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Mecanismes D'invasion De Miconia Calvescens Dc. En Polynesie Franchise

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Mecanismes D'invasion De Miconia Calvescens Dc. En Polynesie Franchise ACADEMIE DE MONTPELLIER UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DU LANGUEDOC THESE presentee a I'Universrte de Montpellier II Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc pour obtenir le diplome de DOCTORAT Sp6cialit6 : BIOLOGIE DES POPULATIONS ET ECOLOGIE Formation Doctorale: Evolution et Epplogie Ecole Doctorale : Biologie des Systemes Integres, Agronomie, Environnement MECANISMES D'INVASION DE MICONIA CALVESCENS DC. EN POLYNESIE FRANCHISE PAR Jean-Yves MEYER Soutenue le 30 Novembre 1994, devant le jury compose de : [ This page intentionally left blank. ] [ This text was not in the original document. ] ACADEMIE DE MONTPELLIER UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DU LANGUEDOC THESE présentée à l'Université de Montpellier II Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc pour obtenir le diplôme de DOCTORAT Spécialité : BIOLOGIE DES POPULATIONS ET ECOLOGIE Formation Doctorale : Evolution et Ecologie Ecole Doctorale : Biologie des Systèmes Intégrés, Agronomie, Environnement MECANISMES D'INVASION DE MICQNIA CALVESCENS PC. EN POLYNESIE FRANÇAISE [ This page intentionally left blank. ] [ This text was not in the original document. ] SOMMAIRE [ This page intentionally left blank. ] [ This text was not in the original document. ] PARTIE 1 SITUATION ET DEGRE D'INVASION I. STATUT ET REPARTITION GENERALE 29 1.1. AIRE D'ORIGINE 29 1.1.1. Taxonomie et écologie du genre Miconia (Melastomataceae)... 29 Famille des Melastomataceae ...29 Tribu des Miconieae 30 Genre Miconia 30 1.1.2. Miconia calvescens De Candolle 32 1.2. AIRES D'INTRODUCTION 34 1.2.1. Statut de plante ornementale 34 1.2.2. Statut de plante naturalisée 35 Situation au Sri-Lanka 35 Situation à la Jamaïque 35 1.2.3. Statut de plante envahissante 36 Situation dans l'Archipel des îles Hawai'i 36 Situation dans l'Archipel de la Société 36 Situation de Miconia calvescens à Tahiti 37 Généralités sur l'île de Tahiti ....37 Historique de l'invasion 38 Situation actuelle 39 Situation de Miconia calvescens à Moorea 40 Généralités sur l'île de Moorea 40 Situation actuelle 41 Situation de Miconia calvescens à Raiatea 42 Généralités sur l'île de Raiatea 42 Historique de l'invasion et situation actuelle 42 IL DEGRE ET PHASES D'INVASION 44 11.1. OBJECTIFS DE L'ETUDE 44 11.2. MATERIELS ET METHODES 45 11.2.1. Choix du site et de la station 45 11.2.2. Mesure du degré d'envahissement 46 Relevé botanique et phytosociologique 46 Structuration des populations de Miconia calvescens 46 Banque de graines de Miconia calvescens dans le sol 47 Mesure de la lumière en sous-bois 48 Mesure de la quantité de litière 48 11.3. RESULTATS 48 11.3.1. Le degré d'envahissement dans les stations à Tahiti 48 11.3.2. Le degré d'envahissement dans les stations à Raiatea 50 11.4. DISCUSSION : 51 11.4.1. Répartition de Miconia calvescens dans les îles de la Société 51 Forêts secondaires anthropiques.... 