brutal feuds and deadly civil wars, and the remarkable rise of the Tudor family from obscure Welsh gentry to the throne of England - a story that began sixty years earlier with Owen Tudor's affair with Henry V's widow, Katherine of Valois. Drawing on eyewitness reports, newly discovered manuscripts and the latest archaeological evidence, Chris Skidmore vividly recreates this battle-scarred world in an epic saga of treachery and ruthlessness, death and deception and the birth of the Tudor dynasty.

Readers of the Ricardian Bulletin may order copies of Bosworth: The Birth of the Tudors by Chris Skidmore for the special price of £16.99 (rrp £20) by calling 01903 828503 and quoting ref no: PB080. UK postage & packing free, overseas add £1.60. among health professionals and the general one of the 30 centres of excellence across the public. They have generously provided the UK). following information, which is reproduced There is contradictory evidence as to here with their permission. whether early discovery and treatment of a curve improves the long-term outcome, but we What is scoliosis? know that if curves are discovered late, when Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine, they are already severe, the results of treatment in which the spinal column can also twist, can be compromised. Therefore it is important pulling the ribcage out of position. Although that early referral to a scoliosis specialist is many people have not heard of the condition it achieved. Treatment in a scoliosis centre will is surprisingly common, with 3–4 children per usually prevent unsatisfactory long-term 1000 needing specialist supervision. Scoliosis results. is not a disease. It just means that in an otherwise healthy person the spine is curved or Late-onset (adolescent) scoliosis twisted. It is not infectious or contagious and it Scoliosis diagnosed in patients aged between 7 does not develop as a result of anything the and 18 years old is termed late-onset scoliosis. adult, child, or its parents did, or failed to do. By far the most common type of scoliosis in Scoliosis can affect people at different the adolescent period is one in which the cause points in their lives. It can occur at birth is not known and is called idiopathic or (congenital), in infants (early onset), in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Although juveniles and adolescents (late onset) and as important research continues in this area, adults (degenerative or de novo). In most cases including into the genetic basis for AIS, there the cause is unknown and the scoliosis is called are no identifiable causes for this condition. idiopathic. In the remaining cases the causes Nevertheless, there are accurate methods to can be attributed to neuromuscular conditions, determine the risk of curve progression and such as muscular dystrophy or cerebral palsy, good methods of treatment. or scoliosis can result from syndromes, such as Marfan’s syndrome. Avoiding insensitive language It can affect a person’s appearance because Following the announcement on the 4 February when the spine bends to the side the vertebrae confirming that King Richard’s remains had (the individual bones that make up the spine) been found, and the screening of the Channel 4 become twisted and pull the ribs round with documentary The King in the Car Park, the them, which sometimes forms a characteristic Scoliosis Association issued a press release that lump on the back and can cause the shoulder expressed the hope that the find would ‘raise blade to stick out. The spine can bend towards awareness of scoliosis and bring the condition either side of the body at any place in the chest to the public eye for discussion’. This is area (thoracic scoliosis), in the lower part of the something we hope this article will help to back (lumbar), or above and below these areas achieve. However, the press release also (thoracolumbar). It can even bend twice, contained a pointed reference to the docu- causing an S-shaped curve (double curvature): mentary’s use of negative language: this is generally not noticeable and the person ‘Last night, Channel 4 broadcast a can appear quite straight, because the two documentary that followed the story leading to curves counteract each other. If the curve is the discovery of the King’s skeleton. Since the lower down in the spine, the ribs will not be news broke and the Channel 4 programme was affected but one hip might be higher than the aired, we have received many calls and e-mails other. about the use of inappropriate language and The causes of scoliosis are many, and how it can make people affected by scoliosis although we well understand the consequences, feel. We understand people’s sensitivity about the origins of this condition remain complex the use of the language describing the king’s and obscure. Most cases of scoliosis should be condition and have also received press monitored by a scoliosis specialist (it is crucial enquiries today with respect to the matter. that people with the disorder see a specialist at In response to the Channel 4 documentary, 33 Linda Anderson, SAUK London Regional Representative, and Laura Campbell, SAUK Midlands Regional Representative, are writing a letter to the broadcasting channel and production company to highlight that the use of inappropriate language in the programme has been extremely upsetting to some people affected by scoliosis. The chairman of the BSRF (British Scoliosis Research Foundation), Michael Edgar, has also written a letter to The Times to emphasise the importance of scoliosis research in light of this new discovery’. The point about inappropriate use of language is well made and is something we all need to bear in mind when writing about or discussing King Richard’s scoliosis. Yet following the events of 4 February there have continued to be lazy references in the media and elsewhere using insensitive terms such as Cam on horseback ‘hunchback’ or ‘crookback’; it is time such was an almost exact replica of my 5ft 8in., terms were consigned to the dustbin of history. slightly built, 18-year-old son, Cameron. Far The SAUK did attempt to get such references from being a ‘debilitated hunchback’, Cam is removed from the Channel 4 documentary, but exceptionally strong, rides his own horse, is to no avail. hoping to take up jousting and horseback combat Finally, the press release made the further this summer and fits quite normally into armour. point that ‘King Richard III rode horses in full He has done re-enactment with Roman and body armour and wielded a sword in battle, Celtic weaponry and is extremely capable. Cam also has naturally fused scoliosis and will not be demonstrating that scoliosis doesn’t necess - having the corrective surgery now offered. arily limit physical capability’, a fact that will Cam has had a lot of medical observation for certainly be a major consideration as we other problems, so we know that his scoliosis explore and debate the king’s own experience developed around 12. He has no pain, although a of scoliosis. dull backache was an occasional problem at about age 15, for which he took paracetamol. He Living with scoliosis has another friend who has just had corrective In her article in this issue Annette Carson surgery for a similar curve and neither boy has rightly suggests that it would be helpful to ever been even remotely affected or obstructed canvas people with experience of scoliosis; we by the condition. Cam’s consultant thinks that the exercise he has had from riding, archery and began this process in March’s Bulletin with swinging his sword about has been instrumental Sandra Hempel’s account of her experience of in his good health because he has kept the living with the condition. We have since been muscles strong, supporting the spine and contacted by several others who are also happy avoiding the horrible ‘sofa slump’ that many to share their experiences: teenagers have. In Cam’s case the worst part has been a slight compromise on lung space on one Cameron Farrell Su Farrell contacted us side but since he doesn’t know what ‘normal’ by e-mail about her son Cam’s experience; lungs are he doesn’t feel any ill-effect. In his she also kindly provided us with photos of mid-teens he was possibly slightly shorter of him riding on horseback. She writes: breath during PE than other boys of similar fitness, but you had to watch closely to notice. I watched in total awe last night as the documentary on Richard III was shown but one Suzanne Wallace: Suzanne also contact us by piece struck me – the spinal deformity and e-mail about her own scoliosis and kindly likelihood of spinal fusion had the king lived in provided the following account of her this century. The description of the king’s body experience: 34 Like numerous others I was fascinated and just two lessons, I then went on exercise driving intrigued with the recent Channel 4 documentary an army truck across Europe through both West and not just because Richard appears to have got and East Germany. This was in the late 1980s, away for over 500 years without a parking ticket! just before the Berlin wall came down. I can I already knew from family history research that honestly say the only time my back really I was distantly related to Richard III through my bothered me during that time was when I great-great-grandfather who was born, developed stress fractures in my left foot due to illegitimate, in Melton Mowbray workhouse in relentless drill practice in combat boots, but a 1856, the metaphorical ‘skeleton’ in our family fortnight in trainers soon remedied that. cupboard. Here, however, was another skeleton, I was finally diagnosed at the age of 27 by Mr that of a man with whom I had something else in John Webb (orthopaedic surgeon to Prince common, scoliosis, or lateral curvature of the Charles, no less). After a two-year wait I was spine, (and with clearly the same determination finally operated on in Nottingham, where Mr to ride horses nevertheless!). Scoliosis is only Webb inserted a Harrington Rod during 5½ hours present in approximately 2% of the population of surgery at The Park Hospital. I then spent six and 80% of idiopathic scoliosis cases occur in months in a full body plaster cast which was the adolescent age range 10–18 years, i.e. when heavy, restrictive and very smelly! However, it rapid growth is most likely to occur, a bit like a was preferable to the treatment on offer before young sapling suddenly shooting up and skewing that, and indeed in Richard’s day – traction. in the middle as a result. The Scoliosis I still had, and have, partial scoliosis but you Association UK (SAUK) uses this imagery of a would not know it to look at me. Only the bottom wobbly young tree as its logo. part of my ‘S’ curve was straightened, it being Scoliosis is more prevalent in tall people and deemed too risky to go any higher. Despite this I although Richard was not tall by today’s now have an 11-year-old son who arrived in the standards, he was for a medieval man. I myself world with very little problem and is, at the am tall and although I am now, post surgery, 5 ft moment, showing no signs of my condition. 9 in., I had been 5 ft 10 in. before my spine Looking at the pictures of Richard’s skeleton started its descent into an ‘S’-shaped curve and I have every sympathy with him but also know reduced my height to 5 ft 8 in. My scoliosis that a curved spine is to a certain extent an started at around the age of 14 but, as its irritating inconvenience rather than a disability. progression is very slow, so too was the Yes, it can cause a person to walk with a limp and realisation that something was wrong. Early with one shoulder higher than the other but it signs included wearing one shoe through faster doesn’t stop them getting on with their everyday than the other and not being able to carry my lives. Neither does it cause a hunched back, or a school satchel on my left shoulder, as it would withered arm for that matter. I haven’t got a slip off, owing to my right shoulder being higher hunchback and I doubt Richard did. That than the left. I also took trousers back to retailers condition is caused by kyphosis not scoliosis. on more than one occasion complaining that one leg was shorter than the other when in fact it was Our grateful thanks to Sue, Cameron and down to me again, this time due to my elevated hip. The elevated hip also caused me to limp Suzanne for sharing their experiences of when walking. I have ridden from a very early scoliosis. These will help us to better age, as I’m sure Richard did, and can honestly understand and appreciate King Richard’s own say my scoliosis has never stopped me riding and experience in perhaps more trying and competing, both pre- and post-operatively. I dare certainly less enlightened circumstances. And, say, though, that my horse is thoroughly relieved finally, one particularly notable person with that I no longer lean to the right, which used to scoliosis is the 2008 and 2012 Olympic 100 cause the saddle to slip, and her to have saddle and 200 metres champion, Jamaica’s Usain sores (has anyone spared a thought for Richard’s Bolt, which might perhaps suggest that poor old horse?). Many a time I have pulled up scoliosis doesn’t necessarily affect a person’s halfway round a cross country course to re-adjust my saddle, much to the amusement of fellow movements! competitors. In my mid-20s, post-university, I spent three Sharing your experience of scoliosis years in the Territorial Army as a driver with the We would be very pleased to hear from others Royal Corps of Transport in Grantham. After who have experience of scoliosis and who successfully obtaining my HGV licence, after would be willing to share their knowledge and 35 and suitable DNA samples, goes on (and it is a SUPPORT THE SCOLIOSIS fascinating coincidence that the remains of one ASSOCIATION (UK) of Alfred’s granddaughters have recently been found and identified in Germany); but there is also talk of exhuming the remains of the ‘Princes in the Tower’, the two young nephews of Richard III, now thought to lie in Westminster Abbey. These were discovered in 1674, under a staircase in the White Tower, but reburied in Westminster Abbey on the orders of Charles II. The grave was re-opened in 1933 If you would like to support the work of the and the skeletons were determined by experts Scoliosis Association by making a donation to be those of two young children, one aged or would like to find out more about their around 7–11 and the other around 11–13; but of work, visit www.sauk.org.uk or write to The course DNA was unheard of then. It is widely Scoliosis Association (UK), 4 Ivebury believed that if the same skeletons were re- Court, 325 Latimer Road, London, W10 examined using modern techniques, more 6RA. Their helpline can be reached on 020 could be said; and there is presumably no 8964 1166 and their e-mail address is difficulty in performing the relevant DNA [email protected]. tests, since (Michael Ibsen permitting) we have a sample from a comparator, and indeed we now have samples from the children’s uncle. help further our understanding of the condition But there could well be a legal problem. It as it related to Richard III. Please contact the was not necessary to obtain a faculty to editorial team if you would like to contribute or excavate in Leicester because (thanks to the if you have any comments on this article – Protestant Reformation) Richard III no longer contact details on the inside back cover. lay in holy ground; but the position is very different with the Yorkist Princes. At the least, Richard III, the Princes in the Tower permission would have to obtained from and King Harold Godwinson – a Westminster Abbey; and in all probability it skeleton argument would be necessary to obtain a faculty, before The question appears to have been settled. On excavations could begin. This involves Monday 4 February 2013 we were told that ecclesiastical law and indeed a special court. Richard III, made notorious by Polydore In the case of Re Holy Trinity Bosham Vergil, Sir Thomas More, (decided in the Consistory Court of the Diocese and Lord Olivier, had indeed been found, of Chichester on 10 December 2003), the judge amongst the ruins of an abbey, or rather of a refused a faculty which would have permitted Franciscan Priory. Channel 4’s documentary the excavation of a grave in the church at The King in the Car Park attracted over 3 Bosham in West Sussex, thought to belong to million viewers; and the Channel 4 team (and King Harold Godwinson (killed at Hastings in the University of Leicester) have shown 1066). In Harold’s case, the judge explained convincingly that this was almost certainly that, as a matter of Christian doctrine, burial in Richard’s skeleton. consecrated land is final and permanent; that The discovery of Richard’s bones has fed this creates a presumption against exhumation; the appetite of historians and archaeologists that departure from this presumption can only and indeed the general public. There is talk of be justified if special circumstances can be digging again in St Bartholomew’s Winchester, shown; and that an applicant has to the former site of Hyde Abbey, and supposed demonstrate that there is an issue of great resting place of King Alfred the Great. In national, historic or other importance, before a Alfred’s case, there is the considerable faculty can be granted. In the Bosham case, difficulty that we have no equivalent to there were two places where King Harold Michael Ibsen, and the search for descendants, might have been buried, and the evidence for a 36 burial in Bosham was unconvincing, especially Sally, who grew up near the West Bridge, since there had always been another tradition Leicester, knows the real story. The missing that Harold was buried at Waltham Abbey. feet had come as no surprise to her: as a child Professor James Campbell of Oxford gave her mother told her a story that she herself had evidence. Incidentally, evidence was also given heard as a child. Richard ‘was carried into that there was no known descendant of King Leicester over the West Bridge, where the mob Harold from whom a DNA sample could be had congregated. Until then he had been taken, for the purposes of comparison. carried slung over the back of a horse, but was What answer would a Church court give in transferred into a horse trough, banging his the cases of the princes formerly known as the head on the bridge as they pulled him down Princes in the Tower? The presumption of from the horse. Unfortunately, the trough was finality would apply and the question would be too short for him to him to be laid in, so they whether there is an issue of great national, cut his feet off to make him fit. His feet were historic or other importance, so as to displace then thrown into the river from the bridge.’ the presumption. That is a matter of opinion Sally suggests that the story has been known in rather than fact, though evidence would clearly her family for at least 75 years, and she has be relevant. passed it on to her own granddaughter, who It would, of course, be extremely interesting was very excited by the find and the news to know if these skeletons do (or are likely to) about the feet because she ‘knows what belong to Edward V and Richard, duke of York, happened to the feet!’ the only sons of Edward IV and Queen What is intriguing about this story are the Elizabeth Woodville, who disappeared some aspects of other stories which it incorporates: time in 1483. But, if they do, is that alone of the trough, and bones being thrown into the great importance? As David Baldwin pointed river. Perhaps this is the original story which out last year,1 the discovery of the princes became fragmented in the re-telling? would merely refute the stories that either or Moving on to Bosworth, I received two both of them escaped or were spirited away, to items, one from Beryl, who heard a local story re-emerge as ‘Lambert Simnel’ or ‘Perkin ‘long ago’ from a gentleman in Sutton that ‘the Warbeck’ in the reign of Henry Tudor. It would battle was not where it has been thought to be not tell us who killed them, or even for that but was nearer Shenton and that Richard’s matter that they were murdered. body was kept in Sutton overnight’. Stephen Cooper The second came from Faith in Australia: With great excitement on hearing of the finding 1. Richard III, Amberley Publishing, 2012. of Richard III’s remains, I have a little story to tell about my father, who found a sword 89 years ago, as a boy of 12, while playing in the field Those missing feet and other where the ‘Battle of Bosworth’ took place. The observations sword has remained in the family all these years Following the announcement of the find in a and has ended up with me. My father always Leicester car park, officers of the Society have called it the ‘Bosworth Sword’ and it has always been inundated with e-mails and letters, not been a talking point at gatherings. Now with the only from members but from the public, finding of Richard’s remains my sword means a equally interested in the discovery. While a lot more to me and perhaps could be of interest to you. The sword is 70cm long, with a hand- number believed they were descended, if not beaten handle/knob, and the T bar is missing. I from Richard then from one of his sisters, quite am not sure what metal it is made of but I think a few wrote with interesting stories to tell. With it is hand-beaten iron. their permission I would like to recount some of them here. Toby Capwell from the Wallace Collection has One of the more curious aspects about the had a look at the photos provided by Faith – skeleton was the fact that the feet were missing. sadly the sword dates from the sixteenth or The Victorians got the blame for this; they had seventeenth century. But it is still a fascinating cut a trench which took out the feet. However story. 37 If the sword was not from 1485, what about misjudgement, especially when the corpse is not a suit of armour which went on sale in 1980? I present at the time of excavating a grave. Often a was sent a copy of an article from Antique corpse will be pushed into a grave and the easiest Arms & Militaria, June 1980, which advertised way is to bend the neck as the legs are somewhat ‘King Richard’s Armour – a “snip” at £1,850?’ difficult to fold! From the pictures this is precisely what has happened to Richard III. The According to the report the armour was monks would have made a hasty excavation, believed to have been worn by Richard III most probably in secret and without the body ‘when he was killed at the Battle of Bosworth’. present, misjudged the height of the man and in It was claimed that ‘this armour was tailor- haste pushed him into the grave. You may also made for a man 5ft 4½in. tall with a curvature not be aware that if the corpse had been of the spine and one shoulder lower than the displayed for some time in the summer months it other’. The armour illustrated appeared to have would be in a state of putrefaction and therefore a higher right shoulder. The article makes a very unpleasant task at burial. The monks fascinating reading, but a quick check with would have tried to finish their task as rapidly as Toby revealed that this was an old story: ‘There possible, because of the stench and effluent can be absolutely no question of this armour coming from the body. 2. You may further find that the nail discovered being Richard’s. It is a typical composite was indeed part of the corpse and may have been armour, made up of late sixteenth-century and hammered into the body posthumously to hold modern elements.’ Even in 1980, £1,850 was an insult, name or both. cheap for a genuine piece of armour! 3. The pelvis, in my experience would have been A piece of Society history is reported by difficult to damage in such a way by a single- Derek. He remembers a conversation he had handed blow from a dagger or sword. More with his history and house master, Dudley likely it is a decisive wound from a mounted man Heesom, when he was a pupil at Oundle armed with a bladed heavy spear, where the School over 30 years ago. Mr Heesom was weight of the horse has driven the weapon with secretary of the Friends of Fotheringhay sufficient force to shear the pelvis bones. It may also have been posthumous and a result of Church and had worked closely with the impaling. Sadly, throughout a long military Society over the installation of the York career and more than a few conflicts in Africa Window and also helped with the restoration of and elsewhere, one gets to see and experience the the Yorkist tombs. Derek remembers that Mr products of warfare first hand. Heesom was more interested in Richard III and that he had found him reading The Daughter of Shelley e-mailed us, citing her experience as a Time when it came out in 1951. Derek also horse rider: remembered a television series Second Verdict, After watching the programme on Richard III last night, I can’t help but disagree with the in which two detectives Barlow and Watt suggestion that the buttock wound spoken of was (those of you who remember Z-Cars will a humiliation wound. I believe Richard III was recognise them) carried out investigations into slung over a pommel, naked, to be taken to old crimes. One of these was the death of the Henry for identification, presumably in haste, in princes; their conclusion was that Buckingham order to end the battle. As a horse rider, this had done it. The programme was aired on 3 combination of elements would make it obvious June 1976, so some time before the 1984 TV that there would be a need for some kind of ‘Trial’. Derek provided a web link, handle in order for the body not to slip from the www.imdb.com/title/tt0697253. horse whilst moving at speed. A knife in the Moving on from oral history, I received a buttock seems a quick and purely practical solution to this problem especially if there were number of reflections on the find and the state no clothes to hold onto. Another myth in the of the skeleton based on personal experience. making? The first, from Simon, reflects his experience as a soldier in a career spent in a wide number Some fascinating stories, and also much food of war zones. He offers these suggestions: for thought, I am grateful to all contributors for sharing with us their oral histories and thoughts 1. The grave of Richard III was dug too short; on Richard’s injuries. this is a common ‘height to length’ Lynda Pidgeon 38 Ancestors, descendants and collateral states that if the remains of Richard III are Since the discovery of Richard III’s remains located, ‘the intention is for these to be there has been some rather odd use in the press reinterred at St Martin’s Cathedral, Leicester, and elsewhere of the words ‘ancestor’ and which is good archaeological practice’. Chris ‘descendant’, which indicate family relation- Skidmore, MP for Kingswood, suggested a ships over what is usually a long time gap. compromise that King Richard lay in state in There are no living ancestors of Richard III York for a week before reburial in Leicester, – despite claims which have been made to this and pointed out that a tomb proposed by the effect! An ancestor is someone further back in Richard III Society had been privately funded the family tree (parents, grandparents, great- and that £30,000 had been raised and, grandparents, and so on, backwards) of the therefore, there would be no cost to the state. person named. Mr Bayley continued that the terms of the As far as we know there are no living exhumation licence should be reviewed, as the descendants of Richard III. A descendant is a remains had been confirmed as those of King child, grandchild, great-grandchild, and so on, Richard, and that such licences had been forwards in a direct line from the person amended in recent years. He referred to a letter named. Richard III had only three recognised he had received from the chair of the Advisory children, all of whom probably died childless. Panel for Burial Archaeology, Professor Holger There are collateral descendants of Richard Schutkowski, who wrote that the final decision III – after so many intervening generations lay with the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) which there will be many thousands of these living can vary the terms of the licence. Mr Bayley today. A collateral descendant is the descendant proposed to the MoJ that an independent of a brother or sister of the person named. committee of experts should examine the historical record, scientific analysis, good An adjournment debate about archaeological practice, ethical and religious Richard III’s reinterment issues, and then advise how, where and when An adjournment debate1 was held in the reburial takes place. He continued that Westminster Hall on 12 March 2013. In his notice should be given to the University of opening remarks, the Member of Parliament Leicester that the government could amend the (MP) for York Central, Hugh Bayley, paid licence and therefore plans for the reburial tribute to the leading archaeologist Richard should temporarily cease. He also felt that this Buckley for his work and the Richard III proposed advisory committee should, in the Society for proposing the project. Mr Bayley national interest, wait for the full scientific then asked that a fair and independent process results. He commented on the split public be created for arbitrating when, how and where opinion and called for the matter to be King Richard III should be reinterred. He felt it discussed in a dignified and sober way and that was the responsibility of the state to make the the Wars of the Roses should not be reignited. decision and it should not be delegated to a He concluded with remarks that history is group of academics and archaeologists from written by the victors, referred to Richard’s University of Leicester. ‘reputation being trashed by that pesky David Trendinnick, MP for Bosworth, playwright from Stratford-upon-Avon’ and that pointed out that the majority of people in the king was ‘Good King Richard’, who in his Leicestershire wanted the king’s remains to lifetime ‘requested’ to be buried in York. stay in Leicester, and Mr Bayley confirmed Julian Sturdy, the MP for York Outer, that 7,500 signatories had been collected to this supported Mr Bayley, saying the call was end, but that 24,000 had signed a petition in strong for Richard to be buried where he had favour of York. The MP for Selby, Nigel been loved. He suggested that the government Adams, contributed that the views of the and the University of Leicester had come to an ‘descendants’ of the late king’s family should agreement behind closed doors and there had be taken into consideration. Jon Ashworth, MP been no public consultation. His statement that for Leicester South, quoted from the King Richard wanted to be buried in York was application for the exhumation licence, which challenged by Jon Ashworth, who said that 39 there was no evidence that King Richard announcement of their positive identification wanted to be buried there. of the remains excavated in the council’s staff Finally Jeremy Wright, Parliamentary car park as those of King Richard III. The two Under-Secretary of State and Minister for Channel 4 documentaries have been followed Prisons, responded to the proposals and by our temporary exhibition in Leicester about arguments and began by saying it was a matter the excavation and identification of the of national pride and excitement that the remains. We welcomed 50,000 visitors in the remains of King Richard had been found and first three months to the exhibition, which is in referred to the joint venture between the our medieval Guildhall next to the cathedral University, Leicester City Council and the and yards away from the grave site. It has been Richard III Society as an outstanding research very much welcomed by local people and project. He continued by stating the MoJ’s visitors to Leicester alike. jurisdiction covered burial law and policy. He The exhibition will continue until just confirmed that there was wide discretion in the before our King Richard III visitor centre conditions of the exhumation licence but also opens next spring in a splendid Victorian confirmed that the responsibility for carrying school building on the Greyfriars site. Work is out the terms of the licence rested with the rapidly progressing on this, and the Richard III University of Leicester – that was the law. He Society will be very much involved. stated that York Minster supported the reburial There is an accompanying event of King Richard at Leicester Cathedral and that programme – full details are provided on our conditions of an exhumation licence can be website – with regular tours of Richard III’s changed but that it is unusual and it is up to the Leicester, including visits to the grave site. We University of Leicester to make such a request. were delighted to welcome your Chairman Phil He concluded that the university is happy to Stone as one of our speakers in April. receive representations to take into account We are also extremely grateful to Phil and what Mr Bayley had said and that the MoJ the Richard III Society for their enthusiastic could facilitate a meeting of these interested support for a national tour of Caroline parties. Wilkinson’s reconstruction of the king’s head. I The Chairman of the debate, Edward Leigh, am delighted that this is now arranged: after concluded with the statement that King starting in Leicester’s Guildhall it will progress Richard III was as controversial in death as he to Bosworth Battlefield, and spend the summer was in life. at the Yorkshire Museum, before journeying south to Northampton Museum and Art Gallery 1. An adjournment debate is simply a way for in the Autumn, and to a London venue in the the House of Commons to have a general spring before returning to Leicester in time to debate without requiring a vote. There are take pride of place in the new visitor centre several different types of adjournment when it opens next spring. The reconstructed debates; some allow the Commons to hold head, which has been generously funded by the a general open-ended debate on a subject Richard III Society, has attracted a great deal of or a government policy without reaching a interest worldwide, and this tour will enable formal decision about it. Others provide an many thousands of people to see it across the opportunity for backbench MPs to raise country. constituency issues or other matters The start of the tour in Leicester coincides relating to government administration or with the launch of a Richard III summer season policy – and to obtain a response from a in Leicester and Leicestershire, to include a government minister. This debate falls in to further excavation of the Greyfriars site. Again, the latter category. full details are available on our website. We do hope that Richard III Society members will Update from Leicester City Council take time to visit Leicester during this period As Richard III Society members may well and experience our historic medieval city first imagine, ‘our feet haven’t touched the ground’ hand! here since the University of Leicester’s Sarah Levitt 40 Sarah Levitt is head of Leicester City Council’s (silver card) to make our armour and shields. Arts and Museums Service, she will update us Now we’ve made it we use the ‘armour shed’ to again in September with further details about buy our weapons and get them repaired if the development of the visitor centre. For needed. We pay 3 silver coins for a shield and 2 further information visit: www.leicester.gov.uk/ silver coins for a sword. Photo 7: We created an area of the playground museumsandgalleries. to be used for the battle, ‘Bosworth’, where the children were allowed to pretend fight – Leicester primary school children obviously keeping within our rules of not hurting inspired by the Greyfriars dig each other. We had red and white flags up and Last September’s discovery of human remains had to pick a side to fight for. I have absolutely on the site of the Greyfriars in Leicester, and loved this and the children have really got so their subsequent identification as belonging to much out of it all. I couldn’t resist sending one of Richard III, has aroused considerable world- the pupils in full battle armour! We have wide enthusiasm for and interest in the king. A obviously talked about how, in real battles, particular interest and enthusiasm was recently fighting was to hurt each other, but as our school demonstrated closer to home by some very rules are ‘to keep our hands and feet to ourselves’ our fighting is pretend – and amazingly they young pupils at St John the Baptist Primary have kept to the rules really well. School in Leicester. Photo 8 shows Richard Smith from the Nicola Dawson, a nursery nurse at the Richard III Society visiting Class FS2. school, contacted us to let us know about an afternoon class FS2 spent creating the Nicola tells us that all these activities took Greyfriars ‘experience’ at their school. Nicola place over an afternoon; however the school noted that ‘the children in FS2 are aged 4–5 intends to retain the shed and ‘Bosworth Field’ and their thirst for knowledge on Richard III is for further outdoor play sessions. She noted huge, their interest is amazing and the that ‘it’s worth tapping into their interest now; vocabulary they are using astounds us!’ She as they said about the London Olympics, it’s a kindly provided us with some photos with legacy!’ accompanying descriptions, which certainly Taking our cue, we asked Richard Smith of show the extent of the enthusiasm and the East Midlands branch if he could go along creativity of class FS2: to the school and talk to class FS2 about Richard III and the work of the Society. He Photo 1 [photos overleaf] shows a paper skeleton willingly agreed and sent us the following and a pile of bones: the children had to match the report: bones to the skeleton, which brought out lots of language about our own bones. They were also All my life I’ve been a teacher, but, as I fascinated to look at the picture of Richard’s discovered, I was visiting infants – not my area bones – especially fascinating that he had no feet. of expertise! Most already knew about his ‘bendy’ spine! Let’s It was arranged for me to visit FS2 on the not forget these are 4-year-olds – wow! Tuesday afternoon and my phone conversation Photo 2: our sand tray became an established that the school had not done any archaeological dig – with plastic and play dough work on the flags and badges associated with bones and brushes to get them out. ‘Slow and Richard. So I went over to Leicester with some careful’ were the buzz words. images of heraldic badges and some banners that Photos 3: This shows our science lab, where a scouting acquaintance had once made for a cub the DNA testing took place. We talked about how camp on a Bosworth theme. (I can’t help the scientists used the bones to find out who his thinking they ought to repeat that one for this family were. The children have been wearing year!). I also had a story to tell if there was white coats and goggles and have been mixing enough time. I arrived there in plenty of time, so coloured water in test tubes to find things out. consequently had a bit of a nervous wait in the Photo 4: We also made some tracing cards of staff room. Richard’s white rose, the children had a go at After what seemed a much longer time than it tracing over the flower to develop fine motor actually was I was fetched and seated in the control. special story-telling chair and then a large group Photos 5 and 6: The shed – we bought metal of infants, 50 or so, gathered around me on the 41 4

