Index

A Antestia Bugs 433 A. rhizogenes 161 Antestia Sting Bug, influence on quality A. tumefaciens 161 805 abbreviations 964 anther 11 for units of measurement 860 Ants, coffee pests 457 Acai 80 Aphids, coffee pests in Africa 428 acidity 821 Apolo huller 689 acronyms 959 Aquapulpa 648 AFLP see amplified fragment length Aquapulpa ELMUS 732 polymorphism 42 Arabica 799 Africa hullers 690 Arabica bean, immature 793 African Mole Cricket 426 Arabica black bean 795 agroforestry 227 Arabica “Cardenillo” bean 794 alaclor, for pre-emergent weed prevention 102 Arabica natural 791 Albizias, used for shade 219 Arabica washed 791 aldrin fair quality beans 792 for termite nest destruction 427 Arabusta 65 in Mealybug Root Disease control 510 Arachis pintoi allogamic species 92 as artificial cover crop 209 Alnus spp., used for shade 219 ground cover plants 275 altitude, effect on coffee quality 802 aroma 821 aluminum, as fertilizer 259 Artocarpus integrifolia, used as wind breaks 223 Amarelo de Botucatu 78 Arusha 78 amber bean (F 4) 769 atmospheric humidity (RH) 170 American Leaf Disease 66 axial root 7 American Leaf Spot 525 causal organism 525 B control 526 Bacillus, with beneficial effect on coffee roots 384 propagation 526 Bacillus thuringiensis, Berry Moth control 451 symptoms 525 bacteria American Leaf Spot Disease, effects of shading on in coffee storage 749 412 which attack coffee beans 795 anaerobic ponds, residual water treatment 734 Bacterial Blight 66 analytical convection ovens 823 Bacterial Blight see Elgon die-back 545 analytical techniques, moisture determination by bacterial diseases 545 822 bagging 711 androgenesis 150–151 bags animal feed, from coffee byproducts 737 for coffee storage 752 annual gross profit (AGP) 832 for green coffee shipment 759 Ant Bears 427 Banrot, used in plant damaging agents control 98

Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable Production, Second Edition. Edited by J. N. Wintgens. c 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2012 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 966 Index

bare root plants 235 black bean (FP 1) 774 bare root stumps 236 Black Borer, coffee pest 439 basamid Black Citrus Aphid 428 in root rot control 509 Blawan Pasumah 78 used in cryptogamic diseases 505 blending 709 used in plant damaging agents control 98 feeding systems 709 bean 744 mixing systems 709 abnormalities in 20 techniques and equipment 709 defects or imperfections 751 Blister Spot 527 depulping 93 blossom showers 320 deterioration process of stored 743 blotchy bean (spotted, mottled) (PS 3) 784 determination of defective 819 blotchy beans 810 modification through processing 611 BLP 78 moisture content 744 Blue Mountain 78, 799 physiology 742 BNF see biological nitrogen fixation 379 size 23 BOD see biochemical oxygen demand 737 size and shape of 797 body 821 sizing 901 body of elephant bean, core, ear (F 10) 772 viability 744 Bogor Prada 64 weight of coffee 934 Bordeaux Mixture 514 bean defects 768 American Leaf Spot control 526 bean fragment (P 10) 782 boron, as fertilizer 260 bean heavily damaged (F 2) 768 boron deficiency 271 bean heavily damaged by storage pests (S 7) 788 Bourbon 799 bean in parchment (P 6) 780 Bourbon Mayaguez 78 bean infested by storage pests (S 8) 78 Bourbon Pointu 44 bean quality assessment 818 Bourbon types 42 bean size 818 some resistance to CBD 42 effect of shading on 415 Bourbon-type varieties 78 bean size distribution 819 Brazil 823 bean slightly damaged (F 1) 768 break-even point, calculated according to drops bean slightly damaged by storage pests (S 6) 787 in the price offered 837 Beaufort scale 894 Break-even point (BEP) 832 Beauveria bassiana, Berry Borer control 473 breeding 61 Bee Hawk Moth 456 for resistance 566 belt loaders 712 scheme for improvement of C. arabica 69 bench terraces 206 breeding methods 68 Benlate 527 breeding techniques 61, 68 Benomyl Brocarial 473 anti-fungal solution 131 broken bean (P 11) 782 for Seedling Blight control 506 brown bean (FP 3) 775 Bergendal 78 Brown Blight 535 Berry-boring Lepidoptera, coffee pests in Africa Brown Eye Spot 66, 528 450 Brown Eye Spot disease, effects of shading on 412 big bags, in coffee storage 754 bruised bean (crushed) (P 2) 778 biodigestors, anaerobic 734 bud biodiversity 401 differentiation 10 biolistics 161 head of series 10 biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) 379 serial 10 biotechnology budding applications to coffee 146 precautions by 115 methods and their application to coffee 164 upgrading by shield 115 plant 141 Bukobensis 50 bird-friendly 401 bulk container loading 712 Index 967 bulk vessels, for loose coffee shipment in 762 C. sessiliflora 28 bulking 709 C. stenophylla 28, 30 feeding systems 709 C. zanguebariae 28 mixing systems 709 caballete 197 techniques and equipment 709 caffein, from coffee byproducts 737 Burn content causal organism 533 as cofee selection criterion 67 symptom 533 in different brews 935 burnt bean 810 Cajanus cajan Burundi 826 mulching material 244 butterfly stage 100 used for temporary shade 219 byproducts, integral use of coffee 735 calcium as fertilizer 257 C calculation of inputs of 255 C. arabica 3, 28, 42, 45, 70 calcium deficiency 271 disease resistance 70 calix 11 dispersion of 39 Calliandra calothyrsus, as shade tree 217 genetic structure 42 calluses 133 selection 62 Calopogonium mucunodes, as artificial cover crop hybrid vigor 70 209 insect resistance 71 Canavalia ensiformis, as artificial cover crop 209 mutants of commercial interest 43 Canephora 50 natural crosses with diploid species 45 Canephora types, damaged by Fusarium Disease nematode resistance 70 64 nutrient requirements 253 Canker see Machete Disease 513 origin of 36 carbosulfan, in Coffee Berry Borer control 444 populations 39 “Cardenillo” bean (PS 1) 783 rust resistance 562 Carpenter Ant 458 selection methods applied to 69 Casuarina equisetifolia, used as wind breaks 223 C. brevipes 28 Casuarina junghuhniana, used for shade 219 C. canephora 4, 28, 45, 50 Casuarina oligodon, used for shade 219 breeding strategies applied to 72 catador 700 conventional clone selection 73 multiple 701 conventional hybrid selection 71 Catimor 799 genetic organization of 48 cation-exchange capacity (CEC) 174, 266, 377 interspecific hybridization 74 catisic 81 natural crosses with diploid species 50 catrenic 81 reciprocal recurrent selection 73 Caturra 43, 798 rust resistance 563 Cauvery 81 traditionally cultivated populations 50 CEC see cation-exchange capacity 377 C. congensis 28, 30 center pivot 324 C. eugenioides 28, 30 Centro de Investigao das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro C. excelsa 4 (CIFC) 519, 558 C. fadenii 28 Centrosoma macrocarpum., as artificial cover crop C. farafanganensis 32 209 C. humilis 28 Cercospora Blotch see Brown Eye Spot 495, 528 C. kapakata 32 Cercospora coffeicola 66 C. liberica 4, 28, 30 certification 392 rust resistance 563 costs 392 C. mauritiana 30 criteria for “bird-friendly” or “Eco-OK” 402 C. mufindiensis 28 fair-trade 392 C. pseudozanguebariae 28, 30 chemical oxygen demand (COD) 737 C. racemosa 28, 30, 32 cherry coffee, storage 746 C. salvatrix 28 chloroplast 34 968 Index

