Transcriptoma Da Glândula De Veneno Do Escorpião Tityus Serrulatus No Contexto De Catálogos De Transcritos De Quelicerados

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Transcriptoma Da Glândula De Veneno Do Escorpião Tityus Serrulatus No Contexto De Catálogos De Transcritos De Quelicerados UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA GERAL PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GENÉTICA TESE DE DOUTORADO Transcriptoma da glândula de veneno do escorpião Tityus serrulatus no contexto de catálogos de transcritos de quelicerados ORIENTADA: Érika Ramos de Alvarenga ORIENTADOR: Prof. Dr. Evanguedes Kalapothakis BELO HORIZONTE Dezembro - 2012 I Érika Ramos de Alvarenga TRANSCRIPTOMA DA GLÂNDULA DE VENENO DO ESCORPIÃO Tityus serrulatus NO CONTEXTO DE CATÁLOGOS DE TRANSCRITOS DE QUELICERADOS Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Genética do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Genética Orientador: Dr. Evanguedes Kalapothakis Belo Horizonte 2012 II Este trabalho foi realizado com o apoio das seguintes instituições: - Departamento de Biologia Geral – ICB – UFMG - Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia – ICB - UFMG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa de Minas Gerais - FAPEMIG - Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa – CNPq - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível superior – CAPES III IV Dedico essa tese a minha família, em especial, aos meus pais (Antônio e Dalva), avós (Rosa e Líbia) e irmãos (Tiago e Dani). V AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu orientador Dr. Evanguedes Kalapothakis, inicialmente pelo acolhimento e por ter propiciado uma renovação na minha experiência e um reencantamento com a Biologia. Pelos ensinamentos em Biologia Molecular, pela paciência e enorme contribuição para minha formação profissional. Ao prof. Dr. José Miguel Ortega primeiramente pela incalculável paciência durante meu contato com a bioinformática, o que foi primordial para o desenvolvimento do trabalho. Pelas dicas, auxilios, contribuições, perguntas, discussões do trabalho e pela divertida convivência. Por ter alterado minha percepção de como processar os dados. A toda equipe do Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Marcadores Moleculares, que direta ou indiretamente auxiliaram o desenvolvimento do trabalho ou que contribuíram para um clima harmônico e produtivo durante as atividades acadêmicas. Gostaria de agradecer, em especial, a Isabella Pena, pelo acolhimento, paciência e ensinamentos (prep., transformação) durante minha chegada ao Laboratório. Á Tatiana M. Barroca pelo auxílio com os sequenciamentos. Aos ICs Bárbara F. Magalhães e Artur E. Dantas pela cooperação durante as etapas experimentais dessa tese. A Flávia S. Siqueira pelo auxílio na Bioinformática e escrita do artigo. Á Carolina C. Horta pela minusciosa avaliação dos textos relacionados a essa tese. À Thais M. Mendes pela contribuição com sequenciamentos e sugestões no trabalho. Ao estudante de doutorado em Bioinformática Rafael L. M. Guedes pela paciência e considerável contribuição nas análises de bioinformática, especialmente, com a identificação taxonômica das sequências e desenvolvimento dos scripts. Ao pessoal do Laboratório de Genética de Microorganismos pela colaboração durante as eletroporações. Aos membros da banca de qualificação prof. Dr. Carlos Edmundo Salas Bravo, Prof. Dr. Eduardo Martin Tarazona Santos e Dra.Liza Figueiredo Felicori Vilela, pela discussão e sugestões ao trabalho. Aos professores e à coordenação da Pós-Graduação em Genética, aos funcionários da secretaria e aos colegas pelo auxílio, aprendizado, troca de experiências. Às agências financiadoras CNPq, CAPES e FAPEMIG. VI Aos membros que compuseram a banca examinadora, por terem aceitado o convite e pela disponibilidade na análise do trabalho. Aos meus pais, irmãos, avós, familiares e amigos (de escolas que estudei ou dei aula, da Biologia, da Pós em Biologia Celular, dos Labs e do LAQUA) pelo incentivo e apoio durante minha formação. À DEUS. VII Por sorte a alegria da obra criada quase sempre compensa amplamente todo o estudo, a preparação, a pesquisa, o exercício, em suma, a fadiga (sempre intelectual e às vezes física) que são necessários para criá-la. A necessidade é o ponto de chegada e não de partida. E, como todo ponto de chegada, produz o prazer intenso de todas as metas atingidas. (MASI, 2005, p. 272). VIII SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO 17 1.1 Os escorpiões ............................................................................................ 17 1.2 O escorpionismo no Brasil ...................................................................... 18 1.3 O escorpião Tityus serrulatus .................................................................. 19 1.4 O aparato de veneno ................................................................................ 20 1.5 Peptídeos e proteínas produzidos pela glândula de veneno de escorpiões e especificamente por T. serrulatus ...................................... 