51 Forêts primaires naturelles 51 Conclusions 52 Perspectives d'étude 53 SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS 1 AVANT-PROPOS 3 INTRODUCTION CONCEPT D'INSULARITE ET D'INVASION : LE CAS DE LA POLYNESIE FRANÇAISE 1.1. LES ILES, SITES PARADISIAQUES ET LABORATOIRES NATURELS 5 1.2. LES ILES, ECOSYSTEMES ORIGINAUX MAIS FRAGILES 7 1.2.1. Les caractères primaires 7 Pauvreté spécifique et déséquilibre taxonimique 7 Limitation des ressources 8 Communautés récentes 8 1.2.2. Le syndrome d'insularité 9 Au niveau des peuplements 9 Au niveau des espèces et des populations 9 1.2.3. Le fort endémisme des îles 12 Pauvreté relative 12 Radiation adaptative 13 Contraste entre les types d'îles 13 1.2.4. La grande sensibilité des îles 14 Causes démographiques et génétiques de la fragilité 14 Théorie du "taxon cycle" 15 1.3. L'IMPACT DE L'HOMME 15 .3.1. Le prélèvement sélectif et excessif des ressources 16 .3.2. La destruction directe du couvert végétal 17 .3.3. L'introduction volontaire ou accidentelle d'espèces étrangères 18 .3.4. L'extinction d'espèces par l'introduction de prédateurs 19 .3.5. La destruction de l'habitat par l'introduction d'herbivores 20 .3.6. L'introduction d'agents pathogènes 21 .3.7. L'invasion par des plantes introduites 21 Plantes naturalisées, mauvaises herbes et envahisseuses: un problème de terminologie 21 Diversité et unité des plantes envahissantes dans les îles 23 Problèmes liés aux invasions 24 1.4. CONCLUSIONS -26 IA1. La diversité biologique menacée 26 I.4.2. L'exemple de la Polynésie française '. 27 11.4.2. La dynamique de l'invasion 53 Les phases d'invasion 53 L'existence d'une phase de latence 54 Qui y-a t'il après Miconia calvescens ? 55 11.4.3. L'impact sur le milieu naturel et les espèces indigènes 55 Le remplacement des forêts primaires en forêts de Miconia 56 III. CONCLUSIONS 58 PARTIE 2 REPRODUCTION ET DISSEMINATION I. MODE DE REPRODUCTION 59 1.1. INTRODUCTION 59 1.2. RESULTATS 60 1.2.1. Biologie et morphologie florale 60 1.2.2. Phénologie de la floraison et de la fructification 61 1.2.3. Anthèse de la fleur et du pollen 62 1.2.4. Système de reproduction et mode de pollinisation 63 Auto-fécondation 63 Apomixie 63 Pollinisateurs 63 Rapport Pollen/Ovule 64 1.3. DISCUSSION 64 1.3.1. Synchronie de la floraison 64 1.3.2. Système de reproduction 65 1.3.3. Reproduction, structure de la végétation et invasion biologique 66 II. MODES DE DISSEMINATION 67 11.1. INTRODUCTION 67 11.2. DISPERSION PAR LES OISEAUX 68 11.2.1. Les oiseaux consommateurs de fruits de Miconia calvescens 68 Zosterops lateralis, un colonisateur actif 68 Pycnonotus cafer, une espèce agressive 69 Ptilinopus purpuratus, un consommateur potentiel 70 11.2.2. Le rôle des oiseaux dans l'extension de Miconia calvescens 70 Le cas de Moorea (Iles du Vent) 71 Le cas de Raiatea (Iles Sous le Vent) 71 11.3. DISPERSION PAR LE RAT POLYNESIEN (Rattus exulans) 72 11.4. DISCUSSION 73 11.4.1. Dispersion inter-îles 73 11.4.2. Dispersion intra-îles 74 11.4.3. Phénomène de facilitation 74 III. CONCLUSIONS 75 PARTIE 3 GERMINATION, RECRUTEMENT ET CROISSANCE I. GERMINATION DES GRAINES 76 1.1. INTRODUCTION 76 1.2. MATERIELS ET METHODES 76 1.2.1. Expérience 1. Caractères généraux de la germination 77 1.2.2. Expérience 2. Longévité des graines issues d'un échantillon de sol 77 1.2.3. Expérience 3. Effet du