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carpet. They were bursting with interest and questions. Of course they were young and this was reflected in their questions, but their enthusiasm and excitement were tangible, and also they were all very well behaved and courteous. We were able to talk about the kind of badges that knights chose to have on their banners and shields. They had already done some shield-making. We talked about the banners – the ones my friend had made were those that have flown at Bosworth Battlefield for many years – Richard’s with the white boar, Tudor’s with the 3 red dragon and the Stanleys with their image of 42 Thank you Richard and congratulations class FS2, budding future Ricardians we hope. We have the requisite permission of Leicester City Council and the parents of the class FS2 pupils to reproduce these photographs and Richard Smith had the required CRB checks before visiting the school.

Richard on TV: the search for the lost king on the nation’s screens Tom Carter, a trainee freelance journalist, contacted us to see if there were any opportunities for him to submit an article; we like to encourage new contributors and so suggested he write something relating to the Greyfriars excavation and its outcome. Tom has a degree in Media, Culture and Communications from the University of Lincoln, and is a keen amateur historian with a 7 particular interest in the history of the British monarchy.

In an age where seeing the royal family on television is nothing new, not even the most ardent of monarchists would ever have imagined they would see another who sat on the throne other than the present incumbent. Throughout the process of the archaeological excavation to find the body of Richard III, and subsequently prove the remains to be those of the long-dead king, Channel 4, along with presenter Simon Farnaby, were there to capture 8 the excitement, the tension and the success of this extraordinary journey. Released on 4 the eagle and the swaddled child. I spent a few February 2013, the same day the DNA test moments talking about boars, and had some results proved ‘beyond reasonable doubt’ that images to show them. the skeletal remains of the body found beneath I did my best to answer all their questions – well actually they could have probably gone on a quiet, unassuming Leicester car park were for a lot longer but obviously school needs to those of the king, Richard III: The King in the finish on time. I left the school some images of Car Park takes the viewer through the badges and banners, and of boars, and some complete process of how the excavation came drawing templates for shields and banners, on about, the moment of Richard’s discovery, the which some might have time to design their own painstaking tests at the University of Leicester, heraldic devices. I was also able to give each and through to a quiet room where all youngster a badge. After school had finished one concerned finally learned what most of the young man made his mother come in to be crew behind the dig had only dared to believe. introduced, and he was eager to show me his new Richard III had been found. baby sister! It was a really great experience to ‘The director wanted to tell the human side visit such a well-organised and impressive school, and I will repeat I was impressed by the of the story of the search for King Richard’, youngsters’ enthusiasm and interest. Well done explains Philippa Langley, Richard III Society FS2 at St John the Baptist Primary! member and the heart and soul of the quest to 43 find the last Yorkist king. ‘As a screenwriter, I The show he presents stresses the had grown increasingly frustrated by the pessimism and caution of the main constant stream of TV programmes on Richard protagonists, with the possible exception of that purported to tell his real story only to Langley, regarding the outcome of the project. repeat the traditional viewpoint, albeit in a new Despite the £10,000 raised by Langley and her guise.’ Langley’s role throughout the docu - fellow Society members in just two weeks, the mentary was seemingly that of project leader, experts were keen to play down the chances of keeping watch over everything and making success. ‘The golden rule of archaeology is that sure her presence was felt at key moments. you don’t go looking for specific people, While perhaps many may question what she especially famous people’, said dig supervisor physically did or did not do during the project, Leon Hunt, before claiming the thought of what is unquestionable is her drive and passion finding Richard to be ‘absolutely bonkers’. to see it through. At times the weight and Richard Buckley, the lead archaeologist, said, portent of what was being discovered seemed ‘the chances of finding Richard were a million to hit home, and plenty of tears were shed. We to one’. Historian John Ashdown-Hill, whose find ourselves willing the team on, however, book The Last Days of Richard III and the fate and despite the premonitions of the ‘R’ in the of his DNA apparently inspired the dig, and car park, and the first body to be found who was one of Langley’s closest confidantes supposedly the body in question, we end up during the project, said in classic British feeling as though it was meant to be from the understatement that ‘it was a long shot’. One start. critic in particular, clearly unimpressed with Alongside Langley is the presenter Simon the project, quoted that ‘the only bones they’d Farnaby, notable for his role in children’s TV find on the dig would be in a fried chicken series Horrible Histories and as a comedy box’. Rhetoric like this, however, triggers a writer and performer. Farnaby was an nothing-to-lose atmosphere, and from the three intriguing choice, especially with the once trenches the team could afford to dig, not only flagship show for archaeology, Time Team, still did they uncover the area where Richard was fresh in the minds after its axe in October 2012. supposedly buried, but the very first skeleton in With his previous experience, not to mention this area they came across happened to be none ability to tell a good story, Tony Robinson other than the man himself. would perhaps have been the obvious choice to Throughout the finding of the skeleton, and have led the documentary. Robinson himself through to the complicated, tense next stages of expressed his disappointment to Jonathan the investigation, involving DNA tests, radio - Lampon on BBC Radio Leicester about having carbon dating and the examining of the wounds not been approached to present the show. and damages to Richard, it is unfortunate that Channel 4 had other ideas. We could argue that the news of the identity of the skeleton was Farnaby was tasked with presenting the show already made public earlier in the day of the to an audience more akin to the Shakespearean programme’s broadcast. We see, throughout interpretation. With the finding of his body, the painstaking analysis of the skeleton in the what better way to tell the story about Richard laboratories of the University of Leicester, that than to convert someone obviously more this was an emotional journey for the team. associated and familiar with the Shakespeare Philippa Langley leaves the room on more than adaptation? Farnaby is more of an audience one occasion to regain her composure and member on-screen, finding out more about the gather her thoughts, and the audience becomes character of Richard the man as the show aware of just how important a discovery this progresses. It is seemingly a conscious effort could be for all concerned. The immediate almost to rethink from scratch our own ideas of question that comes to mind, listening to the Richard. Perhaps having an established possibility that Richard’s skeleton could have historian such as a David Starkey or a Simon been that of a woman instead, or the original Schama would have taken the impetus away results of the radiocarbon dating being 20 years from the finding of Richard, in which case too early, is ‘Why was the skeleton confirmed Farnaby was a shrewd choice. to be that of Richard earlier in the day, rather 44 than in the show itself?’ Revealing the outcome with the inevitable opposition coming from the on this programme would have arguably city of York, whose petition to the government increased viewing figures and meant the stands at 26,389 signatures at the time of audience could properly share in the drama of writing. That argument is unlikely to go away the case as more evidence came to light. With any time soon, although the chances of Richard British archaeology on the cusp of such an ending up anywhere other than the city of his important discovery, it is a lovely thought that discovery appears slim. Philippa Langley will the whole nation could find out, at the same be telling the full story behind the dig and time, whether or not it was indeed Richard. discovery in her forthcoming book, The King’s Nevertheless, found Richard was, and while Grave: the search for Richard III, co-authored more of his persona comes to light as more with Michael Jones and to be released on 2 tests are done on his skeleton, his relationship October. Another documentary is also in with English literature, in particular that of production, aiming to get to the heart of Shakespeare, is inevitably going to come under Richard the man. This discovery has certainly renewed scrutiny. Simon Farnaby himself got people talking about history, and about clearly has some sort of theatre background, as Richard. British archaeology has also hugely his quotation of the famous line ‘Now is the enhanced its own reputation, which could winter of our discontent’ whilst touring inspire a whole new generation of budding Middleham Castle attests. It is Farnaby himself enthusiasts. Only time will tell, but it is perhaps who raises an interesting point, stating that most fitting for the woman who led the project, ‘now I’ve seen him in the ground it almost Philippa Langley, to have the last word. ‘We feels like sacrilege’. This documentary will have a long way to go, but for now at least the certainly challenge many of the falsities of the media, and much of the wider public, seems to play head-on, although the finding of Richard’s be up for questioning the traditional view of curved spine surprised many, and suggests that King Richard rather than stating it as fact.’ Shakespeare’s caricature was more of an Tom Carter exaggeration than fully invented. We should be in little doubt that many people in this country Sources: will be more familiar with Richard III as a John Ashdown-Hill, The Last Days of Richard character in a play than as an historical figure. III and the fate of his DNA (The History Throughout the documentary passages are read Press, 2010, 2011, 2013) from the play, as well as footage shown from Richard III: The King in the Car Park, the 1955 Laurence Olivier adaptation. This (Channel 4, 04/02/2013) acknowledgement of Richard’s existing ‘Richard III Dig: DNA confirms bones are reputation in popular culture can now be king’s’, (www..co.uk/news/uk- challenged by his discovery and subsequent england-leicestershire-21063882, research. As Ashdown-Hill says in his book, 04/02/2013) ‘Perhaps the way to better understanding ‘Time Team’s Tony Robinson on Richard III’ Richard III is by a means of deliberate (www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p015ft0p, endeavour to avoid the pantomime, black 22/02/2013) versus white, good versus bad arguments’. If Philippa Langley (2013) Re: Statement ever a reputation needs re-evaluating it is Request for Ricardian Bulletin article, e- Richard’s, and as television continues to make mail to Tom Carter (thomasjcarter88@ and break reputations on an almost daily basis, yahoo.co.uk), 17/03/2013 this could become one of the most important aides for Ricardians. Greyfriars dig wins Current Where next then for Project Richard? Well, Archaeology award the skeleton will remain in scientific hands for Current Archaeology magazine’s award for its the foreseeable future, as more research is to be 2013 Research Project of the Year went to the done to find out more about the life of Richard University of Leicester’s Archaeological and what happened to him. Preparations are Services for the successful Greyfriars under way for his burial at Leicester Cathedral, excavation that located the remains of King 45 Richard III. The award is chosen by the Where should Richard III be reburied? magazine’s readership and was presented to Since 2012 this matter has been extensively lead archaeologist Richard Buckley at a debated in the House of Commons, the ceremony in London earlier this year. columns and letters pages of our newspapers On accepting the award Richard said ‘I am and even on Facebook. As Richard III’s will proud to accept this award for the Greyfriars does not survive, his burial intentions are project, and in particular I want to thank unknown. However, it has been claimed that Philippa Langley, who raised the money for the Richard’s plan to establish a college of 100 investigation and never doubted for a minute priests at York Minster to celebrate Masses for that we would find Richard III. This discovery his soul’s well-being is ‘entirely plausible’ is down to the hard work by our team, evidence that he intended this foundation to be particularly Mathew Morris, who led the work his own mausoleum (Times 30/3). Perhaps for on site, and our scientific team, who did the this reason the Yorkists believe that Richard III osteological and forensic work back at base should be reburied in York Minster and camp. Jo Appleby, the team’s osteologist, and certainly their MPs keep raising the subject Turi King, who masterminded the DNA, (Times 8/3). Since the Minster authorities deserve special mention.’ decided not to campaign for Richard III to be reburied there the Dean has been receiving hate Here or there: the debate over the mail (Times 13/3). reburial of Richard III and the The Ministry of Justice’s preferred choice ongoing press and television coverage for Richard III’s place of reburial is Leicester After all the coverage concerning the analytical Cathedral, which is naturally popular with the work concerned with the determination of cathedral authorities. However, as BBC History Richard III’s identity in February (see the Magazine pointed out: ‘If Richard does indeed March Bulletin), the media have found plenty end up spending eternity at Leicester to keep them going. Cathedral, then we can be certain of one thing Initially, on 27 February on the TV channel at least: it will not be of his choice’. Further More 4, there was another hour-long debate on this subject was prompted by the documentary, entitled: Richard III – the surprising announcement by Leicester Unseen Story. This was a compilation of Cathedral that for reasons of space and Richard footage left over from the previous one; sadly III’s character (confusingly described as both it included no more recent material. However, ‘honourable and dishonourable’) he will be it did have some excellent 3D graphics of the reburied in May 2014 under the floor of the friary showing the context of Richard’s burial, chancel (on the site of the existing ledger very informative material that should have stone) and not get a tomb; instead his new been part of the first programme. resting place will be marked by a replacement Interestingly, for the first time Richard III’s ledger stone. The proposed design of the new physique has been contrasted with that of the ledger stone has been described as ‘dignified actor portraying him in a review of a new simplicity’ (Daily Telegraph, Times 14/3). production of Shakespeare’s play (Times 22/2). However, John Ashdown-Hill has argued that it We expect actors playing historical figures like is unseemly for a king to be reburied in such a to look something like manner, and that there is space for an them; will this expectation now influence the appropriate tomb in Leicester’s Dominican portrayal of Richard III? Priory Church (Daily Telegraph, 18/3; Times The psychological profile of the king 14/3). Richard Van Allen stated on behalf of the commissioned by the ‘Looking for Richard III’ Society: ‘We would, of course, like to see a project was discussed in the Sunday Times decent tomb rather than a slab in the floor’ (3/3) (see March Bulletin). Meanwhile (Guardian 14/3). Philippa Langley has also ‘Richard III – search for the last Plantagenet expressed her ‘shock’ and disappointment at King’ has been voted best archaeological this proposal (Daily Mail 14/3). The proposed research project of 2013 by the readers of design for a chest tomb put forward by the Current Archaeology (May). Society in February has been described as 46 ‘rather dull and unambitious’ by one It is worth considering that in September architectural critic, who favours a much 2012, when the Ministry of Justice granted the grander monument with an recumbent effigy exhumation licence, the identity of this (Apollo). individual was not known and the

