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Transportation of Horses and the Implications for Health and Welfare by Barbara Padalino DVM

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Transportation of Horses and the Implications for Health and Welfare by Barbara Padalino DVM Transportation of horses and the implications for health and welfare by Barbara Padalino DVM A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Sydney 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT IV Keywords V DEDICATION VI PREFACE VII LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FROM THIS THESIS VIII AUTHORSHIP ATTRIBUTION STATEMENT IX CONFIRMATION OF CO-AUTHORSHIP OF PUBLISHED WORK X ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XII LIST OF TABLES 1 LIST OF FIGURES 5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 8 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 10 Outline of thesis 12 CHAPTER 1: EFFECTS OF THE DIFFERENT TRANSPORT PHASES 17 ON EQUINE HEALTH STATUS, BEHAVIOUR AND WELFARE: A REVIEW 1.1. Introduction 18 1.2. Different means of transport: ship, train, truck, plane 19 1.3. Different destination of transport: toward a slaughterhouse, a new stall, or 20 a competition 1.4. Phase of transport and their effect on horse behaviour and physiology 23 1.5. Major pathology connected with travel 36 1.6. Transport and oxidative stress 41 1.7. Conclusions 42 CHAPTER 2: HEALTH PROBLEMS AND RISK FACTORS 43 ASSOCIATED WITH LONG HAUL TRANSPORT OF HORSES IN AUSTRALIA 2.1. Introduction 44 2.2. Experimental section 46 2.3. Results 50 2.4. Discussion 55 i 2.5. Conclusions 59 CHAPTER 3: SURVEY ON HORSE TRANSPORTATION 60 Overview 61 3.1: SURVEY OF HORSE TRANSPORTATION IN AUSTRALIA: 62 ISSUES AND PRACTICES 3.1.1. Introduction 63 3.1.2. Materials and Methods 65 3.1.3. Results 66 3.1.4. Discussion 75 3.1.5. Conclusions 81 3.2: A SURVEY ON TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 82 ASSOCIATED WITH INJURIES AND HEALTH PROBLEMS IN HORSES 3.2.1. Introduction 83 3.2.2. Materials and Methods 85 3.2.3. Results 88 3.2.4. Discussion 92 3.2.5. Conclusions 98 3.3: INVESTIGATIONS IN EQUINE TRANSPORT-RELATED 100 PROBLEM BEHAVIOURS: SURVEY RESULTS 3.3.1. Introduction 101 3.3.2. Materials and Methods 103 3.3.3. Results 107 3.3.4. Discussion 111 3.3.5. Conclusions 115 3.4: RISK FACTORS IN EQUINE TRANSPORT-RELATED HEALTH 116 PROBLEMS: A SURVEY OF THE AUSTRALIAN EQUINE INDUSTRY 3.4.1. Introduction 117 3.4.2. Materials and Methods 118 3.4.3. Results 120 3.4.4. Discussion 121 3.4.5. Conclusions 124 ii CHAPTER 4: IMMUNOLOGICAL, CLINICAL, HAEMATOLOGICAL 125 AND OXIDATIVE RESPONSES TO LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORTATION IN HORSES 4.1. Introduction 126 4.2. Materials and Methods 127 4.3. Results 133 4.4. Discussion 143 4.5. Conclusions 148 CHAPTER 5: BEHAVIOURAL, CLINICAL, HAEMATOLOGICAL, 149 OXIDATIVE AND RESPIRATORY RESPONSES TO 8 HOUR TRANSPORTATION IN HORSES 5.1. Introduction 150 5.2. Materials and Methods 151 5.3. Results 168 5.4. Discussion 193 5.5. Conclusions 199 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION 201 6.1. Discussion 202 6.2. Conclusions 213 REFERENCES 216 APPENDIX 1: SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL CHAPTER 3 243 APPENDIX 2: SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL CHAPTER 3.2 255 APPENDIX 3: SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL CHAPTER 3.3 267 APPENDIX 4: SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL CHAPTER 3.4 273 APPENDIX 5: SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL CHAPTER 5 278 iii ABSTRACT The equine industry is essential to the social and economic wellbeing of Australia, generating approximately $9 billion annually. Transportation is a crucial component of horse management, but there are serious welfare concerns and economic losses associated with transport-related health and behavioural problems. To try to prevent these problems the Australian Code of Land Transportation was published in 2012 with new standards and guidelines based on the most recent research. However, since the Code appeared no new research has been reported and there is no idea as to how the industry complies with the Code. The current literature only reports on epidemiological studies that affect the welfare of horses travelling to abattoirs. They do not consider what best practices should be applied and why horses develop disease after travelling (Chapter 1). Thus, while the physical and physiological stressors of each phase of transportation have been deeply described, there are still many gaps of knowledge on the impacts of transportation on horse health and welfare (Chapter 1). The aim of this thesis was to fill some of these gaps of knowledge collecting data from the Australian transport industry and improving the understanding of the implications for performance horse health and welfare arising from transportation by road. The hypothesis for the first part of the thesis was that there would be an association between the transport management and the development of transport-related behavioural and health problems during and after journeys. In order to address this, an epidemiological study and a questionnaire were undertaken. The epidemiological study aimed to investigate the incidence of transport-related diseases and risk factors for performance horses during a long journey (form Perth to Sydney). Only 3% of horses developed a transport-related