chlorosis 269–270 Coffee Chafers 445 chlorpyrifos coffee classification 901 Berry Moth control 451 coffee components, balance of 724 for Scale control 432 coffee deterioration index 827 for termite nest destruction 427 coffee diseases 495 in Coffee Berry Borer control 444 biological and agronomic control 501 in Coffee Thrips control 437 eradication measures 502 Cinchona 3 treatment methods 498 cleaning 683 coffee events 922 problems and impact on quality 684 Coffee Feeding Pyralid 455 techniques and equipment 683 Coffee Fruit Fly 445 clonal material, supply of 136 coffee growing 168 clones, planting 137 after World War II 846 CLR see Coffee Leaf Rust 39 characteristics of coffee by variety 926 C:N ratio 266 during the Colonial Period 845 coated bean (FP 6) 777 environmental conditions 925 Cocoa Department (IDEFOR) 146 in the first half of the 20th century 845 COD see chemical oxygen demand 737 origins of 845 genus 26 the Globalization Era 846 distribution of 28 coffee husks 681 coffee associations, organizations and teaching fuel for coffee dryers 681 centers 922 Coffee Lace Bugs, coffee pest in Africa 436 Weevil, in grain storage and coffee Coffee Leaf Miner, breeding techniques to 748 increase resistance to 61 Coffee Berry Borer Coffee Leaf Miners 447 breeding techniques to increase resistance to Coffee Leaf Rust 429 61 causal organism 513 coffee pest in Africa 443 control 518 coffee pest in the Asian-Pacific region 471 damage caused 515 control 472 propagation 516 development while flowing period 13 races of 559 in grain storage and coffee 748 resistance genes 560 influence on coffee quality 805 resistance reactions 561 Coffee Berry Butterfly 452 resistance tests 561 Coffee Berry Disease 557 resistance to 557 assessment of losses caused by 544 symptoms 515 causal organism 534 Coffee Leaf Rust (CLR) 39 control 539 breeding techniques to increase resistance to 61 propagation 536 resistance 39 races 567 Coffee Leaf Skeletonizer 456 resistance tests 565 coffee liquor, terms related to 956 resistance to 564 Coffee Playboy 452 symptoms 535 Coffee pulp vermicompost 333 Coffee Berry Disease (CBD) 495 Coffee Red Spider Mite 459 breeding techniques to increase resistance to coffee research organizations 923 61 Coffee Ringspot Virus (CoRSV) 550 Coffee Berry Moth 450 Coffee Berry Disease control 554 Coffee Blotch Miners 447 distribution 554 coffee blowers 712 Coffee Root Mealybug, coffee pest in Africa 431 coffee brew 934 Coffee Rusts Research Center (CIFC) 63 Coffee Brown Beetle 467 coffee species 800 control 468 Coffee Stem Borer, coffee pest in Africa 442 Coffee Canker 528 Coffee Storage Weevil, influence on coffee quality Coffee Capsid Bug, coffee pests 435 805 Index 969

Coffee Thrips, coffee pests 437 defining the slope of the land 198 Coffee Twig Borer, coffee pest 439 marking out planting holes 199 coffee varieties, characteristics of 926 pegging the base lines 198 Coffee Weevil 460 pegging the contours 199 Coffee White Stem Borer pegging the master rows 198 pest control 466 controlled droplet application (CDA) 579 pest in the Asia-Pacific region 464 conversion tables 859 Coffee Wilt Disease 496 soil-related conversions 897 causal organism 510 Coorg 63 control 512 copper, as fertilizer 260 symptoms and biology 511 corchosis 483 coffeine content 799 Cordia alliadora, used for shade 219 colchicine, applied on the buds to cause diploidy corolla tube 11 151 Corticium spp. 66 collar crack 508 Costa Rica 824 collecting missions 29 cotyledons 4–5 Colletotrichum kahawae 66 counter 10G, for insect control 98 Colletotrichum spp. 66 covas 95 Colombia 824 Crickets, coffee pests in Afrika 426 color 799 crop management 19 green bean 821 biennial pattern 20 impact of storage 751 high-yield option 19 some types of coffee 799 influence on coffee quality 805 color sorter low-yield option 19 with belt 707 crop-adapted spraying (CAS) 585 with channels 706 cross-beater hullers 691 with chutes 706 cross-pollination 12 with rollers 706 Crotalaria spp. color sorting 704 as artificial cover crop 209 bean transport 705 mulching material 244 problems and impact on quality 708 used as wind breaks 223 techniques and equipment 705 used for temporary shade 220 color-sorting technology 707 Croton glabelus, used as wind breaks 223 Committee for Organic Product Certification Croton mubango, used for shade 219 (CUCEPRO) 350 Croton reflexifolius, used as wind breaks 223 community scheme to support technology cryopreservation 53 transfer (MOCATT) 848 conventional 149 compression sprayer 574 cryobank for C. arabica germplasm 55 Congolese genotypes 46 for zygotic embryos 53 Conidia 473 of coffee 148 Conillon 50, 64 pre-drying/freezing 149 conservation 51 simplified method 149 ex situ 51 cryptogamic diseases 504 in situ 55 crystallized bean (jade bean) (P 9) 781 in vitro 53 cultivated species 38 of coffee seeds 51 cultivated varieties 78 of pollen 55 Bourbon-type varieties 78 container, dry, with liner bags 763 Catimor- and Sarchimor-type varieties 80 containers Catuai 80 for coffee storage 756 Icatu 81 genuine bulk 762 multiplication of selected varieties 82 standard, dry boxes for coffee shipment 760 root-stock varieties for nematode resistance 81 ventilated for coffee shipment 760 Ruiru 11 81 contour planting 197 S795 variety 78 970 Index