47 determination of his identity as Richard III 3 March Sunday Times, ‘My Kingdom for a earlier this year provides grounds for reviewing hug: Richard III suffered insecurity’, Sian the terms of the licence (Daily Telegraph 20/3). Griffiths (illus. copy of Soc of A portrait). This question of Richard III’s identity had 8 March Times, Parliamentary Sketch,’a batty inspired a group of people, including 15 of his day, let the belfries ring, but how and where family’s ‘descendants,’ known as the Planta- shall we bury a king?’, concerning calls for genet Alliance, to plan a legal challenge to the Richard III’s reburial in York not Leicester decision to rebury Richard III in Leicester (illus. copy of Soc of A portrait). Cathedral, on the grounds that the Ministry of 13 March Times, ‘Cathedral gets hate mail Justice failed to consult them before making a over burial of king’. Laura Dixon; the Dean of decision, thereby breaching Article 8 of the York Minster, stated she was receiving abusive European Convention of Human Rights mail for not supporting Richard’s reburial in (respect for family life). The Alliance want York. Richard III to be reburied in York Minster, 14 March Independent, ‘Grave mistake? which could be awkward, as the Minster Cathedral’s plans not royal enough for fans’, currently supports his reburial in Leicester, Tom Peck. Daily Mail, ‘Richard III’s fans say a despite public pressure (Guardian, Times simple stone to mark his burial place isn’t fit 27/3). Who could have foreseen that since for a king’ (illus. Richard’s burial and Soc of A Richard III’s car park sojourn expired, that his portrait). Daily Telegraph, ‘Richard III’s place of reburial and funerary monument modest final resting place’, Nick Britten. would become as controversial as his Guardian, ‘Leicester plans final burial slab for reputation? Richard III’, Maev Kennedy. Times, ‘Richard’s followers rise in anger over plan to bury him Selective reports from UK newspapers and under floor’, Nico Hines (illus. interior of magazines Leicester Cathedral). Letter: ‘Richard III’s For earlier material see the March Bulletin. tomb’ by John Ashdown-Hill. Only significant letters are included. 16 March Times, two letters: ‘Follow that 19 February Sun ‘£30k crypt for King Dick’ king’, calling for Richard’s reburial in West- (illus. copy of Society of Antiquaries of minster Abbey and pointing out that regal London), proposed views with details of inset honour is not necessarily linked with design and inscription. monumental commemoration. The Opinion 22 February Times, theatre review of new column pointed out that Richard III has no production of Richard III: ‘Larger than life and living ‘descendants’ and that those who quietly compelling’, in which the physique of donated DNA samples are actually female-line actor John Mackey playing Richard relatives. (illustrated) is compared with the king’s 18 March Daily Telegraph, ‘Richard III should excavated remains. have Catholic burial academic insists’, John 23 February Times ‘Richard III book found’, a Ashdown-Hill points out that Richard was ‘a Chaucer book bearing Richard’s signature has very religious man’. been ‘rediscovered’ at Longleat House (illus. 22 March Daily Telegraph, Letters, ‘The Richard’s signature and motto). (This book was special case for re-burying Richard III’. included 1973 Richard III exhibition at 23 March Times, letter, ‘What Richard did National Portrait Gallery.) with Henry’s bones’ (concerning the 1484 March BBC History Magazine, ‘Where now transfer of Henry VI’s remains to Windsor). for Richard III?’ and ‘What does the find mean 27 March Guardian, ‘Richard III’s relatives for history?’ (illus. including various views of say reburial plans breach human rights’, Maev Richard’s skeleton and his facial recon- Kennedy and Owen Boycott (illus. NPG struction). portrait). Times, ‘Richard III, Act 2, enter the 2 March Times, Travel: ‘A weekend in . . . lawyers with grave intent . . .’, Laura Dixon Richard III’s Leicester’ (illus. interior of (illus. interior of Leicester Cathedral with Leicester Cathedral complete with portrait of portrait of Richard III.) Richard III). 30 March Guardian, ‘Where will Richard III 48 RIP?’, Lucy Worsley, a commentary on the reminding us that the period of Richard III’s ‘sensational and emotional impact of the death is widely seen as marking a transition discovery that . . . many professional archaeo - from the medieval to the modern worlds. This logists and historians – and indeed journalists magazine is informed and inspired by found uncomfortable’. Times, Register: anthroposophy, the ideas of Rudolf Steiner. ‘Richard III is buried deep in confusion’, The Yorkshire Dalesman’s cover story ‘Richard David Palliser (illus. the effigies of Eleanor of III on Trial’, Helen Johnson, visits the Richard Aquitaine and Henry II). III Museum York and talks to Michael Bennet April Apollo, Architecture: ‘The discovery of and James Carr, a history student, about his the skeleton of Richard III raises the vexed new DVD film. Also other articles and letters question of how he ought to be commemorated relevant to Richard III. . . .’, Gavin Stamp (illus. royal tombs including 2 April Sun, ‘60 years after British discovery: proposed chest tomb). Current Archaeology happy birthday DNA’, celebrating the many No 227, ‘Reconstructing Richard III: discover - uses of DNA, including finding horse meat in ing the man behind the myth’, Matthew our burgers and identifying Richard III’s Symonds and Cathy Hills; well illustrated remains (illus. montage including Soc of A feature article discussing the analytical work portrait). Archaeologist No 87, ‘The Greyfriars on Richard’s remains. The cover depicts the Project: identifying a King’ (illus. include a face of Richard III: a montage of his skull and detailed plan showing the various excavated, the new facial reconstruction. The illus. projected and conjectured elements of the included two new reconstructions, one of the friary and a reconstruction of the interior of the brick-clad or built friary church choir and friary church choir, showing Richard III’s tomb another of the interior of the choir showing a again as a slightly raised ledger stone). chequer-board arrangement of glazed floor 20 April The Spectator Diary: Petronella Wyatt tiles and Richard III’s tomb as a slightly raised is writing a book on Richard III (who isn’t?) ledger stone bearing an engraved effigy. On revealing her family descent from the king’s Facebook Current Archaeology started a nephew in the nineteenth generation and debate about where Richard should be commenting on the Leicester objections to a reburied. Fortean Times, Strangedays, tomb she thinks it ‘mean-spirited. Surely ‘Looking for Richard: “R” marks the spot as Richard has been walked over long enough.’ the missing monarch is discovered under a car 22 April Guardian ‘42’ magazine, ‘No pain No park’ (illus. including the car park and Philippa gain’. University of Leicester have been Langley with facial reconstruction of Richard studying the medical treatments Richard might III). History Today, History Matters, ‘The dust have undergone to ‘cure’ his curved spine: of kings’, Justin Pollard, comparing the traction supplied by an instrument similar to discovery of Richard III with the search for the rack and wearing a tight metal (illus. King Alfred’s remains and calling for the Olivier’s Richard III). supposed remains of the ‘Princes in the Tower’ May Current Archaeology No 228, letters on to be made available for DNA and radiocarbon Richard III’s epitaph and the onset of scoliosis. dating. The Contrarian: ‘Don’t forget, don’t At the Current Archaeology Awards for 2013, forgive’, Tom Stanley, a thoughtful comment - the research project of the year was ‘Richard ary on the debate about Richard III as a ‘good III – search for the last Plantagenet King’. or bad’ king, posing the question ‘are we too British Archaeology No 130, ‘Richard III: the quick to try reconstruct historic individuals in back story’, well illustrated feature article our own image?’ Letters on the subject of about the successful excavation strategy, which Richard III’s place of reburial and his features the other discoveries on site and the reputation. New View (2nd quarter, Spring) proposals for further excavation of the friary ‘King Richard’s bones and Britain’s future – church in summer 2013. The plan of the lion, hart and boar’, Terry Boardman (illus. excavations shows an additional area of including Soc of A portrait and engraving by investigation within the friary church choir (not Samuel Cousins (after Millais) of the Princes in present on the August 2012 plans), where a the Tower). This is a philosophical discussion stone coffin was discovered. ‘Greg Bailey on 49 broadcasting’ commentary on the two Channel couple whose newspaper bore the headline 4 documentaries ‘featuring the most publicised ‘Richard III – Again!’ with the comment royal exhumation since Tutankhamen’s’. Also ‘There’s just no burying this story’. Similarly ‘The Princess in the Police station’ the story The Times (27 Mar) portrayed a pair of snow- behind the discovery of Anne Mowbray’s bound readers contemplating the headline burial in 1964, an illustrated account by Bruce ‘Richard III Burial Row’ and saying ‘Will this Watson (see p.56 of this Bulletin). winter of discontent ever end?’ Rob Murray’s As few of the UK national papers devoted Alternative Histories series in the March issue much space to reporting on the proposed tomb of History Today depicted a full-length version design, the majority of headlines and of the NPG portrait under the heading ‘Tower photographs reproduced in this month’s of London 1483’ gazing at a poster advertising collage are taken from recent issue of the ‘Hunched back? Withered arm? Missing Leicester Mercury and other local papers. nephews? You need “Plantagenet PR” Many thanks to David Baldwin, Barbara Reputation Management’. Ellams, Carolyn Hammond, and Sally The Spectator (13 Apr) was one of many Henshaw for continuous supply of these newspapers and magazines to publish special contributions. Contributions from Ann issues on the late Prime Minister; ‘Margaret Chomley, Ann Cole, Keith Horry, Elizabeth Thatcher in The Spectator 1975–1990’ Nokes and Fiona Price used in this and resurrected their memorable cover from 30 previous illustrations are much appreciated. January 1988, which had her features Bruce Watson and Geoffrey Wheeler superimposed on an Olivier-costumed Richard, the hump emblazoned with ‘NHS’ on a spotlit A final flourish . . . more humour in stage. The caption revealed ‘With the nurses varying degrees of taste about to go on strike Michael Trend said With the attention of cartoonists and satirical Thatcher – portrayed on Peter Brooke’s cover commentators turned towards the more recent as a “hunchbacked” Richard III – should be obsequies and tributes to a figure who similarly able to weather her own “winter of had the power to sharply divide public opinion discontent”.’ Nigel Lawson’s tax-cutting (though Petronella Wyatt – see p. 49 above – budget was just six weeks away and would thought Richard III even more controversial change everything. than Margaret Thatcher) there has been a As the Daily Telegraph’s restaurant critic noticeable dearth of Richard-themed items Matthew Norman visited Leicester for his 16 over the past few months. But first, and rather March ‘Back page’ column, it was inevitable belatedly, what is probably the ‘final word’ in that references to the discovery of Richard III’s ‘car park’ humour, comes (courtesy of Anne remains in the city would be included. Under Sutton), from The New Yorker, whose ‘Shouts the headline ‘It’s a so-so view from Crookback and murmurs’ column (25 Feb) prints Ian Mountain’ he thought that it would not be long Frazier’s Shakespearean blank verse parody before some smart entrepreneur would take ‘Disclos’d’ with Richard and Richmond advantage of the influx of tourists and open the fighting over a parking space. first themed restaurant ‘Tricky Dicks’ for As criticism mounted in the New Scientist business; however, the one under review, about Leicester’s rush to judgement over the ‘Maiyango’, failed to reach his expectations. identification of their skeleton without first Unappreciative of the background musak, ‘we publishing their findings in academic journals, asked for Little Richard in tribute to the late their ‘Opinion–Letters’ page illustrated two sovereign known to Albert Steptoe as ‘Richard laboratory assistants viewing the royal remains the hundred n’ eleventh’,1 but had to settle for declaring ‘The authorities insist the peer a more recent monarchical line than the House review is done by nobody under the rank of of York, namely the Gypsy Kings’. He duke!’ The university was also taken to task in concluded, ‘The restaurant may be a local star Times Higher Education (14 Mar) for its but if it wishes to live up to its lavishly ceaseless ‘PR juggernaut’, which showed no admiring self-appraisal and to profit from the signs of slowing down. Their cartoon showed a booming Richard III industry it needs to raise 50 its game. One suggestion would be to restyle • 96% of coverage was neutral or positive itself as a Plantagenet Banqueting Hall offering towards Richard III and re-evaluating his appropriately themed dishes . . . who could reputation ever resist a burger calling itself ‘My kingdom • 2259 (30%) pieces of coverage on the for a Horse’ or a Crusade-themed dessert of facial reconstruction story and nearly all stewed fruit piled high in the plate with the coverage mentioned or quoted Richard III soubriquet ‘Quinces in the Tower?’ Society or carried a picture of the facial Geoffrey Wheeler reconstruction 1. This recalls the similar anecdote that the • 23% (1693 pieces) of coverage was around actor Esmond Knight (playing Ratcliffe in the tomb legacy for Richard III the Olivier 1955 film Richard III) liked to • reach estimate of selected UK print and refer to it as ‘Dickie Three Eyes’ (iii) – online coverage is 314,370,250 – put John Cottrell, Laurence Olivier, simply, if we combine all the readers, Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1975, p. 269 – viewers and listeners who might have been which begs the question if the decision on exposed to the story it numbers several what to do with the cathedral’s ledger times more than the population of the stone to the king (installed 1982) remains entire country! unresolved, will he then be known as We have been asked by PR Week magazine to ‘Dickie Two Tombs?’ submit a case study about how we dealt with all the publicity following the events in Leicester Industry recognition for Society’s PR and the campaign has been shortlisted for the work? CIPR (Chartered Institute of Public Relations) Last year, we asked the question of how a Excellence Awards 2013. The awards are Plantagenet Press Officer might have coped widely recognised as most credible in the without his internet connection and 24-hour public relations profession and there is no news agenda. Since posing that question, King greater recognition for hard work and Richard’s story has been thrust into the achievements than winning one of these international spotlight riding the wave of prestigious awards from the profession’s digital news from one corner of the world to chartered body. The awards are announced on another. From international live TV to local 3 June in London, so fingers crossed for the PR newspapers, he has ‘own’ Twitter feed and the team. Society’s Facebook page and website have Peter Secchi been overwhelmed with visitors. As a result we have all been kept very busy and this is likely The unsung heroes of the Looking for to continue into 2014. Richard III project Late last summer, we set out to dispel the The following account is the story of five of the ‘lazy Tudor myths’ about King Richard and on key players in the Looking For Richard III the whole, the broad media tone has been fair, project: Ricardians who may not, until now, the discussion has been vigorous and millions have been properly named with regard to this of people have been exposed to the key historic project, something which this article unanswered questions regarding Richard’s now aims to correct. They are those who have reign. The extent of the media’s interest in worked away quietly and diligently in the Richard III and the benefits to his and the background, and without whose help and Society’s reputation is well gauged by the guidance the project to find Richard would not following statistics. They represent press and have happened in the first place, and would media coverage of the Greyfriars dig and its have lacked the assistance and counsel it outcome from last September to March this needed. year. Four years ago, the project got under way • 7,366 pieces of coverage on the project to very quietly and unassumingly in . I date (to number in the tens of thousands by had organised a talk for the Scottish Branch by the time you read this) Dr John Ashdown-Hill on his research into 51 Richard’s mtDNA, and Richard’s burial and Richard’s grave, and became involved in the grave. The latter topic had ever been the project from its very inception. Indeed, without preoccupation of Ricardian research for me. In their support it may never have got off the asking John to come and talk to us, I had hoped ground. While I became the public face of the to finally purge myself of a nonsensical enterprise in meetings with Leicester City obsession with the long-lost grave of King Council, University of Leicester Archaeo- Richard III. logical Services, Leicester Cathedral, Darlow Also coming along that day was the Smithson Productions, Channel 4 and many branch’s treasurer, Dr Raymond J. Bord. As we others, David and Wendy worked in the broke for lunch, I sat with Raymond as the background providing much of the support, discussion turned naturally to John’s final talk ranging from crafting the reburial document to of the day on King Richard’s burial and grave detailed planning. in the choir of the church of the Grey Friars in We confronted and overcame difficulties as Leicester. As I ranted on about how we should they arose with sheer hard work and a stubborn be trying to find it, discussion turned to the refusal to give in, with David and Wendy social services car park. This is where I had providing much of the support that kept me ‘felt’ King Richard’s grave was, and where going when things looked bleak and I John’s research had also told him it may still wondered if we would ever get there. You can lie. As hopes of Leicester City Council (LCC) only begin to imagine how we feel now when ever proactively going in search of Richard’s so many along the way doubted that we would grave seemed very remote, it was, we all knew, even find remains of the Grey Friars, let alone a lost cause. Richard himself! However, Raymond had been keeping quiet But as well as providing support David and during the conversation. This, I hasten to add, Wendy were commissioned by me to design a was not the usual default mode for our branch’s tomb for King Richard. If we were to be taken self-confessed ‘bletherer’. It was then, after seriously by the people that mattered, we had to we’d all put in our tuppence-worth, that demonstrate that we had planned this project Raymond finally spoke. Raymond, it trans - from beginning to end, and that included the pired, had lived in Market Bosworth for many design of a tomb. From the very outset we years previously, and kept in touch with many proceeded on the basis that the search would be in Leicester. In fact, one of his friends, a retired successful and we would find Richard. The lawyer, might just be able to get us into LCC. design that you have now all seen took over It was a real turning point, a sudden beacon of two years of careful planning and research. hope. If we were ever to go in search of King David and Wendy also worked closely with Richard’s grave, Raymond confirmed that he Joseph Fox of Lost in Castles, who turned their would be there to help in any way he could. sketches and detailed drawings into beautiful Raymond kept his promise. Not only did he computer-generated images. You may wonder ensure that I was put in contact with his friend why I asked David and Wendy to fulfil such a in Leicester, but they then got me through to commission. The answer is quite simple – Cllr Michael Johnson, former city mayor and David is a historian and Wendy an artist, a friends with LCC’s then chief executive officer. perfect combination to produce a design of Raymond also went on to become one of the historical significance. Seeing the results of major investors in the ground penetrating radar their work, I hope you’ll agree with me that I (GPR) survey that would take place in the car couldn’t have made a better choice. David and parks in Leicester in August 2011, as a Wendy came to Leicester in the summer of preliminary to deciding where we should 2011 to watch the GPR survey take place in the excavate. This was at a time when not that three car parks as they too had helped finance many were either interested, or believed, in any it. It was here that I finally met another of the possible search for the king’s grave. leading lights and unsung heroes of the project. Also in Edinburgh that day for John’s talk I had been in touch with Annette Carson, were branch members Dr David and Wendy author of Richard III: the maligned king, for Johnson. They too were very interested in King some time since its publication in 2008. 52 Annette’s extraordinary work on the sources would ensure that the launch of the dig in that illuminate King Richard’s reign had helped August 2012 was presented as an exciting and inspire me to search for the real Richard III. newsworthy event, but was also covered by And in fact hers was the first book I read which journalists with as much dignity and restraint stated (with typical forthrightness) that she as we could engineer. Again Annette’s skills believed, as I did, that Richard still lay came to the fore, putting across a powerful undisturbed where he was originally buried in message that helped the story secure the Grey Friars church. I had called in a TV tremendous coverage worldwide. Although we production company, Darlow Smithson Pro- saw the usual crop of tabloid nonsense about duct ions, and we were using the opportunity of kings under car parks, many of the feature- the GPR survey to put together a few minutes length pieces actually referred to the of film to demonstrate what we had in mind for background material we provided, and it was a TV programme which would document the refreshing to see Richard’s positive attributes project. This was a vital selling point for the recognised in print. various civic authorities and institutions that I I also recall one particularly poignant was attempting to persuade to back my moment that Annette and I shared during the harebrained scheme to dig up their city, dig itself, when the first discovery was made because without the prospect of major media and human remains were uncovered right attention, the project offered them few where I said they would be. I know we both advantages in return for a lot of inconvenience. thought the same thing at the same time: ‘Can Annette agreed to participate in this film at it really be possible?’ Since then Annette very short notice, and it proved to be the first of Carson has continued to help behind the scenes numerous times that she would also help me with the TV documentary and to advise on with conceptualising and scripting when I had communications strategies for the Looking For far too many things on my mind to attempt it Richard III project, in an attempt to ensure that all myself. It isn’t generally known that public is informed that this is about rescuing Annette Carson is not only a non-fiction writer King Richard III and providing him with a with sales of over 40,000 books under her belt, fitting reburial – not merely an interesting but she has also had a career (inter alia) in exercise in archaeology and forensic science. television, in press liaison and PR, and as a Hopefully members will have the opportunity copywriter who has won international awards to see a series of short videos on the Society’s in advertising. When she offered unreservedly website which Annette has also helped to to put at my disposal whichever of her skills devise, summarising the guiding principles that might be of use, I little realised what a valuable have inspired our little team throughout this source of support she would become. labour of love.1 I have spoken before about the disaster that There is one name that I have, very struck my plans in July 2012, when the dig had deliberately, left to the end. For without this been commissioned and organised and one of one, the search for Richard simply would not my sponsors suddenly scythed the sum of have happened. Indeed he saved it on four £10,000 from their promised contribution. We occasions. During the project he would become had less than three weeks in which to make my mentor and adviser; the person I could call good the amount or cancel the whole project, on without hesitation, who would guide quietly and when I turned to Annette for help, it was and determinedly. Nothing was ever a bother or her expertise in interactive communications a chore, and, believe me, I bothered many a that enabled us to raise the money in record time! His belief in the project never wavered, time. Within 48 hours she had put together an his quiet determination adding a backbone of e-mail appeal campaign with a two-page steel to all its endeavours. It sounds fanciful to illustrated leaflet ready to be sent out to say, but with him behind the project, I knew it Ricardians all around the world, and thank would succeed, because I had the project’s goodness, because they responded in droves champion. He would go on to save the Looking and rescued the dig. Our next task was to put For Richard III project on these four separate together press releases and a media pack that occasions, and it is time now for his part in this 53 project to be fully known. He is, of course, our £1,000 short, a huge sum. Phil stepped in chairman, Dr Phil Stone. again, and put in his own funds to make the Back in 2000, not long after I had first GPR survey happen. It went ahead in August joined the Society and formed the ‘Edinburgh 2011, but we could see no trace of any church and Lothian Court’ (now the Scottish Branch), walls beneath the tarmac. Channel 4 was now Phil had welcomed me at an AGM in York. He wavering and so was the sponsor of the dig. was, at the time, a member of the Executive Without the guarantee of a TV documentary in Committee and, with a glint in his eye, charged the offing, funding was pulled, and the April me with keeping King Richard’s northern 2012 dig cancelled. What to do? I couldn’t give borders secure. A decade later I called to tell up now. LCC had offered new dates for the dig him, as our chairman, what I planned to do for in August. Phil told me to grab them! We’ll our king. Jeremy Potter, he said, had make it work, he said – we have to. approached LCC in the mid 80s but got I now had to find £35,000. Phil put in an nowhere. What could I do that could get them even larger sum of his own funds straightaway interested now? TV, I said. ‘That might do it’, to kick start it and told me to come back to him he agreed. ‘Let me know if you need any help for ideas if I got stuck. I did. The original – I’m here.’ Oh, how he would come to rue sponsor had no option but to pull £10,000 of those words. I very soon had our Chairman’s their funding with only a few weeks before the telephone number on speed dial. My calls deadline. We were going right to the wire and, would be greeted first with a very long sigh, as Phil explained, we had no time to launch an and then the words, ‘Yes, flower, what is it appeal in the Bulletin. Phil then authorised an now!’ In early 2011, after receiving formal immediate appeal to Ricardians around the notification from LCC of their interest in the world and use of the branch and group network Looking For Richard III project, Phil took me to do it. That appeal saved the dig, and the rest, to the office of our Patron. It was, he said, time as they say, . . . to inform HRH The Duke of Gloucester about Not quite. With costs mounting at the the proposed search for the grave of his university for the analysis of the human medieval namesake. I then had to formalise the remains, the facial reconstruction work would search for the king by commissioning the team be a casualty. However, our Chairman once that would undertake the archaeology. This again stepped in to save the day. The Society would be University of Leicester Archaeo - would commission and fund the facial logical Services (ULAS), an independent reconstruction of King Richard III. archaeological unit based at the University. Unsung heroes of the Looking For Richard ULAS would have to undertake the III project, we salute you. If not for your archaeological desk-based assessment (DBA) dedication and unfaltering belief in the project, of the three car parks within our study area and from day one of its inception, it would before I could look to get funding on board. never have happened. So much of this project The DBA would cost £1,140, a sum that I has depended on teamwork, and collaborations simply did not have. Phil stepped in. The that have kept faith in what we were attempting Society had a research bursary for which I to achieve. And still we are only halfway could apply. With the help of the Joint through, for we have yet to bury Richard with Secretaries, Sue and Dave Wells, the request the honour and dignity that was denied him in document was put together. Phil gave it to the 1485. But I am confident that the determination EC and it was passed immediately. The search which has carried us this far will see us to the for Richard was on . . . finishing post. And then we can all rest in Almost. We now had the small matter of the peace. GPR survey of the car parks. The cost would be Philippa Langley £5,043, and this was at a heavily discounted rate! I did what I could to find the funding with 1. The filming of the videos for the project is the help of Raymond, David and Wendy, with currently on hold with the university. We David Fiddimore, another member of the hope to bring the films to you at the time Scottish Branch giving generously. But I was of the re-interment. 54 The Man Himself: Richard’s diet

