DOCSLIB.ORG

Why Do We Study Phylogeny? Mobile! a Tree Is Like a Mobile! “Tree of Life” (Klimt, Austria) “Tree of Life” Project PHYLOGENETICS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Why Do We Study Phylogeny? Mobile! a Tree Is Like a Mobile! “Tree of Life” (Klimt, Austria) “Tree of Life” Project PHYLOGENETICS Why do we study phylogeny? Mobile! A tree is like a mobile! “Tree of Life” (Klimt, Austria) “Tree of Life” project http://tolweb.org/tree/ PHYLOGENETICS In biology, phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms (for example, species or populations), which is discovered through molecular sequencing data and morphological data matrices. The term phylogenetics is of Greek origin from the terms phyle/phylon (φυλή/φῦλον), meaning "tribe, race," and genetikos (γενετικός), meaning "relative to birth" from genesis (γένεσις, "birth"). Taxonomy, the classification, identification, and naming of organisms, has been richly informed by phylogenetics but remains methodologically and logically distinct.[1] The fields overlap however in the science of phylogenetic systematics –often called "cladism" or "cladistics" –, where only phylogenetic trees are used to delimit taxa, which represent groups of lineage-connected individuals.[2] In biological systematics as a whole, phylogenetic analyses have become essential in researching the evolutionary tree of life. • It is a genome world! - The first genome data: Haemophilus influenzae (1995) about 1.8M bp. - Homo sapiens (begun in 1990 and completed in 2001) about 3.3G bp. <$400,000,000 - in 2011, more than 30 plant genomes are determined. In 2013, 40 angiosperm genomes have been sequenced. • Two examples for the effect of phylogeny in the text book: 1) the phylogeny transformed to systematics (classifications) 16S rDNA phylogeny: suggested three domains in the life. (c.f.: Svedverg value) 2) the phylogeny showed evolutionary information HIV gene (env) phylogeny: gave evidence of infection pathway. HIV genome stored evolutionary information recount the very recent history of its spread. ► Not only just pure application to the systematics but also the tracing evolutionary history. Other examples of interesting phylogenetic studies giving great impacts to the classification • Soltis et al. (1999): - Dicots are NOT monophyletic group - Amborella is the basal-most angiosperm • Manatee: a sister to elephant • Whale: a sister to hippo • white stork (황새): a sister to condor And minor impact my studies on Magnoliaceae ;-) Summarized angiosperm phylogeny Asterales 국화, 초롱꽃 Dipsacales 인동, 산토끼꽃 Apiales 당귀, 인삼 Aquifoliales 감탕나무 Campanulids Garryales 두충 Asterids Gentianales 용담, 꼭두서니 Laminales 꿀풀, 금어초 Solanales 토마토, 메꽃 Lamiids Ericales 진달래, 앵초 Cornales 층층나무, 수국 Sapindales 귤, 단풍나무 Malvales 무궁화 Core- Brassicales 애기장대, 무우 Malvids Fagales 자작나무, 참나무 eudicots Cucurbitales 박, 베고니아 Rosales 장미, 느릅나무 Rosids Traditional 콩, 자귀나무 Fabales Dicots part I Zygophyllales 남가새 Celestrales 노박덩굴 Fabids Oxalidales 굉이밥 Malpighiales 버드나무, 제비꽃 Geraniales 쥐손이풀 Myrtales 바늘꽃 Saxifragales 범의귀, 돌나물 Caryphyllales 카네이션, 선인장 Santalales 단향, 겨우살이 Beberidopsidales 매발톱나무 Gunnerales Buxaceae 회양목 Trochodendraceae Proteales 연꽃, 버즘나무 Sabiaceae 나도밤나무 Basal EUDICOTS eudicots 미나리아재비 양귀비 Ranunculales Euptelea Ceratophyllales 붕어마름 벼, 백합 옥수수 MONOCOTS Acorus 창포 Chloranthales 홀아비꽃대 Basal Canellales Angiosperms