selected Canephora varieties 82 dicrotophos, in Coffee Thrips control 437 Typica-type varieties 78 die-back 19, 495, 531 cultivation practices, influencing the quality of caused by Leaf Miners 447 green coffee 814 way of fighting 532 cup flavor 751 dieldrin cup quality Coffee Borer control 441 effect of the altitude on 802 control of Biting Ants 457 influence of potassium and calcium content on for Scale control 432 804 in Mealybug Root Disease control 510 influence of shade on 805 in Twig Borer control 440 cup tasting 821 dimethoate cutting pit, for cuttings 124 Aphid colony control 428 cuttings in Leaf Rolling Thirps control 437 brick propagation box with 120 Red Stem Borer control 470 environmental conditions 130 direct seeding 235 influence of the vegetal material 130 discolored over-dried bean (P 8) 781 polybags and cutting pits for 122 disease, influence on coffee quality 805 preparation of the 125–126 diseases, effects of shade on 411 pricking out 126, 130 disk pulpers 637 root trimming 128 Disyston 12G, for insect control 98 rooted 130 DNA substrate for raising 123 low frequency of structural changes in the transport of 129 chloroplast 34 Cyproconazole nuclear ribosomal 34 American Leaf Spot control 526 Dolichus lablab, as artificial cover crop 209 in Coffee Leaf Rust control 518 domatia 11 Dominican Republic 825 D dormancy 12 D-D, for fumigated ion of termites 428 double-compartment hullers 689 D. intortum, as artificial cover crop 209 dried cherry, pod (P 7) 780 damping off 504 dried parts of the coffee fruit (DP) 789 dark brown beans (F 3) 769 dry (ball) cherry coffee, storage 747 Dark brown Scale 430 dry milling 720 dark grey bean 810 dry processing 623, 726 data on coffee 925 channels with traps 626 Dazomet, used in plant damaging agents control flotation 625 98 mechanical washer/separators 626 deltamethrin, Berry Moth control 451 problems and impact on quality 627 dense shade 404, 414 sifting 625 density, coffee apparent 747 siphon tanks 625 depulpers, performance of conventional 930 static water tanks 625 Derosal, used in plant damaging agents control 98 winnowing 623

Desmodium ovalifolium, as artificial cover crop 209 dry weight of green coffee (DWgreen) 415 destoning, techniques and equipment 685 dry weight of parchment coffee (DWparch) development costs 834 415 diammonium phosphate, seedling fertilization dryers 669 with 104 cascade 673 Diazinon column 671 against Grasshopper pests 427 column (tower) batch 670 for Scale control 432 combination 676 b-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, used as rhizogenic rotary 675 substance 127 two-tray 670 dichlorvos, in Coffee White Stem Borer control vertical 670 467 with stirrers 669 Index 971 drying 662, 720, 929 environmental conditions, for growing coffee direct fire heater and heat exchanger 678 925 fuels for 680 environmental factors in ecological processing 726 suitable for Arabica coffee cultivation 177–178 influence on coffee quality 809 suitable for coffee cultivation 168 speed 664 suitable for Robusta coffee cultivation techniques and equipment 665 179–180 temperature curves for 663 epidemiology 497 temperatures 662 erosion 205 dwarfness 65 erosion control, strip cropping for 212 Erythrina spp., as shade tree 218 E Etephon, influence on coffee quality 805 E. fetida 328 ETERNA disk depulper 729 early crop 170 ethanol, from coffee byproducts 737 Earthworm, in vitro studies 329 ethion, for Scale control 432 Earthworm fertilizer 339 Ethiopia 826 Earthworms 334 ethylene, inhibitor of somatic embryogenesis 156 feeding 337 ethylene dibromide, coffee Weevil control 460 Eco-OK 401 Eugenia jambos, used as wind breaks 223 ecological processing 724 evaporation pan 322 methods 727 evapotranspiration rate 317 economic aspects 831 income versus expenditure for a small producer F

841 “F1” hybrids 62 operating profits for a small producer 842 F1 true hybrid 152 production costs for a small producer 842 fair-trade coffee 389 economic concepts 831 Fair-Trade Labeling Organization (FLO) 392 economic indicators 836 False Spider Mite 459 Eisenia andrei 328 Farmers Field Schools (FFSs) 849 Electrodyneä 580 Farmers Participatory Method (FPM) 849 electroporation 161 fecundation, developmental stages after 15 electrostatic spraying 580 feeder bearers 7 Elegant Grasshopper 426 feeder root 7 elephant bean (F 5) 770 fenitrothion Elgon die-back Berry Moth control 451 causal organism 545 in Coffee Thrips control 437 control 546 in Mealybug control 476 symptoms 545 Leaf Miner control 450 ELMU 648 Red Stem Borer control 470 embryo axis 4 fenthion embryo maturation, by temporary immersion in Coffee Thrips control 437 156 in Mealybug control 476 embryonic sac 16 fermentation embryos, frozen or dehydrated 134 disadvantages of natural 732 empty beans (vanos) 23 dry 646 endocarp see parchment 4 natural 645, 731 endosperm 16 shortened 647 growth of 18 theory of 732 endosperm see bean 4 wet 647 endosulfan fertilization 250, 268 Berry Moth control 451 deficiencies 262 in Coffee Berry Borer control 444 indications for applying 260 entomophagous fungi, in natural control of Soft influence on coffee quality 803 Scales 430 mineral 252 972 Index

