TAWARIKH: Journal of Historical Studies, Volume 10(1), October 2018

Journal of Historical Studies

RETNO WINARNI & RATNA ENDANG WIDUATIE Jember’s Development from the Traditional Authority to Modern Government

ABSTRACT: This article examines the changes that occurred in the government system in Jember, East , in the period 1600-1945. The changes that took place in government in Jember region from the time of traditional rule to the modern era in the 20th century will show a historical pattern, which can be seen as a form of power-rise and can give historical explanation for the remaining social phenomena in Jember. The findings show that Jember, as an unit of government, has a history that can be traced back to the time of the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms. The collapse and rise of the Islamic-style kingdoms, and the influx of foreign influences, also gave the color to Jember nowadays. After the collapse of Blambangan, Jember region began to get foreign influence. Slowly but surely, it became the basis for the establishment of Jember as a unit of modern government. Jember’s geographical condition, on the other hand, is a factor that inhibited the emergence of a governance in this region, up to the 18th century. The development of Jember was also influenced by plantation economic factors and population migration from central Java and Madura of . All of them combined to produce the known Jember as it is now. The most significant change was when the Dutch colonial government upgraded the status of Jember into a “regentschap” or district in 1929. The construction of various supporting facilities of the city was encouraged, and eventually all of this became capital in the administration of Jember’s government in the independence period, since 1945 to date. KEY WORDS: Jember; Government; Power; Traditional; Dutch Colonial Government.

INTRODUCTION that led to Bayu (1771-1772), the Jember in East Java, is a ancient Jember region experienced a slight unit of governments formed by a combination decline due to war. Finally, the Dutch colonial of Western occupation. This region, in the as regional rulers (Prapantja, 1962; Hasan, 14of traditionalth century, was power recorded system as and the the territory influence 1997;government Zainollah, began 2015; to place and Farhan,local officials 2017). of empire, then the kingdom The socio-political dynamics, that of Mataram controlled this region after occurred in the early 19th century, led Majapahit empire’s collapsed. Thus, ancient and Bondowoso to be the center of Jember had a strong traditional governmental government, so Jember became temporarily style. After the Dutch military expedition

enlarged. Significant changes occurred in About the Authors: Retno Winarni and Ratna Endang Widuatie are the Lecturers at the Department of History, Faculty of Humanities UNEJ (University of Jember), Jalan No.37 Tegalboto, Sumbersari, Jember, East Java, Indonesia. For academic interests, the authors are able to be contacted via e-mail address at: [email protected] Suggested Citation: Winarni, Retno & Ratna Endang Widuatie. Jember’s Development from the Traditional Authority to Modern Government” in TAWARIKH: Journal of Historical Studies, Volume 10(1), October, pp.15-30. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI, ISSN 2085-0980 (print). (2018). “ Article Timeline: Accepted (August 31, 2018); Revised (September 30, 2018); and Published (October 30, 2018).

© 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 15 ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh RETNO WINARNI & RATNA ENDANG WIDUATIE, Jember’s Development the seventeenth-century desenia of the 19th give historical explanation for the remaining century, when the system of enterprises social phenomena in Jember (cf Kartodirdjo, policy slowly made the Jember region an 1992; Sjamsuddin, 2007; and Ogburn, 2007). important center of economic activity. At its peak in the second century of the 20th century, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Jember became a separate government unit Traditional Power before Arrival of West separated from Bondowoso. This condition Nations. The ancient Jember region belongs persisted until the collapse of the Dutch East to the power of Majapahit empire. In 1343 AD (Anno Domini), the Majapahit ruler appointed and Nooteboom, 2003). Mpu Kepakisan to rule the Blambangan IndiesDuring administration the Japanese in occupation 1942 (Arifin, (1942- 1990; territory with the central government in 1945), Jember’s status remained as a unit Panarukan. Blambangan region itself includes of government, but adapted to the model of the area that is now the districts of Jember, Japanese occupation rule in Java. Finally, in Banyuwangi, Bondowoso, and Situbondo. the period of independence (1945-1950), the The book of Kakawin Nagarakertagama existing government structure in Jember is shows that in 1359 AD, King still maintained, but following the legislation traveled through a number of areas in ancient set by the government (Anderson, 1972; Jember. This Hayam Wuruk’s trip is to review et al., 2008; and Horton, 2016). Panarukan, the capital of the . Panarukan position is located on theArifin plantation played an important role in the northern coast of eastern Java, facing the theAccording emergence to of Edy Jember Burhan as aArifin city. Initially,(2006), Madura Strait (Krom, 1926; Prapantja, 1962; Jember was only part of Afdeeling of et al., 2008:49-51; Bondowoso District, but in 1883, Jember Zainollah, 2015; and Farhan, 2017). District became Afdeeling Sidomulyo,In 1400 Saka2007;, or Arifin 1478 AD, Majapahit got factors that caused the change of Jember an attack from that ended the history (Arifin, 2006). The of this empire. As a result of this attack, the of population living in this area. The huge territories that originally became the vassal increasecity status of were: the population firstly, the was more caused density by of Majapahit escape, because they felt no a wave of migration of to obligation to obey Kediri. One of these areas Jember area. The occurrence of a wave of is Blambangan. Meanwhile, in the middle migration of the Javanese was due in the of Java emerged a new power of Demak 1880s, the number of private estates in sultanate, which was founded by Raden the area of Jember more and more, and Patah, one of Brawijaya Kertabumi’s sons, the the plantations needed a large amount of last king of Majapahit. Demak, then, attacked manpower. Secondly, the area of Jember Kediri and decided to conquer the entire was getting crowded and growing. The territory of former Majapahit (Prapantja, development was marked by the increasing 1962; and Farhan, 2017). Demak expansion politics was not Wahid, 2013). successful, because the third Demak Sultan, numberThis article of villages examines (Arifin, the 2006:6; changes and that Trenggono, killed while raided occurred in the government system in Jember, in East Java. Demak was further hit by East Java, in the period 1600-1945. What is the change in the system of government Hadiwijaya from Pajang in Central Java. He in Jember region? How does socio-political movedelite conflict the central and finally government the power to Pajang fell on dynamics affect the formation of a Jember and did not expand into the east. The power regency? The changes that took place in of Hadiwijaya ended after his death and the government in Jember region from the time of Pajang region was taken over by Sutawijaya, traditional rule to the modern era in the 20th who later established the century will show a historical pattern, which with the title of Panembahan Senopati. can be seen as a form of power-rise and can It seems that the mission of the eastern