20 1.6 Estudos de transcriptomas e ferramentas de bioinformática ........... 23 1.6.1 Banco de dados de ESTs ........................................................................... 26 1.6.2 Análise de qualidade das ESTs ................................................................ 27 1.6.3 Agrupamento das sequências ................................................................... 29 1.6.4 Análise de similaridade ............................................................................. 32 1.6.5 Tradução conceitual de ESTs ................................................................... 33 1.6.6 Anotação funcional ................................................................................... 34 1.7 Estudos de Transcriptoma da glândula de veneno de escorpiões ..... 35 2. JUSTIFICATIVA .................................................................................... 40 3. OBJETIVOS ........................................................................................... 42 4. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS .................................................................... 44 4.1 Biblioteca de cDNA da glândula de veneno do escorpião T. serrulatus ................................................................................................... 44 4.2 Transformação dos plasmídeos em Escherichia coli .......................... 44 4.3 Extração e purificação dos plasmídeos .................................................. 45 4.4 Sequenciamento dos plasmídeos ............................................................. 46 4.5 Análises de Bioinformática ..................................................................... 47 4.5.1 Obtenção de transcriptomas de quelicerados .......................................... 47 4.5.2 Análise de qualidade e eliminação de contaminantes de ESTs ........... 48 4.5.3 Agrupamento das sequências ................................................................... 48 4.5.4 Anotação manual das ESTs ..................................................................... 49 4.5.5 Via KEGG ................................................................................................. 50 4.5.6 Anotação funcional usando a ferramenta Blast2GO ........................... 50 4.5.7 Busca de ortólogos e alinhamentos .......................................................... 53 4.5.8 Busca de ortólogos distantes: uso de PSI-BLAST e PSI-tBLASTn ...... 53 4.5.9 Análise comparativa entre transcriptomas de quelicerados ............... 54 4.6 Histologia da glândula de veneno ............................................................ 55 5. RESULTADOS ........................................................................................ 56 5.1 Sequenciamentos dos clones da biblioteca de T. serrulatus ................. 56 5.2 Análise de qualidade e agrupamento das sequências de T. serrulatus .............................................................................................. 57 5.3 Anotação das ESTs de T. serrulatus ...................................................... 57 5.3.1 Anotação manual das ESTs e uniques de T. serrulatus ...................... 57 5.3.2 ESTs relevantes para processos celulares .............................................. 60 5.3.3 ESTs relacionadas aos componentes do veneno ................................... 63 5.3.4 Anotação funcional das sequências de T. serrulatus usando a ferramenta Blast2GO ............................................................................ 65 IX 5.4 Mapeamento dos transcritos de T. serrulatus usando a ferramenta KEGG PATHWAY ................................................................................. 76 5.5 Histologia da glândula de veneno de T. serrulatus ............................. 76 5.6 Busca de ortólogos dos componentes do veneno encontrados no transcriptoma de T. serrulatus ............................................................... 81 5.7 Análise comparativa entre o transcriptoma de T. serrulatus e catálogos de transcritos de quelicerados ............................................... 85 6. DISCUSSÃO ............................................................................................ 97 6.1 O transcriptoma como ferramenta de estudo ..................................... 97 6.2 ESTs relevantes para processos celulares ............................................ 100 6.3 ESTs relacionadas a componentes do veneno ....................................... 104 6.4 Ortólogos dos componentes do veneno de T. serrulatus: Inferêrencia sobre a distribuição nos grupos de organismos .................................... 108 6.5 Análise comparativa de transcriptomas de quelicerados ..................... 114 7. CONCLUSÕES ........................................................................................ 117 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ...............................................................
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