PETER HAMMOND

s part of the results of the examination of would have been both freshwater and sea fish, ARichard III’s bones it was said, in the both probably mostly fresh rather than salted to evidence used for identifying him, that this preserve it. Fresh fish was readily available, individual was of high status because he had even fish from the sea. England is not a large consumed a diet high in protein, including country and fresh fish could be transported significant amounts of seafood. That this kind wrapped in wet reeds or grass to most markets, of detail can be discovered may be thought even those a long way from the sea, and was surprising and this short article seeks to explain readily available, particularly for the wealthy this. classes. Much freshwater fish was taken from The conclusion as to Richard’s diet was rivers or monastic fish ponds. Vast amounts of arrived at as a result of the radiocarbon analysis preserved fish such as salt cod and herring of the collagen in the bones. Collagen is a were imported and eaten by all classes. A large protein and is the major constituent of bone, amount of fish was needed because it was eaten derived from what we eat. Depending on the on fast days, every Friday and Saturday, on the ratio of different isotopes of nitrogen in the eve of major religious festivals such as collagen the proportion in the diet of seafood Christmas and, of course, during Lent. and terrestrial food (both meat and fresh water The meat eaten by the elite consisted of the fish), can be determined. most amazing variety of birds, from chickens There is no doubt that as a high status man to geese to every variety of game bird, doves, Richard III would have eaten a great deal of also rabbits, theoretically only for the lord (but protein in the form of meat and fish. The fish poaching rabbits was common), and venison A fifteenth-century recipe: Salmon with Wine Sauce Samon roste in Sauce. Take a Salmond and cut 275ml/10fl oz/11/4 cups medium dry fruity him rounde, chyne and all, and roste the pieces white wine (no need to strain nowadays as on a gredire. And take wyne and pouder of the original recipe instructs) Canell and drawe it thorgh a streynour. And 175g/6ozs small onions, peeled and finely take smale mynced oynons and caste there-to chopped and let hem boyle. And then take vynegre or Good pinch of ground cinnamon [canell] vergeous and pouder ginger and cast there-to. 1/4 teaspoon of white wine vinegar And then ley the samon in a dissh and cast the Good pinch of ground ginger sirip theron al hote, and serue it forth. 6 salmon cutlets about 2.5cm/1inch thick [Harleian mss 4016, p. 102] Oil for grilling

Modern version [from Maggie Black’s The Gently cook the wine, onions and cinnamon Medieval Cookbook, p. 104 (1996)] in an open pan until the onions are soft and the The recipe doesn’t mention oil but other fish wine slightly reduced. Add the vinegar and recipes in the manuscript do. Using oil, rather ginger and set aside. Heat the grill and brush than fat, would make this dish suitable for the salmon cutlets with oil on both sides. Grill eating during Lent. The use of expensive spices under a moderate heat, turning once, until just makes this a wealthy man’s dinner. cooked. Serve each cutlet with a spoonful of wine and onion sauce on top.

55 and boar obtained by hunting. Pork obtained bones samples from the remains of King from farmed pigs was eaten, and much beef, Richard III. These are being put through too. Thus the amount of protein available at various chemical extraction procedures to meals for a man of Richard’s status was rich purify their elements and enable an and varied. examination of the king’s diet over his lifetime, where he resided and may have travelled. We The University of Leicester’s team are will report on their analysis and conclusions in continuing their examination of teeth and future issues of the Bulletin.

Anne Mowbray: the princess in the police station

BRUCE WATSON

he huge amount of media interest created by the recent discovery of the remains of Richard III, Tnow known as ‘the king in the car park’ has also inspired a new interest in the 1964 discovery of the burial of his niece Anne Mowbray. Background Duchess of York: her place in history’). Anne Mowbray (born 10 December 1472) was In December 1964, during redevelopment the only child of the duke of Norfolk and of the site of the choir of the abbey church at therefore was known as the duchess of 14–18 St Clare Street, a masonry vault Norfolk. She was a very rich heiress. containing a small anthropomorphic lead coffin Therefore, in January 1478, she was married to was discovered (see photo, a view of Anne’s Richard, duke of York (becoming duchess of coffin, length 1.43m). The workmen promptly York, as her husband’s titles took precedence removed her coffin from the vault and over her own) the younger son of Edward IV, immediately phoned the newspapers. Later that which allowed her estates to pass into royal day they delivered the coffin to Leman Street control. At the time of her marriage she was Police Station, where it was examined by Dr only five and her husband was only four, so a Francis Celoria, the London Museum special papal dispensation was required. Her Archaeological Field Officer, and once he had marriage is vividly portrayed in a splendid established its antiquity he was given custody painting by James Northcote (1820). She died of it. The Latin inscription attached to the top on 19 November 1481 at Greenwich, shortly of the coffin identified this individual as Anne before her ninth birthday; she received a state Mowbray, duchess of York. As the opportunity funeral and was buried in the chapel of St to study scientifically a named medieval Erasmus in Westminster Abbey, as befitted a individual is extremely rare, the London member of the royal family. This chapel was Museum Archaeological team quickly demolished during the early sixteenth century, organised a comprehensive programme of when Henry VII’s new Lady Chapel was analysis of her remains, including her skeletal constructed, and Anne’s remains were remains, teeth, hair (very unusual), shroud, and transferred to the Abbey of St Clare even the metallurgy of her coffin, before her Minoresses, in the London borough of Tower reburial in Westminster Abbey in 1965, close to Hamlets. She was reburied in the choir of the where the supposed remains of her husband abbey church close to the grave of her mother and his brother were reburied in 1678. (died 1506/7), who had lived in a house within Sadly, the planned analysis of Anne’s the abbey precincts during her last years (see remains was never completed before her Bulletin, September 2010: ‘Anne Mowbray: reburial and to complicate matters Celoria has 56 Coffin of Anne Mowbray, duchess of Norfolk declined to hand over to the Museum of objective coverage. For instance, the Observer London (the successor to the former London colour magazine (23 May of the same year) ran Museum) any of his records or the analytical a feature entitled ‘The world of Lady Anne data concerning Anne’s remains. To try and Mowbray’. make good this omission, the late Bill White The media interest in Richard III’s remains and I have been collecting and collating all the led me to rebrand Anne as ‘The Princess in the available data on Anne’s burial for some years Police Station’ and in British Archaeology (no with a view to publishing it (see Bulletin 130, May/June 2013, ‘The Princess in the September 2009: ‘Anne Mowbray: publication police station’), I was given the opportunity to at last’). compare the circumstances of Anne’s rediscovery and the media coverage with that Press interest in Anne Mowbray of Richard III. Also I wanted to remind people revived that our attitudes to towards deceased members Anne’s chance discovery in 1964 prompted a of the royal family have changed a lot over tremendous amount of press coverage, which time. For instance, in 1789 workmen ‘accident- Geoffrey Wheeler and I are planning to ally’ opened up Edward IV’s burial vault under catalogue and publish in a future edition of the St George’s Chapel in Windsor Castle. Then Bulletin. One of these items has been they apparently casually removed the skeletal ‘recycled’ by the Sunday Times (10 February remains of Elizabeth Woodville (died 1492), 2013) in their ‘From the archives section’: they his queen, from the top of Edward’s lead re-ran a story from 17 January 1965 entitled coffin, so they could remove it from the vault. ‘Buccaneers pluck prince’s child bride from Next they opened up the coffin, so they could her grave’. This was an account of the parlous show his skeleton to visitors (presumably for a state of archaeological fieldwork in London, fee) and sell them fragments of his clothing and explaining how important archaeological sites locks of his hair as souvenirs! No need for any like Anne’s burial place were being constantly Ministry of Justice exhumation licences in destroyed by redevelopment without record. those days. Sadly, this important point was missed by the The best account of the opening of Edward vast majority of the press coverage, which IV’s vault is in A. F. Sutton and L. Visser- showed more interest in the legality of the Fuchs, with R. A. Griffiths., The Royal London Museum’s possession of Anne’s Funerals of the House of York at Windsor, remains and circumstances of her husband’s 2005, published by the Richard III Society, death. Nevertheless, there was some good pp 112–16. 57 The role of Edward, duke of York, at Agincourt

STEPHEN COOPER

t a time when Richard III’s reputation is the main battle group by the king and his Aonce again under scrutiny, it might be brother Gloucester, and the rearguard by York interesting to reconsider the reputation of his and the earl of Oxford; but when the battle great-uncle, Edward, duke of York lines were drawn up, York was given pride of (1373–1415), born in King’s Langley but place on the right wing, while Lord Camoys sometimes known as Edward of Norwich, had charge of the left and Henry retained whom I will call ‘York’. York was killed at the command of the centre. Battle of Agincourt in 1415. During the Wars What part did he play in the great battle? In of the Roses, various chroniclers made him Henry V as Warlord (1987) Desmond Seward into a hero, to promote the Yorkist cause. How denigrated his role by calling him ‘the fat Duke far was this elevation deserved? of York’. T. B. Pugh did much the same in York had served King Richard II but Henry V and the Southampton Plot (1988) – survived the revolution of 1399 and succeeded indeed, he painted a pathetic picture. York was his father as duke in 1402. In 1413 Henry V now both fat and childless (as if that was an tried to heal the divisions which his father’s insult too); but these statements are probably usurpation had created, and York’s title was based on nothing more than Leland’s statement confirmed in the Parliament of 1414, when he in the 1540s that York ‘led the vanguard of the was declared ‘purged and free of all battle . . . where being much heated and suspicions’. This was clearly done to boost thronged, being a fat man, he was smouldered morale and promote the effort required to to death’. renew the war in France. Being childless is hardly a disqualification York had military experience in Wales, and for high command; and if York was fat, we do had also served in France during the duke of not how fat, or whether his corpulence Clarence’s expedition to France of 1412, in impeded his ability to fight and command. All support of the Armagnacs, when he had we know for certain is that he was killed; but indented for 1,060 men. He was one of a Shakespeare played on the poignancy of his number of councillors who advised the king in death, when the English casualties overall were 1415, joining the earl of Dorset, Lord Scrope so few. In Act IV, Scene 8, of his Henry V there and Sir Thomas Erpingham in pointing to the are stated to be 10,000 French dead; but when need to defend sea-lanes, frontiers and the port Henry asks ‘Where is the number of our of Calais. He also raised a substantial retinue – English dead?’ the herald shows him another 100 men at arms and 300 archers – for the paper and announces: Agincourt expedition. He took no part in the Southampton Plot, which was discovered on Edward the Duke of York, the Earl of the eve of Henry V’s departure for France, Suffolk, though his younger brother, Richard of Sir Richard Ketly, Davy Gam, esquire; Conisborough, earl of Cambridge, was one of None else of name; and of all other men the conspirators, and was executed as a result. But five and twenty The English army which landed in Normandy in 1415 captured Harfleur and then But many writers think that the conventional marched for Calais. The vanguard was led by wisdom underestimates the number of English Sir John Cornwall and Sir Gilbert Umfraville; who were killed at Agincourt; and the archives 58 seem to show that York’s division suffered assured its readers that York had fought disproportionately. The post-campaign account honourably there, even claiming that he was a shows that no less than 93 of his men were ‘second Solomon’. killed at the battle, along with their lord. This York was even given the credit for ordering was a quarter of the number which had left the English archers to cut the stakes with which Harfleur. they protected themselves during the battle. What were the circumstances of York’s The poet John Lydgate had attributed that idea death? Oman said that he was ‘45 years old and to Henry V; and in the manuscript of The Brut corpulent and [died] of exhaustion’, which printed by Friedrich Brie in 1908, it is not clear seems to be based on the chronicle of the who gave the order – the king or York; but in Burgundian Enguerrand de Monstrelet. Other Harley 53, and other manuscripts, it is French chroniclers say that he was killed in a undoubtedly York. Likewise Kingsford (1913) last desperate charge, led by the duke of reproduced an extract from the so-called ‘Latin Alençon, who had really aimed to kill the Brut’, which now claimed that: English king. In fact, we know more about York’s funeral the Duke of York, at his own insistence, than his death. His body was brought back took charge of the vanguard. It was by from France and a solemn funeral service was means of his wise advice that it came about held for him, the earl of Suffolk and all those that the English planted stakes sharpened at (English and French), who had fallen at both ends in the soil in front of them, so that Harfleur and Agincourt, on 1 December 1415. they should not be trampled underfoot by There was a requiem mass the following day; the French cavalry. This device was of great and York’s body was taken for burial to the help to our men that day. family church at Fotheringhay, where a magnificent tomb was constructed. (This was The connection between York and the stakes destroyed during the Protestant Reformation, finds favour in Michael K. Jones’s recent book and replaced by a new monument in Agincourt, 1415 (Pen & Sword, 2005). Jones Elizabethan times, which still survives). suggests that the duke was inspired by his York died without issue, but his nephew knowledge and experience of hunting; and Richard, the son of the conspirator who was York was undoubtedly the author of The executed at Southampton, succeeded him as Master of Game (1406–13), a translation of the duke of York (1410–60); and he in turn was the famous Livre de Chasse by Gaston Phoebus, father of both Edward IV and Richard III. count de Foix, to which he added several Agincourt was still a matter of intense interest chapters. On the other hand, there are those during the Wars of the Roses and in particular who think that the idea of the stakes derived when Edward IV seized the throne from Henry from the tactics used by the Ottoman Turks to VI in 1461. The new ruling dynasty had an defeat an army of Franco-Burgundian efficient propaganda machine, which produced crusaders at Nicopolis (in modern Bulgaria) in elaborate genealogies to prove that the dukes of 1396. If that is right, the idea may have been York had a better claim to the throne than their passed to Henry by his uncle John Beaufort, Lancastrian predecessors. who had commanded a contingent of around In addition, history was now written, or re- 1,000 Englishmen there. written, from the Yorkist point of view; and York achieved the status of a hero (though he Stephen Cooper is a retired solicitor, who has was never elevated to the rank of ‘Worthy’). long been interested in medieval history. He The chronicler John Hardyng changed his was educated at The Holt grammar school in allegiance from Henry VI to Edward IV. New Liverpool and at Balliol College, Oxford, versions of the widely circulated Brut where the late Maurice Keen was his tutor. He chronicle, which had first enjoyed popularity in is the author of two medieval biographies and the early years of the century, emphasised of a book about Agincourt which is to be York’s role at Agincourt. John Benet’s published by Pen & Sword in 2015, to coincide chronicle, written some time before 1471, with the 600th anniversary of the battle. 59 A game of kings

STEPHEN YORK

hen Professor Mark Lansdale gave his into the UK by games company Gibson Bros). Wtalk on Richard’s psychology at the The illustration opposite, of part of the Avalon Society’s Leicester Conference on 2 March, he Hill version of the board, gives the flavour of introduced himself and his Ricardian the game – a impressionistic map of England credentials by projecting a picture of a game showing cities, castles and lesser places, board consisting of a map of medieval divided by an irregular grid to measure the England. Mark confessed that he and his movement of the pieces. Pieces bearing coats granddaughter frequently played Kingmaker, of arms represent the nobility and their the game in the illustration. My brother and I, associated military strength; those representing being also frequent players, immediately royal individuals are depicted with white roses recognised the game board and were expecting for the house of York, such as Edmund of a loud murmur of recognition from the Rutland, and red roses for those of Lancaster audience; the murmur, however, was very (Henry of Lancaster, i.e. King Henry VI, is muted, which led me to suspect that many positioned in the city of London in the picture). members of the Society are unfamiliar with The game’s rules and actions are simplistic Kingmaker (though I have since heard that it is (which increases the game’s ‘playability’ and occasionally played at some group and branch reduces the burden of learning the rules), yet meetings). produce reasonably realistic historical Nearly 40 years ago this game helped to scenarios. In essence, each player behaves as a stimulate my interest in the Wars of the Roses ‘kingmaker’ by building up his own faction of and therefore played a part in leading me to a noble families, whose pieces are then moved deeper interest in Richard III and membership around England to acquire the royal figures. of our Society, and so I thought that members Having enlisted one or more members of the might be interested in knowing a little more houses of York or Lancaster, a player then about it. Admittedly, board games are not seeks to combat the nobles of other players in everyone’s thing, but I can recommend order to eliminate their nobles and capture their Kingmaker as a game which is easy to learn, royal pieces. If a player finds himself fun to play and a light-hearted way of simultaneously holding royals of both York and recreating the Wars of the Roses without the Lancaster, he must decide where his current bloodshed (unless you are very competitive allegiance lies and may switch from York to players, of course). Lancaster, or vice versa, by disposing of Kingmaker was invented by Andrew (euphemism for executing) royals of the house McNeil and was launched by the British he doesn’t wish to support. In practice this company Ariel in 1974. The 1970s were a often reproduces a realistic Roses scenario of ‘golden age’ for history- and war-based board players aiming to gain control of the current games, both in the UK and the USA, and king (Henry VI at the start of the game) and Kingmaker soon became a cult game on both being prepared to sacrifice their loyalty to the sides of the Atlantic. The US rights were other Plantagenet house in the process. If you acquired by the leading American war game can’t capture the current king but happen to manufacturers, the Avalon Hill Company; their hold the rival pretender, i.e. the most senior developers Mick Uhl and Don Greenwood member of the opposing royal house, you can soon revamped the game, with expanded rules arrange his coronation as a rival monarch. The to make it more realistic and with more winner of the game (which on average lasts as attractive artwork. Their version soon became long as a game of Monopoly) is the player who the standard one (and was later licensed back controls the current sole king and all surviving 60 Southern England in the fifteenth century, according to Kingmaker. royal pieces of his house – Lancaster or York – One of Avalon Hill’s innovations was to all royals of the other house having been introduce a system for voting in parliament, in eliminated. No player can be ‘knocked out’ which a noble faction commanding enough before the game ends: thus, e.g., diehard popular support in the Lords or the Commons Lancastrians can battle on in the hope of an could block the proposed dispensation of titles, unexpected return to power, as in 1485. etc., by the king, leading to negotiation and Within this simple framework, there are horse-trading between players. many more features which add colour to the Kingmaker is billed as a game for 2–7 game and a touch more realism to the Wars of players; actually it is possible to play it with the Roses scenario being played out. Players many more than that. Although it is perfectly draw cards to acquire not only more noble playable by two people, aged about 11 years followers but also offices of state, peerage upwards, it is a fact that having more players titles, bishops (essential if you want to crown increases the enjoyment by bringing in your pretender), mercenary forces and English negotiations between opponents, promising cities. ‘Event’ cards introduce random conditional support and alliances (followed, happenings, from Scots raids to plagues, that alas, by frequent betrayals of those promises); can have a devastating effect on one’s game anyone who has played the popular First World plan; the same cards also randomly determine War-based game Diplomacy will understand noble casualties in battles. Parliaments may be the extra dimension that multi-player inter - called by the king (a privilege denied if another action introduces. player has managed to crown his pretender, A tendency in most war games is to over- leading to rival kings in the realm), and this complicate the rules in order to simulate more presents an opportunity for rewarding the realistic situations, with hosts of special rules king’s supporters with vacant offices and titles. and exceptions – this generally serves to make 61 them unplayable by all but a handful of determined enthusiasts. As already said, Kingmaker avoids this by its basic simplicity. However, experienced players, especially those with a special interest in fifteenth-century history, cannot help tinkering with the game, so that it produces a better correspondence to the actual events of the period. Given Kingmaker’s status as a cult game, it is not surprising that probably every group of regular opponents has produced its own ‘local’ version of the rules, and in many cases its own version of the board, pieces and playing cards. (I have even seen a photograph of a modified Kingmaker board as an enormous table top, resembling one of the map tables used by RAF controllers in the Battle of Britain.) Some things in the official version cry out to be remedied, if you have any knowledge of the history: for instance, one would wish to see important figures and families such as de Vere, Butler, Tiptoft, Bonville and Hungerford (and Tudor!) represented in the game; there is no provision for going into, or returning from, exile; By means of the ‘Crown cards’ a player can recruit prominent nobles to his side and acquire diplomacy and interaction with the interfering bishops, titles, military offices, support from monarchs of France, Scotland and Burgundy is cities and even some peculiar-looking foreign virtually ignored. The royal pieces in the mercenaries. published rules are mere pawns in the hands of the nobles; rule modifications often rectify this unrealistic, outcomes (as well as hilariously by giving the royals a greater role of their own improbable ones, occasionally), and giving in the game. Another simple but effective everyone a chance to become a ruthless alteration, which my brother and I have Neville, Percy or Stafford for an evening. It introduced into our private ‘Mark II’ rules, is to could also be an excellent way of introducing determine the noble casualties before a battle children to the history of the period – it is a outcome is decided instead of afterwards – so much more family-friendly and colourful game that the loss of a major commander, as with the than, say, Diplomacy – and as no player can be duke of Norfolk at Bosworth, can tip the scales eliminated before the game is finished, there is of combat irrespective of the starting strength no occasion for tears before bedtime. The bad of the armies. Like many other player groups, I news, for those not already possessing a copy suspect, we have now commenced work on of the game, is that it has been out of print for ‘Mark III’, in which all components – many years, with no prospect of a relaunch. rulebook, map board, cards and pieces – will be However, new and used copies are often newly made to reflect our own view of the available on eBay; in April 2013 they were Wars of the Roses and make up the perceived priced from about £15/US$20 upwards. omissions and deficiencies of the original More information about Kingmaker is Kingmaker. available on the web. There is an informative That said, I can still thoroughly recommend Wikipedia article, and a reprint of a 1979 to all Ricardians the game of Kingmaker in its article by its inventor is to be found at original version: it is an entertaining and www.diplomacy-archive.com/resources/other_ gripping way of recreating the politics and games/kingmaker.htm. There is also a series of conflicts of the fifteenth century, capable of 17 (incredibly dreary) amateur videos on producing some surprising, but not wholly YouTube, showing you how to play the game. 62 A series of remarkable ladies