16 © 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: Journal of Historical Studies, Volume 10(1), October 2018 conquest became one of the priorities, for the alliance between Blambangan and because in the year 1596-1600, Mataram to be more clear (Lekkerkerker, 1923). At the attacked Panarukan causing the Blambangan same time, Mataram also began to consolidate capital was destroyed and the Blambangan its strength in East Java. It can be seen that in 1625, (1613-1646) 1985; Graaf, 1987; Margana, 2007:35; and sent a military expedition to Blambangan, Purwadi,king fled to2008). Bali island (Graaf & Pigeaud, involving 20,000 to 30,000 troops. In 1628, Between 1596-1600, there was a Blambangan requested Dutch assistance to fundamental change in the power of confront the Mataram invasion. Nevertheless, Blambangan, at least in two respects. Firstly, the Dutch did not respond to this request Blambangan’s capital was moved from because, at the same time, they were Panarukan to Kedawung, now Umbulsari preoccupied with Mataram attacks against District in Jember, which belonged to Batavia, their main trading post (Ricklefs, the ancient Puger region; and secondly, 2001; Graaf, 2002; Saddhono & Supeni, 2014; Blambangan was ruled by a new dynasty and Nurmaria, 2017). of Tawangalun dynasty (Lekkerkerker, In 1636, Mataram again launched an 1923:1037-1040; Oetomo, 1987; and attack on Blambangan, and Pasuruan which Nurmaria, 2017).1 The displacement of the capital from Panarukan to ancient Dipati, asked for Bali’s help, but only received Puger proves that this area was already a 500was soldiersfirst attacked. under King the leadership of Blambangan, of Dewa Sang governmental unit. This can be traced from Lengkara, Dewa Agung Panji Buleleng, and previous studies. Panji Macan Kuning. The Sang Dipati could Abdul Cholik Nawawi (2002) mentions be destroyed, but it is not clear whether that the temple of the king’s tomb in Puger, he was killed or not. His son, Mas Kembar, as listed in the book of Negarakertagama, succeeded him, but after a long and bloody Candi Reca Menampu (cf war, Blambangan could be conquered. Krom, 1926; Prapantja, 1962; Nawawi, 2002; Mas Kembar was deported to Mataram andwas Sidomulyo,identified as 2007). According to Abdul with a large number of followers, but after Cholik Nawawi (2002) also that Menampu is promising to remain loyal to Mataram, he located in the west of the central government was again appointed King of Blambangan of Puger District now. This indicates that (Lekkerkerker, 1923:1038; Oetomo, 1987; Puger in Majapahit’s time was an autonomous and Margana, 2007). region, with the Majapahit empire as its central After the death of Sultan Agung, Mataram government (Nawawi, 2002). This means also kingdom was ruled by Amangkurat I, whose that Puger is familiar with the bureaucratic authority was rather weak but cruel. King system of government. Abdul Cholik Nawawi Dewa Agung Gelgel took advantage of (2002) pointed to another research that in a geopolitical map based on a previous map, Blambangan. Amangkurat I, who was aware Puger began to appear in the (cf ofthis the opportunity Blambangan-Bali to instill cooperation, his influence became in Nawawi, 2002; and Gupta ed., 2005). angry and then sent soldiers to Blambangan At the end of the 16th century, Blambangan under the command of Wiraguna, Danupaya, fell into the power of the Balinese King, and the Regent of Sampang, forcing Mas Gelgel. In this context, C. Lekkerkerker (1923) believes that after 1600 AD, the people were deported to Mataram, but Blambangan kings have Balinese blood. The C. neverKembar reached to flee theirto Bali. destination. About 1,500 When other they Lekkerkerker’s description made the reasons returned to Mataram kingdom, Wiraguna and Danupaya were killed on the orders of 1 Membaca Sejarah Blambangan Versi Blambangan Sendiri” Amangkurat I, because they were perceived in TimesSee Indonesia:also, for example, Building, “Banjoewangi Inspiring, Positive Tempo Thinking Doeloe:, as failing to expand their attack on Bali. The on 6 August 2017. Available online also at: https://www. deportees of the deported Blambangan were timesindonesia.co.id/read/153664 [accessed in Jember, East Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018]. exiled in Taji (Prambanan), but half of them

© 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 17 ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh RETNO WINARNI & RATNA ENDANG WIDUATIE, Jember’s Development later returned to their lands (Lekkerkerker, 1923:1039; Oetomo, 1987; Carey, 1997; and Puger was led by Duke Ario Wiriodiningrat, Ricklefs, 2001). whoof Mataram in 1757 kingdom’s got an attack influence. from Blambangan, Duchy of Blambangan showed a frank attitude so he was killed. The former Duchy of Puger, towards Mataram kingdom during the reign then, was taken over by Blambangan and of King Tawangalun or Pangeran Kedawung split into four kabekelan: Panarukan, Sentong, II (1665-1691). Blambangan government Renes, and Jember (Winarni, 2015:46). center, at this time, was in Kedawung, an Collaboration of West and Traditional area included inland because Panarukan was System. In 1771 AD (Anno Domini), the Dutch considered unsafe. Initially, King Tawangalun military expedition carried out an attack tried to cooperate with the Mataram ruler by on Blambangan in East Java. Resistance doing seba (facing) to the palace. However, by the Blambangan party led directly by due to an incident, King Tawangalun became Rempeg Jagapati. Great war raging where angry and returned to Blambangan, where he the Blambangan forward with the spirit announced that Blambangan was no longer obedient to Mataram kingdom (Suprapta, the end. The Dutch deployed a joint force 1984:81; Graaf & Pigeaud, 1985; and consistedof bellows, of which VOC ( isVereenigde fighting all-out Oost-Indische to Samsubur, 2011:157). Compagnie)’ soldiers, Madurese army, and The Tawangalun government got internal some local forces of Blambangan itself. In disturbance from his sister, Mas Wila, this war, Rempeg Jagapati was killed, but the who seized power in 1669. As a result, resistance by Blambangan’s power against the Dutch still continued until in 1772, on now) and established his own kingdom Puputan Bayu, ended after many Blambangan namedTawangalun Macan fled Putih to Bayu (White (Banyuwangi Tiger). Mas area Wila, who knew the development of the Macan et al., 2008; and Basri, 2008). Putih kingdom, then attacked the palace, but fighters died (Oetomo, 1987; Hasan, 1997; instead he was killed. Tawangalun, then, took Arifin power in Kedawung and united him with the BarongWhile island, the Blambangan in the off coast people of Puger. fled to Van Macan Putih into a whole Blambangan empire Wikkerman,the forests, some as Resident of them of fled Blambangan to Nusa in (Suprapta, 1984; and Samsubur, 2011).2 Tawangalun died in 1691, his successor census after the establishment of Banyuwangi was his son named Macanapura. Van district1800-1818, had notreported yet reached that the 300 first families. population Due Wikkerman, who became the Resident of to the war that claimed about 60 thousand Blambangan in 1800-1818, stated, as cited people, Blambangan residents only left about in C. Lekkerkerker (1923), that Macanapura 5,000 inhabitants (cited in Epp, 1849; Dhani, built a new palace in Wijenan, in the isolated 2012; and Margana, 2012). area of Muncar, because the palace of Macan After conquering Blambangan, VOC Putih kingdom was ruined. Macanapura also could not control this region directly. The ruled independently, but parts of , government was entrusted to the local Panarukan, and Jember fell into the hands authorities, but the Dutch reorganized the of Surapati, where he placed his relative administration, dividing the Blambangan as a local Bupati or Regent (Lekkerkerker, region, including Jember. In this division, 1923:1043). some areas remained descendants of the The condition of Jember under the reign ruling King of Blambangan, but some were of Surapati relative is unknown. However, awarded to their native allies who assisted in 1757, there was a power struggle in the the VOC when attacking Blambangan Duchy of Puger, an area that was an extension (Margana, 2007 and 2012; Samsubur, 2011; and Nurmaria, 2017). 2 This reorganization was initiated by 4)”. Available online at: http://javaisbeautiful.com/2012/06/14/ blambangan-kingdom-east-java-indonesia-part-4/See also “Blambangan Kingdom, East Java, Indonesia [accessed (Part in Jember, East Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018]. . He advocated the division of the Gezaghebber Luzac, a VOC officer based in

