Food Security in a Pandemic

Home , Food distribution, Food preservation, Food prices, Food security, Food storage, Pandemic

TOOL 7 FOOD SECURITY IN A PANDEMIC

WHAT IS FOOD SECURITY? Food security in a community depends on three main pillars: PREPAREDNESS RESPONSE RECOVERY • food availability This tool will help you to: • food access • Provide a thorough • food utilization introduction to staff and Food availability means that enough food is Food security in a community volunteers about the key ways exists when all people at all times physically present for the entire population. in which a pandemic may cause have both physical and economic It is in markets and shops, is grown on farms access to sufficient food to meet severe hunger and nutrition or home gardens, or has arrived as the result their dietary needs for productive problems in your municipality and healthy lives. of food aid. • Understand what local leaders can do to reduce potential Food access means that individuals can obtain available food. Households may food security problems during access food in many ways: growing, buying, and bartering; or through gifts, welfare a pandemic programs, or food aid. Food access is ensured when households have enough resources, like land, money, or social connections, to obtain nutritious foods in Who will implement this tool: adequate amounts. • The mayor Food utilization refers to the way people’s bodies are able to use the food they eat. • Members of the municipal Making the best use of foods depends on proper food storage and processing, overall leadership team, emergency nutrition and health status, the availability of clean drinking water, and adequate response team, disaster health and sanitation services. management team, and communications support team WHAT ARE THE FIRST SIGNS THAT A • Lead staff from relevant PANDEMIC HAS AFFECTED FOOD SECURITY? sectors and agencies of The global health impact of an influenza pandemic may affect workforces, transportation your municipality systems, and supply chains. The impact of the virus in other areas of the world may result This tool will introduce you to in your community experiencing a food crisis even before the influenza virus causes the basic elements of food security severe health problems in your municipality. Some of the first things that you will notice and ways in which an influenza that indicate a pandemic could cause a food security problem are: pandemic may impact it. You will • Industries that rely on import and export DID YOU KNOW: also find measures that can be taken are struggling. The first sign that a community may to prevent, alleviate, and respond experience a food security crisis • Food supplies are hard to get locally. to many of a pandemic’s negative due to pandemic influenza may NOT be an outbreak of disease. consequences on food security. • Economic activities are disrupted. For more information, see Tool 1, Priority Actions to Lead Your Municipality Through a Pandemic and Tool 2, Presentation on the Threat of a Severe Influenza Pandemic.