of nursery beds 101 topographic influences 366 organic 251 types of 362 possibilities of mixing fertilizers 268 frost dam 368 requirements of coffee trees 252 frost damage 369 fertilization program 254 frost damaged bean (F 11) 773 fertilizer frost formation 359 application of methods 261 frost occurrence, prediction of 372 macronutrients 256 frost prevention micronutrients 258 by measures influencing air circulation 371 fiber pots, used in coffee planting 240 by providing heat sources 371 field damaged beans (F) 768 fructification cycle 289 field or process damaged beans (FP) 774 fruit 4, 15 Fireblight 545 composition of the coffee 933 fixed costs (FC) 832 different month after fecundation 16 flaky bean (chips) (F 8) 771 transverse and longitudinal sections of 4

flat bean separation 901 fruit fresh weight (FWfruit) 415 flat-screen graders 697 fruit maturity, influence on the brew 806 flavor 68, 799, 821 fruit to bean conversion factors 415 characteristics of different species and varieties fruit weight, effect of shade on 414 799 fungi, in grain storage and coffee 749 impact of storage 751 fungicides flavor profiles, ICO vocabulary 822 for diseases control 499 Flemingia congesta in Coffee Berry Disease 540 as artificial cover crop 209 Furadan 5G, for insect control 98 ground cover plants 275 Fusarium spp. 66 mulching material 244 Fusarium Disease 66 used as wind breaks 223 Fusarium oxysporum, for fighting root rot 510 used for temporary shade 220 flow rate calculation 896 G flower Gam 50 buds 12 gametic embryos 151 process of flowering 12 Gardenia 3 structure 11 Garnica 80 flower bud gas, fuel for dryers 681 blossoming 13 Gelatine Caterpillar 453 dormancy and growth renewal 14 gene bank 51 flat and triangular 12 field 51 structure 13 genetic control flowering period 13 coffee diseases figthening 500 fogging, in frost protection 370 in Coffee Leaf Rust fightening 519 fogging equipment 582 of American Leaf Spot 527 foliar sprays 262 of Coffee Berry Disease 543 Formol, used in plant damaging agents control of Grey Leaf Rust 525 98 genetic diversity 33 foxy bean (FP 5) 776 genetic engineering 159 Fried-egg Scale, coffee pest in Africa 431 methods 160 frost 366 genetic mapping 142 direct protection 370 Robusta 147 in coffee crops 359 genetic resistance, for nematode control 490 influence on coffee quality 803 genetically modified organisms (GMOs) 141 preventive protection 369 genetics 25 relationship between dewpoint and severity of germination 5, 94 362 acceleration of 6 short-term prediction of 360 of a coffee plant 7 Index 973

of a polyembryonic seed 21 processing 610 time of 5 shipment of 759 germination capacity 94 storage 741 germination rate 5 terms related to 952 Giant Coffee Looper 456 green (clean) coffee, storage 747 giberellic acid, influence on coffee quality 805 Green Coffee Locust 426 Gliocladium, with beneficial effect on coffee roots Green Coffee Tortrix 454 384 Green Lacewings 425 Gliricidia sepiumas shade tree 217 Green Scale glomerules 13 coffee pests in the Asian-Pacific region 477 glossary control 477 of terms related to green coffee 952 Grevillea robusta (silver oak), as shade tree 218 terms used in coffe production 937 Grevillea robusta, used as wind breaks 223 Glycine wightii, as artificial cover crop 209 Grey Leaf Rust Goiaba 44 causal organism 522 some resistance to insect pests 67 control 525 Goiaba mutant 40 damage 524 grading degree of virulence according to altitude 524 influence on coffee quality 809 propagation 524 of green coffee 818 symptoms 523 grafting 75, 106 ground cover vegetation 275 advantages of 119 growth habit 275 disadvantages of 119 reproduction 276 environmental conditions 130 vegetation 275 for nematode control 491 ground-level irrigation 325 influence of the vegetal material 130 Guatemala 824 mature 112 Guinean genotypes 46 precautions by 115 gynogenesis 150 single node side 118 splice or approach 107 H transplanted seedlings 111 Haiti 825 upgrading by patch 114 Hakea saligna, used as wind breaks 223 upgrading by wedge 113 haploidy 150 Wedge or Reyna method 107 haplomethods 150 with somatic embryos and microcuttings 111 hard pan 172 granule applicators 582 harvest Grasshoppers, coffee pests in Afrika 426 estimates 601 gravel 173 periods in coffee-producing countries 607 gravity separation 699 harvest period 601 problems and impact on quality 703 harvester techniques and equipment 699 large, on wheels 616 gravity separators 701 self-propelled 617 negative pressure 703 harvesters, light hand-held 618 positive pressure 702 harvesting 610, 614, 718 green bean, color 821 for dry process 726 green beans, size distribution under increasing for ecological processing 727 shade of 416 influence on coffee quality 806 green coffee 610 mechanical 616 chemical composition of 933 picking from the Ground 619 defects 766 problems and impact on quality 621 genotype influences on quality of 813 selective 615 grading 818 stripping 615 harvesting 610 harvesting strategies 19 influences on quality of 797 Hawaii 827 974 Index

