FLORA SURVEY AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT FOR CORE ZONING MUNICIPALITY OF CULION

September 2006

Prepared for:

PALAWAN COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Palawan Center for Sustainable Development Sta. Monica Heights, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines 5300 Email: [email protected] Tel.: (63-48) 434-4235, Fax: 434-4234

Funded through a loan from :

JAPAN BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Prepared by:

PACIFIC CONSULTANTS INTERNATIONAL in association with ALMEC Corporation CERTEZA Information Systems, Inc. DARUMA Technologies Inc. Geo-Surveys & Mapping, Inc.

Photo Credits:

All photos by SEMP-NP ECAN Zoning Component Project Management Office

This report can be reproduced as long as the convenors are properly acknowledged as the source of information

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Suggested Citation:

PCSDS. 2006. Flora Survey and Biodiversity Assessment for Core Zoning Municipality of Culion . Palawan Council for Sustainable Development, Puerto Princesa City. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

List of Tables v List of Figures vi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE SURVEY 1

3.0 LIMITATIONS OF THE SURVEY 3

4.0 METHODOLOGY OF THE SURVEY 3

5.0 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 6 5.1 Physiography 6 5.2 Climate 7 5.3 Soil 7 7 5.4 River Systems 7 5.5 Land Use and Vegetation Cover 7 5.6 Road Network 11

6.0 BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 11 6.1 Forest Type 11 6.2 Land Uses in the Uplands 12

7.0 BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 13 7.1 Plant Forms 13 7.2 Similarity Indices 14 7.3 Dominance of Species 15 7.4 Culion Endangered Species 15

8.0 LAND DEGRADATION PROBLEMS IN THE HILLY 16 AND UPLAND AREAS

9.0 CORE ZONES 17

______iii

Title Page

10.0 ISSUES, CONCERNS AND THREATS TO CORE 21 ZONES 10.1 Present/Existing and Potential Threats 22

11.0 CONCLUSION 22 11.1 Significant Findings From the Survey 23

12.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 23

REFERENCES 28

ANNEXES 30

Annex Table 1. Dominant Plant Family and Species by Transect 30 Annex Table 2. Checklist of Angiosperms (Non-Monocots Paleoherbs 37 and Dicots) Annex Table 3. Checklist of Gymnosperms 54

ANNEX PICTURES 56

______iv

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page

1 Biodiversity Scale (Fernando, 1998)

2 Forest/Land Cover in Culion

3 Vegetation Cover/Landuse in Culion

4 Shannon Biodiversity Indices (H’) and the Pielou Distribution Indices (J’) per Transect in Culion

5 Plant forms and Their Number of Species in Culion

6 Similarity Indices between Transects in Culion Island

7 List of Endangered Species in Culion per Flora Survey Result (2003)

8 Coordinates of the Transects Identified as Potential Core Zones

______v

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page

1 Location of Culion Island with Respect to Mainland Palawan and Its Road and River Systems

2 The Island Municipality of Culion showing the Transect Lines and the Rugged Coastline

3 Frequency of Landuses in Culion, 2003

4 Forest Land Cover Map of Culion (NAMRIA, September 2004)

5 Potential Core Zones Encircles in Culion according to Biodiversity Hotspots

6 Potential Core Zones Superimposed in Satellite Image Map

7 Proposed Core Zones per Flora Survey (in red line)

8 A Simplified Protection System (V.B. Mendoza, 2004) Patterned after the “Save the La Mesa Watershed Project” and Subic Forest

9 Comprehensive Site Development Framework

______vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The scope of the ECAN Zoning project covers an aggregate area of 898,380 hectares that includes 13 municipalities in northern Palawan and Puerto Princesa City. Culion is one of the municipalities covered in this assessment.

Culion is one of the islands in the Calamianes Group wherein Busuanga and Coron belongs. It lies within 11” 36’ to 12” 0’ North latitude and 119” 47’ to 120’ 15’ East latitude and is about 200 miles Southwest of Manila. It is bounded on the North by Busuanga island, on the East by Coron reef, on the South by Linapacan island and on the West by South China sea. It has a total land area of 42,000 hectares or 415 square kilometers including 41 surrounding islands and a municipal water covering 75,710 hectares. Overall area including its territorial waters is 119,264.4 hectares ( Culion CLUP, 1995 ).

Culion has thirteen (13) barangays namely: Liac, Halsey, Binudac, Marily, Osmena, Lumber Camp, Baldat, Ugnisan, Canimango, Balanya, Malaking Patag, Cabulihan, and Burabod. The highest elevation is 460 meters above mean sea level and corresponds to Mount Chinangkan.

Culion is one of the 2nd priority sites of the ECAN Zoning Component of the Sustainable Environment and management Project of the PCSDS – DOT – DPWH. As a second priority site, the objectives of the survey are:

1. to characterize the environment and the natural resources therein, albeit as baseline information. 2. to identify potential Core Zone areas using the baseline information gathered. 3. to determine the baseline biodiversity levels of the forest cover of Culion as part of the baseline information. 4. to document the current state of forest degradation in order for authorities to accomplish planning for the management and protection of the remaining forest resources more accurately.

Results of the terrestrial survey are expected to facilitate the identification and delineation of the core zones in Culion and the development of management and protection strategies. This dovetails with the plans to make Calamianes island a major destination for local and foreign tourist.

The sampling design ( Line Intercept Method ) of the survey for Culion is a gridline approach wherein the whole municipality is laid out with transect lines that cover the area from coast to coast. A total of 13 transects of 2.5 kilometer intervals covered the entire municipality. Characterization of Culion is discussed in a general manner rather than in depth as what has been done in Busuanga and El Nido municipalities.

The most common forest type that could be found in Culion is lowland semi- deciduous forest although patches of Beach and Molave type of forests and small clusters of Dipterocarps are still observed in the area. Six ( 6 ) plant forms were identified with

______EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii Tree species ( 149 encountered during the survey ) as the dominant flora. This is followed by the Vine species ( 29 ) and then the Herb ( 13 ).

The presence of many vine, rattan, and herb species indicated a very disturbed landscape wherein much sunlight penetrates to the undergrowth allowing such species to proliferate. The tree species on the other hand, are a mixture of small to medium sized trees. Many are in the seedling to sapling stage suggesting a very young forest cover. There are “ old growth “ trees surveyed but these are more in Karst substrates, which slows the growth rate of trees considerably, thus despite of their small diameters, their age are old, thus making them old growth in classification.

Overall, Culion has a Biodiversity Index of 4.22 which is very high according to the Fernando Scale. Its Distribution Index is J’ = 0.80, suggesting a clustered type of distribution.

Comparing the vegetative composition of transects in terms of their similarities, only transects 10 & 11, and 5 & 6 have high similarities. Transects 10 & 11 are 74.17 % similar while transects 5 & 6 are only 52.9 % similar. In linking this information with high biodiversity indices, the areas of transects 5, 6, & 7 and that of 10, 11, & 12 are potential Core zones. These transects are located in the Barangays South of Poblacion.

In terms of dominance, Tree species still rank among the top 10. Dominating species is the Bintang ( Sysygium subfoetidum ), followed by Dildil ( Cynometra integrifolia ), and then the Palomaria ( Callophyllum inophyllum ), Katmon ( Dillenia philippinensis ), Malapu and Molave ( Vitex parviflora ) follow in 4rt, 5th and 6th ranks.

Twenty five ( 25 ) species of Flora were considered to be endangered in status. This is about 12.43 % of the total number of species surveyed in Culion. The rare and endangered Cyca wadeii or the Culion Pitogo is an endemic. Its habitat is near coastlines and it’s a bit smaller than its Cycad cousins. This Pitogo can only be found in the island of Culion and nowhere else.

Two ( 2 ) barangays have considerable forest stands, Patag and Osmena, and two ( 2 ) sites in Bgy. Lumber camp and Osmena are found with Dipterocarp species. Sitio de Carabao has the widest or largest grassland area in Culion.

Soil is one of the major problems of the island because it is not very suitable for agricultural production especially in the sloping land. Hilly lands should have adequate vegetative cover to minimize erosion.

There are currently five ( 5 ) serious forest / upland degradation resulting from unregulated human activities in Culion. To wit: (1) fires in grasslands encroaching forested areas, (2) squatting in 13 barangays, (3) unmanaged pastures or grazing, (4) widespread illegal upland agriculture and kaingin making, (5) uncontrolled harvesting of forest products.

______EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii The proposed management prescriptions to protect core zones and improve forest conditions in Culion are as follows; (a) define the limits of the core zone, on the map and on the ground, (b) put markers at strategic locations along the boundary of the core zones with the information that it is off – limits, (c) continuous Information and Education Campaign ( IEC) in the adjacent barangays, (d) development or creation of sustainable livelihood for the people, (e) make a detailed zoning and quantification of the whole core zone, specify the activities to be undertaken in a given area in the core zone, and set the quality standards and specifications.

______EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ix 1.0 INTRODUCTION

Culion is one of the islands in the Calamianes Group, where Busuanga, Linapacan and Coron also belong. It lies in 110 30’-120 00’ N. latitude and 1190 45’-120 15’ E. longitude and is about 200 miles southwest of Manila. North of Culion is the island of Busuanga, south is Linapacan Island, east is the Coron Reef, and west is the South China Sea. The southwestern part of Culion Island has coordinates of 110 40.67’ N, 1190 56.60’E, which is nearest to mainland Palawan (Figure 1).

Total land area is 42,000 hectares or 415 square kilometers including 41 surrounding islands. Its coastal area is 75,710 hectares including its territorial waters. Overall area including its territorial waters is 119,269.4 hectares (Culion CLUP, 1995). Culion has thirteen barangays. These are the following:

1. Liac 6. Lumber Camp 11. Malaking Patag 2. Halsey 7. Baldat 12. Cabulihan 3. Binudac 8. Ugnisan 13. Burabod 4. Marily 9. Canimango 5. Osmeña 10. Balanga

Flora survey in the municipality of Culion has been long overdue. Several surveys concentrated on the marine and coastal ecosystems and very little are known on the status of the flora in the Calamianes Islands consisting of Busuanga, Coron and Culion. Several publications mentioned that the Calamianes Islands support some of the most extensive and relatively intact marine environment in the Philippines. The Islands also support one of the country’s most productive fishing grounds.

In the recent past, however, the fish catch in the fishing areas surrounding the Calamianes Islands have steadily declined. Several reports attributed the decline to the direct effects of destructive fishing methods such as muro-ami, explosives and cyanide. Very seldom, if ever, that a report expounded on the importance of forests on the preservation and protection of the corals, coastal areas and other spawning grounds of fishes, crustaceans, mollusks and other marine lives.

2.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE SURVEY

Culion is one of the second priority sites of the ECAN Zoning component of the Sustainable Environment and Management Project of the PCSDS-DOT-DPWH. As a second priority site, the objectives of the survey are:

1. To characterize the environment and the natural resources therein, albeit as baseline information

2. To identify potential core zone areas in Culion using the baseline information gathered

3. To determine the baseline biodiversity levels of the forest cover of Culion as part of the baseline information ______INTRODUCTION, OBJECTIVES OF THE SURVEY 1

Figure 1. Location of Culion Island with respect to Mainland Palawan (inset).

______INTRODUCTION, OBJECTIVES OF THE SURVEY 2

4. To document the current state of forest degradation in order for authorities to accomplish planning for the management and protection of the remaining forest resources more accurately.

This dovetails with the plans to make Calamianes Islands a major destination for local and foreign tourists. Results of the terrestrial survey are expected to facilitate the identification and delineation of the core zones in Culion and the development of management and protection strategies.

3.0 LIMITATION OF THE SURVEY

The Line Intercept Method (LIM) was employed in the survey to collect the baseline information of Culion. However, the resulting data gathered became difficult to handle because of the tediousness of the computations, which could also be considered as “in-depth”.