TOOL 7: FOOD SECURITY IN A PANDEMIC 1 WHO MIGHT BE MOST AT RISK FOR FOOD WHAT DOES THE MUNICIPAL LEADERSHIP SECURITY PROBLEMS? TEAM NEED TO DO? Some groups will be more at risk than others for the food security impact of a In many countries food security is handled at the national level. However, during a pandemic. The most at-risk populations in most emergency situations are those severe pandemic, national governments may be overwhelmed and may be unable to that are already struggling with hunger, health, and poverty. These populations will provide timely assistance to every municipality. The most important thing to do is REMEMBER! be at great risk during a severe pandemic. In addition to these groups, many other start planning for your municipality now, in the likely event that your municipality Effective public messages about households are vulnerable to the impact of a severe pandemic because of the way it will have to become food self-sufficient for a period of time. local food availability will be critical during a pandemic may affect economic and social systems. Any household that has not taken necessary Municipal leaders will want to take the necessary steps to: to provide credibility to “do actions to prepare for a severe pandemic will face greater difficulties in coping with not flee” messages. For more the impacts of spreading disease. • Work with national governments and private sector providers to secure essential information, see Tool 12, food stocks (food availability) during successive periods (waves) of 6–12 weeks Fundamentals of Communication During Crises and Emergencies. Groups typically at risk in Additional groups at risk in when normal supplies of food may be disrupted. all emergencies a pandemic • Ensure that the population can obtain the food they need (food access), especially • People with limited or irregular income • Those who rely on markets for the the most vulnerable individuals (infants, young children and women, elderly • People who cannot build up emergency majority of food purchases (experts people, homeless people, people living with HIV/AIDS and other chronic illness, reserves of money or food believe that market systems may be severely impacted) disabled people, and homebound individuals). • People in poor health (especially malnutrition, chronic disease, and • People without knowledge about how to • Educate the public about the necessity of increased hygiene, nutrition, and safe compromised immune systems) prepare for a pandemic food and water storage. Work with national and regional governments to reduce • Those living with stigma (people living • Those employed in occupations that malnutrition and other debilitating diseases so that people’s bodies can make the may be severely impacted (tourism, with HIV, prisoners and their families, the best use of the foods they eat (food utilization). mentally ill, the disabled) restaurants, taxi drivers, etc.) • People who rely on public transportation • The isolated (living in a remote location HOW CAN MUNICIPAL LEADERSHIP PROTECT or having no social network) to get to job FOOD SECURITY? • The homeless or internally displaced • People who migrate for income • The elderly • Caregivers A wide range of actions can support and protect food security in a pandemic. Most of • Those with little or no transportation these responses depend on early planning, which is why preparedness is so important. • Orphans and vulnerable children After considering a range of responses, the municipal leadership team should The overall challenge for determine which actions best suit the local context. You may find that many of these local leaders is to guarantee For more information, see Tool 8, Classification of Food Security Risk Locationsand responses are also appropriate after the pandemic, during the recovery period. enough nutritious food for Tool 9, Identification of People Most at Risk of Food Insecurity. each community as well as fair The charts on the following pages describe conditions in a municipality that could distribution of that food for several months at a time. This THE SUCCESS OF WHY SHOULD MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES impact food availability, food access, and food utilization. Each chart provides a menu means that after each wave, food MUNICIPAL EFFORTS TO TAKE ACTIONS TO PROTECT FOOD SECURITY of potential responses to consider based on the conditions of your municipality. The stocks need to be replenished ENSURE FOOD SECURITY chart also suggests the stage of the pandemic where these actions will be most helpful. before the next wave arrives. COULD HINGE ON THREE RIGHT NOW? IMPORTANT FACTORS: Tools which offer more guidance on how to put these actions into place are listed in • The degree to which the Municipalities can help reduce possible food emergencies by paying close attention public is informed about the to what is happening at the local level in terms of food security. Building community the last box of each of the three charts (availability, access, and utilization). necessity of household and resilience is key to surviving disasters. The way to build resilience is to communicate, plan, community preparedness prepare, and invest time and money long before a disaster is present in your municipality. • The capacity of public and private agencies to organize Your immediate actions can help reduce the negative impact that a pandemic, or other and provide basic services emergency, may have on the food security of your municipality because: and needed assistance under stressful circumstances • By the time you notice food shortages it may be too late to produce more food • The degree to which mass locally or to expect that national governments or international agencies can get confusion, civil disorder, and food to you in time. conflicts over resources disrupt or complicate • Transporting food to your communities will be difficult if transportation systems response efforts break down. • Even if you can get food to your communities, purchasing and stockpiling food to get through a 6–12 week pandemic wave will become very expensive if food prices rise as expected.

2 LEADERSHIP DURING A PANDEMIC: WHAT YOUR MUNICIPALITY CAN DO TOOL 7: FOOD SECURITY IN A PANDEMIC 3 Tool 10, These areWhat else might work? examples. just a few • • • • • • Conditions that Could Cause Food AvailabilityConditions that Could Cause outside the municipality A significant amount of food is committed for sale to other areas Acquired food spoils due to improper storage local food production and smaller harvests People because they are sick, are not able to work are insufficient to begin with Local production/harvests limited home food production and/or processing Many rely on markets, communities (especially urban centers) problems quickly create shortage may in the markets and disruptions on transportation Restrictions

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POTENTIAL FOOD SECURITY ISSUES AND ACTIONS DURING A PANDEMIC

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4 LEADERSHIP DURING A PANDEMIC: WHAT YOUR MUNICIPALITY CAN DO TOOL 7: FOOD SECURITY IN A PANDEMIC 5 • Food During an Influenza Food During Pandemic; and These areWhat else might work? examples. just a few • • • • • • Conditions that Could Cause Food Problems Utilization Conditions that Could Cause FOOD SECURITY IS A Widespread essential micronutrients mayLack of food prevent variety people from consuming occur shortages to using unsafePeople water sources if may resort cook food outages could affect the ability to properly Service to spoil Power outages could impact safe causing food food storage it more difficult for people to fight off the pandemic virus and dehydration; to malnutrition contribute Contaminated water may increase intestinal illnesses that will child feeding practices Lack of knowledge about hygiene, MULTISECTORAL CHALLENGE Food insecurity during an influenza pandemic is not a threat that stands separate from the sectors of health, family welfare, commerce, or governance and public

illness: services. Now that you have explored how a severe pandemic may impact each pillar of food security, it is time to examine why the protection of food security must be

malnutrition, integrated into all sectors. Key partners may include, but are not limited to, the following: • Agricultural producers and processors

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For more information, • Community-based and religious organizations • • • • • • • • • Actions to Reduce Potential • Health centers and hospitals combined into food baskets for distribution of the foods they eat other debilitating diseases so that people’s bodies can make the best use Work and with national and regional governments to reduce malnutrition needs of your populations when they energy meet the nutritional Assure that municipality-acquired foods for community stockpiles will micronutrients and vegetables households to grow to provide fruits Encourage essential vitamin supplements Distribute power, such as water,Implement contingency plan to maintain essential services for proper water storage containers Distribute Educate households about the need for increased hygiene Educate households about water treatment and storage like the pandemic emergencies medium-term or food requirements of short- Educate households about the nutritional • Public security agencies

a severe pandemic and basic sanitation during The chart on the following page will help the municipal leadership team understand how the potential problems that a municipality may face in a pandemic are

see interconnected. It offers some main points to consider as the team begins to prepare for and meet the challenges of a pandemic. It also offers a menu of potential responses Tool 16, to consider based on the conditions in the municipality.