head of series 9 inflorescence 12 heat exchanger ingas, as shade tree 218 boilers and radiators 680 integrated pest management (IPM) 463, 849 for coffee drying 680 integument see silverskin 4 multiple-dryer 679 intercropping 224 single-dryer 679 density and spacing 224 herbaceous plants, that are nematode hosts permanent 225 487 internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 34 herbaria 26 International Coffee Organization (ICO) 821 herbicide mixes 283 International Federation of Organic Agricultural herbicides Movement (IFOAM) 343 contact 281 International Standard ISO 10470 766 survey of the main 282 Iprodione, anti-fungal solution 131 systemic 282 iron, as fertilizer 260 “herring-bone” chlorosis 270 iron deficiency 272 heterozygous dwarf plants 66 irrigation 312 Hexaconazole and the production cycle 319 American Leaf Spot control 526 ground-level 325 in Coffee Leaf Rust control 518 in selected coffee-growing countries 317 Hibrido de Timor 41 overhead 324 homozygous varieties 62 overhead, in frost protection 370 horizontal drum pulpers 638 surface 323 “horizontal” resistance 520 irrigation water demand 321 Horse Hair Blight 530 irrigation water management 318 Hot and Cold Disease 169, 546 irrigation water quality 323 hot and cold effect 802 ITS see internal transcribed spacers 34 hulling Ixora 3 influence on coffee quality 811 mobile combined hulling unit 694 J problems and impact on quality 694 Jackson 78 techniques and equipment 687 Jamaica 825 humidity, of stored beans 744 Jamaique 78 humus 376 Java planter 237 Hybrid of Timor 64 Jelly Grub 453 hydraulic nozzle 586 Juniperus procera, used as wind breaks 223 hypocotyl 5 Hypotenemus hampei see Coffee Berry Borer 67 K katabatic breeze 366 I Kawisari 64 ICO see International Coffee Organization 821 Kent 799 immature bean (quaker bean) (F 12) 773 Kent variety 63 impluviums 499 Kent-type variety 78 India 826 Kenya 825 Indigofera suffructicosa Kenya Mealybug, coffee pests in Africa 430 as artificial cover crop 209 kerosene, in Mealybug control 476 mulching material 244 Khapra Beetle, in grain storage and coffee indol butyric acid, used as rhizogenic substance 748 127 Kivu 826 2,4,b-indol propionic acid, used as rhizogenic knapsack sprayer 573 substance 127 KOCIDE 101, Coffee Berry Disease control Indonesia 826 539 Indonesia Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute Koleroga 529 (ICCRI) 473 Koppen’s classification 312 infilling 286 Kouillou 64 Index 975

L magnets, for cleaning 685 main cultivated varieties labor requirement, in coffee plantations 188 Caturra 79 labor requirements, for coffee operations 928 Java variety 79 Ladybird Beetles, predator for Coccus spp. 430 Maragogipe 79 LAI see leaf area index 20 Mundo Novo 79 land development maintenance costs 834 improvement measures 194 Malagasy Lace Bug, coffee pests 437 land clearance 192 male sterility 44, 75 preparation before planting 196 manganese, as fertilizer 260 late crop 170 manganese deficiency 273 lateral root 7 mantids, Sucking Bug predator 434 Laurina 44 Maracatu 79 leaf Maragogipe 44, 79, 799 apearance 11 Marasmoid Thread Blight 530 nutrient levels 259 match-stick stage 100 sampling for analysis 258 maturation 19 structure 11 Mealybug Root Disease 510 symptoms of mineral deficiency 269 Mealybugs Leaf Anthracnose 66 coffee pest in Africa 429 leaf area index (LAI) 20 coffee pest in the Asian-Pacific region 474 Leaf Rolling Thrips, coffee pests 437 control 476 Leaf Rust 447 mechanical drying 669 leaf sampling 267 Mediterranean Fruit Fly 445 Leaf-cutting Ant 458 Meloidogyne spp. 67 Leaf-eating Beetles, coffee pests in Africa 444 methyl bromide Leaf-eating Caterpillars, coffee pests in Africa 453 Coffee Weevil control 460 Leguo EC 470 in root rot control 509 Lempira 81 used in cryptogamic diseases 505 Lepidopterous Leaf Miners, coffee pests in Africa used in plant damaging agents control 98 447 Mexican Certifier of Ecological Products and Leptoporus lignosus, in root diseases 507 Processes (CERTIMEX) 350 Leucaena hybrids Mexico 825 as artificial cover crop 209 Mibirizi 78 as shade tree 216 microcuttings 153 Leucoptera spp. see Coffee Leaf Miner 67 microinjection 161 Liberica 799 microplants liming, for correcting toxicity and soil acidity 258 bare-root 134 lindane, control of biting ants 457 non-sterile 134 living coffee collections 29 sterile 134 loss estimation, caused by nematodes 485 Microtermes 427 loss percentage (PDP), formula 485 mild coffee, classification of according to altitude louver dryer 674 803 lysimeter 170 Mimosa invisa var. inermis, as artificial cover crop M 209 Mimosa scabrella, as shade tree 217 Machete Disease 513 mineral deficiency, symptoms on coffee leaves machinery suppliers 904 269 Maclaudi 50 mini-sprinklers 326 Macrotermes 427 misshapen bean 23 magnesium mistblower as fertilizer 257 canon type 578 calculation of inputs of 255 motorized knapsack 576 magnesium deficiency 270 tractor-mounted or -drawn 577 976 Index