Hence, the adjustments made in the resulting computations in this report become more baseline as required in the inception of the ECAN Zoning component. In effect, parameters used in the computations are the following:

1. Abundance 2. Relative Abundance 3. Frequency 4. Relative Frequency; and 5. Importance Value

Characterization of Culion is discussed in a general manner rather than in-depth in which discussion goes down to the barangay and the transect levels. However, these will still be touched on in the report.

The whole municipality of Culion was covered during the survey. A total of 13 transects of 2.5-km intervals covered the entire municipality.

4.0 METHODOLOGY OF THE SURVEY

The sampling design of the survey for Culion is a gridline approach wherein the whole municipality is laid out with transect lines that cover the land area from coast to coast. Figure 2 shows the municipality of Culion crisscrossed by these transects.

Each transect is 2.5 km apart having a direction of E to W as it traverses the island.

The Line Intercept Method (LIM) was used in the survey (Figure 2). The LIM is similar to the belt transect method that basically consists of selecting strips or transects in a systematic manner, usually with equal spacing, which permit continuous sampling within a specified strip width. Details of the LIM are mentioned in the Field Survey Manual. ______LIMITATION AND METHODOLOGY OF THE SURVEY 3

All standard vegetational measurements except absolute density may be obtained by this technique, hence, the “in-depth” qualification of the method.

The weakness of the LIM is that it is not appropriate for forest ecosystems. It is especially useful in sampling non-forest vegetation types (Sajise & Cuevas, 1987). However, for the purposes of this survey, it was also used to determine the extent of ecosystems (grasslands, forest, etc) as it is spatially distributed in the island.

Field equipment/instruments used in the survey were the Global Positioning System (GPS), Abney Hand Level, Diameter Tape, Compass, Altimeter and Surveyors Transit.

For the Herbarium specimen collection, the team used pruning shears, specimen bags, and specimen tags. For recording the data gathered and important events during the field survey, the team used tally sheets and field journals. A digital camera was used for documentation and capturing relevant pictures in the field. A laptop was used in processing gathered data and reports made and stored in electronic files.

One of the most important instruments used by the team is the GPS (Garmin Etrex Model). GPS is a satellite based instrument that takes the coordinates and elevation of a specific place. The data can later on be plotted onto a map.

One Survey Team Supervisor and 5 team leaders were required to complete the survey in 3 weeks (21 person-days). Each team leader heads a crew of 3 who are assigned the following tasks:

o Guide / brusher o Laborer – to carry the camp and food supplies and also serves as camp cook and guard o Recorder of data that the team leader gathers

In data analysis, the parameters computed are as those mentioned in the limitation section. As a baseline, all transects are computed for the biodiversity index so that potential core zones could be identified.

The Shannon-Weiner Biodiversity Index, H’, is used:

H’ = - Σ pi ln pi

Where: H’ = the biodiversity index Pi = the proportion of the ith species in relation to all individuals Ln = the Naperian logarithm = 2.71

______LIMITATION AND METHODOLOGY OF THE SURVEY 4

Figure 2. The island Municipality of Culion showing the transect lines, the road systems, and the rivers.

______LIMITATION AND METHODOLOGY OF THE SURVEY 5 The Pielou Distribution Index (J’) is also calculated using the formula:

J’ = H’/ ln(S)

Where: H’ = the Shannon – Weiner Index S = the total number of species Ln = the Naperian logarithm

To determine the levels of biodiversity in the area, the Fernando Scale is used:

Table 1 Biodiversity Scale (Fernando, 1998)

Relative Shannon (H’) Pielou (J’) Values Index Evenness Index Very High 3.5 and above 0.75-1.00 High 3.0-3.49 0.50-0.74 Moderate 2.5-2.99 0.25-0.49 Low 2.0-2.49 0.15-0.24 Very Low 1.9 & below 0.05-0.14

The Menhinick Species Richness Index is also used to enrich the discussion in terms of abundance and number of individuals per species. The formula is the following:

SR = S / sqrt N

Where: S = total number of species N = total number of individuals

5.0 PHYSICAL CHARATERISTICS

5.1 Physiography

The island of Culion has an irregular shape with mountain ranges, deep valleys, high and wide plateaus, low rugged hills, and few plains. Per results of the flora survey, the area north of the poblacion has flat to terraced physiography or land forms. South of the Poblacion however, the island becomes rolling to hilly with plains and valleys in between. Meander belts and wetlands / swamps are also present due to several rivers and streams that could be found in the central part of the island, but some dry up during the dry season.

The highest point in Culion is less than 500 masl. Although not particularly high in elevation, the topography is rolling to mountainous. Coastlines are highly indented that no part of the interior is more than 11 km from the sea. It is estimated that only about ten percent of the whole municipality is more or less flat and the rest is about 90% sloping to rugged terrain. ______PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 6

There are 41 islands and islets scattered around the mainland where white beaches can be found. Ten (10) percent of these islands have slopes of 0 – 8% exhibiting undulating to rolling hilly areas while 90% have slopes of 9% and up, considered as upland areas.

5.2 Climate

The climate of the island is Type II of the Corona System of climate classification. It has two distinct seasons; the dry season, which is from November to May; and the wet season, which is from June to October. The hottest months are from April to May.

The highest rainfall occurs in July. The temperature in Culion and in the Calamianes Islands, in general, is similar to mainland Palawan, which is considered warm and uniform. Generally, the warmest months are March, April and May while the coldest are December, January and February. Based on PAGASA records Coron, Culion, Cuyo and Linapacan receive annual rainfall of 2, 920 mm, compared to only 1, 672 mm in the eastern part of Palawan from Puerto Princesa City to Brooke’s Point. There are persistent gales and torrential rains during the months of July and August. Sea travel is most favorable from April to June when the sea is calm.

5.3 Soil

Major soil types are silt to silt clay, very dry, yellowish, and quite shallow. The average top soil is less than 12 inches deep followed by gravelly sub soil. Rock outcrops abound in the area.

Having such soil types, this would mean that top soil could be easily washed away in strong rainfall, and the rocky, gravelly subsoil would appear in its place. This translates to low productivity for agriculture.

5.4 River Systems

Unlike the municipalities of Busuanga and Coron where there are defined relatively large and perrenial rivers, Culion has only short, intermittent creeks and gulleys (Figure 1). This means they are with water only during the rainy season, from June to December. Otherwise they are dry the rest of the year.

5,5 Land Use and Vegetation Cover

Of the total land area of 42,000 has, 8 land uses have been identified in the CLUP (1995) of Culion broken down as follows:

• Residential area 1,464 has • Grazing Land 5,126 has • Mangrove Area 440 has • Primary Forest 6,201 has • Secondary Forest 10,451 has • Cogonal Area 8,728 has ______PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 7 • Agricultural Area 10,730 has • Idle lands 21,022 has

The idle lands dominate the landscape with 21,022 has followed by the agricultural area. However, combining the primary and secondary forest (16,652 has) would put the forested area in second place and the agricultural area in third. The fourth largest land use is the cogonal area with 8,728 has.

On the other hand, according to the flora survey in 2003, the land uses identified are shown in Figure 3 below with their respective proportions:

Land Uses in Culion

AF WL TP TF CF 9% 4% 2% 9% 7% RIV ER 4%

K DLF 13% 22% HS 4% GL 26%

Figure 3. Frequency of land uses surveyed in Culion 2003, in %

Legend: CF – Coastal Forest AF – Agroforestry WL – Wetlands TP – Tree Plantation TF – Tidal forest K – Kaingin HS – Human Settlement GL – Grass Land DLF – Dry Lowland Forest

______PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 8 Grasslands are the most dominant landform making up 26% of the landscape in Culion as sampled by the Flora Survey Team in terms of frequency or number of times the land use was sampled. This is followed by the dry lowland forest at 22% and Kaingin at 13%.

In the agricultural land use, the most popular crops planted are fruit trees. Cashew, Nangka, and Mango top the list. On the other hand, the most popular vegetable planted is Ampalaya (CLUP 1995). In areas near the river, rice is the dominant crop. Other crops planted are coconut, banana and papaya.

The land use not included in this figure is the mangrove. Culion has extensive mangrove areas, however, it is not included in this report because a separate survey team is responsible for its assessment.

Table 2 Forest/Land Cover in Culion

Forest/Land Cover Area (ha) Percent (%)

1. Closed forest, broad leaved 6, 483 14.54 2. Open forest, broad leaved 21, 826 48.98 3. Mangrove forest 2,157 4.84 4. Other wooded lands, shrubs 2,894 6.49 5. Other land, natural, wooded grassland 1,246 2.79 6. Other land, natural, barren land 83 0.18 7. Other land, natural, grassland 3,096 6.44 8. Other land, cultivated, annual crop 6,751 15.15 9. Other land, cultivated, perennial crop 1,012 2.27 10. Other land, built-up areas 11 0.02 Grand Total 44,559 100 Source: NAMRIA, 2002

______PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 9

Figure 4. Forest Land Cover Map of Culion (NAMRIA, Sept 2004)

______PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 10 5.6 Road Network

Culion has very limited road network (Figure 2). In fact, only three (3) barangays - Camingo, Luac and Malaking Patag - have roads connecting to the town center and nearby sitios. The bridges are more often non-functional or impassable. Travel to other barangays is difficult. The ten (10) barangays without passable roads or access are: Halsey, Binudoc, Marily, Osmeña, Lumber Camp, Baldar, Ugnisan, Balangay, Cabulihan, and Burabod.

6.0 BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

6.1 Forest Type

The most common forest type that could be found in Culion is the lowland semi- deciduous forest. Being semi-deciduous, the trees shed their leaves at certain times of the year. In this case, they shed their leaves in preparation for the dry season. This is a defensive mechanism of the trees to survive the dry and hot months.

Being an island municipality with irregular coastlines, it was surveyed that there are beach type forests present in Culion. Beach type forests are becoming rare and endangered at present because of development going on in these coastal ecosystems. More often they are converted to resorts and or fishponds.

As mentioned in the land use section, there are extensive mangrove forests in Culion. Details of this forest type are discussed in another report specifically for mangrove.

The recent survey (Feb, 2004) encountered Molave type forests in upper slopes of hilly areas. More often, these “molave type forests” occur in limestone based / karst substrates. However, they are also found in other substrates. Extreme conditions prevail in this ecosystem. It has drier and hotter conditions.

Observations in Bgy Baldat revealed that the forest of Culion is thicker along river systems with large diameter trees (40 cm dbh and above) dominating the river banks. The vegetation changes a few hundred meters perpendicular to the river into a small diameter forest. Beyond this belt, Buho bamboo dominates until about 100 masl. Reaching the peak of hills, the Molave type forest appears but selectively on the north aspect of the hilltop. The rest of the hilltop is covered by Buho Bamboo.

Kaingins and agroforestry areas dot the landscape on either side of the river. It is along the river where one finds much vegetation. This is expected since there is plenty of water for the plants and the general microclimate is favorable to many species.

Where there are clearings and kaingins, Buho is the omnipresent vegetative cover in the low to hilly areas.

______BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 11 Results of the survey conducted in Culion from July 17, 2003 to August 14, 2003 gave the following information:

Table 3 Vegetation Cover/Landuse in Culion.

Vegetation Cover/Landuse Percent (%)

1.Grasslands 26* 2. Forested Areas 40 Dry land forests Coastal forests Tidal forests Tree plantations 3. Agroforestry 9 4. Kaingin 13* 5. Wetlands 4 6. Settlements 4 7. Waterways 4 TOTAL 100 * The sum 39% is almost equal in magnitude with forested areas, 40%.

Combining the grasslands and kaingins with percent cover of 26% and 13% respectively, this amounts to 39%, which is about equal in magnitude with that of the forested areas (40%) in Culion. The crop production method employed on the sloping areas has increased through time. Buho bamboo plant community type is a dominant cover ranging from the foothills to midslopes.