18 © 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: Journal of Historical Studies, Volume 10(1), October 2018 former Blambangan kingdom into 3 parts, supervision of Tumenggung Joyolelono, there were: the eastern Blambangan, the Regent of Banger. In 1774, in Puger there was northern Blambangan, and the western a Regent with a degree Tumenggung, namely part of Blambangan accompanied by the Raden Tumenggung Prawiradiningrat, which formation of new districts. Between the is the son of Pasuruan Regent. One of the eastern Blambangan and the western part tasks assigned to this new Bupati (Regent) of Blambangan is bordered by Raung Mount was that he had to send taxes from Puger to stretching from Sentong in Bondowoso to the VOC in the villages of Puger, Bangle or the southern sea. East Blambangan was Cireme (Margana, 2007:163; and Winarni, planned by Mas Alit as its Regent; and the 2018:46-47). western part of Blambangan was proposed by In 1795, many new districts were Sumadirana, Patih of Surabaya regency as its formed, there were: Puger, Tanggul, ruler (Margana, 2007:160). Jember, Sukowana, Maisan, Bondowoso, The realization of the plan was that Wanasari, and Prajekan. Jember District on 23 August 1773, the boundaries of the was the responsibility of Wedana Mantri eastern part of Blambangan and the western Tirtawiguna; Bondowoso is for Mantri Blambangan were drawn from the north Perdawa Kertanagara, who in 1808 got a through the Tikus River (Situbondo now) Patih degree; while Prajekan is for Wedana through the ridges of the Ijen Mountains to Mantri Pak Oneng or Reksawana. During the Rajegwesi in the south. The area located on the VOC period, there were several military posts east which was originally called the eastern in Jember, Biting, Picara, and Klatak. The Blambangan, then, set its name to Blambangan regency. The capital of Blambangan regency was an Opziener named Steven Tandie, who is located in Banyuwangi. West Blambangan introducedfirst European a coffee officer plantation to serve inin thisthe regiondistrict and eastern Blambangan are separated by (Margana, 2007:286). nature, such as high mountains and deep cliffs These districts were under the authority (Sudjana, 2001:97-98). of the Puger Regent, Tumenggung Sura The western part of Blambangan, Adiwikrama or Han Mie Joen (1796-1806) according to the VOC version, then attempted living in Bondowoso. This Regent began to to be subdued by the VOC, where in this plan the transfer of the central government region there are four districts formed during of Puger to Besuki, but this plan only realized the Blambangan period. The VOC, then, in the next administration by his adopted formed a new district which in principle son. After a change of power in 1806, Babah was not much different from the previous Panderman rose in place of Han Mie Joen with kabekelan areas, namely: Prajekan, Sentong, the title of Tumenggung Sura Adiningrat. The Sabrang or Renes, and Jember. Heads of region titled Mantri were appointed to these Puger to Besuki. As a result, Puger’s status new districts. In 1774, new Mantri were descendscentral government from the District officially into moved Kepatihan from chosen. They were Unan who was believed to (Winarni et al., 2011:146; and Margana, 2012). rule the Prajekan District; Sutatering ruled in In 1811, Dutch rule in Java was defeated Sentong (now Bondowoso); Roman ruled in Sabrang or Renes; and Sadita ruled in Jember was appointed as Governor of Java. In the (Margana, 2007:162; Samsubur, 2011; and formerby Britain, British when county, Thomas Puger Stamford divided Raffles into Nurmaria, 2017). two Kepatihan, namely: Kepatihan of Puger In addition to the established districts, led by Patih Reksonegoro and Kepatihan of there were other districts in western Bondowoso led by Patih Kertonegoro. The two Blambangan, namely: Puger, Plindo, Batu Patih were under the Regency of Besuki led by Ulu, Dempok, and Gitem. However, in 1774, Regent Raden Adipati Surioadiningrat (Raffles, the districts, except Puger, were included in 1988; Hannigan, 2012; and Margana, 2012). the area of Lumajang District. Furthermore, Nusabarong Island was placed under the established a landrente policy embodied in Britain under Thomas Stamford Raffles

© 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 19 ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh RETNO WINARNI & RATNA ENDANG WIDUATIE, Jember’s Development the form of land taxes. In 1815, in Keting, of West Blambangan consisted of several west of Puger Kepatihan emerged the districts, which in 1774 AD (Anno Domini) movement of Ratu Adil (Justice King) led by were assembled into the Puger regency. Ario Galedak. This movement offered the Puger’s territory received negative reviews expulsion of whites and tax exemptions, so that in a short time managed to get a lot of traveled through Puger, Jember, Sabrang, and support. Even the Puger Kepatihan led by Bondowosofrom Dutch records,in 1805, in he which said that Horsfield Puger whowas Patih Reksonegoro successfully conquered an unhealthy place and largely covered by by Ario Galedak, but when they wanted forests (cited in Oetomo, 1987; Hasan, 1997; to conquer the Bondowoso Kepatihan, and Winarni et al., 2011:152). Ario Galedak got an obstacle from Patih The population in this area was still Kertonegoro. In the battle at Sentong, Ario narrow, only about 7,000 or 8,000 inhabitants Galedak was killed and his Ratu Adil movement and occupies an area of about 2,653 square was a mess (Kartodirdjo, 1984; Raffles, 1988; meters from the Tanggul District in the Hannigan, 2012; and Margana, 2012).3 north to the south up to Sukakerta in Yang Patih Kertonegoro, then, went to the Puger Kepatihan to arrest Patih Reksonegoro most of them were Madurese of East Java. who considered helping to rebellion of Ario Thismountain. area was Besides, originally Horsfield an abandoned said also that Galedak. As a result of this failed rebellion area, but was slowly cleared by immigrants of Ario Galedak, Patih Reksonegoro was from the east of Blambangan and Grajagan arrested and exiled to Banjarmasin in South during the war in 1768-1773 (cf Hageman, Kalimantan. The Puger Kepatihan area was 1862:268; Margana, 2007:287; and Winarni later merged with the Bondowoso Kepatihan et al., 2011:152). to be the Afdeeling of Bondowoso. As the ruler appointed Patih Reksonegoro, who to Puger, because the Regent of Puger, considered meritorious in erradicating the SuraHorsfield’s Adiwikrama, note even is a bitchose more to generalstay in riot of Ario Galedak. Patih Reksonegoro Bondowoso rather than in Puger. Following was appointed as Ronggo who controlled the transfer of the central government Afdeeling of Bondowoso, titled Ronggo from Puger to Besuki during the Regent of Kertonegoro (Margana, 2007 and 2012). Sura Adiningrat, Puger’s status dropped However, the government organization to Kepatihan. was still under the Regent of Besuki. In made the region get less concern from the carrying out his duties, Ronggo Kertonegoro government. LocalPuger’s rulers “minus” preferred condition to rule was assisted by the Wedana who led the from Bondowoso, this can be seen in Ronggo District, including under Afdeeling of Kertonegoro (Margana, 2007 and 2012; and Bondowoso this is Jember District. The Winarni et al., 2011). end of British rule in 1816, when the Dutch returned to power, did not directly alter the of Ario Galedak in 1815, Puger Kepatihan administration of Besuki and the subordinate mergedAfter withsuccessfully Bondowoso fighting Kepatihan the rebellion became units of government. Fundamental changes the Afdeeling of Bondowoso. The center of occurred only after the Dutch colonial its government was in Bondowoso, while the government implemented the Agrarian Law Puger region was abandoned. As a regulator in 1870 (Ricklefs, 2001; Margana, 2007 and of the former Puger Kepatihan territory, 2012; and Wahid, 2013). it was handled by Wedana who controlled Jember as an Independent United Jember District, so administratively Areas. After the Puputan Bayu in 1771-1772, Jember area became the center of District Blambangan was divided into two parts: East government. Nevertheless, geographically Blambangan and West Blambangan. The area the Jember District area still did not attract local and Dutch rulers; and, thus, tended to 3 Unpublished be isolated. In 1850, Afdeeling of Bondowoso Manuscript, translated by Moch Jusuf M.S., available and owned by AuthorsSee also, since for 2004,example, pp.34-38. “Babad Bondowoso”. changed into Regentschap (Regency) of