Mites, coffee pests 459 Nemaya 81 Mocha 799 Nestl integrated model (NIM) 849 Mocha (Moka) 44 net profit (NP) 832 moisture balance 744 Nettle Grub 453 moisture content, of coffee versus RH of air Niaouli 50 745 nitrogen, as fertilizer 256 moisture content (MC) 5 nitrogen deficiency 269 of the bean 5 NORDOX 50 WP, Coffee Berry Disease control molded block, in coffee planting 238 539 molds, which attack coffee beans 795 NORDOX SUPER 75 WP, Coffee Berry Disease moldy bean, musty (S 5) 787 control 539 molecular markers 146 notched planting board 98 DNA markers 143 nuclear genome marker 34 protein isozymes 143 nursery bed monopodial development 26 common pests and disease in 102 monospermy see peaberry 21 cutting the roots 102 mucilage, chemical composition of 731 pest and disease control 102 mucilage removal 645 weed control 102 influence on coffee quality 807 nursery beds problems and impact on quality 650 direct sowing in 105 pulping and mechanical 730 fertilization in 101 techniques and equipment 645 layout 101 washing of fermented coffee 647 nursery site 95 mucilage removers 648 layout of 96 Mucuna pruriens, mulching material 244 shade 96 Mucuna utilis, mulching material 244 nutrient concentrations, in sun-exposed and mulches, use of natural organic 315 shaded leaves 410 mulching 277, 377 nutrient deficiencies, and infection under four against erosion 241 shading treatments 413 as weed control 242 nutrient depletion 252 for moisture conservation 242 nutrient extraction, in coffee harvest 411 functions of 241 materials 243 O methods 279 Obata 81 Mycena citricolor 66 Odontotermes 427 Mycorrhizae, effects on tolerance to rood pests Okrassa huller 689 and diseases 383 Old Chiks 63 mycorrhizal symbiosis 382 open shade 404, 414 Orange Leaf Rust 495, 503 N Orchid Fleck Virus (OFV) 552 Nana 50 organic agriculture 343 naphtalenacetic acid, used as rhizogenic organic coffee 343 substance 127 agronomic aspects 351 Napier grass, mulching material 244 certification, production and consumption 347 Nasutitermes 427 classification 344 Nemacur, for insect control 98 exporting countries 347 nematicides 491 growing 356 nematode control 489 market potential 345 nematodes 478 mexican certification systems 348 association with fungi 484 pest and disease control 352 distribution 479 planting materials 352 economic damage 480 shading 354 in plantations 482 use of fertilizers 353 in seedbeds and nurseries 481 weeding 356 Index 977 organic coffee growing 389 pest control, in storage 750 organic coffee importers 348 pest-management program 425 organic composts 339 pesticides 496, 591 Organic Crop Improvement Association (OCIA) classification by hazard 592 347 for disease control 496 organic fertilization, for nematode control 489 precautions when handling 592 organic matter 375 pests cultural practices to improve 377 effects of shade on 411 properties of 377 in Africa 425 organoleptic attributes 416 in grain storage and coffee 748 Oro Azteca 81 in the Asia–Pacific region 463 orthotropic stem 9 petal 11 orthotropic sucker 10 Phellinus lamoensis, in root diseases 507 out-turn 65 pheromones, in pest control 467 of coffee 930 Phloem Necrosis 513 ovary 11 phosphine, Coffee Weevil control 460 over-bearing 65 phosphorus, as fertilizer 257 ovules 11 phosphorus deficiency 270 oxidation lagoons, for residual water treatment photoperiodism 12 735 photosynthesis 19 oxyfluorfen, for pre-emergent weed prevention photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) 406 102 Phtiriosis see Mealybug Root Diseases 510 phylogenies 34 P of Coffea species 34 P. mannii 32 Phymastichus coffea, Berry Borer control 473 P. thunbergiana, as artificial cover crop 209 physiological diseases 546 Pacamara 79 Phytomonas leptovaorum 513 Pacas 79 piece of husk (DP 2) 790 Pache 78 piece of parchment (DP 1) 789 palos piques 207 Pigeon pea, used as wind breaks 223 Panama 825 pinhead stage 19 paper bags, used in coffee planting 240 Pink Disease 66, 501, 532 Papua New Guinea (PNG) 827 pink flowering 13 parathion, control of Biting Ants 457 pistil 11 parchment 4 Pithecolobium saman (rain tree), used for shade parchment coffee, storage 747 219 Parkia roxburghii, used for shade 219 plagiotropic ramification parrot perching pruning 308 primary 10 partly black bean or semi-black bean (FP 2) 775 secundary 10 partly depulped cherry (P 3) 778 terciary 10 Pasteuria, with beneficial effect on coffee roots plant 3 384 coffee flower 11 patch grafting 114 common characteristics of the coffee 927 peabean (caracol, caracoli) (F 7) 771 cultivation 3 peabean separation 901 from bud to bean 17 peaberry (or caracoli) 21 leaves 10 pectin, from coffee byproducts 737 origins 3 pedicel 11 root system 7 pedigree selection 62 seed and germination 4 Penagos pulping and mucilage removal 730 shoots and buds 10 Penman’s formula 317 plant tissues, destruction by frost 368 Perionyx excavatus 328 plantation permethrin, for termite nest destruction 427 contour planting in coffee 197 pest, influence on coffee quality 805 identification of sites 183 978 Index

infrastructure 189 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 162 land development 192 polypropylene bags, in coffee storage 754 layout of 189 polyspermy 22 macroclimatic features 182 polythene sleeves, in coffee planting 239 major factors influencing site selection for post-harvest processing, quality corrections 621 coffee 187 post-harvest treatment 929 microclimatic features 183 influence on coffee quality 807, 815 multi-purpose forest tree species in coffee 247 potassium need for wind breaks 221 as fertilizer 256 planting practices 229 calculation of inputs of 255 selection of sites 185 potassium deficiency 270 shade trees in coffee 214 Pratylenchus spp. 67 socioeconomic environment 187 pre-germination 94 transversal planting 202 Previcur, used in plant damaging agents control plantation oil 498 98 plantations, use of cover plants in coffee 208 price fluctuations 853 planting prices, of organic, shade-grown and fair-trade fertilization at 233 coffee 391 intercropping in coffee 224 process damaged beans (P) 777 materials and methods 235 process or storage damaged beans (PS) 783 planting comb 98 processing planting cones, used in coffee planting 240 complete green coffee 612 planting density 231 dry, semi-dry and wet 623 planting layout 232 ecological 724 planting out 234 green coffee 610 planting practices organization of the activities 715 Cova planting 231 post-harvest 613 density, layout and spacing for Arabica 230 producer types 833 density, layout and spacing for Robusta 230 annual income for the different 836 double- or twin-row planting 231 annual profits by 836 dwarf Arabica 230 production costs by 835 hedge planting 231 production costs (%) by 835 planting sites 232 total disbursements by 835 holing and refilling 233 production costs, annual 835 staking out 232 production life cycle 928 sheets, ground protection 280 production systems 832 plastic wrappers, in coffee planting 238 productivity, effect of shading on 403 Pluma Hidalgo 799 propagation 91 Podocarpus milanjianus, used as wind breaks 223 by seeds 93 polishing, techniques and equipment 687 choice of a system 92 pollarded 414 clonal 136 pollarded shade 404 cost of 135 pollen storage 75 in vitro 131 pollination 12, 15 in vivo 135 pollination techniques 74 methods 92 polybags 238 vegetative 106 as container for seedlings 104 propagation method, choice of a 136 direct sowing 106 propagator beds 121 for cuttings 124 propionic acid, due to over-fermentation in layout of 105 storage 751 polyclonal varieties 82 pruning 288 polyembryony (elephant beans) 20 for nematode control 489 polyethylene sleeves, as container for seedlings of freely growing multiple stems 292 104 of single stems 295 Index 979