RITA DIEFENHART-SCHMITT

4. Sofia (Zoe) Palaiologa (c.1448–1503) Parents: Thomas Palaiologos (1409/10–1465) and Katherine of Achäa (d. 1465) Husband: second wife of Grand Prince Ivan III of the Grand Principality of Moscow Children: Two daughters named Elena (b.1474 and 1476), Feodosia (b. 1475) and probably another daughter also named Feodosia (b. 1485), Vassily, her first son (b.1479), Jurig (b.1480), Dimitri (b.1481), Eudokia (b.1483) probably another daughter also named Eudokia (b.1487), Andrey (b. 1490) Source: Robert O. Crummey: The Foundation of Moscow from 1304–1613, New York, 1987, pp 84–114 Illustration: Forensic reconstruction of the head of Sofia by S. Nikitin, 1994. redrawn by Geoffrey Wheeler

Zoe’s father Thomas Palaiologos was the younger brother of the last two Byzantine Emperors, John VIII and Constantine XI Dragases. In 1460, when Zoe was about 10 relationships with her husband’s son by his first years old, she and her family had to flee wife, Maria Borissowna of Twer (1442–67), because of the Turks and lived for a while on Ivan the Younger, and his family. As a result the island of Corfu. After the death of her she was at one time banished from court, along parents in 1465 she and her brothers and sisters with her son Vassily. Her younger children were given into the care of Cardinal Bessarion remained in Moscow. Ivan the Younger’s son in Rome, where they were educated in the Dimitri was crowned Grand Prince. A year Catholic faith. Later the Cardinal betrothed later Ivan III also proclaimed his eldest son Zoe to a nobleman of the Caraccioli family of with Sofia, Wassily, as Grand Prince, probably Venice, probably also to win allies against the to bring more peace to his big family clan and Turks. Ivan III conducted a correspondence to strengthen his weakening position against with Cardinal Bessarion and came to know his enemies in Poland-Lithuania. Ivan’s about the Palaiologos children, especially Zoe. grandson Grand Prince Dimitri was not That developed into a marriage agreement satisfied with his grandfather’s policy, causing between Ivan and Zoe. After a splendid journey a lot of political disorder. Sofia put pressure on Zoe was married to Ivan as his second wife in her husband to arrest Dimitri and his family, to the church of St. Mary of the Ascension in ensure more peace within the family as well as Moscow, on 12 November 1472. During this in the inner and outer policy of the realm. Later ceremony she changed her name from Zoe to their son Vassily became co-regent. Sofia Sofia. Afterwards she lived with her mother-in- invited foreign experts to Moscow to establish law, Marija, in the ‘Terem’ (Women’s House) a good health system as well as building new in the Kremlin Palace. houses, especially in the city and its Sofia had great difficulties in her surroundings. 63 ‘Lady Anne’ a ‘revisionist Richard ‘ fan!

GEOFFREY WHEELER

ince its original US release in April 1956 Opening with a question about her experiences Sversions of the Olivier film of Richard III of being directed by Olivier, she confessed that have been published in durations ranging as a 23-year-old, she was very much in awe of anywhere from 155 to 161 minutes. In 1970 it him, and that as far as she could recall any re-emerged but lacked nearly 20 minutes of the ‘direction’ as such came primarily for [sic] original adaptation. British VHS videos their interaction with each other, adding that available in 1986 and 2001 offered the she has ‘never minimum ‘150 mins approx’ running time, and understood the it was not until the release of a new ‘high technicalities of definition, digital transfer’ DVD two-disc set, film making’. by Criterion in the US in 2004, that any attempt When questions was made to restore missing footage, though I were thrown pointed out in my review (Ricardian Bulletin, open to the Spring 2005, p. 19) this was still far from audience, the complete. Subsequent DVD releases here in first was ‘What 2004 (Weinerworld) and 2006 (Network’s two- were her disc set with the 1984 Channel 4 TV ‘Trial of thoughts on Richard III’) followed the same format. some of the So expectations were high, when as part of more modern the BFI 56th London Film Festival this year, product ions of the world premiere was announced of the latest Richard III?’, restoration, as part of the National Film the questioner revealing that he had been Theatre’s event, though its scheduled screening irritated by the American accents in the recent at 12 noon on a Sunday was hardly propitious, Kevin Spacey production. In reply, she thought and as a result the largest NFT auditorium was that ‘the Ian McKellen film was ‘terrific’ – that scarcely one-third full. Possibly if it had been was an extremely modern interpretation. The announced in advance that one of the film’s Old Vic company was just a mixed production stars, Claire Bloom, would be present, the company – we don’t know what Shakespeare attendance might have increased. Whilst there sounded like, it’s thought in fact it may have were vast improvements in the colour and had more in common with American speech sound restoration, unfortunately, though than ours . . . I don’t find it offensive or promising that ‘original negatives for deleted ‘foreign’ about Americans speaking Shake- scenes were found at the BFI and the picture speare – I didn’t think they were particularly was assembled to make an original soundtrack good actors. I wasn’t an admirer of that of the 161 min version’, the screened print still production.’ She then admitted, ‘Olivier’s had significant omissions, notably the whole shadow still lies over the 21st century. I do find Buckingham execution scene from Act V of the when I see the odd production that the actors play. are very consciously making an effort to play it Following its showing a Q&A session had completely differently – and it doesn’t always been arranged with Miss Bloom, and rather work!’ predictably her interviewer, Clyde Jeavons’, Asked what her ‘ideal’ cast for the play first comment, as soon as the end credits and would be, she found that ‘impossible to Walton’s stirring music concluded, was ‘ . . . answer’, but mentioned that she’d like to see and he ended up in a car park in Leicester!’ Kenneth Branagh in the role. Her third 64 questioner admitted that he’d ‘always been first woman to have done that! I’ve always perturbed by the scene in which Anne relents, found it to be extremely believable. I also think and I was wondering, as an actress, how it is that there’s a part of me in the part of Lady that you felt that she has come from such a Anne, which made her seem rather fallable place of deep enmity at the beginning of the [sic] . . . You could see she had some weakness scene, finally to relent. Is that something, or a in her psychological make-up – she wasn’t a point in the text . . . What is the motivation in fighter, and she fell for a good line – lots of that scene?’ Smilingly she responded ‘First of women have!’ all, it’s historically totally untrue, as you know! Here Clyde Jeavons confessed, ‘I find I’m a great defender of Richard III1 – I also Olivier not unattractive throughout the film, don’t think he killed the Princes in the Tower! there’s some huge ‘charisma’ there, behind the I think that it’s psychologically extremely make-up and the limping – it’s not interesting of that kind of woman – I think that unreasonable, I think.’ To which she laughingly there are many cases where a young woman replied, ‘Exactly!’ has an affair almost after the funeral of her husband. As I remember, Dorothy Tutin, in the 1. Possibly her interest in the historical Graham Greene play in which she made her Richard may have been awakened in the name – that was a play about that, and I think 1950s after the film’s debut in the USA, that you’re obviously at your most vulnerable where the ‘Friends of Richard III Inc’ were state. I think, though she was very angry, she prominent and had signed up several of the was extremely vulnerable, and he overpowers film’s actors. See my articles on ‘Lord her, psychologically, and was extremely Olivier – a closet Ricardian?’ (2 parts), seductive at a time in her life when she needed Ricardian Bulletin, Autumn 2006 and a man to cling to – she certainly chose the Spring 2007. wrong one! But she wouldn’t have been the

NEW FROM THE SOCIETY’S SHOP Jute Messenger/Laptop Bag Biscuit-coloured jute. Measurements are: 38 cm wide x 31 cm high, with a gusset width of 8 cm. Strap is 75 cm. There are three internal compartments, with a small pocket fastened with Velcro and two press-stud fastenings to a flap. The flap carries the Society’s name above, and website address below, the Ricardian boar, all printed in black. Members’ price £7.50 each. P&P: UK £3.70, Europe £6.30, RoW £9.50.

Postcard – facial reconstruction of Richard III Front as in this illustration. Reverse is set out as a standard postcard. Members’ price 50p each. P&P: UK 50p, Europe 75p, RoW 85p. Orders for both items to the Sales Officer – for details see inside back cover.

65 Book reviews and notices

Richard III: the maligned king by Annette Carson The History Press, April 2013 This paperback edition (available via the Society’s sales facility) has been revised to include details of the Greyfriars project and its revelations, and by wide request is now produced with a larger size of print. A special commemorative edition hardback of the revised version is also being produced as a limited edition of 100 copies, details available from: [email protected].

Mistress of the Crown We reviewed Isolde Martyn’s novel Mistress of the Crown in March’s Bulletin. Isolde has contacted us to advise that the UK edition of the book will be available in shops in June and also as an e-book. She hopes to get the backlist of her other Ricardian-themed novels out in the UK in the near future.

The History of Armour 1100–1700, by Paul F. Walker Crowood Press, 2013 This book aims to give an account of the changes in armour over the long period covered, from the methods of construction to the way it was worn. It does this by means of excellent drawings by the author and his photographs of effigies of knights in armour. Walker believes that looking at effigies is an excellent way to see how armour was constructed and within limits, allowing for their not always being completely accurate, to show how it developed. The book is divided into chapters dealing with effigies and their production, with the knight as a concept and then with the changes in armour for different parts of the body as time went on, and also with weapons, shields and the war horse. There are many good photographs to show the details of the parts of armour, such as the gauntlet, leg armour, and so on. Fifteenth-century armour is covered well. There is a brief index but disappointingly no bibliography for those who wish to learn more. In all this book is a very good well illustrated introduction to arms and armour.

New and forthcoming books of interest Some non-fiction titles:

The Last Days of Richard III and the Fate of His DNA: the book that inspired the dig by John Ashdown-Hill The History Press Ltd (Feb 2013), ISBN 978-0752492056 (paperback) ‘John Ashdown-Hill explains how his book inspired the dig and completes Richard III’s fascinating story, giving details of how Richard died, and how the DNA link to a living relative of the king allowed the royal body to be identified.’

66 Richard III by David Baldwin Amberley Publishing (Feb 2013), ISBN 978-1445615912 (paperback) An updated edition of the most recent biography of Richard III, which now includes the findings from the Greyfriars archaeological dig.

Anne Neville: Richard III’s tragic queen by Amy Licence Amberley Publishing (28 April 2013), ISBN 97814456115 (hardback) ‘Shakespeare’s enduring image of Richard III’s queen is one of bitterness and sorrow. Amy Licence reassesses the long-standing myths about Anne’s role, her health and her marriages, to present a new view of the Kingmaker’s daughter.’

An Alternative History of Britain: the War of the Roses by Timothy Venning, Pen and Sword Books (May 2013), ISBN 9781781591277 (hardback) ‘What if Richard of York had not given battle in vain? How would a victory for Warwick the Kingmaker at the battle of Barnet changed the course of the struggle for power? What if the Princes had escaped from the tower or the Stanleys had not betrayed their king at Bosworth? These are just a few of the fascinating questions posed by this book.’

Richard III: from lord of the North to king of England by Josephine Wilkinson Amberley Publishing (28 August 2013), ISBN 9781848681088 (hardback) ‘The second of a two-volume biography of Richard III. Richard III is a paradox – the most hated of English kings, yet the most beloved, a deeply pious man, yet materialistic to the point of obsession, puritan, yet the father of at least two illegitimate children.’

The King’s Grave: the search for Richard III by Michael Jones and Philippa Langley John Murray (10 October 2013), ISBN 9781848548909 (hardback) ‘In alternate chapters, Philippa Langley, whose years of research and belief that she would find Richard in this exact spot inspired the project, reveals the inside story of the search for the king’s grave, and historian Michael Jones tells of Richard’s fifteenth-century life and death. The result is a compelling portrayal of one of our greatest archaeological discoveries, allowing a complete re- evaluation of our most controversial monarch – one that discards the distortions of later Tudor histories and puts the man firmly back into the context of his times.’

And two novels:

The Killing of Richard III by Robert Farrington Little Brown (20 June 2013), ISBN 9780751552782 (paperback) This excellent novel is being reissued after many years; it is about Henry Morane, a fighter, philanderer and royal spy who investigates for Richard III the disappearance of the Princes and attempts to abduct Henry Tudor. It is written with a light touch. It is being reissued after being unavailable for many years.

The White Princess by Philippa Gregory Simon & Schuster (1 August 2013), ISBN 9780857207517 (hardback) The latest novel in the Cousins’ War series, with the focus on Elizabeth of York, wife to Henry VII.

67 Ricardian crossword 4

BY SANGLIER

Cryptic clues, mostly with a Ricardian or Wars of the Roses flavour. Solution on p. 87. Across 1 The leading two Lancastrians to make payment in return were Neville lords. (7) 5 It’s said I will issue weapons in panic! (5) 9 Final insult thought to be the worst medieval crime. (7) 10 Kind exterior conceals the way to find what’s inside. (5) 11 Rich DNA tool I’m using – the type that identifies Richard. (13) 12 Towton and Bosworth, for example – beastly struggles in which army’s rear gave way to flight at the end. (7) 14 Insult hurled at motorist has a way to go, next to Richard’s derogatory name. (4, 3) 15 University close to most of the action taken with the king’s remains. (7) 17 It’s good for your health to immerse it before noon in French wine. (7) 7 Medium-to-poor actor in Richard III scene. 20 One of the plotters displayed poor reactions, (9) losing Edgecote to begin with and coming to 8 Passing quick message from Barnet the end in panic. (13) extinguishes Lancastrian hopes. (7) 23 It’s useless – it holds pen the wrong way. (5) 11 Cap used by bowmen, damaged and far from 24 Suffer when monster returns after the dog has new. (3) two heads cut off! (7) 13 Accusation that could be directed at Clarence: 26 Long twelve months to January 3rd. (5) ‘Thy career is twisting and turning!’ (9) 27 Endless fuss about people’s name for De La 15 Eternal loser lost, resoundingly trounced. (7) Pole. (7) 16 Hung, drawn and inside a post-medieval instrument of death. (7) Down 17 Decant into bottomless vessel to create 1 Grant permission for athletics centre. (3) fumes. (7) 2 King occupies pavilion by the North’s watery 18 Die in anguish within overrun castle? No border. (5) longer up for it . . . (5, 2) 3 Claim us rebels – something the king and I 19 . . . and certainly not as a lordly type with no could be. (7) servant. (3) 4 Release payments for disputed manors on 21 Priestly garment found in partly demolished Sunday. (7) house. (5) 5 Apart from sales pitch, hesitation over Yorkist 22 Tangled roots – Richard’s caused some badge. (7) comment. (5) 6 Perhaps I bail someone who has this? (5) 25 All’s well around a wood? (3) 68 Correspondence

Will contributors please note that letters may be shortened or edited to conform to the standards of the Bulletin. The Bulletin is not responsible for the opinions expressed by contributors.

Some observations on dentition (AD 960–1279). Loring Brace showed that From: Dr Gillian Francis and Marjory with exception of peasants, the overbite Barnes emerged 800–1000 years earlier in China. Like everyone else who reads the Ricardian Bulletin, we were fascinated by the recent Let’s keep our perspective excavation of Richard’s bones, but one aspect From: Toni Mount may have escaped your readers’ notice. We Delighted as I am with the excitement of the refer to Richard’s skull and particularly his Leicester dig, I think we have to be careful not dentition. to get swept up in the hysteria of the moment Research on the lifestyle of medieval but step back and remember the academic occupants of a farm in Somerset included an principles of our Society. ‘Is this the face that interesting piece about the impact of eating launched a thousand myths?’ on p .2 of the implements on dentition. Modern jaws have Bulletin Extra concerns me. A facial recon- what is known as an overbite (the front teeth struction based upon a skull, however skilfully overlapping the lower). However, for skulls and scientifically executed, is defined by bone dating before circa 250 years ago, the situation configuration with the addition of the ‘likely’ is different and edge-to-edge dentition was the musculature, percentage of fatty tissue and skin norm, as it had been for thousands of years texture and elasticity of the ‘average’ before that. Richard clearly didn’t have an individual. To describe Richard’s face as overbite. ‘younger, fuller, less careworn with the hint of The American anthropologist Charles a smile’ is to give artistic licence the credibility Loring Brace investigated this change and of hard fact. This facial reconstruction, based suggested it had to do with the advent of eating on an ‘average’ male of 30+ years of age, with knives and forks. Forks did not become doesn’t take account of a subject who was popular for eating in England until the late anything but average. The cares of state, eighteenth century. They were introduced from bereavement, personal pain, etc., could have Italy, but were resisted as being rather added those worry lines, the hollow cheeks effeminate (the users were pilloried as seen in the portraits of Richard. An individual ‘hermaphrodites’). Loring Brace called the could have laughter lines, wrinkles, crows feet, medieval method of eating ‘stuff-and-cut’: first pocked skin, acne scars, bags under the eyes, a chunk of meat is picked up by one hand; then thin or thick lips, scar tissue, bushy or non- one end is clamped firmly between the teeth; existent eyebrows, jowls, double chins, and so finally the main chunk is ripped off from the bit on, none of which would be apparent in the in the mouth, either with a firm tug, or by skull structure. Let’s not get carried away but cutting it off with a knife. Eating like this in keep our perspective. childhood and adolescence influenced the bite. Knife-and-fork eating ended stuff-and-cut, A step in the right direction with small pieces being cut up on the plate and From: Dave Johnson, by e-mail then transferred to the mouth via the fork. As someone who has been closely involved in Further support for Brace’s theory came from Philippa Langley’s Looking For Richard III examination of ancient Chinese skulls. The project, I feel it important to stress the Chinese had confined knives or cleavers to the significance of Mark Lansdale and Julian kitchen, where food was prepared in small Boon’s psychological analysis of Richard III pieces for eating with chopsticks. Chopsticks which appeared in The Man Himself section of became commonplace in the Song dynasty the March 2013 Bulletin. The Looking For 69 Richard project consists of two parallel but surviving details and evidence of Richard’s ultimately related objectives. In searching for life. and discovering the physical remains of We are, I believe, indebted to Mark Richard III it is intended to re-energise the Lansdale and Julian Boon for having the academic debate over Richard III and stimulate professional courage to venture beyond the new research and evaluation. Lansdale and boundaries of their academic discipline and Boon’s psychological analysis represents the apply their expertise in a field of considerable first meaningful contribution to the latter. controversy. This is an important development Personally I found the analysis very and I would strongly encourage anyone who revealing and I certainly recognise in this has not already done so to read this ground- profile a man who is utterly consistent with the breaking piece of work.

The Barton Library Contact details for all the librarians are on the inside back cover.