20 © 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: Journal of Historical Studies, Volume 10(1), October 2018

Bondowoso, with coverage area including kilometers square, while its population in Jember District (Margana, 2007 and 2012; 1858 was only about 31,215 inhabitants and Winarni et al., 2011).4 (cited in Tennekes, 1963:26). On October 21, 1859, three entrepreneurs These labor rarities were overcome by founded the NV LMOD (Naamloze the company by utilizing some Madurese, Venootschaap Landbouw Maatscappij Oud who had lived in this area. They were Djember), a private company that would ordered to bring relatives, neighbors, and operate in the plantation sector and operate other Madurese to move to the area of in Jember District. The three founders of NV Jember. The Madurese were given promises LMOD are George Birnie, a farm controleur and hopes later in their new place to earn of Bondowoso; and his two partners, A.D. Van Gennep and Mr. C. Sandenberg All necessities related to this move are borne Matthiesen, who are Dutch businessmen bysubstantial the plantation. income Madurese (Arifin, 1990 who andintercede 2007). in Surabaya. NV LMOD seeks tobacco for doing the job because they are tempted cultivation in the interior of Jember District, by the promises of the company. One of the which until then is still considered isolated. promises is that if they put a lot of labor Apparently, NV LMOD managed to reap big into Java and are ready or willing to become plantation workers, they will be given a large until then conducted research for the type enough land and will be used as plantation ofprofits tobacco from is themost tobacco suitable business to be planted in Jember, in foremen. At that time, the position of the Jember. This tobacco was called the BNO foreman was a position widely expected by (Besuki Na Oogst) and became the main commodity of NV LMOD (Hartadi, 2003; 2007; Kuntowijoyo, 2002; and Hadi, 2016). Djajadi, 2015; and Aprianto, 2017:49). theSince indigenous the 1870s, population Madurese (Arifin, moved 1990 to and In 1870, the government of the Jember and settled in Jember. Most of them East Indies passed the worked in tobacco plantations. Tobacco Agrarian Law and established the plantations not only required men to clear policy of the enterprises system in the seventeenth century desenia of the 19th but also women and children to work in century. This regulation allowed Dutch warehousesthe forest and for fix fermenting the land for and tobacco packing. parcels, In private entrepreneurs to engage in major addition, many Madura seasonal laborers investments, especially in the plantation worked in tobacco plantations as daily labor sector. The success of NV LMOD also lure the entry of private capital into Jember, which and Hadi, 2016).5 began to be noticed by the Dutch colonial (Arifin,Population 1990 and development, 2007; Kuntowijoyo, economic 2002; government. Cultivated commodities are, progress, and rapid urban growth eventually then, not only tobacco but also cocoa, coffee, led to the Jember government separated from and sugar cane (Eng, 1998; Ricklefs, 2001; the government of Bondowoso and became Hartadi, 2003; and Djajadi, 2015). Zelfstandig Jember (independent Jember) headed by a Patih. This Jember status change plantation in Jember is the lack of motivated the central government to revamp manpower.The main One difficulty of the factorsfaced by causing every the government structure. Before being the lack of manpower was because the separated from Afdeeling of Bondowoso, population in the area of Jember was very Jember was headed by a native Wedana, who small. At that time, there was an imbalance worked with a Dutch Controleur Assistant. between the area and the population. The Since Jember became Afdeeling, then in area of Jember is estimated at about 3,234

5 4See also, for comparison, Staatblad, No.7, 1850; and Residentie Besoekien Banjoewangi over den Jaar 1871”. Staatblad, No.191, 1850. Available at the ANRI (Arsip Nasional UnpublishedSee also Archives. “ANRI Besoeki: Available Algemeen at the ANRI Verslag (Arsip van Nasional de Republik Indonesia or National Archives of the Republic of Republik Indonesia or National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia) in Jakarta. Indonesia) in Jakarta.

© 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 21 ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh RETNO WINARNI & RATNA ENDANG WIDUATIE, Jember’s Development