system with capping 295 RAPD see randomly amplified polymorphic DNA pruning systems 291 42 Pseudomona, with beneficial effect on coffee roots Red Branch Borer 469 384 Red Catuai 80 Pseudomonas syringae 66 Red Coffee Tortrix 454 Psilanthus genus 26 Red Crevice Mite 459 publications, books, manuals and reports on Red Fire Ant 458 coffee 918 rejuvenation 299 Pueraria javanica, as artificial cover crop 209 methods and tools 310 Pueraria sp., ground cover plants 275 of capped multiple-stem trees 308 pulp of capped single-stem trees 305 composition of dry coffee 726 of freely growing multiple-stem coffee trees 299 the composition of coffee 725 of freely growing single-stem trees 302 pulped natural coffee 622, 633 relative humidity, influence on green coffee pulper 632 quality 801 pulper-nipped bean/pulper-cut bean (P 1) 777 relative humidity (RH) 744 pulpers, modification of 729 residual water pulping 637, 929 characterization of 733 dry 642 options for the treatment 736 for ecological processing 727 treatment in anaerobic ponds 734 influence on coffee quality 807 treatment of 733 pre-grading and re-passing 643 resistance quality appreciation of disk 730 to fungal diseases 66 without water 728 to insects 67 Purpurascens 44 to nematodes 66 Purpurascens mutant 40 to physiological disorders 66 pyrethrum, sucking bugs control 434 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) 34 Q analysis 144 Quality Assurance International (QAI) 349 process 145 quality evaluation, basic criteria for coffee 935 RFLP see restriction fragment length quality group, coffee by 935 polymorphism 34 quality of green coffee 797 Rhabdoviruses 553 influence of environmental factors 801 Robusta 50 quantitative trait loci (QTL) 146 data for vegetative propagation 129 quarantine, for coffee 597 Robusta natural 791 Quillou 50 Robusta washed 791 quinalphos, in Mealybug control 476 “rock ’n roll” pruning method 305 rodents, in coffee storage 749 R ROMEX 82 races, of Coffee Leaf Rust 559 root hairs 7 radiation frost root infestation, damages caused by nematodes factors conducive to the formation of 364 486 types of 363 Root Lesion Nematodes 478 rainfall root rot diseases cultivation practices to maximize effective causes and symptoms 506 314 curative measures 508 factor for coffee growing 169 root splitting 508 typical patterns in some coffee-growing root system 8 countries 313 Root-knot Nematodes 478 rampassen 472 root-stock orchard, maintenance 119 random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD), roots, cutting back 102 analysis 143 Rosellinia bunodes, in root diseases 506 Raoeng pulper 641 rotary graders 698 980 Index

ROTOCEL process 726 by technological features 67 rubber ball cleaning system 698 flavor features 68 Rubia 3 history of coffee 62 Rubiaceae 3 semi-dry processing 629 Rume Sudan (RS) 798 problems and impact on quality 633 rust resistance 560 techniques and equipment 630 evaluation of 561 Semperflorens 44 varieties 562 separation 694, 728 Rwanda 826 by flotation 625 separator S green cherry 728 SAESA pulper 731 mechanical washer 627 Salvadorian siphon 727 Sesbania sesban, used for shade 219 Samingsong EC 470 Sesbania sp., used as wind breaks 223 sampling, for field estimation 603 shade, influence on coffee quality 804 sampling technique 603 shade levels 404 San Ramon 78 shade management 395 scales affect on soil and water 402 automatic 711 intensified 397 platform 711 traditional coffee farms 396 screen pulpers 632, 641 shade treatments 414 screw huller 688 shade trees 214, 282 sedimentation tank, for residual waters 734 choice of 216, 283 seed 4 forest trees 220 physiology 4 maintenance of 284 storage 6 species used 216 seed sources, for shade, forest and cover plant shade-grown coffee 389 906 shading seed storage 75 effect on plant vigor and nutrition 409 seedbeds effects in coffee 403 distribution, of seeds 99 effects of 399 infestations in 99 effects on the ecosystem 400 irrigation of 99 factors which determine the decision of 400 phytosanitary problems 100 for weed control 413 preparation 98 influencing coffee growing 171 Seedling Blight, symptoms/disease development microclimate and coffee physiology 407 505 temporary 219, 285 seedlings shear nozzle 589 grafted 109 shell of elephant bean (F 9) 772 planting in containers 104 shield budding 116 preparation for planting out 103 shipment, of green coffee 759 transplanting distance 101 shipping practices 760 seeds 93–94 short sequence repeat (SSR), development moisture content of 93 requirements 144 number of per kilogram 94 Shot-Hole Borer 470 pre-germination 94 SI symbols 860 storage 94 Sigatoka Disease 498 time required to germinate 94 silos, in coffee storage 754 selection silt pits 206 according to growth habit 65 density 205 according to plant resistance 66 silverskin 4, 726 according to vigor 65 size grading 696 according to visual breeders score 65 problems and impact on quality 699 according to yield 65 techniques and equipment 697 Index 981

SL28 798–799 in rows 98 smoke, frost-prevention measure 371 species Soft Green Scales 429 characteristics of, related to breeding 62 soil diploid 63 analyses 255 interspecific hybridization 64 analysis 253 triploid hybrids 65 cations and anions in the 264 spinning disk nozzle 588 characteristics 172 Spodoptera littoralis, spraying dosage required conservation measures 314 572 conservation needs 196 spongy bean, faded, whitish bean (S 1) 785 effect of pH on availability of elements in 267 spotted bean (S 9) 789 effect on coffee quality 802 spray droplets 589 fertility 375 spray gun 576 fertilization formulas under varying conditions spray management valve (SMV) 576 of 254 spray nozzle 586 form of fertilizers in relation to 256 nozzle material 589 limitation of topsoil removal 205 types and parts 586 measure of rainfall run-off 202 spray volumes 585 measurements reducing erosion 205 spraying moisture-holding characteristics 319 coffee trees 584 organic matter 376 exposure to CPPs 590 physical composition 263 prevention of adverse health effects 592 porosity 173 safety measures 592 soil-related conversion tables 897 spray deposit monitoring 586 typical coffee-growing 175 spraying equipment 571 soil analysis, main equivalent weights used for calibrating 583 266 portable 584 soil disinfecting, for nematode control 489 spray coverage 572 soil maintenance tractor-drawn 584 chemical 281 treatment timing 571 manual 280 SSR see simple sequence repeats 42 mechanized 281 staggered flowering 13 soil protection 274 stainless steel, in coffee storage 756 soil sampling 268 stale bean (S 3) 786 soil tensiometer 322 stale coffee 811 soil water reservoir 318 star flowering 13 soldier stage 100 Star Scale 432 grafting 106 static dryers 669 solidarity market 357 stem splitting 508 soluble coffee 934 Stethoconus spp., Coffee Lace Bugs predator 436 somaclonal variation, methods 158 Stethoconus frappae Carayon, predator of somatic embryo 153 Dulinius unicolor 437 production of 155 stigma 11 somatic embryogenesis 133, 152 Stinging Caterpillar 453 multiplication 155 stinker bean (foul) (P 4) 779 whole process 154 Stinking Grasshopper 426 Sooty Blotch Mold 529 stomata 11 Sorghum, used for temporary shade 220 storage 932 sorting, influence on coffee quality 811 altitude 746 sour bean (vinegar) (PS 2) 784 controlled/modified atmosphere 756 southern blotting 162 damage assessment 749 sowing deterioration by 827 directly in the field 95 duration 746 in nurseries 95 effect of atmospheric composition on 746 982 Index