Additions to the Non-Fiction Books Library We have another kind donation of two books from Elisabeth Sјoberg and grateful thanks for her consistent support of the Barton Library, for the benefit of members. Blood Sisters, by Sarah Gristwood (Harper Press, 2012, hardback) Through the gruelling years of the Wars of the Roses, the author depicts the hopes and fortunes of seven royal women: Cecily Neville, Margaret of Anjou, Margaret Beaufort, , Elizabeth Woodville, Elizabeth of York and Margaret of Burgundy. The book describes a story of hopeful births, alongside bloody deaths, with romance as well as a brutal pragmatism. Henry VI, by Bertram Wolffe (Yale University Press, 2001, paperback) This is a new edition of the book first published in 1981, with a new foreword by John L. Watts (2001) who discusses the book and its place in the evolving literature. The author challenged the traditional view of Henry VI as an unworldly, innocent and saintly monarch, and offered instead a finely-drawn but critical portrait of an ineffectual ruler. Drawing on widespread contemporary evidence, Wolffe described the failures of Henry’s long reign from 1422 to 1471, which included the collapse of justice, the loss of the French territories and the final disintegration of his government.

News from the Fiction Library As Philippa Gregory’s book The White Queen is to be serialised on television, here is a list of other novels available from the Barton Library which feature Elizabeth Woodville. For those who want to read ‘the book of the TV drama’ Gregory’s novels are also available from the Library. The Woodville, by S.R. Bridge (1976, hardback) Elizabeth’s life from the death of her first husband in 1461 to the birth of Edward Prince of Wales in 1471. The Clandestine Queen, by Alice Harwood (1979, hardback) The story of Elizabeth Woodville from 1453 to 1471. The King’s Grey Mare, by Rosemary Hawley Jarman (1973, hardback and paperback) Covering the period from 1452 to 1492 – Elizabeth, hardened by the death of her first husband in 1461, devotes herself to the advancement of her large family. The Woodville Wench, by Maureen Peters (1972, hardback and paperback) The life of Elizabeth from 1445 to 1486. 70 Additions to the Audio Visual library The following items relate to the news of the identification of the Leicester bones and the launch of the facial reconstruction.

Audio BBC Radio 4: A Good Read – Introducing his choice The Daughter of Time, author and journalist Peter Hitchens declared it to be, improbably, ‘one of the most important books ever written’. Recommended to read Tey’s novel as a typical impressionable schoolboy, he continued, ‘Once you have read it you’ll never believe anything you’re told until you have checked it personally’. Whilst it is difficult to argue with that, it is regrettable that he did not take this opportunity for a reappraisal of the book, which now appears seriously flawed and outdated (it was published in 1951) in its arguments, particularly regarding the portrait evidence as the National Portrait Gallery version is now known to be far removed from the original. See Bulletins June 2001, pp. 18–20, and December 2001, pp. 71–74. BBC Radio 4: In Our Time – Melvyn Bragg chairs a discussion on Malory’s Morte d’Arthur between Professor Helen Cooper, who outlines the period and the author’s concern with kingship and factionalism relevant to his own time, Professor Helen Fulton on the chivalric code and ideal in society, and Dr Laura Ashe on the origin and development of the legend and the evidence for the ‘real’ Arthur. 4 February, BBC Radio 4. News reports on the Greyfriars dig in Leicester: Today with John Humphreys and Evan Davies – interviews with historians Kate Williams, Christopher Lee and John Ashdown-Hill; with Martha Kearney – Jeremy Cooke giving a live report from Leicester; News – David Sillitoe from Leicester interviews Richard Buckley, Lin Foxhall, Michael Ibsen, Phil Stone, Chris Skidmore and Richard Taylor; 5 pm News – interview with Philippa Langley; PM – repeat of Steven Berkoff monologue originally broadcast in September 2012; Six O’Clock News with Susan Rae; The World Tonight – Dan Snow on the day’s events. 5 February, BBC Radio 4. Today – newspaper headlines and report from Ed Thomas in York on the burial controversy, interviewing Professor Mark Ormrod from the University of York and Canon David Monteith (Dean of Leicester Cathedral). Dr Philip Shaw (University of Leicester) recreates the possible sound of Richard’s voice; Inside Health – Dr Mark Porter on CT scans and the pioneering work of virtual autopsies at Leicester. 8 February, The News Quiz. Sandi Toksvig and guests’ satirical views on the events in Leicester, the facial reconstruction, etc.; 10 February, Broadcasting House talks to Bristol archaeologists, and interviews Dr Nick Thorpe (University of Winchester) and Gillian Hovell. Also vocalist Noddy Holder (from pop group ‘Slade’) gives his version of Shakespeare’s Richard III soliloquy and Richard’s 1469 letter in a West Midlands accent. Newspapers reviewed by Michael Portillo; 14 February, What the Papers Say – from ‘The Best Story of the Week’ selected headlines quoted, from the Financial Times to the Sun’s page 3 pin-up girl!

Video/DVD Interspersed are re-enactment scenes recycled from Cromwell Films’ video and DVD releases. Channel 4: Richard III – the King in the Car Park with Simon Farnaby (90 minutes) and More4 TV: Richard III – the Unseen Story (60 minutes). BBC TV, Breakfast Time, 4 February – Louise Hobbs live from Leicester interviews Michael Ibsen and Matthew Morris; News at 11 am – Richard Buckley announces results at Leicester press conference, interviews with Dr Jo Appleby and Michael Ibsen; BBC Worldwide Breaking News – Louise Hobbs with a detailed report from the Leicester press conference; BBC News – Jeremy Cooke live from Leicester, interview with Philippa Langley; ITV News – Damon Green at Leicester press conference interviews Jo Appleby, Chris Skidmore and Michael Ibsen. Paul Davies on site in the trench in the car park; Channel 5 News – Peter Lane, on site report with Michael Ibsen, Philippa Langley and Richard Buckley; BBC News at 6 pm – Jeremy Cooke in Leicester – Richard Buckley’s announcement at the press conference, excerpt from ‘BBC Shakespeare’ with Ron Cook as Richard III, Philippa Langley; ITV News London – Glenn Goodman and Michael Ibsen on Bosworth Field, excerpts from Olivier’s Richard III film, Dr Turi King on DNA results; ITV News at 10 pm – Richard 71 Buckley press conference and Paul Davies on site of dig; Channel 5 News – Philippa Langley, Turi King, excerpts from Olivier’s Richard III, Asha Tanna reporting, interview with Philippa Langley ‘live from Henley on Thames’; BBC2 – Kirsty Wark – studio interview with director Richard Eyre (‘bad news for the Richard III Society today’) and historian Susannah Lipscomb (‘the Tudor propaganda wasn’t just an ingenious invention’), Dan Jones’ review of events and montage of excerpts, photos of Shakespearean Richards, and interview with the latest RSC actor in the role Jonjo O’Neill. BBC News, 5 February – ‘Row over Burial’ and ‘Unveiling of Reconstructed Head’ – interviews with Professor Mark Ormrod and Canon David Monteith , Richard Buckley and Philippa Langley at the Society of Antiquaries; Channel 4 News – on the facial reconstruction; BBC News at 6 pm – Janice Aitken (University of Dundee) on the facial reconstruction, interview with Professor Mark Ormrod and ‘vox pop’ comments from the general public on the burial. Satirical and humorous excerpts: BBC2: Charlie Brooker’s Newswipe on the facial reconstruction; Channel 4: 8 out of 10 Cats – Jimmy Carr and team’s reactions to the week’s news; ITV: The Jonathan Ross Show – introductory monologue on the week’s events.

Branches and Groups

Update from the Branches and Groups Liaison Officer Amazingly, I’ve been in post now for six months at the time of writing. Overall I’m pleased how everything is turning out, although some projects have had to take a back seat because of the news from Leicester. To say that it’s been rather a hectic few months is an understatement! Press releases and policy statements from the Society and Leicester University have come thick and fast. I’ve sent these all out to the branch and group secretaries for wider distribution. E-mail links come from all over, the official ones of course, plus the members and secretaries have been great, finding news for me to send out too. So thanks to all who have helped in this way. So far, I’ve established a monthly newsletter, the Ricardian Recorder, this might become bi- monthly when the volume of news decreases once everything calms down later in the year – although I would like to keep it monthly if I have enough information and articles to put in it. I’ve started to update the speakers list, as I was requested to do this as a priority by some secretaries, and, now that the ‘announcement’ is over, there should be more time to get it sorted properly. I shall be contacting secretaries soon for names of members who would be prepared to give talks to other branches and groups. For the future I’m thinking about setting up a private online forum/group where the secretaries can chat if they wish, but more importantly from my point of view where articles can be archived, press releases and branch and group information such as annual reports can be stored. I’m envisaging perhaps a Yahoo group. Feedback would be appreciated on this. Later this year I’m hoping to re-establish the Ricardian Round-up, which was first started by John Ashdown-Hill a few years ago. It won’t be research-based, as his was, but more of a magazine that is a round-up of articles from the branches and group, especially our overseas ones. It will give us all an idea of all the varied activities that Ricardians worldwide participate in and should be interesting. Jacqui Emerson

Canadian Branch report Although the year is still relatively new, the Canadian branch has been very busy, as might be expected. The Toronto group meet every second Sunday of the month and although we didn’t know what 72 would be revealed on 4 February, we decided to do something special on 10 February. We expected to get extra people in any case and so we decided to go all out. Luckily for us, Clement Carelse, past chair, has many contacts in the church and musical worlds. He and Christine Hurlbut, his wife (also a past chair!) put together a magnificent evensong choral service at a church in a nearby suburb. We had a meeting beforehand, and then filed into the church proper to hear such pieces as Crown Imperial, written by William Walton for the 1927 Coronation, Incidental Music for Richard III, also by Walton, the Coronation homage anthem I Was Glad by Hubert Parry, and of course Richard’s Prayer, among other pieces. We had an excellent turnout of attendees, there for the music or curious about the Society. Jeff Ibsen* was unable to attend but sent his good wishes. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) recorded some of the meeting and service for later airing. That was only one of the many requests we received for information and/or interviews. In many cases they were phoning home numbers while we were all at work, so some opportunities were lost. However, both our chair, Tracy Bryce, and one of our members, Bob Duncanson, were interviewed by local papers. Jan O’Brien did a wonderful job in an interview by CBC radio in British Columbia. We were also approached by CBC television, who are thinking of doing a documentary on Richard III but were looking for a light-hearted and Canadian hook. They were disappointed that we didn’t dress up in medieval garb all the time! Just in time for the February revelation, the Canadian Branch started a Twitter account, @RichardIIICa. We have over 100 followers, most of them from the UK. This paid off almost immediately, when a US blogger who is interested in cold cases suggested a Twitter chat about Richard III. So one Sunday afternoon four or five of us tweeted about Richard with other interested people chiming in once in a while. ‘Forward into the Past’, an annual historical symposium hosted by Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario, welcomed branch chair Tracy Bryce and member Catherine Ollerhead DeSantis as speakers this year. Tracy spoke on ‘Richard III: his life and times’ and Catherine’s talk was entitled ‘Return of the king’. Both seminars were well attended and well received. By the time this Bulletin comes out, we will also have taken part in a discussion about Richard III in a public library in London, Ontario. Speaking will be a representative from the Stratford (Ontario) theatre on the Shakespearean Richard, and Jeff Ibsen from the Society. Our membership numbers are increasing, although we are getting many more enquiries than actual cheques! All the news coming out of England has kept us well informed and engaged and we look forward to seeing what happens the rest of the year. Sheilah O’Connor

*Jeff Ibsen is the younger brother of Michael Ibsen; both are collateral descendants of Richard III through his sister Anne. Michael provided the DNA sample that helped to confirm that the Greyfriars human remains belong to Richard III (see p. 23 of the March Bulletin).

Lincolnshire Branch report Our winter lectures began with ‘Eyup Mi Duck’, John Titford’s intriguing talk on the development of the English language. His amusing and informative rendering of dialect, both modern and almost forgotten, gave us some real insight into the use of speech. In November we gathered for an early Christmas dinner at the Welby Arms, Allington. This was a perfect antidote for the freezing weather that had just begun. December found us near Beverley, visiting Burton Agnes Hall, the Elizabethan home of the Cunliffe-Lister family, who made us so welcome, allowing us to potter about with surprising freedom in the seasonally-decorated rooms. The formal gardens twinkled with tiny lights as dusk fell and the adjacent church was very atmospheric, entered via a gloomy tunnel of yews in a sprinkling of snow. The worsening weather led to disappointment as the members’ evening in January was cancelled. Those who braved the February storms to attend ‘The History of Longthorpe Tower’, a lecture by the enthusiastic historian Stuart Orme, who is based at Peterborough Museum, were rewarded with a lively and informative evening. Once more the snow intervened, but failed to deter 15 intrepid 73 members who enjoyed ‘Inside the Medieval Mind’, presented by Don Chiswell. We wish him success in his research for a book on the subject of Bosworth Field. It has seemed that life has been put on hold during the long and miserably cold winter. The bright spot has been the finding of the remains of King Richard III. Branch members are keen to set off into the spring season and our first coach outing is imminent. We thank Jean Townsend, our branch secretary, for arranging another series of fascinating events. Full details may be found on our re-designed website at www.richardthethirdlincs.org. Maureen Wheeldon, Publicity Officer

New South Wales Branch This year’s first meeting of the NSW Branch was scheduled for the Saturday following the wonderful announcement that the remains found in Leicester are indeed those of Richard III. This gave the meeting an extra edge of excitement and celebration, not to mention a bumper turn-out. Dorothea Preis reviewed and summarised the results of the various examinations of the remains, the subsequent facial reconstruction, and the media conference with the research panel from Leicester University for those present. Our guest speaker was the charming Rosamund Burton, author of ‘Castles, Follies and Four Leaf Clovers’, a memoir of her journey along the ancient Irish pilgrimage route known as Saint Declan’s Way. She had been raised in a castle in Lismore, Ireland (her father was employed by the Duke of Devonshire), and presented fascinating slides of the many sacred wells, castles, and the lovely Irish countryside Leslie McCawley

Interest in the Greyfriars Dig was not limited to our own branch members. The Military History Society of NSW also approached us asking whether one of our members could give them a talk on the dig. As I had other plans for their scheduled date, they were prepared to postpone the meeting for a week to 16 March. I went together with the chairperson of our branch, Judith Hughes, who gave a short introduction to the Richard III Society, before I launched into my talk on the dig, greatly assisted by information gleaned from the marvellous conference in Leicester on 2 March. The audience was very interested and asked many questions, which continued over refreshments afterwards. Among them was an archaeologist who told me how amazing it was that they actually found Richard’s remains and even more so on the very first day. She had been involved in trying to find a considerably larger structure, a temple, in Jordan for 20 years! Dorothea Preis

A good crowd of members and friends turned up for the launch of Isolde Martyn’s historical romantic novel Mistress to the Crown on 31 January. This tells the story of Elizabeth Lambard (the real name of Jane Shore) and is as splendidly gripping and as thoroughly well-researched as Isolde’s past medieval novels The Lady and the Unicorn and The Silver Bride. Isolde’s research has been exceptional – but what else would we expect from a past chairperson of our Branch? Julia Redlich

New Zealand Branch The New Zealand Branch meeting in early April dwelt at length on both the re-interment site and secondly on the ‘tomb’. It would be fair to say that the majority of our membership favours York Minster, probably more for sentiment than anything else. We, of course, acknowledge Leicester’s legal claim and expect it to be the eventual site, but do not sympathise with their hard-nosed attitude on the tomb issue. We feel a structure such as suggested, and paid for, by the Society is a far more fitting memorial than, say, a slab on the floor. Richard has been walked on and driven over for 500 years. He deserves something different this time around! We would support the Society’s strongest representations and actions in this regard. A number of members have indicated their intention of attending the re-interment and our hope is that the Society will receive due recognition at the ceremony. We continued our celebrations after our meeting, the highlight being the offering of three 74 decorated cakes. As you can see from the photo here, much work and imagination went into the decorating! Rob Smith

North Mercia Group report The North Mercia Group is now three years old and is continuing to thrive. We’ve been pleased to welcome 11 new members since last year. They are all very enthusiastic and very supportive and I know they are going to be a real asset to the group. Last year ended with two excellent speakers. Sally Henshaw from the Leicester Branch came to talk to us on ‘Fools and Jesters’ and then gave us an up to date bulletin on the Leicester ‘Dig’. Members thought this was a real treat. In November Mark Olly, a local television personality and archaeologist, came to talk on ‘The Green Man and Medieval Folklore’. This was very well received, and so Mark is coming back next month to talk about ‘The Lost Treasures of the North West’. Our Christmas lunch at the Crown Hotel in Nantwich was a grand affair and the meal was excellent. Instead of an AGM, which we thought was rather too formal for a group, we decided to call it our ‘Janus’ Day. Janus was the Roman god of doorways, looking back and looking forwards, and so this is what we did. We agreed the last year had been another successful year for the group – well balanced with a variety of meetings and outings – and the programme for 2013 was given out and well received. In March we celebrated our third birthday. We watched the DVD on ‘The Wars of the Roses’ before partaking of afternoon tea. The DVD was very informative and clearly explained the causes of the Wars of the Roses, proving valuable for new members. Afternoon tea consisted of scones and fruit cake baked by a friend of mine for our local St Luke’s Hospice. There wasn’t a crumb left and a collection at the end meant we sent a donation of £36 to the hospice . In April we welcomed Phil and Beth Stone to our meeting. Phil gave his adapted talk ‘Richard III – A Bloody Tyrant?’ and there were 25 of us crammed into Win Farrington’s lounge. Phil’s talk was excellent and very beneficial and many of the members said how informative they’d found it – the new ones because it helped them understand Richard III and the background to his times and the more established members because it helped them consolidate their knowledge of the king and the politics of the period; all in all it was a very successful day. Win had ‘baked for England’ and yet again there wasn’t a crumb left! We look forward to a full programme for the rest of the year – to a trip to York, a picnic at Holt Castle, where we might need passports, because it was a Stanley holding, and lots more interesting speakers. Any new member reading this report who would like to join us will be made very welcome. Marion Moulton

West Surrey Group report Early in December, several of our members joined the Surrey branch of the Historical Association in Guildford to hear a lecture entitled ‘The Results of the Wars of the Roses’ by John Watts of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. The lecture was extremely well attended, with a large number of enthusiastic young students in the audience. John Watts touched on the major events of the wars from the deposition of Richard II and the usurpation of Henry Bolingbroke in 1399 until the reign of Henry Tudor. The years of internecine feuding for power and land by the nobility led to greater control by the Crown but the fear of renewed civil war was constant and Henry VIII still felt unsafe in the 1540s. By then there was less war, less tax and less domination by the nobility and crown. The 75 ending of the wars also saw the start of investment in art, books, costume, tapestries etc., and the legal profession also had more influence over succeeding kings and more ambitious legislation developed. At our AGM in January, we officially welcomed several new members who have joined our group in recent months. We now number 26 and although some of our long-standing members have moved away from Surrey and have joined other branches they still return to us on special occasions, such as the Christmas lunch and summer garden party. We discussed the possibility of starting our own website and will give the matter some attention. We are now rather too many to meet in each others’ homes, apart from those who have room to accommodate us all. Therefore we are looking into the possibility of renting somewhere for some of our meetings. For the summer months we hope to make some outside visits, as we usually do each year. There was a general vote of thanks to our very efficient treasurer, with the general request that he should continue in the job! Our February meeting was a joyous occasion indeed, as ‘the king in the car park’ was finally identified as Richard, after all the months of excitement and anticipation. We cracked open the champagne to celebrate, all of us hoping that our king’s remains will finally be laid to rest in a reverent and appropriate manner. Our speaker that day was Stephen David, lecturer at the University of Swansea. He spoke about some of the reasons why the house of York was doomed to fail: Edward’s success on the battlefield not continuing into his reign; his prolonged wrangling with his nobles; the disputes over territory by Clarence and Richard; and his lack of success in making agreements with other European countries. He should, for instance, having a large family, have entered into marriage agreements for his children with other royal families. This, followed by his early death, left the house of York vulnerable. Consequently, Richard’s loss of his wife and heir added to the failure of what could have become a dynasty. The speaker at our March meeting was Keith Stenner, chairman of the Gloucester branch. His subject was the battle of Bosworth – not the battle itself but how events leading up to it conspired against King Richard so as to make the outcome almost inevitable. This was Keith’s personal view, based upon years of research and building on an essay by Colin Richmond. He listed a number of factors, some as follows: (a) lack of support by nobles; (b) prevarication by towns in sending troops; (c) Hastings’ execution splitting the Yorkist faction; (d) the deposition of Edward V and the disappearance of the princes; (e) machinations of Morton and Margaret Beaufort; (f) the death of Queen Anne and her son; (g) the fact that Tudor landed with few troops and obviously expected support from his Welsh and Cheshire connections; (h) probable relationships between the Percy and Stanley faction; (i) Howard’s death; (j) Richard having no option but to charge Henry because of the lack of allegiance. We now look forward to our April meeting, which will be an illustrated talk on medieval calligraphy. Renée Barlow

Worcestershire Branch report Since our last report we have shared with the rest of the Society the excitement engendered by the discovery of Richard III’s body. However, when we met in January the results were still several weeks away and it was ‘business as usual’. We heard an excellent talk by Tim Porter on ‘The Wars of the Roses in the Cotswolds’. He had many beautiful slides to illustrate the places he discussed, showing how rich the area had become through the fifteenth-century wool trade; churches like those at North Leigh and Bledington have a wealth of medieval stained glass and alabaster monuments. The area was notable not only for the last battle on English soil between private armies, which took place at Nibley Green on 20 March 1470 between William, lord Berkeley, and Thomas, lord Lisle, over the ownership of Berkeley Castle, but most importantly for Edward IV’s decisive victory the following year when he raced Margaret of Anjou to Tewkesbury by using the Portway, the ancient track along the western edge of the Cotswolds The February meeting at Beoley Church began with a few appropriate words from former branch chairman, Ralph Richardson, about the discovery of Richard III’s remains, followed by a simple ceremony to lay white roses on the tomb in the church of William Sheldon, who fought for the king 76 at Bosworth and was deprived of his estates by Henry Tudor, regaining them in 1516, only a year before his death. Branch secretary Carol Southworth then gave a talk about the unexpected influence of the Stanleys, whose estates were in the northern part of the huge medieval diocese of Coventry and Lichfield, in the appointments of canons, mostly non-resident, at Lichfield Cathedral. Consequently many important Lancastrians, including John Morton, William Smith, Hugh Oldham and Dr Argentine all held prebends there as part of a parcel of benefices designed to give them a good income while pursuing political careers. Over tea, members discussed the many issues raised during the afternoon. Mackie O’Neill, a branch member, gave a talk on ‘The Percies in the Middle Ages’ at the March meeting. She spoke particularly about their involvement in the Wars of the Roses and their rivalry with the Nevilles. After the deaths of Warwick and Montague, Henry Percy became indentured to Richard of Gloucester and, despite Percy’s earlier Lancastrian allegiance, the two appear to have co-operated in the north and in the campaign against the Scots. However, Percy’s failure to support Richard at Bosworth could not be fully explained. His death in a tax riot supporting Henry VII was therefore felt to be fitting. We have been delighted to welcome a number of new members since February. We should like to think this is a result of renewed public interest in the ‘the King in the Car Park’. Carol Southworth