stockage de fruits secs et de fruits immergés 77 1.2.4. Expérience 4. Effet du stockage des graines au sec et à l'obscurité 78 1.2.5. Expérience 5. Conditions de luminosité différentes 78 1.2.6. Expérience 6. Gradient de R/RL 78 1.2.7. Expérience 7. Effet de la litière de feuilles 79 1.3. RESULTATS 79 1.3.1. Caractères généraux de la germination 79 Une capacité de germination forte 79 Une germination étalée dans le temps 79 1.3.2. Longévité des graines 80 1.3.3. Effet du stockage 80 1.3.4. Effet de la quantité et de la qualité de la lumière 80 1.3.5. Effet de la litière de feuilles 81 1.4. DISCUSSION 82 1.4.1. Rôle de l'eau 82 1.4.2. Rôle de la lumière (quantité et qualité) 82 1.4.3. Longévité de la banque de graines 82 1.4.4. Stratégie germinative 82 II. RECRUTEMENT ET CROISSANCE DES PLANTULES 83 11.1. LES CAMPAGNES D'ARRACHAGES 1992-1993 83 11.1.1. Un contrôle manuel . 83 11.1.2. Déroulement et bilan des campagnes 84 11.2. OBJECTIFS DE L'ETUDE 84 11.2.1. Evolution de la banque de graines 85 11.2.2. Taux de recrutement des plantules 86 11.2.3. Vitesse de croissance 86 11.2.4. Régénération des plantes indigènes 86 11.3. RESULTATS 87 11.3.1. Evolution de la banque de graines 87 11.3.2. Taux de recrutement des plantules 87 11.3.3. Vitesse de croissance 88 11.3.4. Régénération des plantes indigènes 88 11.4. DISCUSSION 89 11.4.1. Effets de l'arrachage 89 11.4.2. Stratégies de recrutement 90 11.4.3. Stratégies de croissance 90 11.5. CONCLUSIONS 91 11.5.1. Définition d'un plan de lutte 91 Actions sur le terrain 92 Sensibilisation et information 92 11.5.1. Perspectives d'étude 93 Intérêt fondamental 93 Intérêt appliqué 93 III. MICONIA CALVESCENS, PLANTE PIONNIERE OU DE SOUS-BOIS ? 93 DISCUSSION INVASION EN MILIEU INSULAIRE : L'EXEMPLE DE MICONIA CALVESCENS I. UNE APPROCHE MIXTE : ENVAHISSEUR/HABITAT 96 II. LES RAISONS DU SUCCES DE MICONIA CALVESCENS , 97 11.1. Le succès de l'introduction 97 11.2. Le succès de l'établissement et de l'extension 98 Mode de reproduction 98 Modes de dissémination 98 Absence de prédation 98 Miconia calvescens, "Idéal Weed" ? 99 II. UN AUTRE TYPE D'ENVAHISSEUR 100 11.1. Une plante de sous-bois 100 11.2. L'invasion d'écosystèmes non perturbés 100 11.3. Un arbre envahissant 101 11.4. Etendue et gravité de l'invasion 102 11.5. Phase de latence 103 III. PERSPECTIVES 103 III. 1. Quels moyens de lutte ? 103 III.2. L'après Miconia ? 105 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 106 ANNEXES 126 ANNEXE 1 : RELEVES BOTANIQUE ET PHYTOSOCIOLOGIQUE ANNEXE 2 : MESURES DES PARAMETRES DE CROISSANCE ANNEXE 3 : ARTICLE soumis à Pacific Science (accepté le 06/12/94) The Status of Miconia calvescens (Melastomataceae), a Dominant Invasive Tree in thé Society Islands (French Polynesia) ANNEXE 4 : ARTICLE soumis à Journal of Tropical Ecology Seed-dispersal after ingestion of an invading tarée (Miconia calvescens) by thé Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) in Tahiti (French Polynesia, Pacific Océan) ANNEXE 5 : ARTICLE en préparation pour Biotropica The Reproductive Biology of Miconia calvescens (Melastomataceae), an Invading Tree in Tahiti (French Polynesia, Pacific Océan) ANNEXE 6 : ARTICLE en préparation avec J.
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