Jember, there was an Assistant Resident successfully built Railway Station in Jalan placed (Margana, 2007 and 2012; and Wijaya Kusuma, Train Tunnel of Garahan, and Winarni, 2015). Kepatihan Although, at that time, Jember was still appointed by the Dutch colonial central a small townOffice as part (Winarni, of Bondowoso 2015:41). with governmentThe first Jemberwas C.H. Resident Blanken, Assistant who served the title Afdeeling. However, which must from 1883-1885. In carrying out his duties, be observed precisely during this period is Resident Assistant must cooperate with the forerunner of the existence of Jember District government begins. Moreover, at this time, the foundation of the urban was built Bupatiindigenous but an officials, independent so the centralPatih (zelfstandig government with the availability of adequate facilities Patihalso appoints), whose anpowers indigenous are equal official, to the not Regent. although in order to meet the needs of the Thus, raising this status led to the Patih in plantation. It can be said that the change Jember no longer responsible to Patih of in status of Jember is closely related to Bondowoso, but to the Resident Assistant of the establishment of the plantation. The existence of this plantation is, of course, 1891, government affairs were handed over followed by the need for infrastructure toJember. Patih Beforeof Bondowoso, officially Raden appointed Tumenggung officer, in that serves to provide for the needs of the Kusumonegoro (Winarni, 2015:41). zelfstandig Patih appointed in cannot be denied to have an impact on the Jember was R.P. Astrodikoro, who had served developmentplantation at first.of Jember However, itself in (Simarmata, the end, it as aThe Wedana first for several years in Jember 2002:44-45; and Aprianto, 2017:50). (Winarni, 2015).6 Previously, he had served In addition, the Dutch colonial central as Patih of Bondowoso, accompanying R.T. government also appointed Secretary, Wondokusumo, the second Bondowoso Regent. This status change took place in 1883. This status change was based on the Besluit aCommission, role in exercising and Controleur the wheels officials. of everyday of the Dutch Indies Government, No.49, dated governance.These officials The were appointment functioned of and Controleur played January 9, 1883 (cf Sutherland, 1974 and of Jember was based on Gouvernements 1975; Soerjadi, 1975:75; and Winarni, 2015).7 Besluit, Number 3, dated 24 October 1883. At R.P. Astrodikoro, when he was a Patih, the same time, the central government also Kepatihan established the Landraad (Courts) institution, Jalan Trunojoyo. He was a very disciplined which building was built in the north of the lived and had an office at Office in square. The establishment of this Court was obligations. He was a clever Patih and had based on Gouvernement Besluit, Number 15, manyfigure ideasin carrying or thoughts out his about duties development and dated November 9, 1883. For that, the central government appointed the Chief Prosecutor community. During his leadership, Jember of Jember, who led the Jember District experiencedin various fields a fairly and rapid the welfare development, of his especially supported by the existence Attorney, who originally served in Landraad of plantations, agriculture, and private ofCourt. Panarukan. The official In addition initially to served these as posts, Ajunct businesses in various sectors that demanded the central government appointed a Patih. the availability of facilities and infrastructure. The Patih function as a liaison between Patih R.P. Astrodikoro, during his leadership, the Regent and the Wedana. At that time, in Afdeeling of Jember, there were only 4 6 Unpublished Archives. Wedanas, namely: Jember, Soekokerto, Puger, Available at the ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia or and Tanggul (Margana, 2007 and 2012; and NationalSee alsoArchives “Regering of the Almanak, Republic 1891”.of Indonesia) in Jakarta. 8 7 Winarni, 2015). Residentie Besoekien Banjoewangi over den Jaar 1883”. UnpublishedSee also Archives. “ANRI Besoeki: Available Algemeen at the ANRI Verslag (Arsip van Nasional de 8See ibidem Republik Indonesia or National Archives of the Republic of Algemeen Verslag van de Residentie Besoekien Banjoewangi Indonesia) in Jakarta. over den Jaar 1884”. with Unpublished footnote 7; and Archives. also “ANRI Available Besoeki: at the

22 © 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: Journal of Historical Studies, Volume 10(1), October 2018

One of the Patih who had served in Similar village divisions also occurred in Jember Kepatihan, after R.P. Astrodikoro, was Jenggawah Village. The village was eventually Raden Panji Sastroprawiro (1895-1908). divided into two villages, namely: Jenggawah After 1908, the act of Patih in Jember was Village and Mangaran Village. The same thing no longer from the Bondowoso Regent’s was done to Tegal Waru Village and Sempolan family, but it came from various regions, Village, each of which is also divided into two although still selected from the Madurese. 11 They are Raden Mas Harsono, 1908-1915; As the great attention the Dutch colonial Soma Wijoyo, 1915-1920; Raden Ario governmentvillages (Arifin, given 1990; to Jember and Winarni, was in 2016).the form Sudibiokusumo, 1920-1925; and Mas Pujo, of development, it must be seen that this was 1925-1930 (Winarni, 2016:42). because the colonial government has a motive Jember’s Kepatihan area covered 6 or interest in the city. This case can be seen Districts, there were: Jember District, from the development of private plantations Sukokerto District, Mayang District, that have sprung up since the seventeenth Rambipuji District, Tanggul District, and century. This condition was in accordance Puger District. R.P. Astrodikoro served as with the opinion of Abdurrachman Patih in Jember for 13 years (1895-1908). He Suryomiharjo (1987), who said that the retired because he was old, and then he was growth of cities in the Indonesian region, in replaced by Raden Senthot Sastroprawiro, general, for the interest of Dutch colonialism who previously served as a Patih in somewhere (Suryomiharjo, 1987:258). Bondowoso District, based on the Besluit ter Entering the 1870s, a new jargon labeled Ordonantie van den Gouverneur General de decentralization had become an important Algemen Secretarie, 1895 (cited in Winarni, issue in the Netherlands as well as its colonies 2016). The split of this region also affects the along with the development of liberalism. number of villages in Jember Kapatihan. They considered that centralized policy was Originally, in 1845, Jember District out of dated. As depicted by H.J. de Graaf consisted of 36 Villages and then expanded (1962) and others, the to 46 Villages in 1874. In 1883, the number government, at that time, gradually but surely of Villages in Jember Kepatihan increased became like an inverted pyramid (Graaf, dramatically to 117 Villages.9 Another 1962; Bruijn, 2009; and Jeurgens, 2013).12 action, in addition to the division of district In that context, proponents of numbers, Jember Kepatihan also carried out decentralization thought of the need for the expansion of the village. The new districts delegation of powers from the motherland established in Afdeeling of Jember were the to the colonial government, from the Mayang District and Rambipuji District, colonial government to local departments whereas the expansion of the village was conducted in Jember Kidul Village, Jenggawah local institutions that remained based on Village, Tegal Waru Village, and Sempolan expansiveand officials, principles. and from However, bureaucracy efforts to to Village (Winarni, 2015 and 2018). The Jember Kidul Village originally Indonesia or National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia) in consisted of 10 hamlets with 305 families. As Jakarta. the population continued to grow, the seven 11 Residentie Besoekien Banjoewangi over den Jaar 1887”. hamlets located in the south were made up UnpublishedSee also Archives. “ANRI Besoeki: Available Algemeen at the ANRI Verslag (Arsip van Nasional de of new villages, namely Kranjingan Village.10 Republik Indonesia or National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia) in Jakarta. ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia or National Archives 12 of the Republic of Indonesia) in Jakarta. Verslag van de Residentie Besoekien Banjoewangi over 9 den JaarSee 1888”. also, for Unpublished comparison, Archives. “ANRI Besoeki:Available Algemeen at the ANRI 1874”. Unpublished Archives. Available at the ANRI (Arsip (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia or National Archives of NasionalSee alsoRepublik “Regering Indonesia Almanak or National van Nederlandsch Archives of theIndie, Republic of Indonesia) in Jakarta, p.171. Algemeen Verslag van de Residentie Besoekien Banjoewangi 10 overthe Republic den Jaar of 1889”. Indonesia) Unpublished in Jakarta; Archives. and “ANRI Available Besoeki: at the Besoekien Banjoewangi over den Jaar 1883”. Unpublished ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia or National Archives Archives.See Available “ANRI Besoeki: at the ANRIAlgemeen (Arsip Verslag Nasional van Republik de Residentie of the Republic of Indonesia) in Jakarta.