Maintenance of Essential Services; Following the comprehensive one-page chart are expanded sector-specific charts that explain what might happen if a municipality does not prepare for a severe pandemic,

Food Utilization Problems and actions that each sector can take to protect food security. Local geography, demographics, economic and social structures, as well as the severity of the virus in the region will determine the specific preparation and response actions most appropriate for each community. Tool 11, are

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6 LEADERSHIP DURING A PANDEMIC: WHAT YOUR MUNICIPALITY CAN DO TOOL 7: FOOD SECURITY IN A PANDEMIC 7 Services Medical Health and and Traveland Trade, Commerce, Security Food and Welfare Family Services Public and Governance is

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10 LEADERSHIP DURING A PANDEMIC: WHAT YOUR MUNICIPALITY CAN DO TOOL 7: FOOD SECURITY IN A PANDEMIC 11 SOURCES

D • ACDI/VOCA. 2006. Food Security Needs Assessment Toolkit. Prepared for ACDI/ Governance and Public Services VOCA by TANGO International Inc., Tucson, Arizona. • AED. 2008. Food, nutrition and livelihood preparedness for a pandemic influenza disaster: guidance for low-income countries. AED/IFRC Working Group 1. such as police, services Reduced capacity to provide on public services Strain collection of fees and taxes Loss of revenues from reduced gas, natural sanitation, communications, UNDERSTAND WHAT CAN HAPPEN, BE PREPARED, AND TAKE ACTION What can happen if the pandemic • Department for International Development (DFID). 2000. Sustainable Livelihoods in full force to the arrives

Potential Events Guidance Sheets. electricity, transportation

municipality • International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. 2007. Global food security assessment guidelines. Geneva. water and • Maxwell, Simon and Timothy Frankenberger. 1992. Household food security:

justice, Concepts, indicators, measurements. UNICEF/IFAD. • Osterholm, Michael T. 2005. Preparing for the Next Pandemic. Foreign Affairs. SURVIVING AN INFLUENZA PANDEMIC – 84.(4). • TANGO International. 2002. Household Livelihood Security Assessments – A Toolkit for Practitioners. CARE USA, PLHS Unit. vandalism, in over Civil due obtaining People and Reduction Conflicts Rumors,

insurgent What might happen if local do not prepare authorities before the pandemic virus Ethiopia: The Path to Self-Resiliency. • TANGO International 2007. Prepared for

rights

to disorder, unsatisfied

bias Consequences CHF on behalf of CANGO. Tucson, AZ: TANGO International. are

misinformation,

over necessary

armed

excluded

or • TANGO International. 2008. Emergency Food Security Assessment Handbook. World group

basic arrives including

public stigma

Food Programme. demands,

attacks

activities, privileges

survival

• World Bank. 2005. Keeping Healthy in an Urban Environment. The Urban Poor in from resources

riots

Latin America. Marianne Fay ed. panic

rise

items

Develop communication mechanisms Develop and information • be continued that must Identify services Develop COOP plans food security in Strengthen local expertise and available resources plans Review national food security input Establish procedures for community resolution services for conflict Conduct trainings access to food and services Develop measures to ensure equal to reduce arrives pandemic virus the event that regular staff are ill in running to keep these services Train What you can do before the and government transparency

and death and suffering Stay Informed public Preparedness organize

awareness volunteer

programs

staff using community advocates Provide conflict resolution services supply them that services the transportation centers, and distribution community food warehouses to services Provide security are provided sure that basic goods and services Use volunteer staff to make food supply with the population about the municipality’sinformation Continuously share updated prevent public panic and conflict communication to risk emergency Implement effective and crisis Keep government running the impact once pandemic virus Actions that you can take to lessen in your municipalityhas arrived Continuously Monitor Responses and to

12 LEADERSHIP DURING A PANDEMIC: WHAT YOUR MUNICIPALITY CAN DO TOOL 7: FOOD SECURITY IN A PANDEMIC 13 14 LEADERSHIP DURING A PANDEMIC: WHAT YOUR MUNICIPALITY CAN DO