Vol.5.Issue 2. 2017 (April-June)

Research Journal of English Language and Literature (RJELAL) A Peer Reviewed (Refereed) International Journal Vol.5.Issue 2. 2017 http://www.rjelal.com; (April-June) Email:[email protected] ISSN:2395-2636 (P); 2321-3108(O)

BOOK REVIEW

A GRAMMAR OF GREAT ANDAMANESE: AN ETHNOLINGUISTIC STUDY BY ANVITA ABBI -A BOOK REVIEW

SHEELPA SWEETY PhD Scholar, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi [email protected]

ABSTRACT This paper carries a descriptive review of the book The grammar of the great Andaman language: an ethnolinguistic study” by Dr. Anvita Abbi. It carries an in depth analysis of each chapter. The analysis are from the linguistic point of view. The ten chapters of book, extensively covering the phonology, morphology syntax and semantics of the language, are analyzed for their style and validity. It carries a note on the overall design and presentation of the book with references to the author’s prior work in the field.

Key words: Grammar, Great andamanese, Anvita Abbi, Ethnolinguistic study

The book “The grammar of the great the tribe, there were nine speakers. By the time the Andaman language: an ethnolinguistic study” by Dr. team left the Andamans for the last time in 2009 Anvita Abbi is a first ever descriptive account of the there were only six left. The last speaker of Bo, a language. As the tittle suggests the book is an variety of Great Andamanese, also died in January account not only of the grammar of the language 2010. At present there are only five speakers with but it also studies the way the language reflects the varying degrees of competence in the perception, cognition and world view of the language……….All the languages spoken by these community. The book is a product of Dr. Abbi’s peoples are endangered as their population bases forty months of research and toil in the face of dwindle and Hindi extends its reach ever further in indifferent officials and difficult living conditions of the islands. Great Andamanese is the closest to the island. As she mentions in the preface, her extinction, however; today only two of the four endeavor was funded and backed by a major northern varieties of the language survive. The language documentation project Vanishing Voices other two, Khora and Bo, became extinct with the of the Great Andamanese (VOGA), under the passing of their last speakers Boro Sr. and Boa Sr. patronage of the Hans Rausing Endangered respectively”. Languages Project, I, which was undertaken from The book is neatly divided into ten chapters 2005 to 2009 in the Andaman Islands Islands. extensively covering the phonology, morphology As the name of the project suggests, the aim syntax and semantics of the language. The of the author was to preserve and document the appendices in the book neatly provide extra reminiscence of the language in the face of its fast information for aiding the comprehensive account endangerment. The author recounts in the preface of the chapters. The author provides a genealogical of the book- “Present-day Great Andamanese (PGA) sketch of the informants in the first appendix in is a highly endangered language; when the VOGA order to outline the influence and interference of team first visited Strait Island, the current home of other languages (if any) in their speech. The book

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also contains a narrative of a folk tale of the Hence, Aka-Cari a North Great Andamanese community “The Great Narrative of Phertajido” language, was mutually unintelligible with Âkà- Bêa, which not only gives us the structure of language in the southern variety. The present-day Great continuation but also provides us perpectives into Andamanese language is a mixture of four northern the culture and community life of the tribe. The varieties4 with several linguistic inputs levelled to author carefully lays out the list of all abbreviations generate the current speech: a koiné (Manoharan and symbols used in the book. 1989). Present day Great Andamanese(PGA) draws Linguists in post-independent era classified its lexicon from Jeru, Sare, Khora and Bo, but is all the languages spoken in the islands as primarily based on the grammar of Jeru. Constituting one family (Basu 1952, 1955, In the introductory chapter, the author Manoharan 1980, 1983). It was on the basis of the begins the descriptive view of the language with a author’s pilot survey of the Andamanese languages, view on the ecology of the language as well. i.e., Onge, Jarawa and PGA (Abbi 2003, that it was Starting from the geographical topography to indicated that it may be possible to establish the population, historical evolution between Present- Great Andamanese language(s) as forming one Day Great Andaman and the Great Andamanese, family that is distinct from the language family to The Strait Island, the readers are given an which Jarawa and Onge belong. overwhelming overview of the socio-cultural Subsequent studies of a comparative, geographical milieu of the language. “Language historical and typological nature of the three Ecology” a term used by Einar Haugan in his languages based on extensive field work (Abbi 2005, book The Ecology of Language (Stanford University 2006a, 2006b) and fresh data from Jarawa (Kumar Press, 1972).who used the metaphor of an 2005), as well as citation of non-linguistic proofs ecosystem to describe the relationships among the (e.g., cultural, anthropological, archaeological and diverse forms of language found in the world, and genetic) substantiated the thesis (Abbi 2009) that the groups of people who speak them. The author the languages of the Andaman belonged to two in this book reflects upon the aspects of the distinct families, i.e. Great Andamanese and Angan. language in this settings(sociological) in which the Great Andamanese is a cover term that has language thrives. been used for 10 disparate groups of the tribes The chapter also makes a comprehensive living in the Great Andaman, each speaking a reading for anyone who wishes to have brief and different language but mutually intelligible to its quick overview on the ecology of the language. The neighbouring tribe. It constitutes the sixth language author establishes the typological differences family of India (Abbi 2006b, 2009, Blevins 2007). between the Andamanese and Angan languages There are ten languages, which can be grouped into thus proving the existence of PGA as an three varieties: southern, central and northern. independent language family. There are two distinct language families in the The readers are presented a sociolinguistic Andaman Islands, i.e. Great Andamanese and sketch of the language. The author reports a bleak Angan, the latter being associated to the picture of the competence of the speakers of the Austronesian language family (Blevins 2007). language. On a scale of five, the limited speakers The Great Andamanese family is constituted when judged for competence, it was found that the of ten languages, which can be grouped into three most competent speakers were all above the age of varieties: southern, central and northern. Except for forty. The mean age of the semi-speakers was Jeru and Sare all of the Great Andamanese thirty-five. It is clear that the level of competence languages are now extinct. The Great Andamanese goes down with age, the oldest having the best and languages formed a ‘linguistic continuum’, so that the younger generation having the least knowledge, each language was closely related to its neighbour which shows the gradual process of language on each side but those at the extreme ends of the erosion which is a indication of the fact that the geographic continuum were mutually unintelligible.