Listed below are the barangays and their respective vegetation cover:

¾ Barangays with forest – Barangay Patag and Osmeña ¾ Barangays with small clusters of dipterocarps – Sitio Lumber Camp and Barangay Osmeña ¾ Barangay with wide grasslands – Barangay De Carabao

6.2 Land Uses in the Uplands

Human activities in the uplands, mostly uncontrolled, have increased the hectarage of unutilized/idle lands. Unmanaged pastures resulted to increased areas of grasslands. Hillside farms were observed in almost all barangays. The most seriously affected is Barangay De Carabao that has wide grassland areas.

Along waterways where moisture is abundant and soil is more fertile are patches of cash crop production consisting of rice, banana and papaya. Coconuts were sporadically encountered during the survey. Orchards favored cashew, mango, avocado, langka and a few other fruit-bearing trees. ______BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 12

It has been observed by a forester familiar with the municipality that about 13 barangays in Culion are experiencing various land degradation problems as a result of ever increasing in-migration and declining productivity of the agricultural and marine ecosystems. In addition, it has been noted also that while there are still intact forests stands, the area of grasslands and open lands is beginning to overshadow the remaining area with forest species.

The fringes of the declared forest zone is covered with grass-plant community type with Buho (Schizostachium lumampao) dominating the landscape. Where there are open areas, either in the lowland or upland, grasslands are present. The harsh environmental conditions in Culion appears to favor the survival and growth of sturdy species which laymen calls the “parang” forest type.

7.0 BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT

Overall, Culion has a biodiversity index of 4.22. This is very high according to the Fernando Scale. Its distribution index is J’ = 0.80, suggesting a clustered type of distribution.

On a per transect basis, the following table shows the Shannon indices:

Table 4. Shannon Biodiversity Indices (H’) and the Pielou Distribution Indices (J’) per Transect in Culion.

Index T10 T11 T2 T4 T5 T6 T7 T12 T13 T9 T8

H’ 3.55 3.45 3.0 2.91 3.59 3.46 3.74 3.50 3.22 3.22 3.47 J’ 0.82 0.83 0.90 0.94 0.87 0.84 0.92 0.94 0.94 0.81 0.85 Note: Transects 1 and 3 are missing data

Referring to the Fernando Scale, H’ = 3.5 and above would be the criterion to determine the potential core zone of the municipality. Hence, very high diversity indices are shown in transects 5, 7, 10 and 12. These are all located south of the Poblacion and in relatively rolling to hilly areas with rivers and streams in its lower elevations.

7.1 Plant Forms

Results of the flora survey shows that 6 plant forms have been identified. Table 5 below shows these 6 plant forms. As shown, tree species dominate the data with 149 species identified. This is followed by the vine species (29) and then the herb (13).

______BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT 13 Table 5. Plant Forms and Their Number of Species in Culion

Plant Form No. of Species

Fern 3 Grass 1 Herb 13 Tree 149 Rattan 6 Vine 29

The grass species included here is the Buho bamboo (Schizostachyum lumampao). The presence of many vine species, rattan, and the herb indicate a very disturbed landscape wherein much sunlight penetrates to the undergrowth allowing such species to proliferate.

The tree species, on the other hand, are a mixture of small to medium sized trees. Many are in the seedling to sapling stage suggesting a very young forest cover. There are “old growth” as surveyed but these are more in karst substrates, which slows the growth rate considerably. This means that despite the small diameters, their ages are old, thus making them “old growth” in classification.

7.2 Similarity Indices

Comparing the vegetative composition of the transects in terms of their similarities, only transects 10 & 11, and 5 & 6 have high similarities. Transects 10 & 11 are 74.17% similar, while transects 5&6 are only 52.9% similar. Between the two comparisons, it is transects 10 & 11 that are most similar with each other.

In linking this information with the high biodiversity indices, the areas within transects 5, 6 & 7 and that of 10, 11 & 12 are potential core zones.

______BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT 14 Table 6 below shows the similarity indices for Culion.

Table 6. Similarity indices between transects in Culion Island.

Trans 10 11 2 4 5 6 7 12 13 9 8

10 * 74.17 17.12 7.59 35.13 39.70 23.82 21.10 10.04 31.23 35.46 11 * * 16.64 7.33 35.91 42.64 24.45 18.11 8.05 27.29 31.68 2 * * * 32.81 27.16 14.88 28.67 17.14 10.07 17.40 17.07 4 * * * * 12.66 6.19 14.28 7.75 6.59 7.72 9.91 5 * * * * * 52.89 38.36 26.36 12.30 28.82 31.49 6 * * * * * * 23.2617.15 6.35 27.65 29.92 7 * * * * * * * 23.0717.67 30.46 37.87 12 * * * * * * * * 29.62 18.63 18.12 13 * * * * * * * * * 8.74 11.86 9 * * * * * * * * * * 48.36 8 * * * * * * * * * * * • Transects 1 & 3 are missing data.

7.3 Dominance of Species

In terms of species dominance, tree species still rank among the top 10. Dominating species is the Bintang (Syzygium subfoetidum), followed by the Dildil (Cynometra integrifolia), and then the Palomaria (Calophyllum inophyllum). Katmon (Dillenia philippinensis), Malapu and Molave (Vitex parviflora) follow in 4th, 5th, and 6th ranks. The rest of the rankings could be found in the appendix.

Annex Table 1 shows the forest strata with the corresponding dominant family and representative species per transect.

7.4 Culion Endangered Species

There are 25 identified endangered species or in different classifications of their conservation status. This is about 12.43% of the total number of species surveyed in Culion. The following is a list of these species (Table 7).

______BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT 15 Table 7. List of endangered species in Culion per Flora Survey result (2003)

Common Family Scientific Common Family Scientific Name Name Name Name Name Name

Molave Verbenaceae Vitex Malasantol Meliaceae Sandoricum parviflora vidalii Ipil Fabaceae Instia bijuga Palasan Palmae Calamus merrillii Malakatmon Dilleniaceae Dillenia Siksik Palmae Calamus luzoniense Katmon Dilleniaceae Dillenia Bugtong Palmae Calamus philippinense subivarius Kayatau Meliaceae Dysoxylum Akle Fabaceae Serialbizia turczaninowii acle Kulam Myrtaceae Syzygium Pitcher Plant Nepenthaceae Nepenthes ixoides sp Narra Fabaceae Pterocarpus Malabayabas Myrtaceae Tristania indicus decorticata Lanete Apocynaceae Wrightia Begonias Begoniaceae Begonia sp pubescens Mancono Myrtaceae Xanthostemon Tagbak Zingiberaceae Alpinia verdugonianus elegans Mancono – Myrtaceae Xanthostemon Nato Sapotaceae Palaquium Mapilig bracteatus luzoniense Duguan Myristicaceae Myristica Yantok Palmae Calamus philippinensis vidalianus Antipolo Moraceae Artocarpus Culion Cycadaceae Cyca wadei blancoi Pitogo Kalantas Meliaceae Toona calantas

The rare and endangered Cyca wadeii or the Culion Pitogo is an endemic. This Pitogo can only be found in the island of Culion and nowhere else. Its habitat is near coastlines. It is a bit smaller than its Cycad cousins.

8.0 LAND DEGRADATION PROBLEMS IN THE HILLY AND UPLAND AREAS

There are five classifications of forest degradation activities encountered in Culion during the survey.

1. Hillside farming found in the following barangays – Luac, Halsey, Binudac, Marily, Baldar, Ugnisan, Canimango, Malaking Patag, Cabulihan, and Burabod

______LAND DEGRADATION PROBLEMS IN THE HILLY AND UPLAND AREAS 16 2. Illegal harvesting of forest products in the following barangays – Luac, Halsey, Binudac, Marily, Osmeña, Lumber Camp, Baldar, Ugnisan, Canimango, Balanga, Malaking Patag, Cabulihan, and Burabod 3. Cattle grazing/unmanaged pastures – Luac, Halsey, Binudac, Marily, Lumber Camp, Baldar, Ugnisan, Canimango, Malaking Patag, and Cabulihan 4. Illegal Occupancy in Forest Lands – Burabod, Lumber Camp, Baldar, Ugnisan, Canimango, Cabulihan, Malaking Patag, Balanga, Luac, Osmeña, Marily, Binudac, and Halsey 5. Grassland and forest fires - Balanga, Canimango, Ugnisan, Baldar, Lumber Camp, Osmeña, Marily, Binudac, Halsey, Lauac, Burabod, Malaking Patag, and Cabulihan

The survey results, on the other hand, show the following information:

• Barangays with forests - Barangays Patag and Osmeña still have forested lands can be sources of planting materials • Barangays with Dipterocarp species - Dipterocarps were found in Sitio lumber Camp and Barangay Osmeña • Concentration of wide grasslands - several barangays have grassland ecosystems within their territories. The widest grassland is in Barangay De Carabao.

9.0 CORE ZONES

The following are the criteria used for identifying core zones in Culion:

Criteria for Selection

1. Presence of economically and environmentally important flora/fauna species 2. Presence of old growth/close canopy forests 3. High biological diversity 4. The area has significant influence on either agricultural systems, settlement area, coastal and marine ecosystems 5. Headwater of a river system 6. The area has steep slope and prone to erosion when left alone 7. The area is certain to be encroached upon by squatters or land speculators when left alone 8. More appropriate for forestry than any other land uses

The watershed divide is the most practical ground boundary of all core zones or protected areas. Figure 5 shows the proposed core zones according to biodiversity hotspots.

______LAND DEGRADATION PROBLEMS IN THE HILLY AND UPLAND AREAS 17 Based on the results of the survey, the potential core zones with high biodiversity are transects 10, 11, & 12; and 5, 6 & 7. The coordinates of these transects are the following:

Table 8. Coordinates of the Transects Identified as Potential Core Zones

Transect Number Tie Point End Point

10 N11045.85’ E12002.28’ N11045.81’ E119055.96’ 11 N11044.5’ E119057.28’ N11044.52’ E12002.21’ 12 N11043’ E12002.8’ N11043.05’ E119058.72’ 5 N11052.61’ E119053.41’ N11052.61’ E12001.0’ 6 N11051.26’ E12003.75’ N11051.26 E119055.2 7 N11049.91’ E12002.46’ N11049.91’ E12002.11

Figure 5 below shows the potential core zones on a map and where they are located.

Figure 5. Potential Core Zones encircled in Culion according to Biodiversity Hotspots

______LAND DEGRADATION PROBLEMS IN THE HILLY AND UPLAND AREAS 18 Figure 6 shows the actual potential core zones superimposed in a satellite image map. The potential core zone of the fauna component is also shown. This fauna core zone may be expanded to cover the whole peninsula in as much as the peninsula is presently “uninhabited”.

Flora Core

Zones

Fauna Core

Zone

Figure 6. Potential Core Zones Superimposed in Satellite Image Map

______LAND DEGRADATION PROBLEMS IN THE HILLY AND UPLAND AREAS 19 On the other hand, the recommended core zones according to watershed divides are shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7. Proposed Core Zones per Flora Survey (in red line) according to Watershed Divide.

______LAND DEGRADATION PROBLEMS IN THE HILLY AND UPLAND AREAS 20 10.0 ISSUES, CONCERNS AND THREATS TO CORE ZONES

Fujioka (1988) in his report and recommendations to the President of the Asian Development Bank, Board of Directors of the Proposed Loans and Technical Assistance to the Republic of the Philippines for a Forestry Sector Program, the following statement summarizes the state of the forests in the Philippines:

“Forest authorities were charging a nominal fee of P30 per cubic meter of harvest. Very little forest management and reforestation was conducted. Concessionaires usually “cut and run” which explains why many of them abandon their concessions in less than ten years even if they are allowed to hold on up to 25 years, renewable by another 25 years. Thus, while there were 470 concessionaires, each of which had the right to harvest 25,000 hectares of forests in the 1960’s and 1970’s, only 147 remained today (1988). The most common and most serious of the breaches of the loggers were non-compliances with the norms of selective logging and the obligations to reforest logged-over areas. Once cleared, the open forest lands become attractive to slash-and-burn farmers, who complete the process of forest destruction.”

What is the environmental impact of the widespread denudation of Philippine forests? An ADB report sums it up:

“Soil erosion has become widespread in the uplands and lowlands alike and is estimated to an equivalent of one meter deep material over 100, 000 hectares of land per year, or about one billion cubic meter of soil material eroded every year. About 20% of this material is deposited in waterways, channels and reservoirs. As a result, vast areas of forests and agricultural lands have been rendered unsuitable for growing trees or for agriculture, or the productivity of such lands has been considerably reduced. Sedimentation in rivers, reservoirs and irrigation canals has increased the threat to supply of water for agriculture and industry and even for domestic consumption. Nineteen out of the 57 watershed areas have already been declared to be in a critical state of degradation. Disappearance of forests and other vegetative cover has also affected watershed area of a number of small rivers and streams on which municipal water supply depends. Flash floods have become frequent, adding to the risk of annual crop agriculture. Several species of flora and fauna have become endangered or extinct, and the actual loss of genetic material destroyed along with the natural habitat will remain unknown forever. It is feared that the environmental crisis would continue to worsen as an increasing population becomes compelled to eke out a living at the expense of nature and the generations to follow, causing paradoxically though, a perpetuation of the misery of the rural population.”

______ISSUES, CONCERNS AND THREATS TO CORE ZONES 21 10.1 Present/Existing and Potential Threats

Observations, experiences and discussions with fellow professionals and practitioners, policy makers and residents helped the consultants identify desirable approaches to answer the existing and potential threats to the forest ecosystems including core zones and improve forest conditions not only in Culion but in the Philippines so that enumeration of the threats and issues relevant to Culion is important.

a) The seemingly lax implementation of the provisions of the law concerning forests and watersheds has confused the citizens. They no longer know or believe if the government is really serious in protecting the remaining forest.

b) The lack of direction of the government’s forest management and protection system has worked in favor of timber smugglers, land grabbers and speculators.

c) There is an issue on how to harmonize the provisions of various laws such as the NIPAS Act (R.A. 7586), Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA Law or R.A. 8371), and the Strategic Environment Plan (SEP) for Palawan Act or R.A. 7611.

d) The rampant hillside farming in several parts of Palawan uses fire to clear the planting area resulting to denudation and massive soil erosion.

11.0 CONCLUSION

Overall floral diversity of the municipality is H’ = 4.22, which is very high. Even on a transect basis, the diversity is from high to very high. Therefore, despite the overall perception that the landscape of Culion is degraded due to kaingin expansion and agricultural production, plant diversity remains high. This may be deceptive because introduction of crops for agricultural production would increase the diversity index of an area.

The transects that belong to the top 6 in terms of the revised criteria for identifying core zones are Transects 5, 6, 7 and 10, 11, 12. Respectively, they have biodiversity indices of 3.55, 3.45, 3.5 and 3.59, 3.46, 3.74. All have high number of individuals indicating good forest cover. They also have high number of species.

Culion has 25 endangered species identified, equivalent to only 12.43% of the total species sampled. There may be more endangered species that could be found in the forests of Culion. Especially mentioned is the Culion Pitogo (Cycas wadei) that is endemic only to Culion. This plant is already mechanically distributed as an ornamental in different locations in Palawan.

The landscape of Culion is highly fragmented. However, there are pockets of vegetation that harbor endemic and endangered species. It is not enough to protect and conserve these habitats but also to manage the landscape so as to protect the habitats and the species therein.

______CONCLUSION 22 11.1 Significant Findings From The Survey.

a) There are five serious forest/upland degradation resulting from unregulated human activities on-going in Culion as follows (Barangays enumerated in Section 4.4). • Fires in grassland encroaching forested areas • Squatting in 13 barangays • Unmanaged pastures or grazing • Widespread illegal upland agriculture and kaingin making • Uncontrolled harvesting of forest products

b) There are two barangays with considerable forest stands: • Patag • Osmeña c) There are two sites with dipterocarp species • Sitio Lumber Camp • Barangay Osmeña d) Barangay which has the widest or largest grassland area in Culion • Barangay De Carabao

12.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

Soil is one of the major problems of the island because it is not very suitable for agricultural production especially in the sloping lands. Hence, it is recommended that hillylands should have adequate vegetative cover to minimize erosion.

To support the livelihood of rattan handicraft, Cashew production and other agriculture- based products, the municipality should take the lead in acquiring modern technologies to improve production and at the same time for sustainable utilization of the resources therein.

A potential core zone is also eyed in the western central portion of the island where it has ample forest cover according to satellite image. This needs to be studied further if it would really be delineated as a core zone.

Included in the sustainable utilization of resources is the IEC which would increase the awareness of the population about their natural resources. If this would be launched, it is hoped that forest and grass fires could be minimized and other degradation practices.

Quoting portions from the paper of Dr. Adolfo Revilla, Jr., in a symposium on “Sustaining Watersheds: The La Mesa Watershed Project Experience” on September 10, 2004 at the Australian Embassy, Makati City.

“…One is often discouraged or even derided to pursue initiatives that they try to solve the problems of the “world”. As a result, we content ourselves with small projects that address bits and pieces of the real problem and end

______RECOMMENDATIONS 23 up always short. I strongly suggest we start putting together initiatives that holistically address the problem of the “world” we live in…”

An SDU, or sustainable development unit, would likely include a number of municipalities or parts thereof and could even encompass more than one district or province (a watershed).

Based on the above concept, the following are strongly recommended:

1. Avoid miniscule or fragmented zoning of forest ecosystem either in Culion in Palawan, or anywhere in the Philippines. Small patches of forests are not sustainable. All lands not suited for any uses for that matter should be treated as forestry area. Several planners who did not understand the biology or dynamics of the forest ecosystem contributed to the rapid demise of forest areas in the country. 2. Upland ecosystems, especially under Palawan conditions, with forest cover, either low or high in biodiversity index if more that 18% slope should be included in the core zones or any protected area category. The reason: steep or sloping lands when encroaches upon by humans would result to further erosion. 3. Small areas could not be sustainably managed. What will the government do with those steep, degraded areas not included in the protected areas? When protected, those open areas would even “heal” and progressively metamorphose into a forest and stable ecosystem. 4. Use the watershed divides as the smallest planning unit to form an SDU in Culion.

Further Recommendations:

1. The PCSD staff should remember that the management, conservation and protection of the natural scenic spots in Palawan, including Culion, are some of the key strategies to the stability of the province. 2. Tourism is the primary revenue generating industry that can be perpetuated in Palawan and tourism in the province greatly depends on nature. Therefore, the rehabilitation and protection of the natural resources, especially the forests in Palawan ensures sustainability. Postponing positive-on-the-ground protection is disastrous. Foremost of the initiative that needs to be put in place is a protection system. It is the backbone of any resource management system. Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of a simplified protection system that works. The system could be modified to suit existing conditions (V.B. Mendoza, 2004). 3. The management plan, to be responsive, should have a process that needs to be undertaken in order that the recommended components will address the concerns in the locality. Figure 9 is a suggested framework for site development planning or management plan development (V.B. Mendoza, 2004).

______RECOMMENDATIONS 24 The following are proposed management prescriptions to protect core zones and improve forest conditions in Culion:

a) Firstly, define the limits of the core zone on the map and on the ground. b) Put markers at strategic locations along the boundary of the core zones with the information that it is off-limits. c) Continuous information and education campaign in the adjacent barangays. d) Equally important is the development or creation of sustainable livelihood for the people. e) Make a detailed zoning and quantification of the whole core zone, specify the activities to be undertaken in a given area in the core zone, set the quality standards and specifications.

Proposed measures to rehabilitate degraded ecosystems in Culion:

Grasslands. This plant community type is a fire-climax ecosystem. This means that burning perpetuates its biology. Therefore, once fire no longer occurs in the grasslands, other higher forms of plants would colonize and, through time, would shade the grasses. Shading the grasses at 50% is sufficient to suppress its growth. Planting of forest species that tolerate acidic soils is another approach, but protection from burning is the key.

Brushlands. A plant community type that has advanced from the grassland seral stage, it will eventually develop into a forest when left alone.

Denuded forests. Without human interference, a complex ecosystem will develop into a higher and more complex ecosystem. The tropical rainforest is a unique terrestrial ecosystem, having the tremendous capacity for regeneration if deleterious human activities are excluded, especially burning. The development into a more stable, complex and functional ecosystem could be further enhanced through assisted natural regeneration.

Eroded slopes. Soil erosion in hillsides is a manifestation of loosening of the slopes. Usually, this happens when the area is devoid of vegetation, especially trees. Two approaches could be adopted. One is through vegetative hillside stabilization by planting small trees. The other is through mechanical-structural approach. This entails the use of rip-raps or concrete structures or the combination of wattling and rip-raps plus planting of grasses and trees on the eroding slopes.

Kaingin Areas. The easiest and cheapest way is to let the area be regenerated by the surrounding forest stands plus protection from burning. The fastest way is to plant adopted species with the necessary cultural treatment and protection from burning.

Encroachment of upland settlements into primary and secondary forests. Understanding the root cause of the illegal activities of people in the forest is the pivotal point of finding solutions to the problem. Socio-anthropologists, economists, politicians, and other sectors of society have concluded that the economic difficulty in the country, compounded by political patronage, weak ______RECOMMENDATIONS 25 enforcement of forestry laws, weak and slow prosecution of forest violators, are primarily the root causes of the deteriorating forest conditions in the country.

As long as there is no well-formulated and adequately executed forest protection system, the forests will continue progressively to be plundered and decimated until degradation becomes irreversible.

PROTECTION SYSTEM

Minimum Components

1. Defined protection organization 2. Information, education and communication 3. Sustainable livelihood 4. Institutional linkages 5. Policy-defined 6. Infrastructures for protection 7. Gridded map 8. Equipment: Communication, transport, binoculars 9. Trained protection personnel 10. Monitoring system (Manual of procedure)

PARTICIPANTS

1. Municipal Government

2. PCSDS

3. PNP

4. DoJ

5. IBP

6. NGO / PO

ENFORCEMENT

Adequately trained protection personnel/patrols

Figure 8. A Simplified Protection System (V.B. Mendoza, 2004) Patterned after the “Save the La Mesa Watershed Project” and Subic Forest

______RECOMMENDATIONS 26 Whole

Objectives become Problems I.D./Environmental Medium and Long- Activities Scanning Constraints term goals Demands on • Define existing resources Limited Watershed that is: landuses Data generation and Opportunities • Stable • Determine land compilation (pertains to the capability • Productive Social it ) • Characterize slope Low agricultural • Functional • Address the Analysis and interpretation of productivity • Diverse environment, social and data and information Economic economic concerns in the area Financing Lineup possible project Aesthetics components/options Labor/supply availability

Evaluate the options Others Managerial capability Select the option/s NO (Recommend options) Institutional YES

NO Products Demand/Supply Are more Are data needed demands & for constraints

Finalize Components (Project Start-up)

Figure 9. Comprehensive Site Development Framework (V.B. Mendoza, 2004) used by this consultant in the Bataan Natural Park, Subic Forest and la Mesa Watershed

______RECOMMENDATIONS 27 REFERENCES

Aragones, Enriquito G. Jr., Justo P. Rojo, Fernando Jr. Pitarque., Mangroves Trees, Botanical Identification Handbook 1498

Carballo, Jose Luis, Lucille Gregorio, Norma A. Villanueva, Rozalinda Villavicencio. 1983. Guide to Grassland Plants. A Resource Material for Biology Teachers: Pundasyun sa pagpapaunlad ng kaalaman sa pagtuturo ng Agham 1pk. SEC. UP NRMC, Ministry of national Resources and UP p.176

Culion Profile, CLUP. 1995.

De Guzman, Enriquito D., Ricardo M. Umali, Malians D. Sotalbo. 1986. Guide to Philippines Flora and Fauna Vol.111 Dipterocarps and Non Dipterocarps, p.414

Fernandez, Jose, Fe Fernandez, Edna /Imelda (1975, 2002) Palawan Flora and Fauna PTFPPPCSDS – EU p.75

Jongman, R.H.G., C.J.F. ter Braak and O.F.R. van Tongeren. Eds. 1987. Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology. Pudoc Wageningen. Pp. 174 – 206

Krebs, C.J. 1989. Ecological Methodology. Harper Collins Publishers. Pp. 293 – 327

Madulid, Domingo A. 2000. A Pictorial Cyclopedia of Philippine Ornamental Plants p .388

Madulid, Domingo (2002) The Pictorial Guide to the Noteworthy Plants of Palawan, A.PTFPP – PCSDS p.129

Magurran, A.E. 1988. Ecological Diversity and its Measurements. Princeton University Press

Moody, K., C.E. Munroe, R.T. Lubigan, E.C. Jr. Paller. 1984. Major Weeds of the Philippines. Weed Science Society of the Philippines UPLB, College Laguna. p. 328

PAWB – DENR. 2000. Statistics on Philippine Protected Areas and Wildlife Resources

PCARRD DOST. 1987. Manual on Vegetational Analysis for Grassland and Forest Ecosystems. Book Series No. 50

Rojo, Justo P. 1999. Revised Lexicon of the Philippine Trees, FPRDI –DOST. p. 484

______REFERENCES 28 Rojo, Justo P., Cristina A. Roxas, Fernando C. Pitargue, Jr. & Cristina A. Britas. 2000. Philippine Erect Bamboos: A Field Identification Guide. FPRDI – DOST. p. 161

Rojo, Justo P., Eustaquio G. Aragones, Jr. 1997. Philippine Dipterocarps: Botanical Identification Handbook. FPRDI – DOST. p 97

Salvosa, Felipe M. 1963. Lexicon of Philippine Trees. FPRDI UP. p.136

Santos, Jose V., Enriquito D. De Guzman, Edwino S. Fernando. 1986. Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna Vol. I: Bamboos, Grasses and Palms. p. 255

Seeber, G., H.J. Weidelt, and V.S. Banaag. 1979. Dendrological Characters of Important Forest Trees from Eastern Mindanao. GTZ Eschborn Philippine - German Rainforest Development Project.

Seidenschwarz, Franz. 1994. Plant World of the Philippines. An illustrated Dictionary of Visayan Plant Names with their Scientific, Tagalog and English Equivalents, University of San Carlos, Cebu City Palawan p. 368

Zamora, Precillano M. and Leonardo Co. 1986. Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna Vol. II: Economic Ferns, Endemic Ferns and Gymnosperms. p 273

______REFERENCES 29 ANNEXES

Annex Table 1. Dominant Plant Family and Species by Transect

Transect Common Name/ Number Forest Strata Dominant Families Local Name Scientific Name

1 Grassland

2 Canopy Layer Dominant LAMIACEAE Mulawin/Molave Vitex pubinervis Associated MYRTACEAE Bintang Syzygium subfoetidum CLUSIACEAE Palomaria Calophyllum sp. FABACEAE Dildil Cynometra integrifolia DILLENIACEAE Katmon Dillenia philippinensis ANACARDIACEAE Anan Buchanania sp Undercanopy Layer Dominant MYRTACEAE Kelam/Kulam Syzygium ixoides Associated EUPHORBIACEAE Inyam Antidesma impressinerve SAPINDACEAE Lichik/Litsik Lichi chinensis APOCYNACEAE Lanete Wrightia pubescens ANNONACEAE Malapu Mitrerophora sp. STERCULIACEAE Kalumpang Sterculia foetida Ground Layer Dominant ARECACEAE Siksik Calamus microsphaerion FLAGELLARIACE Associated AE Uwag/Baling uai Flagellaria indica ARECACEAE Palasan Calamus merrillii Amorphophallus ARACEAE Pongapong campanulatus ZINGIBERACEAE Luyaluya Zingiber sp CONVOLVULACE AE Kamotekamote Ipomoea sp.

3 Grassland

4 Canopy Layer Dominant VERBENACEAE Mulawin/Molave Vitex pubinervis Associated FAGACEAE Ulawan Lithocarpus sp. MYRTACEAE Bintang Syzygium subfoetidum CLUSIACAEAE Palomaria Calophyllum sp. ANNONACEAE Malapu Mitrerophora sp. APOCYNACEAE Lanete Wrightia pubescens

______ANNEXES 30 Transect Common Name/ Number Forest Strata Dominant Families Local Name Scientific Name

Undercanopy Layer Dominant DILLENIACEAE Katmon Dillenia philippinensis Associated FABACEAE Dildil Cynometra integrifolia BORAGINACEAE Anonang Cordia obliqua SAPINDACEAE Lichik/Litsik Lichi chinensis SAPOTACEAE Ikuyan/Ekuyan Madhuca leerii BURSERACEAE Saleng/Sahing Canarium asperum

Ground Layer Dominant ARECACEAE Siksik Calamus microsphaerion Associated DIOSCOREACEAE Kurot Dioscorea sp ARECACEAE Bugtong Calamus sp. ZINGIBERACEAE Luyaluya Zingiber sp FLAGELLARIACE AE Uwag/Baling uai Flagellaria indica ARECACEAE Palasan Calamus merrillii

5 Canopy Layer Dominant MYRTACEAE Bintang Syzygium subfoetidum Associated ARECACEAE Siksik Calamus microsphaerion FABACEAE Dildil Cynometra integrifolia DILLENIACEAE Katmon Dillenia philippinensis CLUSIACEAE Palomaria Calophyllum sp ZINGIBERACEAE Baldang Zingiber sp

Undercanopy Layer Dominant ANNONACEAE Malapu Mitrerophora sp. Associated MYRATACEAE Kelam/Kulam Syzygium ixoides SAPOTACEAE Ikuyan/Ekuyan Madhuca leerii VERBENACEAE Mulawin/Molave Vitex pubinervis TILIACEAE Laho Colona subaequalis STERCULIACEAE Taluto Pterocymbium tinctorium Ground Layer FLAGELLARIACE Dominant AE Uwag/Baling uai Flagellaria indica CONVOLVULACE Associated AE Kamote kamote Ipomoea sp. Amorphophallus ARACEAE Pongapong campanulatus ARACEAE Gabi gabi Alocasia sp. NEPENTHACEAE Picher plant Nepenthes sp ______ANNEXES 31 Transect Common Name/ Number Forest Strata Dominant Families Local Name Scientific Name

ARACEAE Badiang Alocasia portei

6 Canopy Layer Dominant MYRTACEAE Bintang Syzygium subfoetidum Associated DILLENIACEAE Katmon Dillenia philippinensis FABACEAE Dildil Cynometra integrifolia SAPOTACEAE Ikuyan/Ekuyan Madhuca leerii CLUSIACEAE Palomaria Calophyllum sp APOCYNACEAE Kukulayan Alstonia parvifolia

Undercanopy Layer Dominant LAMIACEAE Mulawin/Molave Vitex pubinervis Associated SAPINDACEAE Lichik/Litsik Lichi chinensis FABACEAE Narra Pterocarpus indicus TILIACEAE Laho Colona subaequalis ANNONACEAE Malapu Mitrerophora sp. STERCULICEAE Taluto Pterocymbium tinctorium Ground Layer Dominant ARECACEAE Siksik Calamus microsphaerion Associated DIOSCOREACEAE Kurot Dioscorea sp ZINGIBERACEAE Luyaluya Zingiber sp FLAGELLRIACEAE Uwag/Baling uai Flagellaria indica CONVOLVULACE AE Kamote kamote Ipomoea sp

7 Canopy Layer Dominant FABACEAE Dildil Cynometra integrifolia Associated MYRTACEAE Bintang Syzygium subfoetidum Amorphophallus ARACEAE Pongapong campanulatus ANNONACEAE Malapu Mitrerophora sp. ZINGIBERACEAE Luyaluya Zingiber sp SAPOTACAEAE Ikuyan/Ekuyan Madhuca leerii Undercanopy Layer Dominant CLUSIACEAE Palomaria Calophyllum sp Associated MYRTACEAE Bungan Xanthostemon sp. DILLENIACEAE Katmon Dillenia philippinensis DILLENIACEAE Malakatmon Dillenia sp. EUPHORBIACEAE Inyam Antidesma impressinerve BURSERACEAE Saleng/Sahing Canarium asperum Ground Layer ______ANNEXES 32 Transect Common Name/ Number Forest Strata Dominant Families Local Name Scientific Name

Dominant ARECACEAE Siksik Calamus microsphaerion Associated ARECACEAE Bugto Calamus sp. MYRTACEAE Taket Syzygium sp. FLAGELLARIACE AE Uwag/Baling uai Flagellaria indica COMMELINACEAE Aligbangon Commelina benghalensis

8 Canopy Layer Dominant ANNONACEAE Malapu Mangifera monandra Associated FABACEAE Dildil Cynometra integrifolia MYRISTICACEAE Duguan Myristica philippensis ANACARDIACEAE Anan Buchanania sp MYRTACEAE Tagalomboy Syzygium sp. SAPOTACEAE Ikuyan/Ekuyan Madhuca leerii Undercanopy Layer Dominant CLUSIACEAE Palomaria Calophyllum sp. Associated FABACEAE Ipil Intsia bijuga BURSERACEAE Saleng/Sahing Canarium asperum ELEOCARPACEAE Bauan/Bawan Eleocarpus sp EBENACEAE Kanumay Diospyros sp MYRTACEAE Takot Ground Layer Dominant ZINGIBERACEAE Luyaluya Zingiber sp. Associated COMMELINACEAE Aligbangon Commelina sp ARACEAE Pongapong Amorp ARECACEAE Siksik Calamus microsphaerion ZINGIBERACEAE Tagbak Alpinia elegans

9 Canopy Layer Dominant DILLENIACEAE Malakatmon Dillenia luzoniensis Associated MYRTACEAE Tagalomboy Syzygium sp BURSERACEAE Saleng/Sahing Canarium sp SAPINDACEAE Lichik/Litsik Lichi chinensis CLUSIACEAE Palomaria Calophyllum sp. CONVOLVULACE AE Dildil Cynometra integrifolia Undercanopy Layer Dominant VERBENACEAE Mulawin/Molave Vitex pubinervis Associated FABACEAE Ipil Intsia bijuga EBENACEAE Kanumay Diospyros sp. ANACARDIACEAE Anan Buchanania sp. ______ANNEXES 33 Transect Common Name/ Number Forest Strata Dominant Families Local Name Scientific Name

STERCULICEAE Taluto Pterocymbium tinctorium MYRTACEAE Mancono Xanthostemon sp. Ground Layer Dominant ARECACEAE Siksik Calamus microsphaerion Associated PIPERCEAE Ikmo Piper sp ZINGIBERACEAE Luyaluya Zingiberaceae Amorphophallus ARACEAE Pongapong campanulatus FLAGELLARIACE AE Uwag/Baling uai Flagellaria indica

10 Canopy Layer Dominant MYRTACEAE Tamisan Syzygium sp Associated FABACEAE Dildil Cynometra integrifolia MYRTACEAE Bungan Xanthostemon sp. DILLENIACEAE Katmon Dillenia philippinensis CLUSIACEAE Palomaria Calophyllum blancoi ELEOCARPACEAE Bauan/Bawan Eleocarpus sp Undercanopy Layer Dominant ANNONACEAE Malapu Mitrerophora sp. Associated VERBENACEAE Mulawin/Molave Vitex pubinervis FAGACEAE Ulawan Lithocarpus sp BURSERACEAE Saleng/Sahing Canarium asperum SAPINDACEAE Lichik/Litsik Lichi chinensis SAPOTACAEAE Ikuyan/Ekuyan Madhuca leerii Ground Layer Dominant ARECAEAE Siksik Calamus microsphaerion Associated ZINGIBERACEAE Luyaluya Zingiber asp ARACACEAE Palasan Calamus merrillii Amorphophallus ARACEAE Pongapong campanulatus FLAGELLARIACE AE Uwag/Baling uai Flagellaria indica

11 Canopy Layer Dominant MYRTACEAE Bungan Xanthostemon swp. Associated DILLENIACEAE Katmon Dillenia sp FAGACEAE Dildil Cynometra integrifolia CLUSIACEAE Palomaria Calophyllum sp. MYRTACEAE Bintang Syzygium subfoetidum Tamisan Syzygium sp. Undercanopy ______ANNEXES 34 Transect Common Name/ Number Forest Strata Dominant Families Local Name Scientific Name

Layer Dominant FAGACEAE Ulawan Lithocarpus sp Associated ANNONACEAE Malapu Mitheropora sp VERBENACEAE Mulawin/Molave Vitex pubinervis SAPINDACEAE Lichik/Litsik Lichi chinensis ELEOCARPACEAE Bauan/Bawan Eleocarpus sp. TILIACEAE Laho Colona subequalis

Ground Layer Dominant ARECEAE Siksik Calamus microsphaerion Associated ZINGIBERACEAE Luyaluya Zingiber sp COMMELINACEAE Aligbangon Commelina sp CONVOLVULACE AE Kamote kamote Ipomoea sp DIOCOREACEAE Kurot Dioscorea sp.

12 Canopy Layer Dominant CLUSIACEAE Palomaria Calophyllum sp Associated DILLENIACEAE Katmon Dillenia philippinensis Pterospermum STERCULICEAE Bayog diversifolium SAPINDACEAE Lichik/Litsik Lichi chinensis LAURACEAE Kalamba Litsea sp CLUSIACEAE Palomading Calophyllum sp Undercanopy Layer Dominant BURSERACEAE Saleng/Sahing Canarium asperum Associated FABACEAE Ipil Intsia bijuga EUPHORBIACEAE Inyam Antidesma impressinerve RUBIACEAE Bangkoro Morinda bracteata TILIACEAE Laho Colona subaequalis STERCULICEAE Dungon Heritiera sylvatica Ground Layer Dominant ARECACEAE Siksik Calamus microsphaerion Associated ZINGIBERACEAE Luyaluya Zingiber sp ARECACEAE Palasan Calamus merrillii CONVOLVULACE AE Kamote kamote Ipomoea sp SAPINDACEAE Uwag/Baling uai Flagellaria indica

13 Canopy Layer Dominant FABACEAE Ipil Intsia bijuga Associated SAPOTACEAE Ikuyan/Ekuyan Madhuca leerii ______ANNEXES 35 Transect Common Name/ Number Forest Strata Dominant Families Local Name Scientific Name

BURSERACEAE Saleng/Sahing Canarium asperum SAPOTACEAE Natuk Palaquim luzoniense RUBIACEAE Palangagin Neonauclea sp SAPINDACEAE Lichik/Litsik Lichi chinensis Undercanopy Layer Dominant ELEOCARPACEAE Bauan/Bawan Eleocarpus sp Associated APOCYNACEAE Kukulayan Alstonia macrophylla GNETACEAE Bugo Gnemon gnetum CLUSIACEAE Palomaria Calophyllum sp ANNONACEAE Malapu Mitheropora sp STERCULICAEAE Taluto Pterocymbium tinctorium Ground Layer Dominant ARECACEAE Siksik Calamus microsphaerion CONVOLVULACE Associated AE Kamotekamote Ipomoea sp. ZINGIBERACEAE Luyaluya Zingiber sp ARECACEAE Palasan Calamus merrillii FLAGELLARIACE AE Uwag/Baling uai Flagellaria indica

______ANNEXES 36 Annex Table 2. Checklist of Angiosperms (Non-Monocots Paleoherbs and Dicots) of Culion, Palawan

ANGIOSPERMS (NON-MONOCOT PALEOHERBS

ECONOMIC/ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL FAMILY SPECIES LOCAL NAME COMMON NAME IMPORTANCE STATUS PIPERACEAE Peperomia pellucida (L.) HBK. Pansit-pansitan Medicinal Common Piper betle L. Ikmo Medicinal Common Piper interruptum Opiz var. interruptum Pamintang aso Species Diversity Common Piper interruptum Opiz var. loheri (C.DC.) Quis. Litlit Species Diversity Common Piper nigrum L. Paminta Food Additives Common ANGIOSPERMS (DICOTS) MAGNOLIACEAE *Magnolia coco (Lour.) DC. Magnolia Ornamental Common *Michelia alba DC. Champakang puti Ornamental Rare *Michelia champaca L. Champaka Ornamental Rare Talauma villariana Rolfe Patangis Species Diversity Rare ANNONACEAE *Annona muricata L. Guyabano Edible Fruit, Medicinal Common *Annona reticulata L. Anonas Edible Fruit, Medicinal Common *Annona squamosa L. Atis Edible Fruit, Medicinal Common Cananga odorata (Lamk.) Hook. f. & Thoms Ilang – ilang Medicinal, Essential oils Common Goniothalamus amuyom (Blanco) Merr. Amuyong Light Construction Common Miliusa vidalii Sinc. Takulau Light Construction Rare Papualthia lancealata (Vid.) Merr. Anolang Fences Common Phaeanthus ebracteolatus (Presl,) Merr. Kalimatas Light Construction Rare

______ANNEXES 37 ECONOMIC/ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL FAMILY SPECIES LOCAL NAME COMMON NAME IMPORTANCE STATUS Polyalthia flava Merr. Yellow lanutan Light Construction Rare *Polyalthia longifolia Benth. & Hook.f. Indian lanutan Ornamental Common Mitrephora weberi Merr. Species Diversity Indeterminate MYRISTICACEAE Knema glomerata (Blanco)Merr. Tambalau Light Construction Rare Myristica elliptica Wall ex Hook f. & Thoms.var. simiarum (A.DC.)Sincl. Tanghas Light Construction Rare Myristica philippinensis Lam. Duguan Light Construction Rare LAURACEAE *Cinnamomum mercadoi Vid. Kalingag Food Additives Rare Litsea perrottetii (Blume) F.-Vill Marang Edible Fruit Rare Litsea sebifera Blume Sablot Light Construction Indeterminate *Persea gratissima Gaertn. Avocado Edible Fruit, Medicinal Common MENISPERMACEAE Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr. Albutra Medicinal Common VITACEAE (LEEACEAE) Cayratia trifolia (L.) quis. Alangingi Species Diversity Common Leea aculeata Blume ex Spreng Amamali Species Diversity Common Leea guineensis G. Don Mali-mali Species Diversity Common Leea philippinensis Merr. Kaliantan Species Diversity Common Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. Ayo Species Diversity Common Tetrastigma loheri Gagnep. Loher’s ayo Species Diversity Common Allophylus lopezii Merr. Species Diversity Common Cissus simplex Blanco Species Diversity Common Columella geniculata (Blume) Merr. Sampang Species Diversity Common NYCTAGINACEAE *Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Bougainvillea Ornamental Common *Pisonia grandis R. Br. Maluko Light Construction Common

______ANNEXES 38 ECONOMIC/ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL FAMILY SPECIES LOCAL NAME COMMON NAME IMPORTANCE STATUS POLYGONACEAE *Triplaris cumingiana Fisch. & Mey. Palosanto Light Construction Common LORANTHACEAE Loranthus philippinensis Cham & Schlecht. Dapong kahoy Species Diversity Common OLACACEAE Strombosia philippinensis (Bail.) Rolfe. Tamayuan Light Construction Rare CELASTRACEAE Euonymus javanicus Blume Malasangki Light Construction Rare ICACINACEAE Gomphandra luzoniensis (Merr.)Merr. Mabunot Light Construction Rare Gonocaryum calleryanum (Baill.)Becc Taingang babui Light Construction Rare Rare MALPHIGIACEAE Xanthophyllum excelsum (BI.) Miq. Anono, Bagaulan,; Managbak (Tagb.) Banig (Tag.) Common CLUSIACEAE Calophyllum blancoi Pi. & Tr. (GUTTIFERAE) Bitanghol General Construction Rare Calophyllum inophyllum L. Palomaria Bitaog General Construction Rare Cratoxylum formusum (Jack) Dyer Salingogon Light Construction Common Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Dyer Paguringon Light Construction Common Garcinia binucao (Blanco) Choisy Food Additives, Light Binukaw Construction Common Garcinia dives Pierre Pildes Light Construction Rare Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.)Kurz Taklang anak Light Construction Rare Garcinia busuanganensis Merr. Indeterminate Garcinia sulphurea Elm. Indeterminate Garcinia venulosa (Blanco) Choisy Gatasan Light Construction Rare EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha amentacea Roxb. Bogus Species Diversity Common Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng Bignai Fruit for Wine Making Rare

______ANNEXES 39 ECONOMIC/ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL FAMILY SPECIES LOCAL NAME COMMON NAME IMPORTANCE STATUS Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn. Binayuyu Species Diversity Common Antidesma impressinerve Inyam Species Diversity Common Antidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. Bignai pugo Species Diversity Common Antidesma pleuricum Tul. Bignai kalabaw Species Diversity Rare Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai General Construction Rare Bridelia penangiana Hook. f. Subiang Light Construction Rare Drypetes subcrenata (Merr.) Pax & K. Hoffm. Kari-kari Species Diversity Rare Endospermum peltatum Merr. Novelties, Pulp and Paper, Light Gubas Wood Materials Rare *Hevea brasiliensis (HBK.) Muell. Arg. Para rubber Source of Rubber Common Homolanthus populneus (Geisel.) Pax. Balanti Species Diversity Common Homonoia riparia Haw Agooi Species Diversity Common Macaranga bicolor Meull. Arg. Hamindang Light Construction Common Macaranga grandifolia (Blanco.)Merr. Takip asin Light Construction Common Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell. Arg. Binunga Light Construction Common Mallotus philippinensis (Lam.)Muell. Arg. Banato Light Construction Rare Mallotus ricinoides (Pers.) Muell. Arg. Hinlaumo Species Diversity Common Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw.Ex Blume.) Reichb.f. & Zol. Alim General Construction Common Neotrewia cumingii (Muell. Arg.) Pax & K. Hoffm. Apanang Novelties and Light Construction Rare

______ANNEXES 40 ECONOMIC/ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL FAMILY SPECIES LOCAL NAME COMMON NAME IMPORTANCE STATUS Phylanthus debilis Klein & Willd. Sampa-sampalukan Species Diversity Common Phylanthus reticulatus Poir. Tinta-tintahan Species Diversity Common Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw Baguilumbang Species Diversity Common Sapium luzonicum (Vid.) Merr. Balakat gubat General Construction Rare Trigonostemon philippinensis Stapf. Katap Light Construction Common RHIZOPHORACEAE Carallia branchiate (Lour.) Merr. Bakauan gubat Light Contruction Rare PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora foetida L. Karunggut Edible Fruit Common CHRYSOBALANACEAE Atuna racemosa Raf. Tabon-tabon Light Construction Rare Maranthes corymbosa Blume. Liusin General Construction Rare FLACOURTIACEAE Pangium edule Reinw. ex. Blume. Pangi Light Construction Common Taraktogenos heterophylla (Blume) van Magluhi Slooten Batu-bato Species Diversity Indeterminate OXALIDACEAE *Averrhoa bilimbi L. Edible Fruit, Food Additives and Kamias Medicinal Common *Averrhoa carambola L. Balimbing Edible Fruit, Medicinal Common

DATISCACEAE Octomeles sumatrana Miq. Binuang Light Construction Common FABACEAE ( LEGUMINOSAE, MIMOSACEAE, *Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. CAESALPINIACEAE) Acacia General Construction Common *Acacia farnesiana ( L.) Willd. Aroma Light Construction Common *Acacia mangiumWilld. Mangium General Construction Common Adenathera favonina Merr. Malatanglin Light Construction Common Afzelia borneensis Harris Malaipil General Construction Rare Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco.) Vid. Tindalo General Construction Rare Albizia acle (Blanco.) Merr. Akle General Construction Endangered Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Akleng parang Light Construction Rare

______ANNEXES 41 ECONOMIC/ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL FAMILY SPECIES LOCAL NAME COMMON NAME IMPORTANCE STATUS Archidendron scutiferum (Blanco)Nielsen Anagap Light Construction Rare Archidendron clypearia (Jack.) Nielsen Tiagkot Light Construction Rare *Bauhinia acuminate L. Kulibangbang Landscape Plant Common Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. Agpoi Rope Making, Handicraft Common Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Light Construction, Food Alibangbang Additives Common *Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Swartz. Caballero Ornamental Common *Calliandra haematocephala Hassk. Fireball Ornamental Common * Cassia fistula L. Golden shower Ornamental Common Cassia occidentalis L. Balatong-aso Species Diversity Common Cassia tora L. Maning aso Species Diversity Common *Clitoria ternatea L. Pukinggang baging Species Diversity Common Koompasia excelsa Manggis General Construction Endangered Cynometra ramiflora L. Balitbitan Ornamental Endangered *Delonix regia (Boj. Ex Hook.) Raf. Fire tree Ornamental Common Dioclea reflexa Hook. Bai (Ig.) Species Diversity Common Entalada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. Gogo Soap Making, Handicraft Endangered *Erythrina crista galli L. Dapdap palong Ornamental Common Erythrina orientais (L.) Murr. Dapdap Ornamental Common *Gliricidia sepium (acq.) Walp. Kakauate Light Construction Common Instia bijuga (Colebr.) O. Ktze. Ipil General Construction Endangered Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. Ipil-Ipil Light Construction, Fuel Wood Common Moghania strobilifera (L.) St-Hill. ex jacobs. Payang –payang Species Diversity Common

______ANNEXES 42 ECONOMIC/ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL FAMILY SPECIES LOCAL NAME COMMON NAME IMPORTANCE STATUS Parkia roxburghii G. Don. Kupang Light Construction Common Peltrophorum pterocarpum (DC.)Back & Heyne. Siar Light Construction Rare *Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Kamachile Edible Fruit Common Pongamia pinnata (L.) Merr. Bani Medicinal, Light Construction Common Pterocarpus indicus Willd formaindicus Smooth narra General Construction Endangered Pterocarpus indicus Willd. forma echinatus (Pers.)Rojo. Prickly narra General Construction Endangered *Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr Rain tree . General Construction Common *Sesbania gradiflora (L.) Pers. Katurai Edible Flowers and Agroforestry Common *Tamarindus indica L. Edible Fruits, Food Additives, Sampalok Medicinal Common Wallaceodendron celebicum Steen. Koord. Banuyo General Construction Endangered Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. CASUARINACEAE Agoho General Contruction, Ornamental Endangered Gymnostoma rumphianum (Miq.) L. Johnson Agoho del monte General Contruction, Ornamental Endangered Lithocarpus ovalis (Blanco) Rehd FAGACEAE Manggasiriki Light Construction Rare Celtis luzonica Warb. CELTIDACEAE Magabuyo General Contruction Rare Celtis philippinensis Blanco Malaikmo General Contruction Rare Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong Light Construction Common ROSACEAE Prunus grisea (C. Muell.) Kal km. Lago General Construction Common Angelesia splendens Korth. Balik (P. Bis.), Dangigan (S.L. Bis.) Species Diversity Indeterminate RHAMNACEAE Zizyphus talanai (Blanco.) Merr. Balakat General Construction Rare

______ANNEXES 43 ECONOMIC/ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL FAMILY SPECIES LOCAL NAME COMMON NAME IMPORTANCE STATUS CECROPIACEAE Poikilospermum erectum (Blanco) Merr. Hanopol tindig Species Diversity Common Poikillospermum suaveulens (Blume.) Merr. Hanopol Species Diversity Common MORACEAE *Artocarpus altilis (Park.) Fosb. Rimas Edible Fruit Rare Artocarpus blancoi (Elm.) Merr. Antipolo General Construction Common *Artocarpus communis J. R. & G. Forst. Kamansi Edible Fruit Common Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Edible Fruit, General Nangka Construction Common Artocarpus odoratisimus Blanco. Marang banguhan General Construction Common Artocarpus ovatus Blanco. Anubing General Construction Common Artocarpus rubrovenius Warb. Kalulot Light Construction Common Broussonetia luzonica (Blanco.) Burr. Himbabao Light Construction Common Ficus benjamina L. Salisi Ornamental Common Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Basikong Species Diversity Common Ficus botryocarpa Miq. var.linearrifolia(Elm.)Corner Basikong kalauang Species Diversity Common Ficus collosa Willd. Kalukoi Ornamental Common Ficus congesta Roxb. Malatibig Species Diversity Common Ficus gul Laut. & K. Schum. Butli Species Diversity Common Ficus heteropoda Miq. Alangas Species Diversity Common Ficus irisana Elm. Aplas Light Construction Common Ficus magnoliifolia Blume. Kanapai Light Construction Common Ficus minahassae (Tejism & de Vr.) Hagimit Species Diversity Common

______ANNEXES 44 ECONOMIC/ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL FAMILY SPECIES LOCAL NAME COMMON NAME IMPORTANCE STATUS Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig Species Diversity Common Ficus orodata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling Species Diversity Common Ficus pseudopalma Blanco Niog-niogan Edible Leaves Common Ficus pubinervis Blume Dungo Light Construction Common Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili Species Diversity Common Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Is-is Species Diversity Common Ficus variegate Blume. Tangisang bayawak Species Diversity Common Ficus variegata Blume.var.sycomoroides (Miq.)Corner Dolalo Species Diversity Common Streblus asper Lour. Kalios Ornamental Common Leucosyke capitellata(Poir.) Wedd. URTICACEAE Alagasi Species Diversity Common *Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. Alabong Species Diversity Common Pipturus arborescens (Link) C.B Rob. Dalunot Species Diversity Common Terminalia catappa L. COMBRETACEAE Talisai Landscape Plant, Edible Fruits Common Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai gubat Light Construction Rare Terminalia microcarpa Decne Kalumpit Edible Fruit Rare Terminalia nitens Presl. Taket Sakat Light Construction Rare LYTHRACEAE *Cuphea hyssopifolia HBK. Singapore bush Ornamental Common *Lagerstroemia indica L. Melendres Ornamental Common Largerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Banaba Ornamental, Medicinal Rare *Punica granatum L. Pomegranate Ornamental, Medicinal Common MELASTOMATACEAE MYRTACEAE *Psidium guajava L. Bayabas Guava Edible Fruit, Medicinal Common Syzygium calubcob (C.B.Rob.) Merr. Kalubkob Edible Fruit, Medicinal Common

______ANNEXES 45 ECONOMIC/ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL FAMILY SPECIES LOCAL NAME COMMON NAME IMPORTANCE STATUS Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Duhat Edible Fruit, Medicinal Common Syzygium nitidum Benth. Makaasim Light Construction Rare *Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & Perry Makopa Edible Fruit Common Syzygium simile (Merr.) Merr. Panglomboien Light Construction Common MORINGACEAE * Moringa oleifera Lam. Edible Leaves and Fruits, Malungai Medicinal Common CARICACEAE *Carica papaya L. Papaya Edible Fruits Common DILLENIACEAE Dillenia luzoniensis (Vid.) Martelli Malakatmon Light Construction Endangered Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe Edible Fruits, General Katmon Construction Endangered Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. Katmon baging Species Diversity Common DIPTEROCARPACEAE Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco Apitong General Construction Endangered Hopea plagata (Blanco) Vid Yakal-Saplungan General Construction Endangered Shorea astylosa Foxw. Yakal General Construction Endangered MALVACEAE *Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (STERCULIACEAE, BOMBACACEAE, TILIACEAE) American kapok Furniture making Common Colona serratifolia Cav. Anilau Species Diversity Common Commersonia bartramia (L.) Merr. Kakaag Species Diversity Common Corchorus acutangulus Lam. Saluyot Edible Leaves, Medicinal Common Grewia acuminata Juss. Bagun, Alagau (Tagb.) Alagat, Danloi (Tag.) Species Diversity Indeterminate Grewia eriocarpa Juss. Baronhasi, kanas-kanas (Tag.) Species Diversity Indeterminate Heritiera littoralis Ait. Dungon late Light Construction Rare Heritiera sylvatica Vid. Dungon Light Construction Rare

______ANNEXES 46 ECONOMIC/ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL FAMILY SPECIES LOCAL NAME COMMON NAME IMPORTANCE STATUS Hibiscus camphylosiphon Turcz. var.glabrescens (Warb.ex Perk.) Borss. Vidal’s lanutan Light Construction Indeterminate *Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Gumamela Ornamental Common Hibiscus schizopetalus (M.T.Mast.)Hook.f. Gumamela de araña Ornamental Common Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Malubago Light Construction Indeterminate Kleinhovia hospita L. Tan-ag Light Construction Common *Muntingia calabura L. Datiles Edible Fruit, Medicinal Common Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. Taluto General Construction Common Pterospermum obliquum Blanco Kulatingan Light Construction Rare Pterospermum celebicum Miq. Bayok-bayokan Light Construction Rare Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Bayok Light Construction Rare *Sida acuta Burm. f. Walis-walisan Species Diversity Common *Sida rhombifolia L. Takling baka Species Diversity Common Sterculia crassiramea Merr. Tapinag Light Construction Rare Sterculia foetida L. Kalumpang Light Construction Rare Sterculia montana Merr. Mountain tapinag Light Construction Rare Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho Light Construction Rare Sterculia philippinensis Merr. Banilad Pulp and Paper Rare' *Theobroma cacao L. Cacao Edible Fruit, Medicinal Common *Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Kulot-kulotan Species Diversity Common *Urena lobata L. Kollo-kollot Species Diversity Common ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus candollei Elm. Impaparai (Tagb.) Impaparai Species Diversity Common Elaeocarpus grandiflorus Sm. Species Diversity Common BIXACEAE *Bixa orellana L. Achuete Food Additives and Coloring Common SAPINDACEAE Allophyllus lopezii Merr. Species Diversity Indeterminate

______ANNEXES 47 ECONOMIC/ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL FAMILY SPECIES LOCAL NAME COMMON NAME IMPORTANCE STATUS Guioa koelreuteria (Blanco)Merr. Alahan Light Construction Common Litchi chinensis Sonn ssp. philippinensis Radlk.Leenh. Alupag Light Construction Common Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb.)Radlk. Ambalag Light Construction Common Pometia pinnata Forst. & Forst. Malugai Light Construction Rare Pomelia pinnata Forst. & Forst. forma repanda Jacobs Malugai liitan Light Construction Rare Sapindus saponaria L. forma microcarpa Radlk. Kusibeng Light Construction Rare BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. Light Construction, Source of Pagsahingin Elemi Rare Canarium calophyllum Perk. Light Construction, Source of Pagsahingin bulog Elemi Rare ANACARDIACEAE *Anacardium occidentale L. Kasoy Edible Fruit Common Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume Balinghasai Light Construction Rare Buchanania nitida Engl. Balitantan Light Construction Rare Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. Dao General Construction Rare Dracontomelon edule ( Blanco) Skeels. Lamio General Construction Rare Koordersiodendron pinnatum (Blanco) Merr. Amugis General Construction Rare Mangifera altissima Blanco Pahutan General Construction Rare *Mangifera indica L. Mangga Edible Fruit Common Spondias purpurea L. Sineguelas Edible Fruit Common MELIACEAE Aglaia edulis (Roxb.) Wall. Malasaging Light Construction Rare Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) Merr. Bayanti Light Construction Rare Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.)R.N. Parker Kangko Light Construction Rare

______ANNEXES 48 ECONOMIC/ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL FAMILY SPECIES LOCAL NAME COMMON NAME IMPORTANCE STATUS *Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Neem tree Light Construction Rare Chisocheton cumingianus (C.DC.) Harms.ssp. cumingianus Balukanag Light Construction Rare Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr.ssp. pentandrus Katong matsing Light Construction Rare Dysoxylum arborescens (Blume)Miq. Kalimutain Light Construction Rare Dysoxylum cumingianum C.DC. Tara-tara Light Construction Rare Lansium domesticum Correa Himamao Light Construction Rare Sandoricum vidallii Santol - gubat Malasantol Light Construction Common Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. Edible Fruits, Novelties, Light Santol Construction Common Dysoxylum turczaninowii Kayatao Kayatau IUCN listed; vulnerable *Swietenia macrophylla King Big leaf mahogany General Construction Common Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe Kalantas General Construction Rare RUTACEAE Citrus grandis (L.) Osb. Lukban Edible Fruit Common Citrus madurensis Lour. Kalamunding Edible Fruit Common Clausena brevistyla Oliv. Kalomata Edible Fruit Rare Evodia confusa Merr. Bugauak Light Construction Rare Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw Species Diversity Common Murraya paniculata Jack Kamuning Ornamental Rare SIMAROUBACEAE Ailanthus integrifolia Lam. Malasapsap Light Construction Rare EBENACEAE Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh. Ebony General Construction Endangered Diospyros philippinensis (Desr.)Gurke Kamagong General Construction Endangered Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco Bolong eta General Construction Endangered Diospyros pyrrhocarpa Miq. Anang General Construction Endangered MYRSINACEAE Ardisia clementis Presl. Katagpo Species Diversity Common Ardisia pyramidalis (Cav.) Pers. Aunasin Ornamental Common

______ANNEXES 49 ECONOMIC/ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL FAMILY SPECIES LOCAL NAME COMMON NAME IMPORTANCE STATUS Ardisia squamulosa Elm. Tagpo Species Diversity Common SAPOTACEAE Chrysophyllum cainito L. Caimito Edible Fruits Common Madhuca betis (Blanco)Macbr.&Merr. Betis Light Construction Rare *Manilkara sapota (L.) Royer. Chico Edible Fruits Common Mimusops elengi L. Bansalagin Light Construction Rare Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi Light Construction Rare Palaquium luzoniense (F.Vill.) Vid. Nato Light Construction Rare Palaquium merrillii Dub. Dulitan Light Construction Rare Planchonella nitida (Blume) Dub. Duklitan Light Construction Rare Pouteria macrantha (Merr.)Baenhi White Nato Light Construction Rare *Pouteria rivicoa (Gaertn.f.) Ducke Tiesa Edible Fruits Common THEACEAE Camelia lanceolata (Blume)Seem. Haikan Species Diversity Rare LECYTHIDACEAE Barringtonia asiatica (L.)Kurz Botong Ornamental Rare Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Blume ex DC. Putat Ornamental Common SOLANACEAE Cestrum nocturnum L. Dama de Noche Ornamental Common Datura metel L. Talong punay Species Diversity Common Solanum biflorum Lour. Bagan bagan Species Diversity Common Solanum ferox L. Talong gubat Species Diversity Common Solanum torvum Sw. Talong-talungan Species Diversity Common COVOLVULACEAE Ipomea batatas (L.) Lamk. Kamote Sweet potato Edible Leaves , Rootcrops Common Ipomea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br. Lambayong Species Diversity Common Ipomea purpurea (L.)Roth Morning glory Ornamental Common Merremia peltata (L.) Merr. Bulakan Species Diversity Common Merremia vitifolia (Burm.f.)Hall.f. Kalalaknit Species Diversity Common APOCYNACEAE Dischidia tonsa Schltr. Species Diversity Indeterminate

______ANNEXES 50 ECONOMIC/ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL FAMILY SPECIES LOCAL NAME COMMON NAME IMPORTANCE STATUS Alstonia macrophylla Wall.ex DC. Batino Light Construction Common Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Dita Light Construction Common *Catharanthus roseus (L.)G.Don Chichirica Ornamental, Medicinal Common Ervatamia mucronata (Merr.)Markgr. Taparak Species Diversity Common Ervatamia pandacaqui (Poir)Pich. Pandakaki Medicinal Common Ichnocarpus volubilis Merr. Hingiw Rope Making, Handicrafts Common Kibatalia gitingensis (Elm.)Woods. Laneteng gubat Light Construction Rare Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. Bayag usa Species Diversity Rare Wrightia pubescens R.Br. ssp. laniti (Blanco) Ngan Lanete Light Construction Rare LOGANIACEAE Fagraea cochinchinensis (Lour.)A. Chev. Dolo, Dulo, Uling (Tagb.); Susulin (Tag.) Dolo Posts, beams, fence posts Endangered RUBIACEAE Anthocephalus chinensis (Lamk.) Rich.ex Walp Kaatoan bangkal Light Construction Rare Hedyotis asperrima (Merr.) Merr. Species Diversity Common Hedyotis costata (Roxb.) Kurz Species Diversity Common Uncaria insignis DC. Bungkauit Species Diversity Common Myrmeconauclea strigosa (Korth) Merr. Amontong Species Diversity Rare Gardenia lagunensis Merr. Makaboyo Species Diversity Rare Gardenia merrilli Elm. bagaoi (P.Bis); Niog- Ligad – ligad Species Diversity Rare niog (P.Bis); Tayakan (Mang.)

Gardenia pseudopsidium (Blanco) F.-Vill. Gilikak, Klapi (Tag.) Bayag- usa, Species Diversity Rare Prismatomeris obtusifolia Merr. Species Diversity Rare Lasianthus cyanocarpus Jack Maratagata (Neg.) Species Diversity Rare

______ANNEXES 51 ECONOMIC/ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL FAMILY SPECIES LOCAL NAME COMMON NAME IMPORTANCE STATUS *Coffea Arabica L. Kape Beverages Common Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Rosal Ornamental Common Gardenia longiflora Vid. Balanigan (Tagb.); Kalmala, Balanigan Ornamental Rare Hedyotis biflora (L.) Lam. Hedyotis Species Diversity Common *Ixora chinensis Lam. Santan Ornamental Common Morinda bracteata Roxb. Nino Species Diversity Common Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. Kahoy dalaga Ornamental Rare Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. Bangkal Light Construction Common Neonauclea bartlingii (DC.) Merr. Lisak Light Construction Rare Neonauclea calycina (Bartl.) Merr. Kalamansanai Light Construction Rare Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Wisak Light Construction Rare Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. OLEACEAE Sampaguita Ornamental, Essential Oils Common BIGNONIACEAE *Spathodea campanulata Beauv. African tulip Ornamental Rare LAMIACEAE Clerodendrum intermedium Cham. (VERBENACEAE) Kasupangil Ornamental Common *Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gmelina General Construction Common Premna odorata Blanco Alagau Medicinal Common *Tectona grandis L.f. General Construction, Pulp and Teak Paper Common Vitex negundo L. Lagundi Medicinal Common Vitex parviflora Juss. Molawin Molave General Construction Rare Viticipremna philippinensis (Turcz.) H.J.Lam. Lingo-lingo General Construction Rare VERBENACEAE *Lantana camara L. Coronitas Species Diversity Common ARALIACEAE *Brassaia actinophylla Endl. Octopus tree Ornamental Common

______ANNEXES 52 ECONOMIC/ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL FAMILY SPECIES LOCAL NAME COMMON NAME IMPORTANCE STATUS Polyscias nodosa (Blume.) Seem. Malapapaya Light Contrustion Common *Polyscias ornatum (Bull.) Meer. Yellow Papua Ornamental Common Schefflera orodata (Blanco) Merr.& Rolfe Galamay –amo Ornamental Common PITTOSPORACEAE Pittosporum pentandrum (Blanco)Merr. Mamalis Light Construction Rare GOODENIACEAE Scaevola frutescens (Mill.) Krause Balak-balak, Balok- balok Bokabok Species Diversity Common ASTERACEAE *Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M King & H. Rob. Hagonoy Species Diversity Common Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Rob. Uoko Species Diversity Common Tithonia diversifolia Asa Gray Wild sunflower Species Diversity Common Vernonia vidalii Merr. Malasambong Species Diversity Common Vernonia pyrrhopappa Schulz- Bip ex Klatt Species Diversity Common *This Checklist is only partial and exclusive for the whole Culion, Palawan Forest Plant Taxonomy. The families and species of this ecosystems can be found distruibutedly in the Municipality. The Classification follow the New Classification System of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens 85: 531 – 553 ( 1998 ). Other Information are taken from the various references of Philippine Flora.This intend for the use of ECAN Zoning Component-SEMP, PCSDS, February, 2004

** Biodiversity and Taxonomy Specialist, ECAN Zoning Component-SEMP, PCSDS, February, 2004 *** Research Assistant, ECAN Zoning Component-SEMP, PCSDS, February, 2004

______ANNEXES 53 Annex Table 3. Checklist of Gymnosperms of Culion Palawan

ECONOMIC / COMMON ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL FAMILY SPECIES LOCAL NAME NAME IMPORTANCE STATUS CYCADS CYCADACEAE *Cycas revoluta Oliva Ornamental Common Thunb. Cycas rumphii Miq. Pitogo Ornamental Rare Cycas edentata de Pitogong dagat Ornamental Rare Laub. Cycas circinalis Miq. Pitogo Ornamental, Edible Seeds and Rare/ Endemic Leaves , Medicinal CONIFERS ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis celebica Bagtik (Kuy.), Palawan Endagered (Koord.) Warb. Baltik (Tagb.) almaciga Agathis philippinensis Bagtik (Kuy.), Almaciga Manila Copal, Contruction, Endagered Warb. Baltik (Tagb.) Novelties, Pulpand Paper, Veneer *Araucaria Auracaria Ornamental Plant Common columnaris (Forst) Hook. *Araucaria Norfolk Island Ornamental Plant Common heterophylla pine (Salisb.)Franco CUPRESSACEAE *Platycladus Arbor vitae Ornamental Plant Common orientalis (L.) Franco

______ANNEXES 54 ECONOMIC / COMMON ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL FAMILY SPECIES LOCAL NAME NAME IMPORTANCE STATUS GNETACEAE Gnetum gnemon L. Bago Fiber for Rope Making, Edible Rare Fruit and Leaves PODOCARPACEAE Podocarpus Bantigi (Neg.), Common polystachyus R. Br. ex Inamagyo Endl. (Tagb.) Podocarpus neriifolius Malaadelfa Ornamental Common D. Don ex Lamb. (Tag.)

*This Checklist is only partial and exclusive for the whole Busuanga, Palawan Forest Plant Taxonomy. The families and species of this ecosystems can be found distributed in the Municipality. The Classification follows the system of A. Cronquist, The Evolution and Classification of Flowerng Plants. Other Information are taken from the various references of Philippine Flora. This is intended for the use of ECAN Zoning Component-SEMP, PCSDS, April, 2004 ** Biodiversity and Taxonomy Specialist, ECAN Zoning Component-SEMP, PCSDS, February, 2004 *** Research Assistant, ECAN Zoning Component-SEMP, PCSDS, February, 2004

______ANNEXES 55

ANNEX PICTURES

A giant cassava plant (Manihot ixanowii) being examined by For. Reymar Castillo, Bgy Baldat, Culion

Biodiversity team with PCSDS Counterpart, For. Jovic Fabello and PSU Herbarium Curator, Ms. Beth Gironella courtesy call with the Mayor of Culion, Mr. Jun Marasigan

______ANNEX PICTURES 56

Kaingin in Bgy Baldat, Culion

Hilly land vegetation Molave-dominant at 145 masl in Bgy Baldat Culion. This is mostly a Molave Type forest.

______ANNEX PICTURES 57

Buho natural stand in Bgy Baldat, Culion

Typical landscape of Culion in Bgy Malaking Patag

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