Yorkshire Branch report The weather was so bad on (and in the week before) Palm Sunday, 24 March, that the Towton Battlefield Society commemoration of the battle of Towton and the day of re-enactments and living history which normally takes place then had to be cancelled. It would have been historically accurate, but hardly enjoyable, to have spent the day on the windy uplands of the battlefield or in the grounds of Towton Hall, while anyone who has had a stall in the barn knows all about the fiendish draughts. We are sorry not to have had the opportunity to meet up with members, but it would have been a bit parky (to use a quaint northern adjective). The branch’s Arthur Cockerill Spring Lecture was given at Jacob’s Well in York on 27 April. The speaker, Bob Woosnam-Savage, is Curator of European Edged Weapons at the Royal Armouries in Leeds, and also the Project Weapons Expert working with the University of Leicester archaeological team on the Greyfriars dig. He was one of the speakers at the Society’s Leicester Conference. We hope to report on his lecture in the September Bulletin, and also on the Branch Study Day to be held in York on 15 June. The branch was invited to have a stall at, and provide speakers for, the second Medieval Faire to be held in the grounds of Harewood House, between Leeds and Harrogate, over the bank holiday weekend at the end of May. The two-day event features hundreds of mediaeval re-enactors in battles and displays. More details in our September report. Yorkshire Branch’s Bosworth commemoration will be held at Middleham church on Sunday 25 August at 3 pm (please note later time than usual), following a visit to Coverham Abbey. Would members and friends who would like to see Coverham, which is only rarely open to the public – and which the branch has never visited before – please meet in the Key Centre car park behind the market place at Middleham at 11 am. We shall need to car-share for the short trip to Coverham, as parking space there is limited. Afterwards you are free to make your own arrangements for lunch. Please contact Pauline, our secretary, if you are interested in this trip. The branch AGM will take place at Jacob’s Well, Trinity Lane, York on Saturday 7 September. Tea will be available at the AGM as usual, and a booking form will appear with our August newsletter. Nominations for the committee should be sent, in writing and with the nominee’s signed agreement, to our secretary before 24 August. May we remind members that only members of both Yorkshire Branch and the Richard III Society are eligible for nomination. The branch is holding a dinner – medieval costume optional – at the Black Swan, Peasholme Green, York on the evening of our AGM day, Saturday 7 September. If you would like a menu and booking form, please contact our secretary before 24 August. Angela Moreton 77 Address corrections

Bristol Group – correction to contact details We didn’t quite get the details for the group right in March’s Bulletin, so apologies to Keith; here are the correct details: Keith Stenner, 96 Allerton Crescent, Whitchurch, Bristol, BS14 9PX. Tel: 01275 541512. E-mail: [email protected].

London Branch postal address correction Please note that the postal address for the London Branch is: 26, West Way, Petts Wood, Kent BR5 1LW.

Scottish Branch – correction to contact details We made a mistake with their contact e-mail address in March’s Bulletin, apologies to the branch. Here is the correct address: [email protected] (note: lower case letter l at the end, not figure 1).

AUSTRALASIAN CONVENTION 2013

The NSW Branch will be hosting the biennial Australasian Convention ‘Richard III: the Man behind the Myth’ Friday 12 to Sunday 14 July 2013 at Novotel, Darling Harbour, Sydney All members and friends of the Richard III Society are welcome. For further information and/or registration please contact the New South Wales Branch at [email protected] Let’s mark the 530th anniversary of Richard’s and Anne’s coronation with one big celebration!

Coming in the September Bulletin We anticipate September’s issue being another bumper one, with more analysis of the results of the Greyfriars, news of any further developments with plans for King Richard’s reinterment and Leicester’s plans for its visitor centre. Other items to look forward to include:

• Professor Caroline Wilkinson tells us about the skill and technology that helped create the facial reconstruction of Richard III. • David Johnson takes a fresh look at the reasons for the sudden volte-face of John Rous after Bosworth. • Wendy Moorhen examines one of the traditions surrounding King Richard’s last visit to Leicester. • Graham Turner talks to us about his new painting of Richard III. • A focus on our library team; who they are and the services they provide.

The issue will also be accompanied by the Richard III Society’s Annual Report for 2012/2013.

78 New members

UK new members 1 January–31 March Caroline Birkett, Colchester, Essex Pamela Ainsworth, Harlech, Gwynedd Simon Birkinshaw, Grove, Oxfordshire Jill Allen, Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire Paula Birrane-Scothern, Worksop, Diane Allen, Leicester Nottinghamshire Cheryl Allsop, Halesowen, West Midlands Margaret Bishop, Greenhithe Mary Ambler, Farnham, Surrey Brenda Blakey, Goole Michael Amor, Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire Geoffrey & Rosemary Blenkinsop, Wirksworth, John Anderson, Coreway Derbyshire Judith Anstee, Carnforth Jacquie Boden, Swarland, Northumberland Heather & Michael Anstey, King’s Lynn, Rosemary Bolongaro, Grantham, Lincolnshire Norfolk Ann Bolton, Manchester Irene Appleby, Ferndown, Dorset Ruth Bond, Harrogate, Yorkshire Isobel Archer, Appleby in Westmorland Richard Bones, Coventry Norma Armson, Burbage, Leicestershire Carol Boniface, Maidstone, Kent Francis Armstrong, Bideford, Devon Mary Boon, Leadenham, Lincolnshire Sophie Arnold, Amersham, Bucks Philip & Maureen Booth, Bradford John Ashworth, Clitheroe Roger Braithwaite, Manchester Susan Ashworth-Whittaker, Leicester Bill Brindley, Nuneaton, Warwickshire Jacqueline Atkins, Wellingborough, Margaret Broadbent, London Northamptonshire Sara Brooker & Family, North Walsham, David Austen, South Croydon, Surrey Norfolk Elizabeth & Susan Bagheri, Bradford Robin Brown & Family, Ashton-under-Lyme Dorothy Bailey, Tenby, Pembrokeshire Lorraine Brown, Lyndhurst, Hampshire Sonia Bailey, King’s Lynn, Norfolk Colin Brown, Chester Brian Bainbridge, London William Brown, Ffestiniog, Gwynedd Ann & Irene Baird, Prestwick, Ayrshire Penny Brown, Lewes, East Sussex Angela & Michael Balchin, Newtown, Powys Robert Brown, London Eileen Baptie, Rayleigh, Essex Susan Browne, Dunstable, Bedfordshire Danilo Barani, London Alastair Brownlee, Middlesbrough Viv Barlow, Bury, Lancashire Diane Bubbear, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire Brian Barnfather, Kirkby in Ashfield, Amanda Bullas, Rowley Regis, West Midlands Nottinghamshire Lorna Bullock, Sunderland David Barras, Morpeth, Northumberland Gary Burnett, Wolverhampton Kevin Bartholomew, Edgware, Middlesex Celia Burns, Sutton Coldfield, West Midlands June Batchelor, Kirkcudbrightshire Valerie Burnside, York, North Yorkshire Yvonne Batey, Rowlands Gill, Northumberland Emma Burrows, Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire George Battgrege, Littlehampton, West Sussex Lynda Burton & Family, Leconfield Michael & Carole Baxter, Markfield, Rosemary Butterworth, Bognor Regis, West Leicestershire Sussex Glenys Baylis & Family, Pershore, Joan Byford, Manchester Worcestershire Joan Bygrave & Zoe Simmons, West Malling, James Beacon & Family, Haywards Heath, Kent Sussex Karen Byrne, Glasgow Gail Beardall, Nottingham Christine Cahill, St Helens, Merseyside Ruth Beattie, Lees Joan Carroll, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria Olive Beauchamp, London Nick & Tracy Carter, Leicester Joan Beavington, Uxbridge, Middlesex Debra Carter, Wantage, Oxfordshire Paula Bell & Colin Stanton, Lymm Adrienne Chalmers, Edinburgh Norman Bell, Gateshead, Tyne & Wear Agnes Chamley, Stockport, Cheshire Valerie Bennion, Slough, Berkshire Holly & Jill Champion, Braintree, Essex Louise Binns, Leicester Kate Charles & Family, Solihull, West Midlands 79 Robert Charles, London Pauline Delius, London Peter & Mrs E Charnley, Derby Mark & Wendy Deller, Chelmsford Jane Clarke, Northwich, Cheshire Susan Dethridge, Wildwood, Staffordshire Joyce Clarke, Pevensey, East Sussex Jane Dickerson, Norwich Ann Clayton, Liverpool, Merseyside John Dillon, Stockport Jennifer Cleveland, Dorchester, Dorset Carol Dixon, Newquay, Cornwalll Alison Codd, Salisbury, Wiltshire Jennie Dobson, Stratford upon Avon Roger Colbourne, London Jayne Dodd, Birmingham Sue Cole, Norwich Hugh Doherty, Oxford Rod Collier, Northampton Penelope Dolby, Isle of Harris Simone Collings, Oxhey, Hertfordshire Rosemary Donaldson, Halesworth, Suffolk Julie Collings, Exeter Trevor Dore, Crawley, West Sussex Guy Compton & Family, Buckhurst Hill, Essex Mary & Roger Douglas, Liverpool, Merseyside George Connides, Ruislip, Middlesex Susan Douthit, Caithness David Cook, Blaby, Leicestershire Suzanne Downer, Exeter Clea Cook, Taunton Carolyne & Douglas Downer-Smith, Hemel Alex Cook, Daventry, Northamptonshire Hempstead, Hertfordshire Sharyn Coope & Family, Dawlish, Devon Rosemary Dray, Farnham, Surrey Jeannette Cordingley, Gorleston, Norfolk R Drew, Bath Jean-Laurent Cormerais De Germond, Dunoon, Hilda Duggan, Drumnadrochit, Invernesshire Argyll Janet Duncan, Bromley, Kent Irene Cornwell, Cardiff Celina Dunlop, London David Cottrell, Swindon Rex & Janette Dyson, Sheffield Louise Cowie, Horrabridge, Devon Chris Eade, Nr Ryde, Isle of Wight Eleanor Cox, Watford Chris & Jane Eadie, London William Cozens, Kirkton of Skene, Claire Eaglen, Lampeter, Ceredigion Aberdeenshire David Eckett, Alsager, Cheshire Mark Craster-Chambers, Newcastle upon Tyne D & Avril Edmondson, Ripon, North Yorkshire Josephine Crawford, Ickford, Buckinghamshire Jennifer Edwards & Family, Worthing, West Jane Crispin, Tonbridge, Kent Sussex Peter Crocker, Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire Gail Edwards, Swansea M Crook, Teignmouth, Devon Nicholas Edwards, Tadworth, Surrey Patrick Cross & Family, Nuneaton, Sheila Egginton & Family, Hinckley, Warwickshire Leicestershire Jean Cross, Mobberley, Cheshire Jonathan Elliot, Hertford Leslie Crow, Farnham, Surrey Jean & Clive Erskine, Bristol Michael Crow, Waldron, East Sussex Julia Ertas, Bewdley, Worcestershire Helen & Thomas Crutchley, Endersby, Jacob Etherton, Stroud, Gloucestershire Leicestershire Sian Evans, Worcester Stephen Cutting, Northampton Sylvia Everitt MBA, Cannock, Staffordshire Margaret Daisley, Alderbury Amanda Fairclough, Prescot, Merseyside Christine Daniells, London Jim Farrier, Baldock, Hertfordshire Roger Davies, Croydon Frederick Fell, Skipton, North Yorkshire Richard Davies, Stratford upon Avon Jay Felton, London Sylvia Davies, Peterborough Susan Fern, Winslow, Buckinghamshire Thomas Davis, Rothley, Leicestershire Claira Ferreira & Family, Higham Ferrers, Elizabeth Davis, Guildford Northamptonshire Joan Davis, London Astra Ferro, Liss, Hampshire Joan Davis, London Judith Field, Leicester Robin Dawson, Bordon Simon Fielding, Cirencester, Gloucestershire Norman Day & Family, St Albans Alice Fisher, Dartford, Kent Michael Day, Wellingborough, Helen Fisher, Besthorpe, Norfolk Northamptonshire Kay Fletcher, Tipton, West Midlands Carol Dean, Warrington, Cheshire Josie Flood, Newcastle upon Tyne

80 Gale Fogg, Chelmsford Bernard Harnett, New Milton, Hampshire Georgina Foot, Weston-Super-Mare, North Ursula Harper, Cotgrave, Nottinghamshire Somerset Mark Harrington, Guildford, Surrey Christine Forbes, Brecon Lauren Harris, Romsey, Hampshire Laura Foster, Huthwaite in Ashfield, Ronald Harris, Norwich Nottinghamshire Margaret Harrison, Havant Francesca Foster, Norwich Ronald Harrison, Driffield, East Yorkshire John Fox-Champkins, Bridgwater, Somerset Joe Harwood, Birmingham Kathleen Francis, Maidenhead, Berkshire Ilke Hatter, Paignton, Devon Terence & Mrs C Franks, Woodhall Spa Wendy Hawke, Harlow, Essex Richard & Jacqueline Free, Nocton, David Hay, Stonehouse Lincolnshire Beverley Hayllar, Wallington, Surrey Matthew Fuller, Bristol Rebecca Haynes, London Anne Fuller, Thetford, Norfolk Ivor Haythorne, Mablethorpe, Lincolnshire Janet Fuller, Wirksworth, Derbyshire June Hazeltine, Horley, Surrey Jean Gafney, Newark, Nottinghamshire Lynn Head, Southsea, Hampshire Marie Garside, Lyng, Norfolk Rose Heiney, Oxford Barbara Gathercole, Hull Bettee Hemingway, Doncaster Sue Gedge, Woodford Green, Essex Richard Herbert, Uxbridge, Middlesex Kathleen Geohegan, Petersfield, Hampshire Jean Hill, Birmingham Michael George, Bexhill-on-Sea, East Sussex Vernon Hilton-Bowen, Wivenhoe, Essex Willliam Gibb, Cheltenham Aileen Hingston, York Margaret Giddings, Bristol Sharon Hinton & Family, Southend on Sea, Chris Gilham , Lincoln Essex Heather Gillespie, Antrim Patricia Hitchen, York Richard Glover, Filey, North Yorkshire Simon Hoar, South Croydon, Surrey Caroline Goffin, London Linda Hoare, Otley, West Yorkshire Frances Golding, Knelston, Gower Gillian Hogg, Nether Heyford, Penny Goldsbrough, High Peak, Derbyshire Northamptonshire Susan Gooding, Bristol Tracy Hollis, Edinburgh Rick Goold, Sandiacre, Nottinghamshire Richard Holme, Tunbridge Wells, Kent Thomas Graham, Stockbridge, Hampshire Erika Holmes & Family, Blackburn Daniel Grange, Oundle, Northamptonshire Milly Holt, Ormskirk, Lancashire Brenda Graville, Gainsborough Anne-Marie Hoppitt, Fourmarks, Hampshire Tracey Gray & Family, Dorchester, Dorset David Horspool, London Margaret Gray, Wolverhampton David How, Bushey, Hertfordshire Joe Gregory, Altrincham, Cheshire Georgina Howard, Burnham on Crouch, Essex Monica Gregory, King’s Lynn, Norfolk Andrew Howe, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire Paula Gretton & Family, Ibstock, Leicestershire Ian Howell, Leeds Cheryl Grice, Brierfield, Lancashire Joanna Howes, Westbury, Wiltshire Andrew Grist, Coventry Sue Howlett, Colchester Susie Groves, St Maray’s, Isles of Scilly Denise Hoyle & Family, Shifnal, Shropshire Joy Guest, Sandbach, Cheshire Michael Hughan, Scotland Jennifer Hadfield, Chesterfield, Derbyshire David Hughes, Bideford, Devon George Hadjipateras, London Ray Humberstone & Family, Oxford Denys Hall, Ramsey, Isle of Man Gerard Humphries, London Jeanette Hall, Farnborough, Hampshire Jill Humphries, Broadstone Shirley Hall, Stocksfield, Northumberland Hazel Hunt, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire Sebastian Halliday, St Ives, Cornwall Kirsty Hunt, London William Halliwell, Winchester Christine Hunt, Bedford Audrey Hammond, London Diana Hurfurt, West Malvern, Worcestershire Ralph Hammond, Bridgnorth, Shropshire Marjorie Hurn, Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire Matilda Harden, London John & Jane Hussell, Port Talbot Barbara Hargreaves, Alnwick, Northumberland Damien Hyland, Pinner

81 Lesley Irwin, Greater Manchester Sarah Leigh, Steyning, West Sussex Lewis Jackson, Nuneaton Janet Lennon, Ormskirk, Lancashire Sheila Jacob, Wrexham Susan Lennox, Earl Shilton, Leicestershire Judy Jacobs, Hereford Helen Lewer, Colchester Caroline James, Royston Valerie Lindley, Slough, Berkshire Colin Jarvis, Billericay, Essex G Lindsay & Family, Rugby, Warwickshire Mary Jeffrey, Camelford Bruce Linegar & Family, Gainsborough, Rosie Jenkins, Birmingham Lincolnshire Pat Jenkins, Church Stretton, Shropshire Mark Lipniacri & Margaret Wright, London Jan Jenner-Parson, Winkleigh, Devon David Lister, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire Jane Jennings, Dursley Janet Littlewood, Barnet, Hertfordshire Tracey Jesinger, Watford Fiona Littlewood, St Albans Claire Johnson & Family, Chalfont St Peter, Richard Llewellyn, St Albans Buckinghamshire Peter Long, Colchester Allan & Margaret Johnson, Sandy, Bedfordshire Susan Loughran, Liverpool Helen Johnson, Keighley, West Yorkshire Ronald Lovell, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk Arthur Johnson, Bolton, Lancashire Jean Lukins, London Michelle Johnson, Colchester Mike Lunan, Thurso Stephen Johnston, Peterborough Roger Luther, Brighton Howard & Gill Jones, Weldon, David Lycett, Leek, Staffordshire Northamptonshire Norah Lynam, Lytham St Annes, Lancashire Margaret Jones, Lichfield, Staffordshire Lucy Lynch, London Rosalind Jones, Burton-on-Trent, Staffordshire Margaret Macdonald, Muthill, Perthshire Jenny Jones, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey Jonathon Mckeown, Aberdeen Geoffrey Jordan, Barwell Dagmar Mackett, Bewdley, Worcestershire Roger Joy, Newcastle, Staffordshire David Mackinley-Woodhall, Weston-Super- David Judd, Bath Banes Mare, Somerset Carolyn Judd, Romsey, Hampshire Diane Mackley, Preston, Lancashire Gillian Kallmeier, Manston Janice Mackney, Greenhithe, Kent Anna Kallumpram, Altrincham, Cheshire James Mahoney, Broadstairs, Kent Chris Kauer, Edinburgh Margaret Major & Family, York Toni Keep, Thatcham, Berkshire Martin & Jane Male, Old Romney, Kent Tanya Kenny, Milton Keynes Peter Mantle, Stourport-on-Severn, John Kerr, Huddersfield Worcestershire Penelope Kidd, Piltdown, East Sussex Valerie Markwick, Eardisley, Herefordshire Peter Kilsby, South Croydon, Surrey Peter Marsh & Gillian Green, Deal, Kent Kitty Kimber, Guildford Zoe Marshall, Baildon, West Yorkshire Jason King, Birmingham Philip Martin, Marlow, Buckinghamshire Averil King-Wilkinson, Clitheroe, Lancashire John Martin, Leeds Jacqueline Kinnell, Kirton Lindsey, Lincolnshire Lynette Martin, Westbury, Wiltshire Charles Kitching, Polegate, Sussex Christine Marvin, Radstock, Somerset Angela Kleinen, Portsmouth Toni Mason, Newcastle upon Tyne David Knight, Groby, Leicestershire Roger Mason, Derby Gillian Knowles, Darwen, Lancashire Andrea Mason, London Sylvia Kopkin, Stanford-Le-Hope, Essex Shirley Mason, London Peter Lackey, Grantham, Lincolnshire Caitlin Matthews, Oxford Bernadette Laird, East Grinstead, West Sussex Joanna Matthews, Birmingham Shirley Lamb, Lancaster Sue Mawson, Glastonbury, Somerset Tim Lambon, London Anna-Jane May, Amersham, Buckinghamshire Pam Lamport, Orpington Donald Mc Bain, Tamworth, Staffordshire Barbara Lancaster, Morecambe, Lancashire Jayne Mc Bride, Bath Lynda Leach, Seascale, Cumbria Paul Mc Dermott, St Austell, Cornwall Margaret Lee, Helston, Cornwall Linda Mc Gowan, London Lesley Leeke-Bennett, Christchurch, Dorset Christine Mc Guiness, London