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language is not transmitted from the older part terms based on the area of the body they refer generation to the younger generation effectively. to. These classes also classify other inalienables, The second chapter of the book is on the with some semantic connection to the body part Phonetics and Phonology of the language. In this system. Furthermore, body part semantics pervade section the author presents the distribution and the lexical and grammatical system of the language phonotactics of vowels and consonants as this dual system is extended to other form respectively. The author mentions that “A high classes, viz. verbs, adjectives and adverbs. The body variation among the speakers in the inventory of division class markers occur as proclitics attached to vowels and consonants was noted, most likely all classes of content words. Thus, all content words because of the ‘koiné’ and ‘mixed’ nature of the in PGA can easily be divided into bound and free, language. Another factor leading to such variation the former necessarily imbued with the semantics could be that as the language is on the verge of of ‘inherency’ and ‘dependency’. This is a unique extinction, community members do not remember and important feature of the language: that all parts many words and their exact pronunciation, and of speech occur as dependent and non dependent therefore offer varied sounds for the same word”. pairs, the former being obligatorily marked. The vowel chart and the phonemic contrasts and The fourth chapter in the book is on the sequencing are well discussed by the author. PGA Word Formation Processes in the language. The has a seven ‐ vowel system and offers a large author introduces the reader to the four types of possibility of combinations in the area of vowel word formation process in the language which are sequences or clusters. The language is rich in vowel (b) by attaching proclitics (c) compounding and, (d) sequences or vowel clusters. Again as the language by a combination of affixation, proclitics and was in a dilapidated state with a few speakers left, compounding. The author thoroughly explains each the author reconstructs the inventory using the of the above process with profuse examples principles of abduction. wherever required. It is to be noted that there is no The author also provides the canonical evidence of reduplication in the language, other syllable structure and morphophonemic rules of the than that found in the words for ‘mother’ and language. An acoustic study of the problematic ‘swing’. There is also no evidence of the expressive sound (the use of a labialized lateral by peje instead morphology that is found in abundance in all South simple alveolar lateral) was conducted and the Asian languages.The absence of reduplication defies results were provided in the appendix of the book. one of the significant Indian areal universals as PGA The third chapter of the book is a being the only language of India which does not consolidated overview of the grammar of the have this feature. language. It is seen that PGA is a double-marking In the fifth chapter of her book, the author polysynthetic and agglutinative language with an throws light the noun and noun phrases in PGA. It SOV pattern. PGA is agglutinative in terms of its had been already explained in the previous chapter treatment of morpheme boundaries, but about the dependent and independent nature of polysynthetic in its nature of word morphology. It the nouns of the language. The author provides has a dual semantic system for body part many illustrations to explain the unique categorization: one that is expressed in concrete “PROCLITICS which denotes a body division class nouns and another more abstract one that is marker”. The author uses the following example to expressed in grammaticalized morphemes explain the myriad semantic conditions that govern indicating body divisions. These are represented by the nature and form of the proclitic on the noun as body division possessive classes that classify body can be seen in the figure 1.

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Figure 1(PROCLITICS which denotes a body division class marker)

The above example shows that, in addition important role in deciding the appropriate to representing ‘inherent’ aspects, the markers possessive marker which is termed as ‘inalienability symbolize the location of the nominal object with marker’ (ina for short) in the grammar”. respect to the body. At the outset of the chapter, the author The author uses varied example to drive begins, with the basic difference between alienable home the point that noun designating different and inalienable construction, to describe the ailments are also differentially marked depending phenomenon of possession in the language. One of on the part of the body affected by the ailment. the major deciding criterion that determines the The author provides a semantic classification of the choice of a particular Ina is the partonomy of the dependent nouns in PGA .The independent nouns in body. Under various possessive forms lies the PGA include the names of flora and fauna, and semantic typology for the categorization of the generic names for celestial bodies and other words human body parts. PGA maintains seven divisions related to the environment. The author provides a within the partonomy of body and then further description of the number and gender system of the extends the ina markings for these seven divisions noun of the language. Then the author moves on to to a variety of other terms including: kin terms, describe the names of flora and fauna, and generic spatial relational terms, closely related object names for celestial bodies and other words related terms, human attribute/propensity terms, and to the environment. terms concerning actions, manner and states. The The sixth chapter in the book is on fundamental division of animacy plays an important possession, which is an intriguing feature of the role in deciding the phonetic shape of the base form language. The plethora of possession markers this of the ina. languages uses is a rare feature when seen in the The seventh chapter in the book is light of Indian languages. As the author puts it in the Pronouns, Pronominal and Object Clitics. The book “The distinctions between various forms do author in this chapter discusses the personal not depend only upon simple binary oppositions of pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, pronominal physical alienability/inalienability but on various Clitics, interrogative and indefinite pronouns, diverse ethno semantic categories defining the reflexive forms, reciprocal Pronouns, locational relation between the possessor and possessed adverbial demonstratives of PGA. The PGA has nouns. Factors such as part-whole relationship, three persons and three numbers. The forms for intimate/non-intimate relations, human/non- first, second and third persons have three numbers. human relations, inextricably linked relations, A distinction between inclusive and exclusive is permanency of the relationship between the maintained in the first and the second person possessor and the possessed, the notion of non singular and dual pronouns. transferability of the possessed entity from the The language distinguishes between ‘I’ and ‘I possessor, and finally, the conceptual dependency alone’ or ‘you’ and ‘you alone’, the latter forms between the possessor and possessed play an representing exclusivity of the participant. The

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author mentions that first person plural has two class proclitics. The author, then, categories the forms: exclusive and inclusive, demonstrating the adjectives in the language on the basis of presence or absence of the addressee. An characteristic feature and the semantic content interesting feature is inclusivity at the level of the they denote. The community has seven color which first person plural. according to the author is unlikely for a hunter and Apart from the visibility factor there are gatherer society. Unlike the position of two levels of proximity which interplays with the adjective(which is post nominal), adverbs or decision of the appropriate third person proximate modifiers of verbs can either precede or follow the forms. Thus, proximate objects are distinguished verb. between ‘very close’ which denotes references near The major feature of temporal adverbs to the speaker vs. ‘intermediate’ which is between designating ‘morning’ and ‘evening’ is that they are ‘distant’ and ‘proximate’, which can be safely preceded by the pronominal proclitic coreferring to recognised as nearer to the addressee. the subject, which according to the author, is a rare The author delineates some defining phenomenon in the linguistic literature. Thus, properties of the demonstratives of the language. ambikhir ‘morning’, ‘day’ has the following forms Each property is substantiated with example depending upon whether the subject of the wherever required. As far the pronominal clitic are sentence is the first, second or third person singular concerned, in this language first, second and third pronoun.PGA has another interesting feature which person singular pronouns can occur as reduced is that the word for morning refers to ‘yesterday’ as single consonant or vowel clitic forms. Different well as to ‘tomorrow’. It is the tense marking on the case markings can be attached to basic pronouns verb that clarifies the meaning. The word ambikhir for an appropriate meaning only after they are appears to be the lexicalised form of the ‘reflexive cliticized. There are certain restrictions in the pronoun’ + ‘morning’, i.e. am + bik_ir. occurrence of the clitics which the author discusses The fact that the book is more than a mere in great detail. descriptive account of the grammar of the language PGA has two basic interrogative pronouns: is reinforced in the number of times the author one is used for human referents, such as a iu and makes a reference to the social and cultural life of the other for non-human referents, i.e., cay. It also the community. The Great Andamanese, like many has both nominal and verbal reflexives. The other societies of hunter-gatherers, distinguish the language has four different kinds of reflexive forms day and the month on the basis of the appearance in the area of nominal reflexives. These are suffixed of the ‘sun’ diu and the ‘moon’ dulo. The Great to the specific pronominal clitic. The reciprocal Andamanese do not use specific days of a year as forms in this language are derived from the deictic categories. Hence, there are no names for reflexive ɛm by suffixing it to the appropriate the days of a week such as ‘Sunday’, ‘Monday’, etc. proclitic dictated by the host verb. Hence, it is a Other ways of marking time in PGA are based on lexicalized form of CLASS MARKER + REFLEXIVE, the honey calendar and the naming seasons which such as, ara + ɛm. The initial vowel of the reflexive are based on the seasonal blossoms. form ɛ- is dropped if the preceding class marker The ninth chapter in the book is on The Verb ends in a vowel. and Verb Complex of the language. It is the longest The eighth chapter is a description of the in the book considering the fact it deals with the Modification including temporal and spatial deixis verbal morphology of the language. The author of the PGA. The author discusses adjectives, gives a basic schema for the structure of verb which is as follows language. (PROCLITIC) (VALENCY) (REFLEXIVE) VERB Adjectives and adverbs can be either ROOT ([FORMATIVE AFFIX]) (MOOD/ASPECT) dependently or independently marked, i.e., they are [TENSE] marked by the presence or absence of the body