© 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 23 ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh RETNO WINARNI & RATNA ENDANG WIDUATIE, Jember’s Development change from a centralized system and give established based on the Ordinances that each region a chance to have its own budget were matured by referring to the sound in 1893 did not succeed, after the late 1880s, of the second sentence/article 68a of there was a lot of writing about the need Decentralisatie Wet in 1903, as the basis of for decentralization policies in the colonies its juridical power. These Ordinances were (Purwanto, 2004:130). known as Instellingen Ordonantie, which The culmination of the successful when translated freely into Indonesian demands to implement decentralization was language is called the Pembentukan Ordonansi the promulgation of the Decentralisatiewet, or Forming the Ordonance. Until 1908, when dated on July 23, 1903. On the proposal of Kiesordonantie was martyred, 15 Gemeentens Idenburg as Governor-General, there were and 6 Gewestens had been formed. Batavia changes to several articles in RR (Regerings (Jakarta), Meester-Cornelis (Jatinegara), Reglement), namely articles 68a, 68b and 68c. and Buitenzorg (Bogor) in West Java were The new amendment of the law was called formed in 1905, respectively as Gemeente. Wethoudende Decentralisatie van het Bestuur Furthermore, Bandung and Cirebon in in Nederlandsch Indie, containing articles West Java; Pekalongan, Tegal, , that provide an opportunity for the gewest and Magelang in Central Java; Surabaya, region or part of the gewest to decentralize in Kediri, and in East Java; Padang and government and to realize the area that cares Palembang in Sumatera; and Makasar in South for its own household (cf Purwanto, 2004; , in 1906, also became Gemeente. Darmawan, 2008). Malang in East Java became Gemeente in There were also other rules of 1914. Besuki in East Java was formed before Decentralisatie Besluit 1905 and Locale 1908 along with six other Gewestens, namely: Radenordonantie which provided other Banten in West Java; Rembang and Banyumas authorities, such as assigning assistance in Central Java; and and Madura in duties. Each decentralized region was East Java (Wignjosoebroto, 2005:28-29; and established by its own ordinance called Padmo, 2009). the forming ordinance. To support the In 1928, a renewal program in government implementation of duties, local governments was renowned as the ontvoogding were also authorized to form Locale Raden movement (maturation) of indigenous or Local Council. Of course, at the beginning, civil servants. This political foundation is the implementation of this law faced many a protectorate principle, which will allow the natives to be under their own heads, areas had succeeded in forming a council either recognized or appointed by the calleddifficulties. Gewestelijk Nevertheless, Raad, and a number for the partof of government of the Netherlands East Indies the gewest called Plaatselijk Raad (cited in Wignjosoebroto, 2005; Padmo, 2009; and experiment in Kabupaten (Regency) of Stroomberg, 2018:111). Cianjur(Wignjosoebroto, in West Java 2005:7). succeeded, After then the first in the Actually, the purpose of the formation of 1920s, this ontvoogding was extended to a the Local Council (People’s Council) at the large number of Districts. Since September District level is to offset the autocratic rule 1, 1928, the transfer of authority to the of the Regents. Although the council cannot Bupati (Regent) can be carried out in all function as a fully democratic organ, at least districts within the Gubernemenials of the councils serve as institutions that can East Java and West Java, which had not exercise careful scrutiny of what the Bupati been designated as autonomous districts. or Regent does. It can, thus, be regarded Submission of authority was described in as an instrument to slash the Regent’s Inlandsch Ontvoogdingsbesluit or Decision power (Antlov & Cederroth eds., 2000; and on Ontvoogding in 1921 (Wignjosoebroto, Kartodirdjo, 2000:39). 2005:28-29; and Padmo, 2009). As the realization of this idea, since 1905, Gemeenten and Gewesten had been of some of the powers of the European In Besuki residency, the official handover

24 © 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: Journal of Historical Studies, Volume 10(1), October 2018

treedt in werking met jan van January 1929”. Staatsblad, Number 322 of 1928, was also Theofficials transfer to the of indigenous authority was government made to the strengthened by Staatsblad on Government Regentsofficials hadof Panarukan, been carried Bondowoso, out in 1927. and Patih and Decentralization in East Java Province, of Jember. Submitted authorities included namely Staatsblad, Number 295 of 1928, the issue of state forest management, on Bestuurshervorming, Decentralisatie, Provincien Oost Java (Instert van de Provincie Patih, recruitment of soldiers, and the Oost Java). Staatsblad explained that Jember the administering of officials under the Regency was as part of East Java Province as violations committed by both employees Staatsblad, which stated anddetermination soldiers.13 Theof fines granting with moneyof this authorityagainst as follows: ran naturally, even though the Bupatis had specified in Article 3 status as government employees. Hence, De ressorten en de plaatselijke reden van: a. Regent power was restored gradually Soerabaja, Modjokerto, Grisee, en Bodjonegoro; b. Madioen en Ponorogo; c. Kediri en Blitar; (Sutherland, 1974 and 1975; Meer, 2014; and d. Pasoeroean, Malang, en ; e. Ravensbergen, 2018). Bondowoso en Djember; en f. West Madoera en In the context of decentralization and Oost Madoera (ibidem with footnote 13). regional autonomy, the Dutch East Indies government, then, gave improvement status The new status of Jember was also to Kepatihan of Jember. In 1928, Kepatihan reinforced in Provinciaal Blad van Oost Java, of Jember was upgraded to a Regencychap Serie A, No.8, dated on 7 September 1929, (District) of Jember. Increasing the status of signed on August 15, 1929 in Surabaya by Zelfstandige training into Jember Regentschap Hardeman as Resident, or Governor now, of was established by Staatblad, Number 322 of East Java Province (cf Djalins, 2012; Luong, 1928, on Bestuurshervorming, Decentralisatie, 2012; Winarni, 2015). Regentschappen Oost Java (Aanwijzing van In the Staatsblad, No.322, said that Jember hetb Regentschap Djember als Zelfstandige Regency as Djember Regentschap became a Gemeenschap). The granting of this status community unity that stood independently. was listed in Besluit van den Gouverneur It means that a government has the right to Generaal, van 9 Augustus 1928, No.1x, signed manage its own household. Determination by Governor-General De Graeff. This area as the district is based on two kinds of covered 7 districts, namely: Jember District, considerations. Firstly, constitutional juridical Kalisat District, Mayang District, Rambipuji consideration, namely by referring to the IS District, Tanggul District, Puger District, and (Indiche Staatsregeling), which is the main Wuluhan District.14 The person who was law that applies to the Dutch East Indies appointed as a Regent is R.T. Wiryodinoto colony. Secondly, consideration is based on (R.A.A. Notohadinegoro?), previously served the sociological and political developments as Patih in Kediri, and he ruled from 1928- that occurred at that time, where to carry out 1943 (Sutherland, 1974:30). the policy will be used the way by listening Besluit in the Staatsblad was signed by to the trial between the Dutch East Indies Governor-General De Graeff, on 9 August 1928, but this rule became effective on Evidently, thirty-three members of the Court January 1, 1929, as stipulated in Article 9 chairedgovernment by Regent and utilizing or Bupati local Notohadinegoro, figures. of the Staatsblad Dize Ordonantie (Coolhaas ed., 1980; Nawawi, 2002; Jeurgens, 13See also, for comparison, Staatsblad van Nederlandsch twenty-four were filled by indigenous people Indie, No.11518, No.11519, stating, No.11520, “ and No. 11521, on 3 2013; Meer, 2014; and Winarni, 2016). October 1927. Available at the ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia or National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia) in CONCLUSION Jakarta. 14As cited in Staatsblad van Nederlandsch Indie, No.322, on The Dutch colonial government, that 9 August 1928. Available at the ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik governed the Jember region in East Java, Indonesia or National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia) in Jakarta. consisted of traditional power, colonial rule,