82 Thomas Mc Kenzie-Dand, Kirkcaldy, Fife Richard & Lavinia Ogilvy, Nottingham Mary Mc Keown, Havant, Hampshire Joe Orson, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire Deardre McKibbin & Family, Belfast Patricia Osborne, Charvil, Berkshire Stephen & Jean Mc Leod, Wigan Marian Owens & Family, Portland, Dorset Susan Mc Reynolds & Dinah Wilkinson, Patricia Oxley, Huyton, Merseyside Stockport, Cheshire Christopher Palmer & Family, Rugby, R McTeer & Family, Wallasey, Merseyside Warwickshire Geraldine Mc Veigh, King’s Langley, Lori Palmer, Windsor, Berkshire Hertfordshire Christopher Paraskos, Mitcham, Surrey Julie Meadows & Family, Chorley, Lancashire Graham Parker, Cheslyn Hay, Staffordshire Agnes Meadows, London Michael Parnham, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire Jeanette Melbourne, Milton Keynes Christopher Pass, Uxbridge, Middlesex Deborah Melrose, Cowes, Isle of Wight Henry Paston-Bedingfeld, Bt, King’s Lynn, Kali Michael, London Norfolk Katherine Michaud, Barnsley, South Yorkshire Sarah Pawley, Liverpool Ruth Milan, West Grinstead, West Sussex Gareth Pearce, Wrexham Judith Miller, Dereham, Norfolk John Pearl, Epsom, Surrey Jennifer Miller, Leeds Nigel Peel, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire Alison Millerman, Manchester Malcolm Pendreigh, Edinburgh Paul Mills & Family, Beaworthy, Devon Avril Peppard, Newham Bottom Eve Mills, Stamford, Lincolnshire Louise Perkins, Newport, Gwent Joanna Mitchell, Northampton Gloria Perry, Felixstowe, Suffolk Teresa Moody, Cannock, Staffordshire Valerie Piacentini, Ardrossan, Ayrshire Carole Mooney, Blairgowrie, Perthshire Alison Pickett-Page, Cardigan John Morewood, St Albans Caroline Plant, Streatham Hill J Morgan, Milton Keynes Andrew Polkey, Burton on Trent Lesley Morris, Plymouth Marjorie Powell, Exeter Ian Morrison, Bolton, Lancashire Victoria Preece, Southwell, Nottinghamshire Joy Morrison, Torrington, Devon Gillian Prest, Harrogate, North Yorkshire Jan Morton, London Michael Prew, London Karen Moss, Coulsdon, Surrey Linda Prince, London Robert Mosse, Birmingham Walter Purkis, London Edward Mottram & Family, Berkhampstead, Janette Quinlan, Oldham, Lancashire Hertfordshire Lesley Quinn, Rochford Georgina Mountford & Family, Lichfield, Moira Randall & Family, Redditch, Staffordshire Worcestershire Dominic Mulcrone, St Ives, Anne Randall, St Helens, Isle of Wight Ruth Mullen, Glasgow Annick Randell, Rainham, Essex Jan Mulrenan, Cranbook, Kent Shelagh Ravenscroft, Birmingham Brian Myers, Newton Aycliffe, Co Durham Jennifer & Michael Rayner, Folkestone, Kent Fiona Neale, Dorchester, Dorset Susan Rea & Family, Coalville, Leicestershire Senga Neilson, Prestwick, Ayrshire Ann Rebbeck, Cirencester, Gloucestershire Andrew Nicholls, Malvern, Worcestershire Suzanne Rees, Fleckney, Leicestershire Brian Nicholls, Stockton Peter & Mrs S Rees, Harpenden, Hertfordshire Nick Norris & Family, Leek, Staffordshire David Reeves, Great Sutton, Cheshire Giles North, Bristol Kathryn Renshall, Bradford Anne North, Sutton-in-Ashfield, Mark Richards, Wolverhampton Nottinghamshire Daniel Rignall, Chippenham, Wiltshire Peter Nutting, Droitwich, Worcestershire Colin & Mrs Rimmer, Leicester John O’ Hara, Sutton Coldfield Niamh Riordain, Long Hanborough, Oxfordshire Robert O’ Toole & Family, Rugby, Warwickshire Alison Roberts, Chester Gisela Oakes, Hackleton, Northamptonshire Sylvia Roberts, Lowestoft, Suffolk Linda O’connell, Poole, Dorset Iain Robinson, Hove, East Sussex Peter Oddy, Wigston, Leicestershire Robbi Robson, Axminster, Devon

83 Muriel Rodger, Sandbach, Cheshire Sheila Steadman, Skipton, North Yorkshire Joan Roerade, Birchington, Kent Frederick Stearman, Stockton-on-Tees Albert Rogers & Family, Prestatyn Tamsyn Stonham, London Colin Rogers, Scotlandwell, Kinross Julia Straiton, Cuddington, Buckinghamshire Nina Roland, Saltney Dermot Strangwayes-Booth, Fakenham, Norfolk Richard Rolfe, Buckingham Zoe Stuart, Huntingdon, Staffordshire Keith & Judith Saltfleet, Market Rasen, Sylvia Sturmey, Charninster, Dorset Lincolnshire Anthony Styles, Walsall Robin Saltonstall, Beverley, Yorkshire Pamela Sullivan, Droitwich Spa, Worcestershire Madeleine Salvetti, Southsea, Hampshire Andrew Summers, Bridgnorth, Shropshire Nicholas Sands, Bacup, Lincolnshire Rosemary Swabey, Shepton Mallet, Somerset Penny Savage, Weldon, Northamptonshire Jack Swift, Dartford, Kent Desmond Scanlon, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire Peter Swinnerton, Manchester Jens Schneider, Ilkley David Sykes, Aylesbury, Bucks Lesley Scott, Kingsland, Worcestershire Colin Tait, Southampton, Hampshire Graham Scrivener, London Diane Taylor, Milton, Buckinghamshire John Searle & Family, Glossop, Derbyshire Elizabeth Taylor, Northwich, Cheshire Albert Seeley, Lincoln Amanda Taylor, Cambridge Susan & Martin Seely, Manchester Barbara Taylor, Norwich, Norfolk Kevin Senior, Bridport, Dorset Tess Taylor, Evesham J Sewell, Haslemere, Surrey Hilary Taylor, Morfa Nefyn, Gwynedd Jacqueline Shackleton, Dorchester, Dorset Garfield Taylor, Scarborough, North Yorkshire Annabel Shale, Telford Anna Thomas, Hook, Hampshire Ann Sharman, Houghton on the Hill, Leicester Robin Thomas & Family, Sowerby Bridge, West Andrew Shaughnessy, Wrexham Yorkshire Michael & Dee Shaw, Warminster, Wiltshire Jean Thomason, Pentre Halkyn, Flintshire Michale Sheehy, Maidenhead, Berkshire Jill Thompson, Pevensey, East Sussex Kieran Sherlock, Worcester John Thornton, Telford, Shropshire Billie Shirley, Belper, Derbyshire Paul & Judith Thornton, Keighley Adelaide Shone, Wrexham Keith Thorogood, London Richard Shrive, Witham, Essex Diane Thorpe, Shrewsbury Graham Sidle, Diss, Norfolk Barbara Tilbury, Exeter Sandra Silcock, London Selwyn Tillett, Norwich Grant Simmonds, Clifton-upon-Teme, Samantha Tilling, London Worcestershire Susan Tomlinson, Lymm, Cheshire Jean Singleton, Enfield, Middlesex Philip Totenhofer, Walton on the Naze, Essex Hilary Skaar, Bicester, Oxfordshire Linda Tracy, Teddington Janet Slocombe, Stewartby, Bedfordshire Olive Trewick, Berwick, Northumberland Michelle Smart, Birmingham Linda Trigg, Hornsea, East Yorkshire Sharon Smith, Onehouse Kate Tudor, Reading Annette Smith, Finedon, Northamptonshire Sandra Unwin, Oldham Jean Smith, Ilkeston, Derbyshire David Uren, Swindon Nicola Southwell, Rugeley, Staffordshire Susan Vernon, Leicester Jill Sowden, Leeds John & Mrs S Vidler, Leiston, Suffolk Carolyn Spencer, Ludlow, Shropshire Chris Vinton-Horsley, Grays, Essex Jacqui Spencer-Hughes, Brackley, Angela Vousden, Swannick, Hampshire Northamptonshire Vivienne Wachenje, Harlow, Essex Carol Stacey, Walsall Blanche Wackett, Thurcaston, Leicestershire Sophie Stanford-Davis, Wadebridge, Cornwall Debby Wakeham, Luton Gordon Stanton, Alton, Hampshire Susan Wakenell, Crawley, West Sussex Irene Stapley, Dartford, Kent Paul Waldron, Cirencester, Gloucestershire David Starbuck, Bingham, Nottinghamshire Wendy Wallace, Peterhead, Aberdeenshire Linda Staunton, Bideford, Devon Rosalind Wardale, York Sharon Stead, Cottingham Linda Wardle, Alfreton, Derbyshire

84 Krystyna Wareing, Crawley, West Sussex Overseas new members 1 January–31 March Hugh Warren, Bristol Maria Antohi Craciun, Barcelona, Spain Clive Warren, Cardiff Naomi Asukai, Geneva, Switzerland Judith Warwick, Oxford Patricia Bagwell, Regina, SK, Canada Barbara Watkins, Barrington, Somerset Ishita Bandyo, Branford, CT, USA Jennifer Watson-Bore, Canterbury Rita Bowser & Dell Coon, Wexford, PA, USA Judy Weatherley, London Richard Boyle, Gordon, NSW, Australia Hilda Webb, Shelsley Beauchamp Jessica Bunning, Sydney, NSW , Australia Stephen Welsh, London Janet Burrows, Colinton, NSW, Australia Jacqueline Westrop, Downham Market, Norfolk John Campbell, Alexandria, VA, USA Geoff Wheatley, East Keal, Lincolnshire Alan Cannon, Versailles, MO, USA Frank Wheaton, Hayes, Middlesex Sue Card, Mansfield, Victoria, Australia Jason Whitbread, Orpington, Kent Roderick Chappel, Hurstbridge, Victoria, Laurence White, Weston-Super-Mare, Somerset Australia Lesley White & Helen Greeves, Yateley, Jessie Chen, Newton, SA, Australia Hampshire Kimberley Clarke, Jaspers Brush, NSW, Carol Whitfield, Nottingham Australia Diana Whitty, Emsworth, Hampshire James Constable & Family, Belmont, MA, USA Jill Wickens, Tunbridge Wells, Kent Yvonne Dale, Salisbury Downs, SA, Australia Patricia Wightwick, Kettering Peter Davis, ON, Canada Kathleen Wild, Morton in the Marsh, Kimberley Dziurman, Ferndale, MI, USA Gloucestershire Michael Edwards, Mesilla Park, MM, USA Stephen Wild, Westbury, Wiltshire Diane Fields, Hernando, MS, USA Helen Wilkie, Newport Harald Fleisje, Kraakeroy, Norway Jonathan Wilkinson, Scarborough, North Irene French, Frankston, Victoria, Australia Yorkshire Susan Frost, Portland, OR, USA John Wilkinson, Nottingham Takako Fujii, Kyoto, Japan Alice Wilkinson, Uppingham, Rutland Charles Gauci, Gozo, Malta Karol Wilkinson, Kirkby-in-Ashfield, Donna Geraghty, Panmure, Auckland, New Nottinghamshire Zealand Penelope Williams, Romford, Essex Carol Grasskamp, Fischach, Germany Robert Williams, London Claudia Graue, Lakstedt, Germany Louise & Kay Williams, Oxted, Surrey Michael Gresk, Wheaton, IL, USA James Williamson, Farnham, Surrey Cynthea Haggard, Washington D C, USA Amanda Willmore, Haverhill, Suffolk Richard Harms, Coburg, Victoria, Australia Peter Wilson, London Doris Harries, Herne, Germany Christopher Wilson & Family, Moneyreagh, Alistair & Pbhilippa Harvey-Sutton, Edgecliff, County Down NSW, Australia Margret Winckler, Newbury, Berkshire Mary Heaslip, Liverpool, Nova Scotia, Canada Anne Wincott, Elmesthorpe Paula Heaton, Dicky Beach, Queensland, Rebecca Winter, Horsmonden, Kent Australia Chitra Wolff, Haywards Heath, West Sussex Leena Heino, Pori, Finland Diane & Colin Wolverson, Verwood, Dorset Bill Helwig, Alburquerque, NM, USA Pamela Womack, Batley Jillian Hempenstall, Miranda, NSW, Australia B Wood, Ware, Hertfordshire Kristine Hicken, Meeker, CO, USA Vivienne Wood, Oakham, Rutland Alan Hoch, Hilliard, OH, USA Eleanore Wood, London Birthe Hoe, Vedbaek, Denmark Deborah Wood, Gillingham, Kent Annette Hofmann, Nuremberg, Germany K Wooddissee, Sheffield Tokiko Iwamoto, Nara Prefecture, Japan Christian Woodley & Emma Byrd, Cardiff Kyoko Jansson, Gothenburg, Sweden Jacqueline Wright & Family, Bristol Estelle Johnston, Atlanta, GA, USA Caroline Wright, Leicester Damian Jones, Cork, Co Cork, Ireland David Wright, Cannock, Staffordshire Timothy King, North Ringwood, Victoria, Australia

85 Eric Kinsella, Dublin , Ireland M. Startup, Bettystown, Co Meath, Ireland Ralph Knowles, Christchurch, New Zealand Rosemarie Steven, Lussac Les Eglises, France Mary Kuhfeld, St Louis Park, MI, USA Kristina Streun, Urtenen, Switzerland Christine Laker, Thornlands, Queensland, Henry Sutton, Wolfeboro, NH, USA Australia Lynne Switalla, Christchurch, New Zealand Sally Larner, Allens Rivulet, Tasmania, Australia Natalie Therriault, Chicago, IL, USA Karen Larsen, Jamaica Plain, MA, USA Anja Trauschies, Bonn, Germany Marcos Latorre, La Mesa, CA, USA Markus & Cindy Tschoek, Werdau, Germany Anne Layton-Bennett, Swan Bay, Tasmania, Elisabeth Van Enckevort, The Netherlands Australia Nelleke Van T Veer-Tazelaar, La Voorschoten, David Lee, Mayorstone, Limerick, Ireland The Netherlands Andrea Leiner, New York, NY, USA Trudy Van Wielik & Hans Scholten, Amsterdam, Keith Lewis, Caldes Da Rainha, Portugal The Netherlands Serafina Lugo & Richard Gassway, Encino, CA, Susan Voutier, Springvale, Victoria, Australia USA Kay Wade, Torrance, CA, USA Bridget Machell, West Point, GA, USA Jan Warner, New York, NY, USA Kamil Majerski, Szczecin, Poland Mary Watson, Ucluelet, BC, CANADA Amanda Maloney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Richard Webster, Chambourcy, France Judith Mann, Salisbury North, SA, Australia Georgina Woodcock, Inglewood, WA, Australia David Martino, Arnold, MD, USA Peter Mc Grath, Alameda, CA, USA Ann Mc Laren, St Louis, MO, USA US Branch 1 January–31 March Philippa Mealings, Cranbourne North, Victoria, Jenny Applequist, Champaign, IL Australia Leeann J. Arnts, West Long Branch, NJ Jennifer Moffatt, Grange, Queensland, Australia Barbara & Burke Wilson, Alexandria, VA Heather Morgan & Family, Redding, Elizabeth and John Berry, Midlothian, VA Connecticut, USA Margaret Cairo, Waterford, NY Cristina Mouron-Figueroa, Santiago de Vicki Capek, Arvada, CO Compostela, Spain Lenita Firth, Mill Creek, CA Joan Opyr, Moscow, ID, USA Elizabeth Freston, Toluca Lake, CA William Owens Jr, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Robert Fuller, Jupiter, FL Janice Pike, Tempe, AZ, USA Robert Gooch D, Memphis, TN Rafael Pinto Borges, Caldas Da Rainha, Portugal Dorothy Goodman, Washington, DC Eva Pitter, Vienna, Austria Janet L. Harrison, Hammond, IN Nick Pliam & Family, Los Altos, CA, USA Ruth Helfrich, New York, NY William & Mrs A Powell, Talent, OR, USA Alice Hibbard Jane, Stoughton, WI Elizabeth Raymond, Chicago, IL, USA Norma & Michael Hogan, Prospect, KY Toni Ring, Warrandyte, Victoria, Australia Mike Hollins, Earleville, MD Lorrie Roberts & Family, Fishers, IN, USA Deborah Kaback, New Yrk City, NY Angela Roche, Brussels, Belgium William Kuhn, St Petersburg, FL Howard Rogers & Mark Olldeolthof, NSW, Anne Marble, Timonium, MD Australia L. Donald Maulsby, Dallas, TX Katrina Ross, Vaud, Switzerland Edith Miller, Bethlehem, PA Kirk Schwiebert, Morton Grove, IL, USA Jennifer Pilette, Ann Arbor, MI Chris Scott, Maroubra, NSW, Australia Edward J. Rising, Amherst, MA Maureen Selwood, Naramata, BC, Canada John Everett Roush, Ripley, WV Elizabeth Shanklin, Los Angeles, California, John Tsigakos, Ozone Park, NY USA Marti Vogel, Charleston, WV Jacqueline Slater, Waitara, NSW, Australia Marie Waite, Bridgewater, MA Jon Stafford, Rowley, MA, USA Diane Walters, Plainview, NY Kathleen Stahler, Prince Edward Island, Canada Patricia Winship, Mt Tabor, NJ

86 Recently deceased members

Jean Empson, Bricket Wood, St Albans. Joined before 1985.

Obituaries

Leslie Watkiss, 27 June 1928–1 February 2013 The Dorset Group are sad to announce the death of yet another much-loved member, Leslie Watkiss. He brought to our meetings his great intellect, so modestly presented. He was a Latin scholar mainly of the fourteenth rather than the fifteenth century but very useful to have around! He translated the Waltham Abbey Chronicles and was a chief examiner in Latin and Greek. He was arguably the final arbiter of medieval Latin translations. He made medieval Latin fun to hear about. He was made a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. Apart from his scholarship it will be for his jollity and humour, and on our outings, an unerring eye for a good teashop, that he will be missed by all that knew him. Charles Rees

Rose Skuse, 1927–2013 The Beds & Bucks Group is sad to announce the death of Rose Skuse, who had been a member of the group for many years. She died in January 2013 after a long illness. Rose was born in the 1920s in Bristol and was a caring and kind person who did not want a lot of fuss. After attending grammar school she left to work in various music shops. Indeed, music was one of the loves of her life and she was an excellent singer and successfully auditioned for the BBC. In the late 1950s she met her future husband, Michael, and they were together for 53 years. They moved from Bristol to London, where Rose worked in the music departments of both Selfridges and Harrods. This was followed by the running of several newsagents in north London with Michael. Their next move was to Stowe School in Buckinghamshire, where for 20 years or more they ran the various shops at the school, including the important tuck shop. On her retirement Rose was able to develop her interest in history, which included joining the Beds & Bucks Group ten years ago. She was a very active member within the group, regularly attending meetings with Michael and being a valuable and supportive secretary, continuing in this role, supported by Michael, until failing health intervened. She was an ardent contributor to the group’s magazine – and, in fact, she helped to keep it going for a couple of years. She researched her subjects meticulously and her last project was the identification of the Maulden boar badge, for which she wrote an article for the Bulletin. Despite her illness Rose continued to come to meetings and take an active part. She will be much missed as a valuable member and a good friend. Our condolences are offered to her husband, Michael, who we are pleased to say will remain a member of our group. Iris Day

Answers to crossword on p. 68 Across: 1 Latimer; 5 Alarm; 9 Treason; 10 Index; 11 Mitochondrial; 12 Battles; 14 Road hog; 15 Unearth; 17 Vitamin; 20 Coconspirator; 23 Inept; 24 Undergo; 26 Yearn; 27 Suffolk. Down: 1 Let; 2 Trent; 3 Musical; 4 Ransoms; 5 Asunder; 6 Alibi; 7 Middleham; 8 Texting; 11 Mob; 13 Treachery; 15 Undying; 16 Handgun; 17 Vapours; 18 Tired of; 19 Nor; 21 Cotta; 22 Torso; 25 Oak. 87 Calendar We run a calendar of all forthcoming events notified to us for inclusion. If you are aware of any events of Ricardian interest, whether organised by the Society (Committee, Visits Committee, Research Committee, Branches/Groups, etc.) or by others, please let the Bulletin team have full details in sufficient time for entry. The calendar will also be run on the website. Date Events Originator 2013 1–4 July International Medieval Conference IMC (see p. 29) 11–15 July North to Newcastle: 2013 Long Weekend Visits Committee (fully booked) 12–14 July Australasian Convention, Sydney NSW Branch (see p. 78) 17–18 August Visit to Bosworth Visits Committee (see p. 11) 7 September Visit to Bodiam Castle Visits Committee (see p. 12) 7 September Yorkshire Branch AGM, York Yorkshire Branch (see p 77) 5 October Members’ Day and AGM, London Joint Secretaries (see p. 5) 9 November Norfolk Branch Study Day Norfolk Branch (see p. 12). 23 November Visit to the Whitechapel Bell Foundry Visits Committee 14 December Christmas at Fotheringhay Chairman 2014 4–6 April Study Weekend in York Research Committee (see p. 29) Late news

Society presence over the annual Bosworth weekend 24–25 August This year we have been offered a new site at the Bosworth Battlefield Centre – on hard standing close to the restaurant. Our stall will be selling Society publications and other items, as well as providing information and recruiting new members. If you are visiting over the Bosworth weekend do visit the stall and make yourselves known.

Motet in honour of Richard III A choral piece is being premiered in London on 15 June to celebrate the discovery of Richard III’s remains. It will form part of a concert of renaissance pieces sung by the London Chandos Chamber Choir and played by the Chelys Viol Consort. Details of the venue etc can be found here: www.chandoschamberchoir.org.uk/concerts.html.

The King in the Car Park DVD Dazzler Media have announced that the Channel 4 documentary Richard III: The King in the Car Park will be released on DVD on 27 May 2013 and will be available from DVD retailers such as Amazon. 88

The Achievement of arms of the Richard III Society

Front cover: Portrait of Richard III reproduced by kind permission of the Society of Antiquaries of London