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In PGA a verb root may or may not be feature of the language is that it deviates from the bound. All bound forms are obligatorily preceded by prototypical SOV languages in positing valency one of the seven body division class markers or increasing markers. The language does not put the object clitics. Verbs may optionally be prefixed by a causative and applicative after the verb but before valency indicating morpheme, such as the causative the verb. There is another feature which does not or applicative, or by a reflexive morpheme adhere to the paradigm of verb final languages is indicating self-directed action. If the verbal root that body division class marker clitics do not appear morpheme ends in an open syllable, a formative after the host but before the host. Similarly, verbal affixal consonant -b- or -k- or –l is infixed between object clitics attach to their hosts in a preverbal the verb root and the following mood or tense position. Hence, they have been termed as marker. Aspect markers are added directly to the PROCLITICS in the grammar. verb root without the formative affix. Since the book is a firsthand account of the The author explains about the two ways in field work of the author it is replete with examples which The Great Andamanese grammaticalize the wherever necessary. It’s brilliance lies in the fact primary ina and use them in a sentence. (1) Verbs of that it abounds in the care concern and importance the type ‘exit’, ‘leave’, ‘come’ and ‘go’ as well as shown by the author towards the culture and many that are experiential in nature dictate the heritage of the community. A fact that can be seen primary ina marker of class 4, viz. -ut ~ -ot suffixed in the previous publications of the author on the to the agent nominal or pronominal clitic. Thus, community (An Ancient Tale from Andaman. 2012. ÿh=ut-cone-bom ‘I am going’ or thire-ut-ÿheÿe-bom National Book Trust. India, Great Andamanese ‘the child is hungry’. (2) A large number of Great Dictionary. 2012. an interactive English-Great Andamanese verbs are necessarily attached to an Andamanese Hindi dictionary of the endangered object clitic on their left. The phonetic shape of language of the Andaman Islands with pictures and these clitics is decided by the nature of the verb and sounds. Ratna Sagar. Delhi, Ethno-ornithology. the associated object seen in the context of the Birds of Great Andamanese - Names, Classification partonomy of the body. and Culture. 2011(with Satish Pande). Oxford The tenth and final chapter of the book is on University Press, Bombay). Thus this eminent work the Syntactic Organization of the language. The is not only a means to preserve a language on its author notes that (PGA) has a simple syntactic last legs , it also contributes to the wider linguistic structure. Most of the complexities that exist are at community of the world in providing an excellent the morphological level. Speakers keep their account of the language diversity we are blessed sentences short and conjoined by pauses. In this with. chapter the author gives an exhaustive and in-depth Bibliography explanation of the complete syntax of the language Abbi, Anvita. A Grammar of the Great Andamanese from the word order, coordination structure, Language. BRILL, 2013. negation, interrogation to the relativisation. . PGA is _____.A Manual of Linguistic Field Work and Indian a verb final language and the order of the Language Structures. Lincom Europa, 2001. constituents is SOV. However, the author notices _____.An Ancient Tale From Andaman. National some variability in the ordering of the word, not Book Trust, 2012. only because of focus, but also because the Haugan, Einar. The Ecology of Language. Stanford speakers were observed varying the order freely. University Press, 1972. Since the language is a moribund one with few Kumar, Pramod. Descriptive and Typological Study speakers in different ranges of competence, the of Jarawa. New Delhi: Phd Thesis submitted author highlights difficulty of ruling out any to JNU, 2012. aberrations. Pande, Satish and Anvita Abbi. Birds of the Great While explaining the above mentioned Andamanese: Names, Classification and features, the author mentions that one interesting Culture. Oxford University Press, 2011.

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