© 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 25 ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh RETNO WINARNI & RATNA ENDANG WIDUATIE, Jember’s Development and ultimately towards the modern system. Jember, East Java, then, contributed greatly to The ancient region of Jember actually had a the increased attention of the Dutch colonial government since the Majapahit empire, in government to Jember. The construction of the sense that this region was not entirely various supporting facilities of the city was uninhabited. Even, in the early 17th century, encouraged, and eventually all of this became the ancient Jember region of Kedawung capital in the administration of Jember’s became the capital of Blambangan. government in the independence period, The period of war and peace seemed to since 1945 to date.15 affect the development of ancient Jember. A pattern emerged that after the war period, then coming the arrangement of government, References and re-arranging the government. At least, until finally entering the war period again, Anderson, Ben. (1972). Java in a Time of Revolution: this pattern appeared since the end of Occupation and Resistance, 1944-1946. Ithaca, New Majapahit empire in the 16th century until the York: Cornell University Press. British occupation in early 19th century. Traditional power in Jember played an Besoekien Banjoewangi over den Jaar 1883”. “ANRI Besoeki: Algemeen Verslag van de Residentie important role in the administration of Unpublished Archives. Available at the ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia or National Archives of th the territory until the 18 century. After the Republic of Indonesia) in Jakarta. the war of Puputan Bayu in 1771-1772, Blambangan who became a patron against Besoekien Banjoewangi over den Jaar 1884”. “ANRI Besoeki: Algemeen Verslag van de Residentie local-traditional power collapsed, so that Unpublished Archives. Available at the ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia or National Archives of Jember territory was then controlled by the the Republic of Indonesia) in Jakarta. Dutch through the local rulers. This system, on the one hand, provided an opportunity Besoekien Banjoewangi over den Jaar 1871”. “ANRIUnpublished Besoeki: Algemeen Archives. AvailableVerslag van at thede Residentie ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia or National Archives of other hand, it maintained the traditional style the Republic of Indonesia) in Jakarta. for the entry of “modernization”, but, on the the 19th century, Jember region was isolated Besoekien Banjoewangi over den Jaar 1887”. becauseof government. of the transfer However, of ingovernment the first half center of “ANRIUnpublished Besoeki: Algemeen Archives. AvailableVerslag van at thede Residentie ANRI (Arsip from Puger to Besuki. The reasons underlying Nasional Republik Indonesia or National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia) in Jakarta. this decision included environmental factors or sanitation and safety factors. Besoekien Banjoewangi over den Jaar 1888”. The glorious period, in terms of “ANRIUnpublished Besoeki: Algemeen Archives. AvailableVerslag van at thede Residentie ANRI (Arsip development and governance, in Jember Nasional Republik Indonesia or National Archives of only reappeared towards the end of the the Republic of Indonesia) in Jakarta. th 19 century, after this region revealed the Besoekien Banjoewangi over den Jaar 1889”. promising potential of the plantation sector. “ANRIUnpublished Besoeki: Algemeen Archives. AvailableVerslag van at thede Residentie ANRI (Arsip It is interesting to relate Jember’s historical Nasional Republik Indonesia or National Archives of fact to Sartono Kartodirdjo (1999)’s notes the Republic of Indonesia) in Jakarta. Antlov, Hans & Sven Cederroth [eds]. (2000). that the growth of the plantation center in Priangan, West Java, and East Java in the 15Statement: We, herewith, declare that our paper is south resulted in the cities of Sukabumi, original and has never been submitted for another journal. Bandung, and Malang (Kartodirdjo, This paper is purely our own ideas, formulas and research, 1999:368-369). Indeed, Sartono Kartodirdjo without helping of others. In this paper, there is no copyright works or opinion that has been written or published by others, except in writing clearly listed as a reference in the text with but the information about the growth of the the name of the authors and listed in the References. We would (1999) does not specifically mention Jember, like to give our copyright works to the TAWARIKH journal in plantation center, that gave rise to the city, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, for publishing all of/or part was in accordance with the phenomenon that this paper as the interest of sciences. Finally, we have made this occurred in Jember. statement in truth and if there is any distortion and untruth in this statement, then, we are willing to accept the international The development of the plantations in ethics journalism sanction.

26 © 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: Journal of Historical Studies, Volume 10(1), October 2018