Piperales 후추, 족도리풀 Magnoliales 목련, 튜립나무 magnoliids Laurales 녹나무, 아보카도 Traditional Austrobailales 붓순나무, 오미자 Dicots part II Nymphaeaceae 수련 Hydatellaceae Amborella EXTENT GYMNOSPERMS Amborella is a sister to all other angiosperms! Amborella trichopoda KIM, et al., (2004) Phylogeny and diversification of B-function MADS-box genes in angiosperms: evolutionary and functional implications of a 260-million-year-old duplication. American Journal of Botany 21: 2102-2118. Journal cover http://www.amborella.org/ Manatee (and Dugong) is a sister to elephant! Whales are sister to hippos! 9 66 d1 Mich. cavaleriei Phylogeny of Magnoliaceae 1 8 68 d1 M. pealiana Mi 2 3 Mich. baillonii Michelia Terminal flower 72 d1 5 2 Mich. champaca Elmerrillia 11 4 3 Mich. odora sect. Maingola 2 98 d4 91 d3 Mich. figo sect. Alcimandra A 12 9 E. ovalis sect. Aromadendron 86 d4 6 3 M. cathcartii Al 64 d1 16 M. elegans Ar 5 8 M. biondii Bu 3 100 d8 M. kobus Bu 5 77 d2 M. dawsoniana Yu 3 8 14 3 100 d8 100 d13 M. campbellii Yu subgen. Yulania 2 B 11 M. denudata Yu Base changes 7 95 d5 2 100 d6 M. cylindrica Cy 29 M. acuminataTu 80 d1 5 Bootstrap /Decay value 2 M. sinica Mt sect. Manglietiastrum 20 d0 3 1 C 18 P. praecalva Pachylarnax 100 d15 1 M. nitida Gy sect. Gynopodium 3 D 28 K. duperreana 100 d26 2 K. septentrionalis Kmeria 12 1 66 d2 M. panamensis Th 2 9 20 d0 M. virginiana Ma 2 E 15 M. tamaulipana Th sect. Theorhodon s.s. 100 d14 3 sect. Magnolia 1 M. grandiflora Th 6 Axillary flower 48 d1 M.guatemalensis Th 31 d1 70 d1 5 Gw 3 2 M. coco 7 M. gigantifolia Bl sect. Gwillimia F 17 4 1 M. henryi Gw sect. Lirianthe 100 d16 6 64 d1 M. pterocarpa Li sect. Blumiana 3 6 M. liliifera Bl 7 45 d1 M. mexicana Ta G 9 4 100 d8 17 M. dodecapetala Ta sect. Talauma 82 d3 13 M. splendens Sp sect. Splendentes 33 d1 1 1 86 d2 Mang. grandis 2 H 4 Mang. aroma 17 Mang. conifera Manglietia 100 d13 6 Mang. glauca 7 4 M. officinalis Ry 9 143 I 5 98 d4 M. tripetala Ry sect. Rytidospermum s.s. 21 100 d137 92 d3 6 M. sieboldii Oy sect. Oyama 14 98 d6 M. wilsonii Oy 1 J 17 M. fraseri var. fraseri Ry 1 M. fraseri 100 d17 M. fraseri var. pyramidata Ry 5 K 19 M. macrophylla Ry M. macrophylla 4 100 d17 M. dealbata Ry M. dealbata 52 L. chinense 27 L. tulipifera Phylogeny of Magnoliaceae changes the classification of the family. • Two examples for the effect of phylogeny in the text book: 1) the phylogeny transformed to systematics (classifications) 16S rDNA phylogeny: suggested three domains in the life. 2) the phylogeny showed evolutionary information HIV gene (env) phylogeny: gave evidence of infection pathway. HIV genome stored evolutionary information recount the very recent history of its spread. ► Not only just pure application to the systematics but also the tracing evolutionary history. Phylogeny of HIV: provide an evidence of infection pathway Another example: 3) Phylogenetic tree based on DNA sequences provide the identification of unknown biological samples! - DNA barcoding: Molecular identification method of species name based on the sequences of standard gene(s). - An example of my study: “DNA barcoding study of Korean Lamiaceae” based on three chloroplast DNA regions Two-dimensional barcode QR code barcode DNA-barcoding Lamiaceae (꿀풀과) Immature plants Molecular identifications of biological samples are possible EVEN with chopped or grounded samples. 황금 곽향 Scutellaria baicalensis 1 (황금) Scutellaria baicalensis 2 (황금) Scutellaria indica var. coccinea (연지골무꽃) Scutellaria indica var. tsusimensis 1 (떡잎골무꽃) Scutellaria indica var. tsusimensis 2 (떡잎골무꽃) Scutellaria insignis 1 (광릉골무꽃) Scutellaria insignis 2 (광릉골무꽃) Anaysis of three DNA Scutellaria moniliorrhiza (구슬골무꽃) Scutellaria regeliana 2 (가는골무꽃) Scutellaria strigillosa (참골무꽃) Scutellaria regeliana 1 (가는골무꽃) regions in chloroplast: Scutellaria pekinensis var. alpina 1 (수골무꽃) Scutellaria pekinensis var. alpina 2 (수골무꽃) Scutellaria Scutellaria pekinensis var. maxima 4 (왕골무꽃) trnH~psbA Scutellaria pekinensis var. ussuriensis 2 (호골무꽃) Scutellaria pekinensis var. ussuriensis 1 (호골무꽃) Scutellaria pekinensis var. maxima 1 (왕골무꽃) atpF~atpH Scutellaria pekinensis var. maxima 2 (왕골무꽃) Scutellaria pekinensis var. maxima 3 (왕골무꽃) Scutellaria pekinensis var. transitra 1 (산골무꽃) Scutellaria pekinensis var. transitra 2 (산골무꽃) psbK~psbI Scutellaria pekinensis var. transitra 3 (산골무꽃) Scutellaria pekinensis var. ussuriensis 3 (호골무꽃) Lamium album var. barbatum 1 (광대수염) Lamium album var. barbatum 2 (광대수염) Lamium album var. album 1 (왜광대수염) Lamium takesimense 1 (섬광대수염) Lamium takesimense 2 (섬광대수염) Lamium Lamium album var. album 2 (왜광대수염) Stachys japonica 1 (석잠풀) Stachys japonica 3 (석잠풀) Stachys japonica 2 (석잠풀) Stachys Lamium amplexicaule 1 (광대나물) Lamium amplexicaule 2 (광대나물) Lamium amplexicaule 3 (광대나물) Leonurus japonicus 1 (익모초) Lamium Leonurus japonicus 2 (익모초) Leonurus macranthus 1 (송장풀) Neighbor joining Leonurus macranthus 2 (송장풀) Leonurus Phlomis umbrosa (속단) Dysophylla stellata (물꼬리풀) Phlomis tree Dysophylla yatabeana (전주물꼬리풀) Ajuga decumbens 1 (금창초) Dysophylla Ajuga decumbens 2 (금창초) Ajuga decumbens 3 (금창초) Ajuga spectabilis (자란초) Ajuga multiflora 1 (조개나물) Ajuga Ajuga multiflora 2 (조개나물) Teucrium japonicum (개곽향) Teucrium veronicoides 1 (곽향) Teucrium veronicoides 2 (곽향) Teucrium viscidum (덩굴곽향) Teucrium Clinopodium chinense (층층이꽃) Clinopodium micranthum (두메층층이) Clinopodium gracile (애기탑꽃) Clinopodium Agastache rugosa 1 (배초향) Agastache rugosa 2 (배초향) Dracocephalum rupestreAgastache 1 (벌깨풀) Dracocephalum rupestre 2 (벌깨풀) Meehania urticifolia 1 (벌깨덩굴) Dracocephalum Meehania urticifolia 2 (벌깨덩굴) Lycopus maackianus 1 (애기쉽싸리) Meehania Lycopus maackianus 2 (애기쉽싸리) Lycopus maackianus 3 (애기쉽싸리) Lycopus ramosissimus (개쉽싸리) Lycopus Prunella asiatica (꿀풀) Salvia chanroenica (참배암차즈기) Prunella Salvia plebeia (배암차즈기) Perilla frutescens var. frutescens 1 (들깨) Salvia Perilla frutescens var. frutescens 2 (들깨) Mosla chinensis (가는잎산들깨) Perilla Mosla dianthera (쥐깨풀) Elsholtzia minima (좀향유) Mosla Elsholtzia splendens 1 (꽃향유) Elsholtzia splendens 2 (꽃향유) Elsholtzia Isodon inflexus (산박하) Isodon japonicus (방아풀) Isodon 0.005 substitutions/site Q1 Scutellaria pekinensis var. transitra 2 (산골무꽃) Scutellaria pekinensis var. transitra 3 (산골무꽃) Scutellaria pekinensis var. ussuriensis 3 (호골무꽃) Q2 Q3 Scutellaria pekinensis var. alpina 2 (수골무꽃) Scutellaria pekinensis var. maxima 1 (왕골무꽃) Scutellaria pekinensis var. maxima 2 (왕골무꽃) Scutellaria pekinensis var. maxima 3 (왕골무꽃) Identifying unknown samples (Qs) Scutellaria pekinensis var. maxima 4 (왕골무꽃) Scutellaria
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lamium Album L. Common Name: White Deadnettle Assessors: Timm Nawrocki Helen I
    ALASKA NON-NATIVE PLANT INVASIVENESS RANKING FORM Botanical name: Lamium album L. Common name: white deadnettle Assessors: Timm Nawrocki Helen I. Klein Research Technician Research Technician Alaska Natural Heritage Program, University of Alaska Alaska Natural Heritage Program, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, 707 A Street, 707 A Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Anchorage, Alaska 99501 (907) 257-2798 (907) 257-2798 Lindsey A. Flagstad Matthew L. Carlson, Ph.D. Research Technician Associate Professor Alaska Natural Heritage Program, University of Alaska Alaska Natural Heritage Program, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, 707 A Street, 707 A Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Anchorage, Alaska 99501 (907) 257-2786 (907) 257-2790 Reviewers: Ashley Grant Bonnie M. Million. Invasive Plant Program Instructor Alaska Exotic Plant Management Team Liaison Cooperative Extension Service, University of Alaska Alaska Regional Office, National Park Service, U.S. Fairbanks Department of the Interior 1675 C Street, 240 West 5th Avenue Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Anchorage, Alaska, 99501 (907) 786-6315 (907) 644-3452 Gino Graziano Whitney Rapp Natural Resource Specialist Katmai, Lake Clark, Alagnak, and Aniakchak Planning, Plant Materials Center, Division of Agriculture, Department of Research Permitting, GIS/GPS, and Invasive Species Natural Resources, State of Alaska National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior 5310 S. Bodenburg Spur, P.O. Box 7 Palmer, Alaska, 99645 King Salmon, Alaska, 99613 (907) 745-4469 (907) 246-2145 Date: 2/9/2011
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Fertilization and Drying Conditions on the Quality of Selected Chinese Medicinal Plants
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations Dissertations and Theses October 2019 EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION AND DRYING CONDITIONS ON THE QUALITY OF SELECTED CHINESE MEDICINAL PLANTS Zoe Gardner University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2 Part of the Agriculture Commons Recommended Citation Gardner, Zoe, "EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION AND DRYING CONDITIONS ON THE QUALITY OF SELECTED CHINESE MEDICINAL PLANTS" (2019). Doctoral Dissertations. 1726. https://doi.org/10.7275/14298230 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/1726 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION AND DRYING CONDITIONS ON THE QUALITY OF SELECTED CHINESE MEDICINAL PLANTS A Dissertation Presented by ZOË E. GARDNER Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SEPTEMBER 2019 Plant and Soil Sciences © Copyright by Zoë E. Gardner 2019 All Rights Reserved EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION AND DRYING CONDITIONS ON THE QUALITY OF SELECTED CHINESE MEDICINAL PLANTS A Dissertation Presented by ZOË E. GARDNER Approved as to style and content by: ____________________________________ Lyle E. Craker, Chair ____________________________________ Masoud Hashemi, Member ____________________________________ Michael R. Sutherland, Member __________________________________ Wesley Autio, Department Head Plant and Soil Sciences ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to the incredible community of people that have helped in so many different ways to complete this research.
    [Show full text]
  • Lamiales Newsletter
    LAMIALES NEWSLETTER LAMIALES Issue number 4 February 1996 ISSN 1358-2305 EDITORIAL CONTENTS R.M. Harley & A. Paton Editorial 1 Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK The Lavender Bag 1 Welcome to the fourth Lamiales Universitaria, Coyoacan 04510, Newsletter. As usual, we still Mexico D.F. Mexico. Tel: Lamiaceae research in require articles for inclusion in the +5256224448. Fax: +525616 22 17. Hungary 1 next edition. If you would like to e-mail: [email protected] receive this or future Newsletters and T.P. Ramamoorthy, 412 Heart- Alien Salvia in Ethiopia 3 and are not already on our mailing wood Dr., Austin, TX 78745, USA. list, or wish to contribute an article, They are anxious to hear from any- Pollination ecology of please do not hesitate to contact us. one willing to help organise the con- Labiatae in Mediterranean 4 The editors’ e-mail addresses are: ference or who have ideas for sym- [email protected] or posium content. Studies on the genus Thymus 6 [email protected]. As reported in the last Newsletter the This edition of the Newsletter and Relationships of Subfamily Instituto de Quimica (UNAM, Mexi- the third edition (October 1994) will Pogostemonoideae 8 co City) have agreed to sponsor the shortly be available on the world Controversies over the next Lamiales conference. Due to wide web (http://www.rbgkew.org. Satureja complex 10 the current economic conditions in uk/science/lamiales). Mexico and to allow potential partici- This also gives a summary of what Obituary - Silvia Botta pants to plan ahead, it has been the Lamiales are and some of their de Miconi 11 decided to delay the conference until uses, details of Lamiales research at November 1998.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards Resolving Lamiales Relationships
    Schäferhoff et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:352 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/352 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences Bastian Schäferhoff1*, Andreas Fleischmann2, Eberhard Fischer3, Dirk C Albach4, Thomas Borsch5, Günther Heubl2, Kai F Müller1 Abstract Background: In the large angiosperm order Lamiales, a diverse array of highly specialized life strategies such as carnivory, parasitism, epiphytism, and desiccation tolerance occur, and some lineages possess drastically accelerated DNA substitutional rates or miniaturized genomes. However, understanding the evolution of these phenomena in the order, and clarifying borders of and relationships among lamialean families, has been hindered by largely unresolved trees in the past. Results: Our analysis of the rapidly evolving trnK/matK, trnL-F and rps16 chloroplast regions enabled us to infer more precise phylogenetic hypotheses for the Lamiales. Relationships among the nine first-branching families in the Lamiales tree are now resolved with very strong support. Subsequent to Plocospermataceae, a clade consisting of Carlemanniaceae plus Oleaceae branches, followed by Tetrachondraceae and a newly inferred clade composed of Gesneriaceae plus Calceolariaceae, which is also supported by morphological characters. Plantaginaceae (incl. Gratioleae) and Scrophulariaceae are well separated in the backbone grade; Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae appear in distant clades, while the recently described Linderniaceae are confirmed to be monophyletic and in an isolated position. Conclusions: Confidence about deep nodes of the Lamiales tree is an important step towards understanding the evolutionary diversification of a major clade of flowering plants. The degree of resolution obtained here now provides a first opportunity to discuss the evolution of morphological and biochemical traits in Lamiales.
    [Show full text]
  • 1Lecture Notes 2017
    5/14/17 Week 7; Monday Announcements: Quiz in lab today; Exam in lecture on Friday (review Wed 5:30 pm HCK 320) 3rd and final extra credit exercise. Lecture: Asteridae s.l. Continued Lamiales This group includes members of 2 or more orders in various traditional classifications (e.g., Cronquist - overhead), including the much more narrowly defined Lamiales s.s. and the Scrophulariales. Altogether, there are about 20 family-level clades and ca. 22,000 species. Oleaceae (lab-only family) – Oleaceae has flowers with radial symmetry and is unusual within Lamiales for this fact. However, they diverged within Lamiales very early and help provide evidence that the earliest plants in Lamiales evolution were radially symmetric. Bilateral symmetry, which characterizes most of the Lamiales, is evolutionarily derived within the group. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) - Mint family (258 gen/6970 spp) 1) woody/herbaceous 2) often aromatic – the large subfamily Nepetoideae characterized by aromatic oils instead of iridoids. These include many culinary herbs and ingredients in perfumes, including sage, oregano, marjoram, rosemary, thyme, basil, lavender, etc. 3) stems often square (traditional herbaceous mints) – demo: Lamium album 4) leaves usually opposite and decussate; sometimes whorled; no stipules 5) Flowers - zygomorphic; bilabiate (usually 2 upper lobes/3 lower lobes) - stamens and stigma usually enclosed in upper lip of corolla - stamens 4 (or 2); often didynamous (2 uneven pairs) - gynoecium 2 carpels, each with 2 ovules and a false septum between ovules of each carpel; often with a gynobasic style arising from between 4 mericarps - fruit: schizocarp forming 4 nutlets or a 1-4 seeded drupe Floral formula: X 5, 5, 2 or 4, 2 nutlets or drupe [carpels fused] Until very recently, the Lamiaceae was considered to be an easily defined family (although experts acknowledged some fuzzy distinctions relative to the Verbenaceae), hence the pre-Linnaean name Labiatae.
    [Show full text]
  • THAISZIA Microsporogenesis, Megasporogenesis And
    Thaiszia - J. Bot., Košice, 24 (2): 89-100, 2014 http://www.bz.upjs.sk/thaiszia THAISZIAT H A I S Z I A JOURNAL OF BOTANY Microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis and gametophyte development in Senecio glaucus L. 1 1 ABDOLKARIM CHEHREGANI RAD * & SOMAYEH HAJISADEGHIAN 1Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran; [email protected] Chehregani Rad A. & Hajisadeghian S. (2014): Microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis and gametophyte development in Senecio glaucus L.. – Thaiszia – J. Bot. 24 (2): 89-100. – ISSN 1210-0420. Abstract: Sporogenesis and gametophyte development in Senecio glaucus were studied in this study. Flowers and buds in different developmental stages were removed, fixed in FAA 70 , stored in 70% ethanol, embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 7-10 µm with a microtome. Staining was carried out with PAS and contrasted with Hematoxylin. The results showed that anthers are tetrasporangiate and anther tapetum is of the amoeboid type. Microspore tetrads are tetrahedral and isobilatral. Pollen grains are bicellular at shedding time. The most of microspores (about 60%) are large in size and vacuolated considerably. They degenerated in the late stages of anther development but smaller ones are functional microspores. Ovule is anatropous, unitegmic and tenuinucellate. A 7-celled embryo sac is formed corresponding to the Polygonum type. The shape of megaspore tetrads is both tetrahedral and T-form. Functional megaspore is the chalazal one. Embryo sac is very small at the beginning of development, so that its nuclei are arranged as linear, but later its size increases. Antipodal cells are perennial and their number increases up to 8-14.
    [Show full text]
  • HANDBOOK of Medicinal Herbs SECOND EDITION
    HANDBOOK OF Medicinal Herbs SECOND EDITION 1284_frame_FM Page 2 Thursday, May 23, 2002 10:53 AM HANDBOOK OF Medicinal Herbs SECOND EDITION James A. Duke with Mary Jo Bogenschutz-Godwin Judi duCellier Peggy-Ann K. Duke CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. Peggy-Ann K. Duke has the copyright to all black and white line and color illustrations. The author would like to express thanks to Nature’s Herbs for the color slides presented in the book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Duke, James A., 1929- Handbook of medicinal herbs / James A. Duke, with Mary Jo Bogenschutz-Godwin, Judi duCellier, Peggy-Ann K. Duke.-- 2nd ed. p. cm. Previously published: CRC handbook of medicinal herbs. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-1284-1 (alk. paper) 1. Medicinal plants. 2. Herbs. 3. Herbals. 4. Traditional medicine. 5. Material medica, Vegetable. I. Duke, James A., 1929- CRC handbook of medicinal herbs. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Medicine, Herbal. 2. Plants, Medicinal.] QK99.A1 D83 2002 615′.321--dc21 2002017548 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Floristic Quality Assessment Report
    FLORISTIC QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN INDIANA: THE CONCEPT, USE, AND DEVELOPMENT OF COEFFICIENTS OF CONSERVATISM Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) the State tree of Indiana June 2004 Final Report for ARN A305-4-53 EPA Wetland Program Development Grant CD975586-01 Prepared by: Paul E. Rothrock, Ph.D. Taylor University Upland, IN 46989-1001 Introduction Since the early nineteenth century the Indiana landscape has undergone a massive transformation (Jackson 1997). In the pre-settlement period, Indiana was an almost unbroken blanket of forests, prairies, and wetlands. Much of the land was cleared, plowed, or drained for lumber, the raising of crops, and a range of urban and industrial activities. Indiana’s native biota is now restricted to relatively small and often isolated tracts across the State. This fragmentation and reduction of the State’s biological diversity has challenged Hoosiers to look carefully at how to monitor further changes within our remnant natural communities and how to effectively conserve and even restore many of these valuable places within our State. To meet this monitoring, conservation, and restoration challenge, one needs to develop a variety of appropriate analytical tools. Ideally these techniques should be simple to learn and apply, give consistent results between different observers, and be repeatable. Floristic Assessment, which includes metrics such as the Floristic Quality Index (FQI) and Mean C values, has gained wide acceptance among environmental scientists and decision-makers, land stewards, and restoration ecologists in Indiana’s neighboring states and regions: Illinois (Taft et al. 1997), Michigan (Herman et al. 1996), Missouri (Ladd 1996), and Wisconsin (Bernthal 2003) as well as northern Ohio (Andreas 1993) and southern Ontario (Oldham et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Histochemical and Phytochemical Analysis of Lamium Album Subsp
    molecules Article Histochemical and Phytochemical Analysis of Lamium album subsp. album L. Corolla: Essential Oil, Triterpenes, and Iridoids Agata Konarska 1, Elzbieta˙ Weryszko-Chmielewska 1, Anna Matysik-Wo´zniak 2 , Aneta Sulborska 1,*, Beata Polak 3 , Marta Dmitruk 1,*, Krystyna Piotrowska-Weryszko 1, Beata Stefa ´nczyk 3 and Robert Rejdak 2 1 Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (E.W.-C.); [email protected] (K.P.-W.) 2 Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, Chmielna 1, 20-079 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] (A.M.-W.); [email protected] (R.R.) 3 Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chod´zki4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] (B.P.); offi[email protected] (B.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (M.D.); Tel.: +48-81-445-65-79 (A.S.); +48-81-445-68-13 (M.D.) Abstract: The aim of this study was to conduct a histochemical analysis to localize lipids, terpenes, essential oil, and iridoids in the trichomes of the L. album subsp. album corolla. Morphometric examinations of individual trichome types were performed. Light and scanning electron microscopy Citation: Konarska, A.; techniques were used to show the micromorphology and localization of lipophilic compounds and Weryszko-Chmielewska, E.; iridoids in secretory trichomes with the use of histochemical tests. Additionally, the content of Matysik-Wo´zniak,A.; Sulborska, A.; essential oil and its components were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Polak, B.; Dmitruk, M.; (GC-MS).
    [Show full text]
  • Mountain Gardens Full Plant List 2016
    MOUNTAIN GARDENS BARE ROOT PLANT SALES WWW.MOUNTAINGARDENSHERBS.COM Here is our expanded list of bare root plants. Prices are $4-$5 as indicated. Note that some are only available in spring or summer, as indicated; otherwise they are available all seasons. No price listed = not available this year. We begin responding to requests in April and plants are generally shipped in May and June, though inquiries are welcome throughout the growing season. We ship early in the week by Priority Mail. For most orders, except very large or very small, we use flat rate boxes @$25 per shipment. Some species will sell out – please list substitutes, or we will refund via Paypal or a check. TO ORDER, email name/number of plants wanted & your address to [email protected] Payment: Through Paypal, using [email protected]. If you prefer, you can mail your order with a check (made out to ‘Joe Hollis’) to 546 Shuford Cr. Rd., Burnsville, NC 28714. Or you can pick up your plants at the nursery (please send your order and payment with requested pick-up date in advance). * Shipping & handling: 25$ flat rate on all but very small or very large orders – will verify via email. MOUNTAIN GARDENS PLANT LIST *No price listed = not available this year. LATIN NAME COMMON NAME BARE USE/CATEGORY ROOT Edible, Medicinal, etc. Achillea millefolium Yarrow $4.00 Medicinal Aconitum napellus Monkshood, Chinese, fu zi ChinMed, Ornamental Acorus calamus Calamus, sweet flag Med Acorus gramineus shi chang pu 4 ChinMed Actaea racemosa Black Cohosh 4 Native Med Aegopodium podograria
