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Attract-And-Kill Methods for Control of Indianmeal Moth

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Attract-And-Kill Methods for Control of Indianmeal Moth ATTRACT-AND-KILL METHODS FOR CONTROL OF INDIANMEAL MOTH, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), AND COMPARISONS WITH OTHER PHEROMONE-BASED CONTROL METHODS By MANUEL CAMPOS-FIGUEROA Bachelor of Science in Entomology and Plant Pathology Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Chapingo, State of México, México 1996 Master of Science in Entomology Colegio de Postgraduados Montecillos, State of México, México 1999 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May, 2009 ATTRACT-AND-KILL METHODS FOR CONTROL OF INDIANMEAL MOTH, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), AND COMPARISONS WITH OTHER PHEROMONE-BASED CONTROL METHODS Dissertation Approved: Dr. Thomas W. Phillips Dissertation Adviser Dr. Mark E. Payton Dr. Jack W. Dillwith Dr. Brad Kard Dr. A. Gordon Emslie Dean of the Graduate College ii PREFACE I want to extend my gratitude to my major advisor and mentor Dr. Thomas W. Phillips for his time and support given to me during my Ph.D. studies. Also, I appreciate Dr. Phillips for considering me part of your research team. You are an example to follow, a great scientist, a great person and always looking for a solution. I am grateful with Dr. Jack W. Dillwith for being an excellent professor and committee member. Dr. Dillwith has always been very helpful and gave me good suggestions that improved this research. Thank you for being such a great support during all this time. I want to acknowledge Dr. Mark E. Payton for his valuable support by helping with design of experiments and the statistical analysis for this research. I appreciate and recognize the valuable suggestions and comments that Dr. Brad Kard made to this thesis. Thank you for accepting to be part of my graduate committee. I also recognize Mr. Edmond Bonjour, M.S., for use of the Stored Products and Research Education Center (SPREC), enormous numbers of reared Indianmeal moths and materials to establish experiments that were baseline for this study. I also want to acknowledge numerous unnamed people who have helped me throughout my research and contributed to make it better, and Joan Fisher (Suterra Co., Oregon) for providing me the attract-and-kill formulations for the experiments in real conditions that were part of the main objective for this research. I appreciate the technical assistance and collaboration of the staff from the Stored Products and Research Education Center and the Post harvest Entomology Laboratory at OSU, including Randy Beeby, Ryan Siegerist and Stacy Sanders. I acknowledge the Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology at OSU for the opportunity to pursue my PhD and its support in facilities and professors, likewise to its iii staff members from whom I learned more about hospitality from Stillwater. Thank you so much. I met great friends who were like my family in Stillwater; your names will be always in my heart. Thank you for sharing your experiences and your friendship. A great appreciation and gratitude goes to my mother who was the person who guided and encouraged me throughout my education and life, and with all my love to my girlfriend, brothers, sisters, nephews and nieces. Father, Mother and Sister… I dedicate all this work in your memories. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH PROBLEM.............................................1 Importance of the Indianmeal moth ...................................................................1 Identification ......................................................................................................1 Damage ..............................................................................................................2 Development ......................................................................................................3 Behavior in closed environments .......................................................................4 Sanitation ...........................................................................................................5 Chemical control ................................................................................................5 Temperature management ..................................................................................7 Pheromones ........................................................................................................7 Monitoring .........................................................................................................8 Mating disruption ...............................................................................................8 Attracticide .........................................................................................................8 RESEARCH PROBLEM .................................................................................10 LITERATURE CITED ....................................................................................12 II. CONTACT TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES FOR ANTTRACT-AND- KILL APPLICATIONS AGAINST ADULT Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ...................................................................24 Abstract ............................................................................................................24 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................25 MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................................................................28 RESULTS ........................................................................................................32 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................42 LITERATURE CITED ....................................................................................46 III. LABORATORY EVALUATION OF ATTRACT-AND-KILL FORMULATIONS AGAINST INDIANMEAL MOTH, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ...........................................57 Abstract ............................................................................................................57 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................58 v MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................................................................61 RESULTS ........................................................................................................66 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................73 LITERATURE CITED ....................................................................................76 IV. PHEROMONE-BASED SUPPRESSION METHODS TO CONTROL INDIANMEAL MOTH, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) IN COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS ....................................85 Abstract ............................................................................................................85 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................86 MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................................................................89 RESULTS ........................................................................................................94 DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................................98 LITERATURE CITED ..................................................................................101 V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .............................................................111 Chapter II. Contact toxicity of insecticides ...................................................111 Chapter III. Laboratory evaluation of attract-and-kill formulations ..............112 Chapter IV. Pheromone-based methods in commercial establishments ........113 Conclusions ....................................................................................................114 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page CHAPTER II 1. Insecticide active ingredients used in the initial test of contact toxicity against adult male P. interpunctella for attract-and-kill formulations, listed by insecticide classification. ............................................................................. 51 2. Oviposition and the percentage of eggs that hatched per P. interpunctella female following pairing with males that had been treated for 2.0-second in the initial contact toxicity test with 13 insecticides. ......................................... 52 CHAPTER III 1. Mean percentage (%) of P. interpunctella adult males (±SE) that landed onto three attract-and-kill devices in a wind tunnel during an eight-week period. ............................................................................................................... 80 2. Mean times, in seconds (±SE), that P. interpunctella adult males were in contact with three attract-and-kill devices in a wind tunnel during an eight- week period.. ..................................................................................................... 81 3. Mean percentage (%) mortality of P. interpunctella adult males (±SE) 24 hours after response to three different attract-and-kill formulations in a wind tunnel during an eight-week period. ................................................................. 82 vii 4. Mean number (±SE) of eggs laid per P. interpunctella female after being paired for 24 hours with a male that had responded to one of three different attract-and-kill formulations
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