flavor 827 in coffee bean storage 745 influence on coffee quality 811, 815 influence on green coffee quality 801 of green coffee 741 influence on grow 19 pest control 750 optimal for Arabica 168 problems 747 optimal for Robusta 169 quality impact 751 “sweating” of the beans 759 systems 752 Tenuipalpidae Mite 552 storage damaged beans (S) 785 Tephrosia candida, used for temporary shade 219 Strepsiptera, Sucking Bug predator 434 Tephrosia spp. strip cropping 227 as artificial cover crop 209 style 11 mulching material 244 Stylosanthes spp. termites, coffee pests in Africa 427 as artificial cover crop 209 Termitidae 427 ground cover plants 275 thermometer, wet- and dry-bulb 362 subject matter specialists (SMS) 848 Thread Disease 501 Sucking Bugs, coffee pest in Africa 433 thumb dimples 528 sulfur, as fertilizer 260 Tiger Worm 335 sulfur deficiency 273 Tigre du Cafier 437 sun drying 666 Timor Hybrid (TH) 798 drying grounds (patios) 666 toasted bean (P 12) 783 drying racks 667 Tobacco Cricket 426 plastic sheds 667 topsoil, evolution of chemical properties of 378 sliding trays 666 total costs (TC) 832 sunlight, influencing coffee growing 171 total income (TI) 832 sustainable coffee 390 total variable costs (TVC) 832 economic benefits 390 Tracheomycosis 93 environmental benefits 390 trade, different equivalencies used in the coffee market for 391 820 sustainable coffee production 388 transversal planting 202 certification 392 trap-sticks 509 quality requirements 392 tree classification 27 sustainable production systems 852 Triadimefon, in Coffee Leaf Rust control 518 sympodial development 26 triangular bean (F 6) 770 Syrphidae, predator of Aphids 428 trichlorfon, Berry Moth control 451 Systates Weevils 444 Trichoderma Systme International des Units (SI) 859 for fighting root rot 510 with beneficial effect on coffee roots 384 T trickle irrigation 326 T & V system 846, 848 Trimaton 51, used in plant damaging agents Tailed Caterpillars 455 control 98 tannin, from coffee byproducts 737 triploid hybrids 65 Tanzania 826 Tripsacum fasciculatum, mulching material 244 tap root 7 Tupi 81 taste 821 Twig Borer 470 taxonomy 3, 25 two-cotyledon stage 16 coffee species 30 Typica types 42 cytological 36 some resistance to CBD 42 publication 29 Typica-type varieties 78 technological transfer groups (TTG) 847 technology transfer 843 U to farmers 851 Ugandae 50 Tekisic 78 under-dried soft bean (P 5) 779 temperature 19, 168 units of measures 859 conversion formulas 892 from around the world 867 Index 983

metric 862 compact ecological 659 UK and US 865 conventional 656 up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) 735 dry transport 654 upward flow mucilage removers 649 ecological 659 re-conversion 634 V separation screens and grading channels 655 variable costs (VC) 832 water recycling and disposal of waste products variety Trials 76 659 clonal trials of Canephora 76 with dry gravity transport 657 selection trials for C. arabica 76 with dry mechanical transport 658 statistical analyses 77 with horizontal drum pulper 658 vegetative propagation 75 wet processing 634 vermicompost problems and impact on quality 644 chemical characteristics of 331 pulping 637 harvesting 338 white bean (S 4) 786 vermicomposting 328 Borer, coffee pest in Africa 440 as a plant growth medium 330 white floater bean (S 2) 785 development 329 White Stem Borer 413 equipment 336 whitish beans 810 history of 333 wind studies on coffee pulp 329 effect on frost formation 360 substrates 335 influencing coffee growing 171 vermifilters 337 wind breaks 221, 285 vertical drum pulpers 640, 659 design of 222 “vertical” resistance 519 plant species for use as 223 Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Root Fungi winnowers 620 (VAH) 382 withered bean (shriveled, ragged) (F 13) 774 Vetiver plants 204 wonder trees 216 Vigna sinensis, as artificial cover crop 209 Wood Institute Coffee and Cocoa Department Vila Sarchi 79 (IDEFOR) 146 Villa Lobos 78 Wood-boring Beetles, coffee pest in Africa 438 viral diseases, symptoms 550 woven basket, for planting 237 wrapped earth blocks, for planting 237 W warehouses 754 Y wastewater recycling 661 yeast, which attack coffee beans 795 water Yellow Catuai 80 conservation measures 314 Yellow Fringed Scale 432 factor for coffee growing 169 Yellow Tea Mite 459 water analysis equivalents of (CaCO3) 896 Yellow-headed Borer, coffee pest in Africa 442 water availability, effect on coffee quality 802 Yemen 827 water consumption, for 930 yield efficiency 65 water requirement 170 yield estimate, equation 603 waxy bean (FP 4) 776 yield estimation 601 wedge grafting 113 yield stability 66 cambium contact 117 weed control 274 Z for nematode control 489 zebra beans 433 weeds, effects of shade on 411 Zebrina pendula weighing 710 mulching material 244 West African Coffee Borer, coffee pest 441 used for temporary shade 220 western blotting 163 zinc, as fertilizer 259 wet milling 719 zinc deficiency 272 wet mills 653, 659 zygotic embryo 16, 149, 153 984 Index