    [Show full text]
  • Batman Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
    T.C. BATMAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ ENDEMİK Ajuga vestita BOISS. BİTKİSİNİN FARKLI EKSPLANTLARINDAN İTİBAREN KALLUS OLUŞTURMA POTANSİYELİ VE OLUŞAN KALLUSUN BİYOLOJİK AKTİVİTESİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI Şerife (AYDINARIĞ) BULUŞ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Biyoloji Anabilim Dalını Nisan-2019 BATMAN Her Hakkı Saklıdır ÖZET YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ ENDEMİK Ajuga vestita BOISS. BİTKİSİNİN FARKLI EKSPLANTLARINDAN İTİBAREN KALLUS OLUŞTURMA POTANSİYELİ VE OLUŞAN KALLUSUN BİYOLOJİK AKTİVİTESİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI Şerife (AYDINARIĞ) BULUŞ Batman Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Doç. Dr. Filiz AKBAŞ 2019, 63 Sayfa Jüri Doç. Dr. Çiğdem IŞIKALAN Doç. Dr. Filiz AKBAŞ Doç. Dr. Nesrin HAŞİMİ Ajuga vestita BOISS. bitkisi, tıbbi öneme sahip, endemik ve “EN-Tehlikede”kategorisinde olan Ajuga cinsine ait bir türdür. Bu çalışmada Ajuga vestita BOISS.’in in vitro sürgünlerinden elde edilen fidelerin farklı kısımlarından, literatür taramalarında daha önce hiç çalışılmamış olan kallus kültürlerinin başlatılması ve optimizasyonu ile kallustan sürgün elde etme potansiyelinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Bu amaçla öncelikle yüzey sterilizasyonu tamamlanan Ajuga vestita BOISS.’in olgun tohumları hormonsuz 1/4 MS besi ortamında çimlendirildi. Aksenik sürgün uçları, 0.125 mg/L-1 Kin içeren 1/1 MS besi yerinde çoğaltılarak kallus oluşturma çalışmalarında başlangıç materyali olarak kullanılacak in vitro sürgünler elde edildi. İn vitro ortamda yetiştirilen sürgünlerin yaprak, gövde, kök kısımları ve testası çatlatılmış olgun tohumlar, sitokinin (Kin, BAP) ve oksinin (2,4-D) farklı konsantrasyonlarının bulunduğu 1/1 MS besi ortamında ayrı ayrı kültüre alındı. Çalışma sonucunda, kültüre alınan tüm eksplant çeşitlerinde kallus oluşumu gözlendi. Ancak, tüm eksplant tiplerinde en iyi kallus oluşumunun 0.5 mg/L-1 Kin+2.0 mg/L-1 2,4-D içeren besi ortamında olduğu belirlendi.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical and Pharmacological Research on the Plants from Genus Ajuga
    Heterocycl. Commun. 2017; 23(4): 245–268 Review Xia Qing, Hui-Min Yan, Zhi-Yu Ni, Christopher J. Vavrickaa, Man-Li Zhang, Qing-Wen Shi*, Yu-Cheng Gu and Hiromasa Kiyota* Chemical and pharmacological research on the plants from genus Ajuga DOI 10.1515/hc-2017-0064 Received March 24, 2017; accepted June 15, 2017; previously perennial herbaceous flowering plants mainly distrib- published online July 22, 2017 uted throughout the temperate regions of Asia, Europe, Australia, North America and Africa. These species have Abstract: The genus Ajuga, a member of the Lamiaceae been used as common house plants and are called bugle family, is comprised of more than 300 species of annual or bugleweed. They are mainly characterized by the color and perennial herbaceous flowering plants mainly distrib- and shape of the flower. For example, the flower of Ajuga uted throughout the temperate regions of Asia, Europe, reptans is somewhat tall and blue, while that of Ajuga Australia, North America and Africa. These plants are used decumbens is short and purple. Many of these plants are as folk medicines effective for rheumatic fevers, dysen- of medicinal importance and are traditionally used as tery, malaria, hypertension, diabetes and gastrointestinal remedies for rheumatic fevers, dysentery, malaria, hyper- disorders, as well as anthelmintic, astringent, febrifuge tension, diabetes and gastrointestinal disorders, as well diuretic, antifungal and anti-inflammatory agents. A vari- as anthelmintic, astringent, febrifuge diuretic, antifun- ety of constituents has been isolated from these plants. gal and anti-inflammatory agents [1]. The genus Ajuga This review summarizes the phytochemical progress of the has attracted attention since the report in 1976 that Ajuga genus Ajuga and lists the compounds isolated up to 2014.
    [Show full text]