disease and journey duration (>20 hours) and season (spring) were identified as risk factors (Chapter 2). The questionnaire explored the most common transport practices and issues in Australia across the different sectors of the equine industry. It was found that 67% of the respondents had experienced a transport-related problem moving their horses over the past two years and that equine transportation management was often not compliant with the Australian Code (Chapter 3.1). Significant associations between the transport management and the development of transport-related health problem were identified. Transport-related injuries were associated with the age of the horse keeper and the use of sedation and protective equipment pre-journey; diarrhoea and heat stroke were more likely to happen in journeys organised by amateurs than professionals (Chapter 3.2). Significant associations were also found between training iv procedures and transport-related problem behaviours: habituation and self-loading techniques reduced the risk of problem behaviours and subsequent injuries, but they were applied only by 20.2% and 10.8% of respondents (Chapter 3.3). Analysing 214 of transported-related health cases, respiratory diseases was the most frequently reported in Australia and journeys longer than 24 hours were seen to increase the risk for the development of a severe transport-related health problem (gastrointestinal and respiratory problems or death) (Chapter 3.4). Overall, the questionnaire highlighted the need for new welfare indicators, in particular for horses moved over long distances and for identifying horses at risk of respiratory diseases. In order to address this need, the second part of the thesis was composed of two multidisciplinary studies, exploring the effects of a four day journey and of an eight hour journey on horse health and welfare, with particular emphasis on the immunological and respiratory systems (Chapters 4 and 5). The four day journey was associated with changes in the clinical examination, an acute phase response, impaired lymphocyte proliferation, dehydration and a mobilisation of antioxidants. The results supported the hypothesis that a horse’s immunological capacity would be decreased after a long distance transportation predisposing to the development of more severe diseases (Chapter 4). The hypothesis of Chapter 5 was that stress related behavioural and physiological responses to transport would be associated with changes in clinical, haematological, oxidative and respiratory parameters. The tested eight hour journey without water and feed induced an acute phase response, dehydration, mobilisation of antioxidant, fatigue, electrolyte imbalance and an increase in mucus and bacteria (mainly Pasteurellaceae) in the lower respiratory tract. Significant association between the horse behaviour en route, particularly the time spent with the head in an elevated position and the frequency of stress related behaviours, and the increases in mucus, bacteria and free radicals were found. While transport-related health problems are multifactorial, clinical examination including auscultation before and after travel, behavioural observation en route, monitoring of redox-balance and fibrinogen concentrations may aid in the identification of horses at risk of transport-related respiratory disease (Chapter 5). Overall, this thesis provides a better understanding of transportation stress and collects important data from the Australian transport and equine industry. A number of welfare indicators and management practices were recommended to safeguard horse welfare during transport, and new research areas were identified for further studies. Keywords: transportation, welfare, health, horse, management. v DEDICATION To Giampaolo, who has followed and supported his mum during this adventure vi PREFACE The work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original except as acknowledged in the text. I hereby declare that I have not submitted this material, either in full or in part, for a degree at this or any other institution. All Chapters of this thesis have been written in publication style. Chapters 1, 2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 3.4 and 4 have already been published in peer-reviewed journals; Barbara Padalino is first and corresponding author on all the papers. Sections of Chapter 5 are intended for publication in peer-reviewed journals with some modifications. The assistance to the candidate given by others is indicated in the authorship attribution statement and the acknowledgments. I acknowledge that an electronic copy of my thesis must be lodged with the University Library and, subject to the General Award Rules of The University of Sydney, immediately made available for research and study in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. vii LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FROM THIS THESIS Padalino B. 2015. Effects of the different transport phases on equine health status, behaviour and welfare: a review. Journal of Veterinary Behaviour, 10, 272-282, doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2015.02.002. Padalino B, Hall E, Raidal SL, Celi P, Knight P, Jeffcott L, Muscatello G. 2015. Health problems and risk factors associated with long haul transport of horses in Australia. Animals, 5, 1296-1310, doi: 10.3390/ani5040412.
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