Kepemimpinan Jawa: Perintah Halus Pemerintahan Otoriter. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, Translation. submission/851-2416-1-SM.pdf [accessed in Jember, Aprianto, Tri Chandra. (2017). Perjuangan Landreform Eastberkalahayati.org/files/journals/1/articles/851/ Java, Indonesia: October 5, 2017]. Masyarakat Perkebunan: Partisipasi Politik, Klaim, dan Konflik Agraria di Jember. Yogyakarta: STPN Press. Lawmaking, and Land Rights: Agrarian Regime Djalins,and UpikState WiraFormation Marlin. in (2012). Late-Colonial “Subjects, Netherlands Asal-Usul, Pertumbuhan, dan Pengaruhnya dalam East Indies”. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Arifin,Kehidupan Edy Burhan. Sosial-Ekonomi (1990). “Emas Masyarakat, Hijau di Jember: 1860-1930”. Ithaca, New York: Faculty of the Graduate Unpublished Magister Thesis. Yogyakarta: Fakultas School, Cornell University. Available online also Sastra dan Budaya UGM [Universitas Gadjah Mada]. at: https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/ handle/1813/31170.2/ud23_v2.pdf [accessed in dan Munculnya Budaya Pandhalungan”. Paper Jember, East Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018]. Arifin,for EdyKonferensi Burhan. Nasional (2006). “PertumbuhanSejarah VIII in Jakarta,Kota Jember Eng, Pierre van der Indonesia. Colonial Assets: The Case of the Netherlands and Migrasi Orang Madura dan Indonesia, 1870-1958”.. (1998). Unpublished“Economic Benefits Research from Jawa ke Jember: Suatu Kajian Historis Komparatif. Memorandum, GD-39, on June, pp.1-36. Arifin,Jember: Edy Burhan. UNEJ [Universitas (2007). Jember] Press. TNI, Volume I(ii), et al. (2008). Quo Vadis Hari Jadi pp.242-261. Kabupaten Situbondo. Situbondo: Bappekap Farhan,Epp, F. (1849). Yebqi. (2017).“Banjoewangi” Masa Lalu in Jember: Studi Historis Arifin,Situbondo Edy Burhan & Kompyawisda Jawa Timur. Peradaban Jember pada Masa Majapahit. Jombang: Unpublished Manuscript, translated CV Pustaka Abadi. by Moch Jusuf M.S., available and owned by Authors “Babadsince Bondowoso”. 2004. Writings on Colonial Activities in South East Asia Graaf,with H.J. Special de. (1962). Reference “Aspects to the of DutchIndigenous Historical Peoples Blambangan Versi Blambangan Sendiri” in Times during the 16th and 17th Centuries” in D.G. Beasley “BanjoewangiIndonesia: Building,Tempo Doeloe: Inspiring, Membaca Positive Sejarah Thinking , on 6 & D.G.E. Hall [eds]. Historical Writing on the Peoples August 2017. Available online also at: https://www. of Asia: Historians of South East Asia. Oxford: Oxford timesindonesia.co.id/read/153664 [accessed in University Press, pp.213-224. Jember, East Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018]. Graaf, H.J. de. (1987). Awal Kebangkitan Mataram: Basri, Hasan. (2008). Pangeran Rempeg Jagapati: Masa Pemerintahan Senopati Pahlawan Perjuangan Kemerdekaan di Tanah Terjemahan, cetakan ke-2. Blambangan Tahun 1771. Banyuwangi: Dinas Graaf, H.J. de. (2002). Puncak Kekuasaan. Jakarta: Mataram: Grafitiers, Kebudayaan dan Priwisata, Kabupaten Banyuwangi. Politik Ekspansi Sultan Agung. Jakarta: Pustaka Bruijn, Iris. (2009). Ship’s Surgeons of the : Commerce and the Progress of Graaf, H.J. de & Th.G. Pigeaud. (1985). Kerajaan- Medicine in the Eighteenth Century. Leiden: Leiden kerajaanUtama Graffiti, Islam Terjemahan,Pertama di Jawa edisi revisi. University Press. Press, Translation. Gupta, Avijit [ed]. (2005). The Physical. Jakarta: Geography Grafiti of of an Upstart Polity: Mataram and its Successors, Southeast Asia. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. Carey,1600–1830” Peter. (1997). in Modern “Civilization Asian Studies,on Loan, Volume the Making 31(3), pp.711-734. orang Madura ke Jawa Timur, Tahun 1870-1930”. Coolhaas, W.Ph. [ed]. (1980). A Critical Survey of Studies Hadi,Unpublished Andreas Kresnan. Undergraduate (2016). Thesis“Migrasi. Yogyakarta: Orang- on Dutch Colonial History. The Hague: Nijhoff, Departemen Sejarah FISE UNY [Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ekonomi, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta]. published in 1960. Hageman, J. second edition, revised by G.J. Schutte, first edition Ostelijk Java” in W. Ogilvie [ed]. Tijdschrift voor Practices of Decentralization in Indonesia and its Nijverheid(1862). en Landbouw “Over de in Nijverheid Nederland in Indie Zuido, Deel Darmawan,Implication Rachmad on Local Erland Competitiveness”. Danny. (2008). Unpublished “The VIII. Batavia: n.p. [no publisher]. Ph.D. Thesis. Enschede, the Netherlands: Public Hannigan, Tim. (2012). Raffles and the British Invasion Administration-Public Governance Study, School of of Java. Singapore: Monsoon. Management and Government, University of Twente. Available online also at: https://essay.utwente. Competitiveness of Na-Oogst Tobacco and Rice nl/59282/1/scriptie_R_Darmawan.pdf [accessed in Hartadi,Production Rudi. (2003). in Jember “The Regency”. 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Horton, William Bradley. (2016). “History Unhinged: © 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 27 ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh RETNO WINARNI & RATNA ENDANG WIDUATIE, Jember’s Development

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Sidomulyo, Hadi. (2007). Napak Tilas Perjalanan Mpu Prapanca. Jakarta: Wedatama Widya Sastra. Families, Part II” in Indonesia, No.17 [April], published Simarmata, Richardo. (2002). Kapitalisme Perkebunan. Sutherland,by Cornell Heather. University (1974). Press “Notes in Ithaca, on NewJava’is York. Regent Yogyakarta: Insist Press & Pustaka Pelajar. Indonesia, Sjamsuddin, Helius. (2007). Metodologi Sejarah. No.19 [April], published by Cornell University Press Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak. Sutherland,in Ithaca, Heather. New York. (1975). “Priyayi” in Unpublished Tennekes, J. (1963). Bevolkingspreiding der Residentie Manuscript. Available and owned by the Authors. Besoeki in 1930. Amsterdam: TKNAG Publications. StaatbladSoerjadi. (1975)., No.7, 1850. “Sejarah Available Besuki”. at the ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia or National Archives of Monopoly: The Political Economy of Taxation in the Republic of Indonesia) in Jakarta. Wahid,Colonial Abdul. Indonesia, (2013). “From Java c. Revenue 1816-1942”. Farming Unpublished to State Staatblad, No.191, 1850. Available at the ANRI (Arsip Doctoral Proefschrift. Netherlands: De Universiteit Nasional Republik Indonesia or National Archives of Utrecht. the Republic of Indonesia) in Jakarta. Wignjosoebroto, Soetandyo. (2005). Desentralisasi Staatsblad van Nederlandsch Indie, No.11518, No.11519, dalam Tata Pemerintahan Kolonial Hindia Belanda. No.11520, and No. 11521, on 3 October 1927. Malang: Bayu Media Publishing. Available at the ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia or National Archives of the Republic of Zelfstandig dan Bupati Kabupaten Jember, 1883 – Indonesia) in Jakarta. Winarni,Sekarang”. Retno. Unpublished (2015). “Kajian Research Sejarah Report Patih. Jember: Staatsblad van Nederlandsch Indie, No.322, on 9 August Bappekap Jember bekerjasama dengan Lembaga 1928. Available at the ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik Penelitian UNEJ [Universitas Jember]. Indonesia or National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia) in Jakarta. Unpublished Research Report. Jember: Bappekap Stroomberg, J. (2018). Hindia Belanda, 1930. Winarni,Jember Retno. bekerjasama (2016). “Toponimi dengan Lembaga Kabupaten Penelitian Jember”. Yogyakarta: IRCiSoD, Translation. UNEJ [Universitas Jember]. Sudjana, I Made. (2001). Nagari Tawon Madu: Sejarah Winarni, Retno. (2018). Modernisasi Birokrasi di Blambangan Abad XVIII. Denpasar: Larasan Sejarah. Karesidenan Besuki, Abad XIX. Yogyakarta: LaksBang Pressindo. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Yogyakarta: UGM Winarni, Retno et al Suprapta,[Universitas Daru. (1984).Gadjah Mada].“Babad Blambangan”. Dari Pemegang Kontrak sampai Bupati pada Akhir Suryomiharjo, Abdurrachman. (1987). Sejarah Sosial Abad XVIII hingga. (2011). Awal Abad “Cina XIX” di Ujung in Literasi, Timur Vol.1, Jawa: Kota Yogyakarta, 1880-1930. Yogyakarta: Bentang No.2 [Desember]. Budaya. Zainollah, Ahmad. (2015). Menelusuri Jejak Sejarah Jember Kuno. Yogyakarta: Araska.

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Jember Regency in East Java, Indonesia (Source: https://ganangmilcy.wordpress.com/kabupaten-jember, 20/5/2018)

The development of the plantations in Jember, East Java, then, contributed greatly to the increased attention of the Dutch colonial government to Jember. The construction of various supporting facilities of the city was encouraged, and eventually all of this became capital in the administration of Jember’s government in the independence period, since 1945 to date.

30 © 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh