CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR PREPARATION OF DPR FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC CORRIDORS, INTER CORRIDORS, FEEDER ROUTES TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF FREIGHT MOVEMENT IN INDIA UNDER BHARATMALA PARIYOJANA LOT 3 ANDHRA PRADESH, KARNATAKA, GOA & KERALA / PACKAGE 1

Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

March 2020

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION ...... 1.1 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE EIA REPORT ...... 1.1 1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT ...... 1.1 1.3 PROJECT PROPONENT ...... 1.2 1.4 NATURE OF THE PROJECT AND ITS LOCATION ...... 1.2 1.5 IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT ...... 1.5 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ...... 1.5 1.6.1 Objective and need of the Environmental Impact Assessment Study ...... 1.5 1.7 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ...... 1.6 1.7.1 Reconnaissance Survey ...... 1.6 1.7.2 Review of the Project Information ...... 1.6 1.7.3 Review of Applicable Environmental Regulations...... 1.6 1.7.4 Assessment of Baseline Environmental Profile ...... 1.11 1.7.5 Assessment of Impacts ...... 1.11 1.7.6 Consultations...... 1.12 1.7.7 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan ...... 1.12 1.8 TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR APPROVED BY EAC) ...... 1.12 1.9 STRUCTURE OF EIA REPORT ...... 1.12 CHAPTER-2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 2.1 2.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 2.1 2.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 2.1 2.3 EXISTING PROJECT FEATURES...... 2.2 2.3.1 Existing ROW: ...... 2.2 2.3.2 Land Use and Roadside Environments ...... 2.2 2.3.3 Villages and Urban-Built Up Sections ...... 2.2 2.4 PROPOSED PROJECT FEATURES ...... 2.4 2.5 MAJOR CROSS ROADS ...... 2.5 2.5.1 Proposed tentative Structure locations ...... 2.6 2.5.2 ROBs ...... 2.7 2.5.3 Underpasses ...... 2.7 2.5.4 Bridges ...... 2.9 2.5.5 Geometry details ...... 2.10 2.6 TRAFFIC ANALYSIS AND FORECASTS ...... 2.10 2.6.1 Traffic Forecast ...... 2.12 2.7 COMPONENTS & ACTIVITIES OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 2.15 2.7.1 Infrastructure Requirement for Highway Development ...... 2.15 2.7.2 Pollutant Sources & Characterization ...... 2.17 2.7.3 Land Requirement ...... 2.17 2.8 OTHER ROAD CONSTRUCTION FEATURES ...... 2.18 2.8.1 Traffic Signs and Pavement Markings ...... 2.18

Final Environmental Impact Assessment i Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

2.8.2 Road Furniture ...... 2.18 2.8.3 Boundary Stones ...... 2.18 2.8.4 Hectometer/Kilometer Stones ...... 2.18 2.8.5 Traffic Blinker Signal (L.E.D) at Intersections ...... 2.18 2.8.6 Crash Barriers ...... 2.18 2.8.7 Highways Encroachment ...... 2.18 2.9 PROJECT BENEFITS ...... 2.20 2.10 COST ESTIMATES ...... 2.20 CHAPTER-3: ENVIRONMENT BASELINE DATA ...... 3.1 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 3.1 3.2 STUDY AREA AND PERIOD ...... 3.1 3.3 EIA METHODOLOGY ...... 3.1 3.4 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 3.4 3.4.1 Location of the project ...... 3.4 3.4.2 Geography and Topography ...... 3.4 3.4.3 Geology ...... 3.7 3.4.4 Seismicity ...... 3.10 3.4.5 Soil ...... 3.13 3.4.6 Air Environment ...... 3.18 3.4.7 Noise Environment ...... 3.34 3.4.8 Water Environment ...... 3.38 3.4.9 Natural Resources ...... 3.56 3.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 3.58 3.5.1 Forest Ecosystem ...... 3.59 3.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 3.73 3.6.1 Socio-Economic Profile of the District Chittoor ...... 3.73 3.6.2 Socio-Economic Profile of the District Thiruvallur ...... 3.77 3.6.3 Resettlement AND Rehabilitation ISSUES ...... 3.80 3.6.4 Land use along the Project Road ...... 3.80 3.6.5 Adverse Social Impact ...... 3.80 3.6.6 Land Acquisition Plan ...... 3.81 3.6.7 Identification of Properties ...... 3.81 3.6.8 Ownership of the Affected Properties ...... 3.81 3.6.9 Profile of Affected Population ...... 3.82 3.6.10 Socio-Cultural profile of the Project Road ...... 3.82 3.6.11 Economic Profile of people along the Project Road ...... 3.83 3.6.12 Details of Indebtedness of affected persons ...... 3.84 3.6.13 Health issue in project area ...... 3.84 3.6.14 Land Acquisition ...... 3.85 CHAPTER-4: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 4.1 4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND ISSUES ...... 4.1

Final Environmental Impact Assessment ii Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

4.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 4.1 4.2.1 Meteorological Parameters ...... 4.1 4.2.2 Land ...... 4.1 4.2.1 Land Acquisition ...... 4.6 4.2.3 Air ...... 4.6 4.2.4 Water Environment ...... 4.12 4.2.5 Mitigation Measures ...... 4.15 4.2.6 Water Requirement for the Project...... 4.22 4.3 ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 4.24 4.3.1 Impacts ...... 4.24 4.3.2 Mitigation Measures ...... 4.25 4.3.3 Trees – Mitigation ...... 4.26 4.3.4 Vegetation – Mitigation ...... 4.28 4.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 4.28 4.4.1 R&R IMPACTS ...... 4.28 4.4.2 R&R MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 4.32 4.4.3 OTHER MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 4.35 4.5 SOLID WASTE ...... 4.37 4.5.1 Impacts ...... 4.37 4.5.2 Mitigation ...... 4.37 4.6 SAFETY RISKS AND MITIGATION ...... 4.39 4.6.1 Disruption to the Community ...... 4.39 4.6.2 Safety of the Workers ...... 4.39 4.7 CONCLUSION ...... 4.42 CHAPTER-5: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 5.1 5.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 5.1 5.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 5.1 5.3 CURRENT CONNECTIVITY STATUS TO THESE PORTS ...... 5.1 5.4 ADVANTAGES OF THIS ALIGNMENT ...... 5.2 5.5 OPTION STUDY OF ALIGNMENT ...... 5.2 5.6 ALTERNATIVES FOR CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY ...... 5.8 5.7 WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT SCENARIO ...... 5.9 5.8 CONCLUSION ...... 5.10 5.8.1 Final Site ...... 5.10 5.8.2 Technological Option ...... 5.10 CHAPTER-6: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM ...... 6.1 6.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM ...... 6.1 6.2 MONITORING PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES ...... 6.1 6.2.1 Performance Indicators ...... 6.1 6.2.2 Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) Monitoring ...... 6.1 6.2.3 Ambient Noise Monitoring ...... 6.1

Final Environmental Impact Assessment iii Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

6.2.4 Water Quality...... 6.2 6.2.5 Tree Survival Rate ...... 6.2 6.2.6 Monitoring Plan ...... 6.2 6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTING SYSTEM ...... 6.2 6.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING COST ...... 6.7 CHAPTER-7: ADDITIONAL STUDIES ...... 7.1 7.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 7.1 7.1.1 Objectives of Public Consultation...... 7.1 7.1.2 Consultations with Project Authorities and Other Officials ...... 7.3 7.1.3 Formal Consultations at site ...... 7.3 7.1.4 District level Consultation at site ...... 7.4 7.1.5 Key Findings & Recommendations ...... 7.4 7.1.6 Conclusion ...... 7.4 7.2 PUBLIC HEARING ...... 7.4 7.3 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 7.7 7.3.1 Methodology ...... 7.7 7.3.2 Objective of the study ...... 7.8 7.3.3 Scope of the Study ...... 7.8 7.3.4 Social and Rehabilitation Issues ...... 7.8 7.3.5 Land use along the Project Road ...... 7.9 7.3.6 Negative Social Impact ...... 7.9 7.3.7 Preparation of Land Acquisition Report/Plan ...... 7.9 7.3.8 Identification of Structures ...... 7.10 7.3.9 Ownership of the Affected Structures ...... 7.10 7.3.10 Impact on Private Properties ...... 7.10 7.3.11 Impact on Common Property Resources ...... 7.11 7.3.12 Other Assets and Minor Structures Affected ...... 7.11 7.3.13 Type and Area of the Affected Structures ...... 7.11 7.3.14 Usage with type of total affected structures ...... 7.12 7.3.15 Extent of Loss by Usage ...... 7.12 7.3.16 Affected Mobile Vendors and Road Side Kiosks ...... 7.13 7.3.17 Project Impacted PAPs ...... 7.13 7.3.18 Profile of Structure Affected Population ...... 7.13 7.3.19 LEGAL POLICY FRAME WORK & ENTITLEMENT MATRIX ...... 7.16 7.4 RISK ASSESSMENT & MITIGATION PROCEDURES ...... 7.19 7.4.1 The Risk Assessment ...... 7.20 7.4.2 Person(s) at Risk ...... 7.20 7.4.3 Risk Control Measures and Hierarchy of Risk Control...... 7.20 7.4.4 Adapting to technical progress ...... 7.20 7.4.5 Matrix for Risk Assessment ...... 7.21 7.4.6 Severity of hazard (Consequence) ...... 7.22

Final Environmental Impact Assessment iv Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

7.4.7 Likelihood of occurrence (Probability) ...... 7.23 7.4.8 Emergency Response Plan ...... 7.23 7.4.9 Operation Control Procedure For Traffic Management ...... 7.25 7.4.10 Traffic Management Practices ...... 7.28 7.4.11 Traffic Management on Road Junction ...... 7.30 7.5 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 7.30 7.5.1 General ...... 7.30 7.5.2 Community Awareness and Involvement ...... 7.31 7.5.3 Trigger Mechanism & Operational Direction ...... 7.31 7.5.4 Damage Assessment and Immediate Restoration/ Rehabilitation ...... 7.32 7.5.5 Mitigation Measures Undertaken ...... 7.32 CHAPTER-8: PROJECT BENEFITS ...... 8.1 8.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 8.1 8.2 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ...... 8.1 8.3 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY ...... 8.2 8.3.1 Employment Opportunities for Local Community ...... 8.2 8.4 ROAD SAFETY ...... 8.2 8.4.1 Health and safety ...... 8.2 8.4.2 The safety tips for the road construction workers could be as follows:...... 8.3 8.5 REDUCTION IN VEHICLE OPERATING COST (VOC) ...... 8.4 8.6 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS ...... 8.4 8.7 INDIRECT BENEFITS ...... 8.4 CHAPTER-9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 9.1 9.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 9.1 9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...... 9.1 9.2.1 Objectives of EMP ...... 9.1 9.3 PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGE...... 9.1 9.3.1 Pre-construction activities by PIU/ Independent Consultant ...... 9.1 9.3.2 Pre-construction activities by Contractor ...... 9.1 9.4 CONSTRUCTION STAGE ...... 9.2 9.4.1 Construction activities by the Contractor ...... 9.2 9.4.2 Construction activities by the PIU/Independent Consultant ...... 9.2 9.5 OPERATION STAGE ...... 9.2 9.6 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN ...... 9.37 CHAPTER-10: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 10.1 10.1 INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION...... 10.1 10.2 POLICY LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 10.2 10.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 10.2 10.4 PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 10.3 10.5 IMPACT MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMEMENT MEASURES ...... 10.4 10.6 PROJECT COST AND EMP COST ...... 10.4

Final Environmental Impact Assessment v Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

CHAPTER-11: DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS ENGAGED ...... 11.1 11.1 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS ...... 11.1 11.2 DISCLOSURE OF PROJECT AND EIA/EMP REPORT ...... 11.1 11.2.1 Approved Key Professional from QCI ...... 11.1

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Details of Project Sections ...... 1.3 Table 1.2: Applicability review of the Regulatory Environment Framework ...... 1.7 Table 1.3: Primary and Secondary Information Sources ...... 1.11 Table 2.1: Details of the Proposed Alignment of Chittoor-Thatchur Project ...... 2.2 Table 2.2: Tentative Land Uses along the Project ...... 2.2 Table 2.3: Mandals and villages along the Project road ...... 2.2 Table 2.4 Salient Features of Proposed Project Alignment ...... 2.4 Table 2.5: Major Cross road locations ...... 2.6 Table 2.6: Major Structure locations ...... 2.6 Table 2.7: Vehicular Underpasses (VUP) ...... 2.7 Table 2.8: Light Vehicular Underpasses (LVUP) ...... 2.7 Table 2.9: Small Vehicular Underpasses (SVUP) ...... 2.8 Table 2.10: Existing Ponds Locations and Proposed Bridge ...... 2.9 Table 2.11: Classified Traffic Volume Counts ...... 2.10 Table 2.12: Section 1: Chittoor - Nagari ...... 2.12 Table 2.13: Section 2: Nagari - Tatchur ...... 2.13 Table 2-20: RoW Material Requirement...... 2.16 Table 3.1: Land Use Pattern of Chittoor District ...... 3.11 Table 3.2: Land Use Pattern of Tiruvallur District ...... 3.12 Table 3.3: Description of Soil Sampling Locations ...... 3.15 Table 3.4: Standard Classification of Soil ...... 3.17 Table 3.5: Analytical results of Soil sampling of the study area...... 3.18 Table 3.6: Rainfall for Chittoor District (mm) for last five years (2013-17) ...... 3.20 Table 3.7: Actual Average Rainfall in Vellore (1981-2010) ...... 3.20 Table 3.8: Rainfall for Thiruvallur District (mm) for last five years (2013-17) ...... 3.21 Table 3.9: Actual Average Rainfall in Nungambakkam, Chennai (1981-2010) ...... 3.22 Table 3.10: Monthly Mean Maximum and Minimum Temperature in 0C (1981-2010) ...... 3.23 Table 3.11: Monthly Mean Maximum and Minimum Temperature in 0C (1981-2010) ...... 3.23 Table 3.12: Relative Humidity based on 1981-2010 Observations...... 3.24 Table 3.13: Relative Humidity based on 1981-2010 Observations...... 3.25 Table 3.14: Mean Wind Speed in Chittoor district (IMD Vellore) based on 1981-2010 Observations ...... 3.26

Final Environmental Impact Assessment vi Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 3.15: Mean Wind Speed in Thiruvallur (IMD Nungambakkam) district based on 1981-2010 Observations ...... 3.26 Table 3.16 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for particulate and gaseous pollutants ...... 3.28 Table 3.17: Description of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations ...... 3.30

Table 3.18: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring – (Mean Concentrations for PM 2.5 and PM10) ...... 3.31 Table 3.19: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring – (Mean Concentrations for NOx, SO2 and CO) ...... 3.31 Table 3.20: Ambient Noise Standards (CPCB) ...... 3.34 Table 3.21: Noise Monitoring Locations ...... 3.35 Table 3.22: -Recorded Noise Levels at Various Locations ...... 3.36 Table 3.23: Existing Ponds Locations and Proposed Bridge ...... 3.40 Table 3.24: Ground Water Resources along the Proposed Alignment ...... 3.46 Table 3.25: Surface and Ground Water Sampling Locations ...... 3.47 Table 3.26: Results of Surface Water Quality Analysis ...... 3.50 Table 3.27: Use based classification for Surface Water as per CPCB Guidelines ...... 3.52 Table 3.28: Results of Ground Water Quality Analysis ...... 3.53 Table 3.29: Location of identified Borrow Areas ...... 3.56 Table 3.30: List of coal or lignite based Thermal Power Plant ...... 3.58 Table 3.31: Identified sand quarries ...... 3.58 Table 3.32: Identified stone quarries ...... 3.58 Table 3.33: Forest Cover in Project Districts (area in sq.km) ...... 3.59 Table 3.34: Summary of Tree Enumeration within Corridor of Impact with Girth Size ...... 3.63 Table 3.35: List of Flora species of the proposed project area (Tiruvallur District) ...... 3.67 Table 3.36: List of Common Wild Faunal species of the proposed project area (Chittoor District) . 3.69 Table 3.37: List of Faunal species of the proposed project area (Tiruvallur District)...... 3.73 Table 3.38: Religious Status of the Chittoor District ...... 3.74 Table 3.39: Salient Features of The District ...... 3.75 Table 3.40: Connectivity of the major highways to the Chittoor district ...... 3.76 Table 3-41: Religious Status of the Thiruvallur District ...... 3.78 Table 3.42: Ownership Status of the Affected Structures ...... 3.81 Table 3.43: Socio-Cultural Characteristics of Structure Affected Population ...... 3.82 Table 3.44: Economic Profile of Structure Affected Population ...... 3.83 Table 3.45: Monthly Expenditure and Others for Structure Affected Households ...... 3.84 Table 3.46: Details of Outstanding Loans of Structure Affected Households ...... 3.84 Table 3.47: Major Health Problems of Structure Affected Households ...... 3.84 Table 4.1: Location of Borrow Areas ...... 4.3 Table 4.2: Details of Stone Quarries ...... 4.3 Table 4.3: Details of Sand Quarries ...... 4.4 Table 4.4: Predicted CO Quality ...... 4.8 Table 4.5: Predicted NOx Quality ...... 4.8

Final Environmental Impact Assessment vii Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 4.6: Predicted PM 10 and PM2.5 Quality ...... 4.8 Table 4.7: Noise Impacts ...... 4.9 Table 4.8: Future Noise Quality (dB(A)) of the Project area ...... 4.10 Table 4.9: Generic Mitigation Measures ...... 4.11 Table 4.10: Project Specific Mitigation Measures ...... 4.11 Table 4.11: Impacts on Water Resources due to Construction Activities ...... 4.12 Table 4.12: Major adverse impacts on the water resources and the mitigation measures ...... 4.15 Table 4-13: List of Ponds with proposed structures along the project road ...... 4.17 Table 4.14: List of surface waterbodies - Streams ...... 4.19 Table 4.15: List of silt fencing locations ...... 4.20 Table 4.15A Water Requirement and wastewater generated (KL/Day) ...... 4.22 Table 4.16: Impacts on flora & fauna due to construction activities...... 4.24 Table 4.17: Detail of Forest Land...... 4.24 Table 4.18: Impact on Flora, Fauna, and mitigation ...... 4.26 Table 4.19: Usage of the Private Properties Affected ...... 4.28 Table 4.20: Common Properties Affected ...... 4.28 Table 4.21: Details of Other Minor Assets Affected ...... 4.29 Table 4.22: Type and Area of Structures Affected along Project...... 4.29 Table 4.23: Usage with Type of Total Affected Structures ...... 4.29 Table 4.24: Percentage of loss by Usage ...... 4.30 Table 4.26: Impact on Structures along Chittoor-Thatchur Section of NH-716B ...... 4.33 Table 4.27: Impact on Other Minor Assets along Chittoor-Thatchur Section of NH-716B ...... 4.33 Table 4.28: Estimated LA Cost and R & R Budget ...... 4.33 Table 4.29A: MSW Generation (Kg/day) ...... 4.37 Table 4.29A: Waste Management ...... 4.37 Table 5.1: Summary Details of Matrix ...... 5.3 Table 5.2: Alignment option comparison ...... 5.4 Table 5.3: Analysis of Cold & Hot Mix Technology ...... 5.8 Table 5.4: Comparison between 'With' and 'Without Project' Scenarios ...... 5.9 Table 10.1: Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 6.3 Table 10.2 Environmental Monitoring Cost ...... 6.7 Table 7.1: Peoples’ Perception about Environment & Social Issues ...... 7.2 Table 7.2: Ownership Status of the Affected Structures ...... 7.10 Table 7.3: Usage of the Private Properties Affected ...... 7.11 Table 7.4: Common Properties Affected ...... 7.11 Table 7.5: Details of Other Minor Assets Affected ...... 7.11 Table 7.6: Type and Area of Structures Affected along Project ...... 7.12 Table 7.7: Usage with Type of Total Affected Structures ...... 7.12 Table 7.8: Percentage of loss by Usage ...... 7.12

Final Environmental Impact Assessment viii Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 7.9: Socio-Cultural Characteristics of Structure Affected Population ...... 7.14 Table 7.10: Economic Profile of Structure Affected Population ...... 7.15 Table 7.11: Monthly Expenditure and Others for Structure Affected Households ...... 7.15 Table 7.12: Details of Outstanding Loans of Structure Affected Households ...... 7.16 Table 7.13: Major Health Problems of Structure Affected Households ...... 7.16 Table 7.14: Impact on Structures along Chittoor-Thatchur Section of NH-716B ...... 7.18 Table 7.15: Impact on Other Mnor Asstes along Chittoor-Thatchur Section of NH-716B ...... 7.18 Table 7.16: Estimated LA Cost and R & R Budget ...... 7.19 Table 7.17: Consultations with Community / Primary Stakeholders ...... 7.21 Table 7.18: Consequence Descriptions ...... 7.23 Table 7.19: Classification of Occurrence of likelihood ...... 7.23 Table 7.20: Emergency Contact Number ...... 7.24 Table 7.21: Minimum sightline distance and the minimum size of the signs ...... 7.26 Table 7.22: Role and Action Plan of Various Departments ...... 7.33 Table 9.1: Generic Environmental Management Plan ...... 9.3 Table 9.2: Environmental Management Plan for Operation Phase ...... 9.35 Table 9.3 Species recommended for Plantation ...... 9.37 Table 9.4 List of Native Species ...... 9.38 Table 9.5: Environmental Cost ...... 9.42

Final Environmental Impact Assessment ix Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Proposed Greenfield Alignment of Chittoor – Thatchur Corridor (NH 716B) ...... 1.2 Figure 1.2: Location of the project road sections in District Andhra Pradesh and District Tamil Nadu...... 1.4 Figure 2.1: Locations of Traffic surveys ...... 2.11 Figure 3.1: Location Map of the Project Road ...... 3.5 Figure 3.2: Topographical Map of Andhra Pradesh ...... 3.6 Figure 3.3: Topographic Map of Tamil Nadu ...... 3.6 Figure 3.4: Geological Map of Chittoor District (Andhra Pradesh State) showing project road sections ...... 3.8 Figure 3.5: Geological Map of Tiruvallur District (Tamil Nadu State) ...... 3.8 Figure 3.6: Slope Map of Andhra Pradesh State ...... 3.9 Figure 3.7: Slope Map of Tamil Nadu State ...... 3.9 Figure 3.8: Global Seismic Hazards Assessment Program (GSHAP) Map of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu ...... 3.10 Figure 3.8a: Seismic Zone Map of India ...... 3.11 Figure 3.9: Percentage distribution of land use along project corridor within 10km buffer ...... 3.13 Figure 3.10: Soils Maps of Chittoor District (Andhra Pradesh) showing the project road ...... 3.14 Figure 3.11: Soils Map of Tamil Nadu ...... 3.15 Figure 3.12: Field photographs taken during soil sample collection along the Project Road ...... 3.16 Figure 3.13: Rainfall Distribution Map of Andhra Pradesh State ...... 3.19 Figure 3.14: Rainfall Distribution in the State of Tamil Nadu ...... 3.21 Figure 3.15: Temperature Distribution map of Tamil Nadu State ...... 3.24 Figure 3.16: Humidity map of Tamil Nadu State ...... 3.26 Figure 3.17: Windrose for month of June 2018...... 3.27 Figure 3.18: Mean Pollutant Concentrations at Monitoring Locations ...... 3.32 Figure 3.19: Photographs showing ambient air quality monitoring sampling along the Project Road...... 3.34 Figure 3.20: Recorded Noise Levels in study area ...... 3.37 Figure 3.21: Photographs showing Noise Monitoring Locations at Project Site ...... 3.38 Figure 3.22: Drainage Map of Andhra Pradesh state ...... 3.39 Figure 3.23: Drainage Map of Tamil Nadu State ...... 3.40 Figure 3.24: Groundwater Quality Map of District Chittoor ...... 3.42 Figure 3.25: Pre-Monsoon Ground water level ...... 3.43 Figure 3.26: Post-Monsoon Ground water level ...... 3.43 Figure 3.27: Post-Monsoon Ground water level ...... 3.44 Figure 3.28: Post-Monsoon Ground water level ...... 3.45 Figure 3.29: Post-Monsoon Ground water level ...... 3.45

Final Environmental Impact Assessment x Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Figure 3.30: Groundwater Quality Map of District Tiruvallur ...... 3.46 Figure 3-31: Photograph Showing Surface Water Quality Sampling at Project Site ...... 3.48 Figure 3.32: Photograph Showing Surface Water Quality Sampling at Project Site ...... 3.49 Figure 3.33: Lead Chart of Identified borrow area along NH-716B ...... 3.57 Figure 3.34: Forest cover map of Andhra Pradesh ...... 3.59 Figure 3.35: Forest cover map of Tamil Nadu ...... 3.60 Figure 5.1: Option 2: Final Alignment ...... 5-7 Figure 7.1: Drum Reflections ...... 7.27 Figure: Road Signals Traffic Signals ...... 7.28 Figure 7-2: Traffic Signals ...... 7.29 Figure 10.1 Project Alignment ...... 10.2

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1.1 Minutes of Meeting EAC 195 Appendix-1.2: ToR Compliance Appendix 4.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for particulate and gaseous pollutants Appendix 4.2 Ambient Noise Standards (CPCB) Appendix 4.3 Use based classification for Surface Water as per CPCB Guidelines Appendix 4.4 Drinking Water (Parameters, units and Limits) Appendix 4.5 Standard Classification of Soil Appendix 5.1 Natural Environment Appendix 5.2 Biological Environment Appendix 5.3 Physical Environment Appendix 5.4 Social Environment Appendix 5.5 Engineering Aspect Appendix 7.1 Guidelines for Aggregate Quarry Management Appendix 7.2 Guideline for Borrow Areas Management Appendix 7.3 Guideline for Debris Disposal Sites and Management Appendix 7.4 Guidelines for Site Clearance and Tree Felling Appendix 7.5 Guideline for Siting & Layout of Construction Camp Appendix 7.6 Workers Safety During Construction Activities Appendix 7.7 Guideline for Environment Friendly Construction Methodology Appendix 7.8 Storage, Handling, Use and Emergency Response for Hazardous Chemicals Appendix 7.9 Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Appendix 7.10 Arrangement With forest Department Appendix 7.11 Guidelines for Selection of Tree Species Appendix 7.12 Guidelines for Transplantation of Full-Grown Trees Appendix 7.13 Training Programme on Environmental Aspects

Final Environmental Impact Assessment xi Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Appendix-8.1: MoM of Trivallur District Appendix-8.2: MoM of Chittoor District Appendix 11.1 Short CVs Appendix-12.1: NABET Accreditation

LIST OF MAPS

Map 3.1 Land Use Map

Final Environmental Impact Assessment xii Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE OF THE EIA REPORT The purpose of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report is to establish the baseline environmental condition of the project area. The baseline conditions consist of physical environment, biological environment and social environment. Also identify the technical interventions of the project so that impacts of project may be identified at design stage or planning stage. Also examine the environment impacts and their mitigation measures and cost of mitigation measure. Finally prepare environmental management plan with schedule and responsibility of implementing mitigation measures. The Environmental Assessment (EA) has conceived as an integral part of developing the project roads as Green Highways with below core objectives:

• Road up-gradation and improvements that are sustainable and ensures road safety

• Facilitate economic stimulation and improvement to community and cultural assets by integrating environmental enhancement measures along the project corridors through community partnering

• Energy and environmental stewardship through appropriate intervention in design and construction This report is prepared to meet the statutory requirement of Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MOEF & CC), Government of India. The major objectives of this environmental assessment study stated below:

• To present to decision makers a clear assessment of potential impacts associated with the proposed project intervention,

• To apply a methodology which assesses and predict potential impacts and provides ✓ The means for impact prevention and mitigation ✓ The enhancement of project benefits ✓ The minimization of long-term impacts

• To provide a specific forum in which consultation is systematically undertake in a manner that allows stakeholders to have direct input to the environmental management process.

• To assess the analysis of alternatives to bring environmental considerations into the upstream stages of development planning as well as the later stage of site selection, design and implementation, and To recommend the environmental management measures to reduce adverse impacts. 1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORTH), Government of India has proposed “Bharat Mala Pariyojana” an Umbrella scheme of road development project through National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), National Highway and Industrial Development Corporation (NHIDC) and state Public Works Departments (PWD) at an estimated cost of INR 5,35,000crores. This project aim to improve connectivity particularly on economic corridors, border areas and to remote areas with an aim of rapid and safe movement of cargo to boost exports. International trade considered as a key aspect in this scheme and northeastern states have given special focus. The project cleared by the Union Cabinet on October 25, 2017.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 1.1 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

In pursuance of the above program, NHAI appointed M/s Louis Berger Consulting Private Limited, New Delhi as Consultants to carry out the Consultancy Services for preparation of DPR including EIA report for development of Chittor- Thachur Road (NH 716B). The proposed alignment passes through the length of 75 km in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh and 41.500 km of Thiruvallur district in Tamil Nadu. Total length of the proposed greenfield alignment is 116.500 km. The alignment is shown in Figure-1.1.

Figure 1.1 Proposed Greenfield Alignment of Chittoor – Thatchur Corridor (NH 716B)

1.3 PROJECT PROPONENT The National Highways Authority of India constituted by an act of Parliament, the National Highways Authority of India Act, 1988. It is responsible for development, maintenance and management of National Highways entrusted to it and for matter connected or incidental thereto. Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MORTH), Government of India has embarked upon the Bharatmala Pariyojana to deliver substantial improvement in highway network in India. In the proposed development project, National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has entrusted to implement and monitor the development of new National Highways under Bharatmala Pariyojana (Lot-3) which presently administered by NHAI’s Project Implementation Unit (PIU) Chennai. NHAI appointed M/s Louis Berger Consulting Private Limited for providing consultancy Services for preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) for development of National Highway sections under Bharatmala Pariyojana. The proposed Chittoor – Thatchur road (NH 716B) with total length of 116.500 Km, out of which 75 km is in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh and 41.50 km of Thiruvallur district in Tamil Nadu. The scope also includes an Environmental and Social Impact assessment study to establish the Environmental and Social Impacts of the project. 1.4 NATURE OF THE PROJECT AND ITS LOCATION The new Greenfield alignment is proposed to be constructed with 70m right-of-way and divided 6 lanes carriageways. The project starts from Ch.km 152.00 of Bangalore Chennai proposed

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 1.2 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) expressway in Chittoor and ends in Thatchur on Tirupati Road near Panapakkam Village . The proposed alignment passes through the length of 75 km in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh and 41.500 km of Thiruvallur district in Tamil Nadu. Total length of the proposed greenfield alignment is 116.500 km. The location of the project is shown in Figure 1.2. Andhra Pradesh The state of Andhra Pradesh is surround by the Indian states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. States of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Orissa border in the north and Tamil Nadu in the south, Karnataka bound the state in the west and the Bay of Bengal in the East. The proposed section of the road alignment traverses through Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. Chittoor district is surround by Anantapur & Kadapa districts on the north, Nellore on the east, Ambedkar and Dharmapuri districts of Tamil Nadu on the south and by Kolar District of Karnataka on the west. Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is border by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is surround by the Eastern Ghats on the north, by the Nilgiri Mountains, the Annamalai Hills, and Kerala on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast, and by the Indian Ocean on the south. The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka. The section of 51.550 km of proposed road alignment traverses through Thiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu. Thiruvallur district is sharing border on the north by Andhra Pradesh state, on the east by the Bay of Bengal, on the southeast by Chennai district, on the south by Kanchipuram and on the west by Vellore district. The coastal region of the district is mostly flat and dreary; but in the other parts, it is undulating and even hilly in some places The proposed road is passing through seven taluka in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh and three talukas of Thiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu. The details of proposed alignment presented in Table 1.1 and the key plan of project road sections in District Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu shown in Figure 1.2. Table 1.1: Details of Project Sections

Detail State District Taluks en-route Length (km) Chittoor 14.900 G D Nellore 13.300 S R Puram 10.600 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor Nagari 13.200

Nindra 2.400 NH-716B ViPanapakkam 3.300 Pichatur 12.100 Pallipattu 16.700 Tamil Nadu Thiruvallur Uthukkottai 30.000 Total Length (km) 116.500

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 1.3 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Figure 1.2: Location of the project road sections in District Andhra Pradesh and District Tamil Nadu

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 1.4 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

1.5 IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT The National Highways Development Program (NHDP) has reached a certain level of maturity. It is now important to re-define road development and have a macro approach while planning expansion of the National Highways network. The focus has to be on recasting road development by bridging critical infrastructure gaps. Hence Bharatmala Pariyojana is a new umbrella program for the highways sector that focuses on optimizing efficiency of freight and passenger movement across the country by bridging critical infrastructure gaps through effective interventions like development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors and Feeder Routes, National Corridor Efficiency Improvement, Border and International connectivity roads, Coastal and Port connectivity roads and Green-field expressways. The project will give significant economic benefits to the State. Construction of the project road will lead to better connectivity and will play a significant role in changing the socio-economic condition of the people living in the region. Installation of proper road safety system through signage, barricades, crash barriers and by providing adequate bus bays, truck lay byes, underpasses, etc. on project roads will further enhance the road safety on these project roads. The project will also generate direct and indirect employment to the local people of the State. The indirect benefits include savings in vehicle operating costs, less fuel consumption and decreased cost of passenger travel. 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The environment has a limited carrying capacity and it can only sustain a negative impact up to a level without further degradation. Several systems, however, temporarily disturb it leading to a new balance in order to re-establish the equilibrium between human activity and nature. However, sensitive systems are not so resilient to cope up with changes in physical and natural Environment, thus not only leading to negative impact on them but also, socio-economic losses may occur. Road projects meant for improving the quality of life for people and developing the country’s economy. For all positive impacts of the road projects, there may be also some significant detrimental impacts on nearby communities and natural environment. There may be impact on properties of people, their livelihood and other social components. Similarly, there can be direct or indirect impact on flora, fauna, water resources, land use etc. To account for all these issues, environmental and social impact assessment is utmost necessary. These concerns for environmental and social issues in road projects have also become a part of legal requirements for obtaining financial support. Environmental considerations are therefore of prime importance in road projects. 1.6.1 Objective and need of the Environmental Impact Assessment Study The major objective of this study is to establish present environmental conditions along the project corridor through available data information supported by field studies. Whenever necessary, to evaluate the impacts on relevant environmental attributes due to the construction & operation of the proposed project and to recommend adequate mitigation measures to minimize/reduce adverse impacts and to prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for timely implementation of the mitigation measures to make the project environmentally sound and sustainable. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study includes:

• Establishment of the present environmental scenario

• Study of the specific activities related to the project

• Evaluation of the probable environmental impacts

• Recommendations of necessary environmental control measures.

• Preparation of Environmental Management Plan

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 1.5 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study is a requirement for the environmental clearance of a project as per EIA Notification 2006 and its amendment, 2009. Obtaining environmental clearance is also an objective. As per EIA Notification 2006 and its amendment 2009, the project road falls under category ‘A’ project. The ToR for the project approved by MoEF vide Minutes of 195th Meeting of Expert Appraisal Committee for Projects held on 30th- 31stAugust, 2018 is provided in Appendix 1.1. Hence, the project will require environmental clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forests & Climate Change, New Delhi. 1.7 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

Present EIA study has been undertaken based on EIA Notification 2006 (amended thereof), ToR accorded for the project and Environmental Impact Assessment Guidance Manual for Highways prepared by Administrative Staff College of India. The sections below detail out the methodology adopted for the assessment of environment for the project. 1.7.1 Reconnaissance Survey

A reconnaissance survey has been undertaken for identification of Valued Environment Components (VECs) falling within the RoW of proposed highway. Locations of environmentally protected areas (National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Reserved / Protected Forest, Important Bird Areas, World heritage Sites, Archaeological Monuments etc.); surface water bodies; environmentally sensitive receptors (educational institutions, religious structures, medical facilities etc.) along the green field alignment have been identified during the survey. The Consultant conducted preliminary analysis of the nature, scale and magnitude of the impacts that the project is likely to cause on the environment, especially on the identified VECs. 1.7.2 Review of the Project Information Project information in the form of Technical Design Report and other secondary information were reviewed to assess the project status and various Technical aspects. Accordingly, major impact areas were identified for detailed assessment during EIA Stage. 1.7.3 Review of Applicable Environmental Regulations

Applicability of various environmental regulations and guidelines were reviewed for the project and its allied activities. Review analysis in respect to Govt. of India guidelines and regulatory environment framework is presented in the Table 1.2.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 1.6 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 1.2: Applicability review of the Regulatory Environment Framework

Implementing / Applicability (Yes / S. No. Regulation / Guidelines Relevance Reason for Application Responsible No) Agency The Environmental Umbrella Act for protection and improvement (Protection) Act. 1986, of the environment. MoEF&CC, State All environmental Notifications, and the Environmental Dept. ofEnvironment 1 Yes Rules and Schedules are (Protection) Rules, 1987- & Forest, CPCB issued under the EPA Act 2002 (various and RPCB amendments) Identifies all new national highways, expansion of national highways projects Project Highway is a new greater than 100 km involving additional national highway project. ROW or land acquisition greater than 40m on Yes Hence, Environment existing alignments and 60m on re- Clearance is required from alignments or by-passes (item 7 (f) of MoEF&CC schedule) as one of the projects requiring The EIA Notification, 14th prior clearance. 2 September 2006 & MoEF&CC & SEIAA Opening of New Borrow Area Prior Environmental Clearance subsequent amendments to be taken by Contractor if Yes there is any need for opening of new borrow area Opening of new Quarry Area (including Prior Environmental Clearance excavation of River bed) to be taken by Contractor if Yes there is any need of mining activity “No agency, person or organization shall, within a radius of 300 Kilometres of a thermal power plant undertake construction Notification for use of Fly Ennorer Thermal Power or approve design for construction of roads ash, 3rd November 2009 Station, North Chennai is 3 or flyover embankments with top soils; the Yes MoEF&CC, RPCB and its amendment on located within 300km from the guidelines or specifications issued by the 25th January 2016 proposed highway alignment Indian Road Congress (IRC) as contained in IRC specification No. SP: 58 of 2001 as amended from time to time regarding use of

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 1.7 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Implementing / Applicability (Yes / S. No. Regulation / Guidelines Relevance Reason for Application Responsible No) Agency fly ash shall be followed and any deviation from this direction can only be agreed to on technical reasons if the same is approved by Chief Engineer (Design) or Engineer-in-Chief of the concerned agency or organization or on production of a certificate of "fly ash not available” from the Thermal Power Plant(s) Central and State Pollution Control Board to The Water (Prevention establish / enforce water quality and Consent required for not Rajasthan Pollution 4 and Control of Pollution) effluent standards, monitor water quality, Yes polluting ground and surface Control Board Act, 1974 prosecute offenders, and issue licenses for water during construction construction / operation of certain facilities. Empowers RSPCB to set and monitor air Consent required for The Air (Prevention and quality standards and to prosecute offenders, establishing and operation of Rajasthan Pollution 5 Control of Pollution) Act. Yes excluding vehicular air and noise emission. crushers, hot mix and Control Board 1981 batching plants etc. Noise Pollution Standards for noise emission for various land Construction machineries and (Regulation And Control) uses Rajasthan Pollution 6 Yes vehicles to conform to the Act, 1990, 2010 and its Control Board standards for construction subsequent amendments. Conservation and definition of forest areas. Proposed alignment passes Forest (Conservation) Act, State Forest Diversion of forest land follows the process through Reserved and 7 1980 its subsequent Yes Department, as laid by the Forest conservation Act. Protected Forests at different amendments. MoEF&CC locations. Protection of Wildlife Sanctuaries and No Eco-sensitive Area National Park protected under Wildlife Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 NBWL, SBWL &Chief 9 NA Protection Act, 1972 is and amended thereof, Wildlife Warden located within 10km radius of proposed alignment.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 1.8 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Implementing / Applicability (Yes / S. No. Regulation / Guidelines Relevance Reason for Application Responsible No) Agency To protect and conserve cultural and No ASI Notified monument is Ancient Monuments and historical remains found. located within proximity of Archaeological Archaeological sites & proposed alignment.Applicable Survey of India, State 10 No Remains Act 1958 and for any “chance find” would be Dept. of amended thereof, Notified / surrendered to the Archaeology competent authority. Empowers State Transport Authority to All vehicles used for The Motor Vehicle Act. enforce standards for vehicular pollution. construction will need to State Motor Vehicles 11 1988 its subsequent From August 1997 the "Pollution Under Yes comply with the provisions of Department amendments. Control Certificate” is issued to reduce this act. vehicular emissions Sets out the regulations as to regards the use Use of blasting materials if of explosives and precautionary measures required for new quarrying The Explosives Act (& while blasting & quarrying operation and storing of Diesel Chief Controller of 12 Rules) 1884 (1983) its Yes / Petrol in the camp site, to be Explosives subsequent amendments. obtained by the Contractor / Concessionaire Protection to the general public from Hazardous materials like Labour Public Liability And 13 accidents due to hazardous materials Yes Bitumen shall be used for Commissioner/Distri Insurance Act, 1991 road construction ct Magistrate Hazardous and Other Protection to the general public against Hazardous wastes shall be Wastes (Management, & improper handling and disposal of generated due to activities Rajasthan Pollution 14 Trans-boundary hazardous wastes Yes like of maintenance and repair Control Board Movement) Rules, 2016 work on vehicles and amended thereof Safe disposal of construction waste and Construction waste shall be municipal solid waste generated due to the demolition Construction andDemolition of existing structures & Waste Management Rules, Rajasthan Pollution 15 Yes construction activities and 2016 and Solid Waste Control Board municipal waste shall be Management Rules 2016 generated from the construction worker camp

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 1.9 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Implementing / Applicability (Yes / S. No. Regulation / Guidelines Relevance Reason for Application Responsible No) Agency Protection against chemical accident while Handling of hazardous (Emergency District & Local handling any hazardous chemicals resulting (flammable, toxic and 16 Planning,Preparedness and Yes Crisis Group headed explosive) chemicals during Response) Rules, 1996 by the DM and SDM road construction Mines & Permission of Mining of aggregates and sand Mining of sand, soil or Minerals(Regulation from river bed & aggregates State Department of 17 Yes aggregates shall require &Development) Act, 1957 Mining permission from mining dept. & amended thereof, The Building & Other Employing Labour / workers Construction Workers (Regulation of District labour 18 Yes Employment of labours Employment& Conditions Commissioner of Service) BOCW Act, 1996

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 1.10 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

1.7.4 Assessment of Baseline Environmental Profile Secondary data such as Survey of India Topo Sheets, District Planning Maps, Forest Working Plans, booklet of Central Ground Water Board, details of Archaeological Monuments etc. have been collected from various secondary sources. Further, secondary data, which are relevant to understand the baseline as pertaining to physical and biological environments has been collected and reviewed. Data pertaining to all facets of environment which include physical, ecological and socioeconomic environment, both through primary and secondary sources were collected. Key relevant information sources have been summarised in table below. Ambient air & noise, ground and surface water samples were monitored at various locations identified along the corridor. The monitoring and analysis for each component were carried out as per MoEF&CC and CPCB guidelines during the study period. The results of the monitoring were compared with the relevant national standards. In order to quantify the impacts of the project road on various receptors, a receptor identification survey was carried out. The receptors included the information for educational institutes, hospitals, cultural & religious properties, community properties, water bodies, major pollution generating sources, ecological components etc. Table 1.3: Primary and Secondary Information Sources Parameters Information Source Technical information Design Report Inventory of features like water Bodies, Total station surveys, Google Earth, Bhuvan, Community structures, environmentally sensitive Survey of India Maps, Primary Transect Walk locations areas, congested locations etc. Climatic Condition & Meteorological data Indian Meteorological Department, Districts Groundwater Brochure of CGWB, Primary data collection Geology, Seismicity, Soil and Topography Districts Groundwater Brochure of CGWB, Seismicity data available of National Disaster Management Authority Website and Primary survey & Investigation Land Use / Land Cover Survey of India Toposheet, Google Earth, Bhuvan and Ground Truthing Drainage Pattern Survey of India Toposheet, Districts Groundwater Brochure of CGWB, field observation and consultation with stakeholders Ecology & Biodiversity and identification of Forest Onsite survey, DFO/wildlife office, Research Area generals and I-bat Air quality Noise, Soil and Water Onsite monitoring and Analysis of Field samples, SPCB & CPCB published data Borrow Areas, Quarries and other construction Material Surveys material source River geo-morphology, hydrology, drainage, flood Water resource Dept., Districts Groundwater patterns Brochure of CGWB, outcome of the consultation field observations and Socioeconomic Environment Census of India 2001 & 2011 and Public Consultation during the Field survey 1.7.5 Assessment of Impacts Assessment of potential impacts has been carried out based on the project design and baseline environment data as collected from primary and secondary sources. Assessment of the

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 1.11 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) environmental impacts was carried out to ascertain the direct and indirect impacts likely to be induced due to proposed development. The general impacts are land acquisition, forest area diversion & allied impacts on society, dust & air pollution due to removal of structures, trees & vegetation and other construction activities; noise pollution due to construction activities, loss of flora and its impacts on the ecology and impacts on water resources. For each impact predicted, feasible and cost-effective mitigation measures has been suggested to reduce potentially significant adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels. 1.7.6 Consultations Consultations on environmental issues with community members, institutional stakeholder and PAPs in the form of Focused Group Discussions, Stakeholder meetings, etc. were carried out. Consultation process were involved both formal and non-formal discussion. The feedback generated through these meetings has been incorporated as far as possible in the design and construction of the highway. The consultation process shall continue even during the implementation stage to gauge the general opinion. The details are elaborated in Chapter Additional Studies. 1.7.7 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan All affirmative action’s not only to avoid and deter but also to capitalise on the opportunities provided by the project in order to improve the environmental conditions have been deliberated. The various mitigation and enhancement measures proposed have been included in the report. Based on their applicability, both general and case specific measures were incorporated as follows: Generic measures: To avoid or mitigate impacts on environmental components, general mitigation measures were identified based on the characteristic features. Site Specific: At representative sensitive locations, site-specific mitigation measures and enhancement designs have been formulated. The EMP action plan has been prepared to detail out the implementation plan of the proposed mitigation and enhancement measures. Monitoring indicators have been identified to have a continuous check on impacts associated with project activities. 1.8 TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR APPROVED BY EAC) The recommendations of the environmental screening study carried out by the consultants helped in finalizing the scope for the EIA study and hence the TOR. A draft TOR for the EIA study of proposed project submitted based on standard TOR and presented during 191st Meeting of the Expert Appraisal Committee (MoEF&CC) for projects related to Infrastructure Development, Industrial estate etc. on 25/06/2018 from National Highways projects at Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, Jor Bagh Road, New Delhi. MoEF&CC. The TOR Compliance in EIA Report is attached as Appendix 1.2. 1.9 STRUCTURE OF EIA REPORT The EIA report has been structured into the following chapters: Chapter 1: Introduction: This chapter consist of purpose of EIA, project proponent, description of project, and its importance. Chapter 2: Project Description: This chapter consist of project interventions which will have impact on environment. Chapter 3: Description of the Environment: This chapter consist of baseline environmental condition of project area and corridor of impact. Chapter 4: Anticipated Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures: This chapter consist of

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 1.12 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) examination of environmental impacts which will be induced due to proposed project interventions and their mitigation measures. Chapter 5: Analysis of Alternatives (Technology and site): This chapter consist of various site and technological alternatives for the proposed project. Chapter 6: Environmental Monitoring Program: This chapter consist of monitoring indicators, monitoring schedule, monitoring frequency and reporting mechanism. Chapter 7: Additional Studies: This chapter consist of public consultation public hearing, and issues raised during public hearing. Chapter 8: Project Benefits: This chapter consist of regional and local benefits to society and environment. Chapter 9: Environmental Management Plan: This chapter consist of generic and site-specific impacts and mitigation measures, implementation and responsibilities and cost estimates for EMP. Chapter 10: Summary and Conclusion: This chapter consist summaries environmental Impact Assessment. Chapter 11: Disclosure of Consultant engaged: This chapter consist of details of the consultants engaged along with their capabilities and experience.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 1.13 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

CHAPTER-2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 INTRODUCTION The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORTH), Government of India has proposed “Bharat Mala Pariyojana” an Umbrella scheme of road development project through National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), National Highway and Industrial Development Corporation (NHIDC) and state Public Works Departments (PWD) at an estimated cost of INR 5,35,000crores. This is the second largest highways construction project in the country after NHDP, in that almost 50,000 km of roads targeted across the country. This project aim to improve connectivity particularly on economic corridors, border areas and to remote areas with an aim of rapid and safe movement of cargo to boost exports. International trade considered as a key aspect in this scheme and northeastern states have given special focus In pursuance of the above program, NHAI appointed M/s Louis Berger Consulting Private Limited, New Delhi as Consultants to carry out the Consultancy Services for preparation of DPR for development of Economic Corridors, Inner corridors, feeder Routes and Costal Roads to improve the efficiency of fright movement in India - Lot 3/Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Goa & Kerala, / Package 1. The project consists the following stretches of roads finalized as per final Inception Report. 1 Aurad – Bidar section - KA SH 15 2 Mydukur – Badvel section – NH 67 3 Puttur - Janappanchatram section - AP SH 4421 & TN SH 51 4 Belagavi (Belgaum) – Sanquelim with a proper Connectivity to NH4A and NH 17 through existing SH – KA SH 54, KA SH 31, GA SH 4 5 Balance Portion of Satellite Ring Road of Bangalore (West Side) including connection to Hosur town & Feasibility for widening the existing SH between Anekal to Sarjapur for Passenger traffic bound to Attibele/ Sarjapur to ensure ring road connectivity for Bangalore. The Letter of Acceptance was communicated vide NHAI letter NHAI/Planning/ EC/2016/DPR/Lot 3/ Ap. Knt. Goa &KL/Package 1/98598 dated 21/04/2017. The contract agreement signed on 11/5/2017 vide letter NHAI/planning/EC/2016/DPR/Lot 3/AP, Karnataka, Goa &KL, / Package 1/99575 dated 11/05/2017 with immediate commencement date 2.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT The proposed Chennai – Kurnool economic corridor starts from Chennai, terminates in Kurnool, and pass through Puttur, Renigunta, Kadapa and Nandyal. It was note that the section from Nagari to Renigunta has been develop under NHDP. Therefore, if Nagari- Chennai (Thatchur) with a spur to Chittoor section is developed as part of Chennai – Kurnool corridor, it would offer alternative connectivity between Chennai and Bangalore/Chittoor. Further the container traffic originating from Bangalore and bound towards the ports of Kamarajar and Kattupalli currently passes through the congested Chennai bypass and the Tamil Nadu state is developing the northern port access road from Thatchur to Kamarajar (Ennore) and Kattupalli ports. Therefore, Chittoor – Thatchur Greenfield alignment will provide direct port connectivity to Bangalore and Chittoor contrary to Puttur – Uthukkottai (AP SH 4421) & Uthukkottai – Janappanchatram (TN SH 51) considered in Inception report. Accordingly, this route is notified in Government of India Gazette as NH 716B. The details of the proposed alignment given in Table 2.1

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.1 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 2.1: Details of the Proposed Alignment of Chittoor-Thatchur Project

S. Easting Northing Latitude Longitude Remarks No (m) (m) (Decimal) (Decimal) Start Point 1 291442.440 1453851.060 13.143948 79.075978 near Chittoor End Point 2 399313.871 1468861.524 13.285182 80.070471 near Thatchur 2.3 EXISTING PROJECT FEATURES The entire section of the proposed alignment is a Greenfield alignment. 2.3.1 Existing ROW: It’s a greenfield alignment, thus there is no existing Right of Way (ROW). 2.3.2 Land Use and Roadside Environments The terrain along this alignment is predominantly mix of plain and rolling. The land use pattern along this project road comprises of agricultural, forest, barren, water and settlement. However, the main land use pattern is agricultural and barren. The tentative land uses along the project are given in Table 2.2. Table 2.2: Tentative Land Uses along the Project S. No Land use pattern % of land use 1 Agriculture 76 2 Forest 12 3 Barren 6 4 Water 5 5 Settlement 1 2.3.3 Villages and Urban-Built Up Sections The alignment passed through following talukas and villages. The details given in below Table 2.3. Table 2.3: Mandals and villages along the Project road

S. No State District Taluka Village Name Bandapalle Guvvakallu Diguvamasapalli Ayanavedu Arathala 1 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor Chittoor Muthukur Anupalle L.B. Puram Mapakshi Narigapalle Mukkalathur Gangadhara 2 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor Vepanjeri Nellore Chinnavepanjeri

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.2 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

S. No State District Taluka Village Name Varathur Vinjam Murthinayanipalli Venugopalapuram Narasimharajapuram Durgarajapuram Sreerangara Pathapalem 3 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor ja Puram Giddamharajapuram Kannikapuram Ripunjarajapuram Sreerangaraja Puram Mittapalem Nagarajakuppam Kavetipuram Orathangal Gollakuppam Damarapakam 4 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor Nagari Samireddy Kandriga Keelapattu Melapattu Netham Kandriga Therani Veerakavetirajapuram Kaliambakam 5 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor Vijayapuram Buchivanattam Athuru 6 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor Nindra Padiri Sivagiri Pulipadu @ Govardhana Giri Karuru @ Krishnagiri 7 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor Pichatur Pulikondram Chilamathur @ Bangala Shamsheer Bhadur Pet 8 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor Yadamari Jangalapalli Tharatchi Chennakesvapuram Athivakkam Sengathakulam 9 Tamil Nadu Tiruvallur UthuKottai Vadamadurai A Ernangkuppam Krishnapuram Kandigai Pennaluripet

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.3 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

S. No State District Taluka Village Name Puducheri Pondavakkam Peruttivakkam Mambakkam Vadathillai Tharakshi Perandur Bit I Panapakkam Sennankaranai Tholavedu Paruttimenikuppam Vadamadurai Alappakkam Panapakkam Kannigaiper Thirumalrajapettai Kumarajapettai Mallpudi Samanthawada Kellpudi 10 Tamil Nadu Tiruvallur Pallipattu Puniyam Venkatarajukuppam Peramanallur Kolathur Nediyam Karimbedu

2.4 PROPOSED PROJECT FEATURES The salient features of proposed project alignment given in Table 2.4. Table 2.4 Salient Features of Proposed Project Alignment S No Particulars Proposed (Design) Technical Features Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh and 1 State and District Thiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu 2 Length 116.500km 849.782hectare 3 Total Area of Land Acquisition

4 Seismic Zone Zone 2 5 Proposed Carriageway 6-lane divided carriageway configuration 6 Proposed ROW 70m 7 Design Speed 100kmph 8 Embankment About 2m to 3m on existing ground generally

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.4 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

S No Particulars Proposed (Design) Technical Features Tunnels (length, seepage, Not applicable. No tunnel involved in the 9 emergency exit, drilling/blasting, etc.) project 10 Junctions/ Fly Over/Interchange Three trumpet and five viaduct interchanges 11 Vehicular Underpasses VUP 13no, LVUP 31no and SVUP 21no 12 ROB 2no 13 RUB Nil 14 Major Bridges 4no 15 Minor Bridges 19no Culverts 186no 16 (Widening/Reconstruction/New) Slip roads provided in all interchange locations 17 Service Roads/Slip Roads for converging and diverging traffic 18 CBR adopted for pavement design 8% as per IRC standards 19 Median 5m 20 Service Road 24.025km 21 Slope protection Turf/ stone pitching 22 Safety Measure Crash Barriers provided Lighting in all proposed Interchanges and toll 23 Lighting plaza etc. 24 Horticulture and landscaping Throughout Environmental Features Whether passing through Wildlife No area/Protected area/CRZ 25 area/Mangroves area/Critically Polluted area 26 Protected Monuments & structures No Land use within 10km buffer from either side of project roads: • Vegetation/agricultural :76% 27 Land Use Pattern • Settlement : 1% • Barren/fallow land : 6% • Forest land : 12% • Water bodies : 5% 28 Forest Land Diversion Yes 29 Tree 19,581 30 River crossings/Stream crossing 23no 31 Ponds 30no 32 Terrain Mix of Plain and rolling As per IRC SP 21:2009 /MORTH 33 Green belt development Code/Guidelines and Green corridor’s terms of reference for plantation by GHD/NHAI 34 Mangroves, sand dunes etc. N/A Environmental Management Cost INR 72.40 crores 35 including Corporate Environmental Responsibility Cost 36 Project Affected Persons 192 Households 2.5 MAJOR CROSS ROADS In order to ensure uninterrupted free flow traffic interchanges are propose in the following major cross road locations. The chainage and type of interchange as are below.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.5 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 2.5: Major Cross road locations Length of Chainage Type of S No Crossing location Structure (km) Interchange (m) Bangalore Chennai 1 0.000 Trumpet 2 x 40 Expressway 2 NH4 3.440 Diamond IC 2 x 30 3 SH-54 12.450 Diamond IC 2 x 30 4 SH108 44.518 Diamond IC 2 x 30 5 NH-205 / 716 61.030 Trumpet 2 x 30 6 SH50 95.445 Diamond IC 2 x 30 7 SH50A 112.606 Diamond IC 2 x 30 8 Tirupati Road 116.095 Trumpet 2 x 30 2.5.1 Proposed tentative Structure locations The proposed project is envisage about 186 no culverts. Preliminary hydraulic study also indicate 4 Major bridges and 19 minor bridges are required for efficient cross drainage. The detail of bridges are as given below in Table 2.6 Table 2.6: Major Structure locations Length S Type of Bridge Span Chainage (km) of Bridge No. Arrangement Major Minor (m) 1 2.859 Minor 1x17.5 17.5 2 4.470 Minor 2x20 40 3 7.044 Minor 1x30 30 4 10.135 Minor 2x20 40 5 14.650 Major 13x20 260 6 16.361 Minor 2x20 40 7 33.433 Minor 3x15 45 8 34.300 Minor 2x25 50 9 34.948 Minor 2x25 50 10 36.380 Minor 1x25 25 11 38.109 Minor 1x25 25 12 44.190 Minor 2x15 30 13 46.267 Minor 1x20 20 14 57.580 Minor 1x30 30 15 65.935 Major 4x25 100 16 77.490 Minor 2x17.5 35 17 82.340 Minor 2x15 30 18 85.770 Minor 1x30 30 19 87.743 Minor 1x20 20 20 90.323 Minor 1x25 25 21 100.340 Major 7x25 175 22 109.270 Major 8x25 200 23 115.683 Minor 1x30 30

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.6 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

2.5.2 ROBs The proposed alignment crosses the railway line at following locations where ROBs as per requirements are proposed.

Structure Chainage (km) Span Arrangement (m) Length (m) 6.700 77.400 20+37.4+20 60.070 102.800 20+2X31.4+20 2.5.3 Underpasses Vehicular underpasses (VUP) of 20mx5.5m provisions made in following location. Table 2.7: Vehicular Underpasses (VUP) S No Chainage (km) Road Crossing 1 0.900 ODR 2 9.085 To Gollapalle (BT Road) 3 16.070 To Pathur (BT Road) 4 19.430 7m wide BT Road -Chittoor Road 5 27.545 Suparvarajapuram (BT Road) 6 34.130 To Sindhurajapura (BT Road) 7 42.180 To Veliagaram (BT Road) 8 48.200 To Bommarajupet (BT Road) 9 59.270 Nagar Railway Station BT Road 10 66.825 Nallathur Road 11 73.440 Other Road 12 86.182 Other Road 13 105.362 Other Road Light vehicular underpasses (LVUP) of 12mx4m provisions made in following location. Table 2.8: Light Vehicular Underpasses (LVUP) S No Chainage (km) Road Crossing 1 6.512 Village Road -BT 3.0m 2 20.417 BT Road- Village Road 3 22.730 BT Road- Village Road 4 26.067 To Battujangana Palli Road-BT 5 29.067 Village Road 6 30.627 To Kondrajupuram (BT Road) 7 31.850 Village Road 8 32.580 To Kannikapuram (BT Road) To Sreerangarajapuram -Cement 9 35.230 Road 10 36.535 Village Road-Cement Road To Sangeetha Kuppam (BT 11 40.245 Road) 12 41.230 To Veliagaram (BT Road) 13 50.300 To Thiruvallur (BT Road) 14 52.095 To Karimbedu (BT Road) 15 53.180 To Thiruvallur (BT Road) 16 54.695 Punniyam-Podhatturpet BT

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.7 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

S No Chainage (km) Road Crossing Road 17 55.860 Village Road 18 56.604 Village Road To Sreeranganagara (BT 19 63.415 Road) 20 68.937 Village Road 21 71.794 Other Road 22 75.470 Other Road 23 79.740 Other Road 24 81.960 Other Road 25 91.965 Other Road 26 99.172 Other Road 27 104.345 Other Road 28 107.508 Other Road 29 108.520 Other Road 30 110.470 Other Road 31 115.360 Other Road Small vehicular underpasses (SVUP) of 7mx4m provisions made in following location Table 2.9: Small Vehicular Underpasses (SVUP) S No Chainage (km) Road Crossing 1 4.300 Village Road -Earthen 2 7.367 Village Road -Earthen 3 11.268 To Krishnapuram (BT Road) 4 13.807 Village Road 5 17.307 Village Road -Earthen 6 38.007 Village Road -Earthen 7 39.225 Village Road -Earthen 8 43.068 Village Road -Earthen 9 65.793 Village Road 10 66.237 Village Road 11 70.020 Village Road 12 83.230 Other Road 13 85.550 Village Road 14 88.610 Other Road 15 90.240 Village Road 16 91.040 Village Road 17 96.840 Village Road 18 97.890 Village Road 19 101.300 Other Road 20 102.605 Village Road 21 111.770 Village Road

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.8 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

2.5.4 Bridges The proposed alignment cross many tanks where appropriate size viaducts are propose to avoid any embankment in the pond area. It is pertinent to mention that the portion covered by piers of the proposed viaducts will also suitably enhanced as possible. The locations are as follow. Table 2.10: Existing Ponds Locations and Proposed Bridge Design Chainage Length of Area of Pond S. (Km.) Water tank along alignment Span Arrangment No. along From To (in sqm) alignment(m) Considered in 1 At Interchange 1300 Bangalore Chennai Expressway 2 0.882 0.943 13.55 1100 1x15 3 5.670 6.181 223.5 11300 9x25 4 13.591 13.816 196.7 11400 8x25 5 18.234 18.485 84.87 7000 3x30 6 21.427 21.624 171.23 7900 7x25 7 27.802 27.996 301.8 6900 10x30 8 29.991 30.263 236 14600 8x30 9 33.564 33.721 145 8300 5x30 10 45.659 46.289 31 5600 1x30 11 55.707 55.856 146 8300 5x30 12 56.137 56.638 475 28200 16x30 13 69.938 70.064 115 6900 4x30 14 70.931 71.229 233 13300 8x30 15 77.968 78.158 On Edge with minute overlap on PROW, No structure considered 16 81.519 81.728 124 6300 5x25 17 90.551 90.713 116 5100 4x30 91.361 91.646 17100 18 566 19x30 91.646 91.952 16200 19 93.703 94.010 296 17300 10x30 20 94.750 94.968 116 9100 4x30 21 94.968 95.246 266 22000 9x30 22 97.460 97.870 416 24000 14x30 98.229 98.551 196 8x25 23 16200 99.128 99.234 85 3x30 24 101.244 101.355 70 4000 3x25 25 102.353 102.566 177 11400 6x30 26 103.994 104.350 356 21300 12x30 27 105.653 106.228 472 20500 16x30 28 107.364 107.507 67 5200 3x25 29 111.256 111.783 508 34600 17x30 30 114.107 114.480 271 17100 9x30

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.9 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

2.5.5 Geometry details The proposal envisages four/six lanes divided standard including paved & earthen shoulders with raised median. The design speed for the proposed road shall be 100km/h as the existing terrain is plain/rolling. Raised median option (5.0m) will be consider throughout. All major crossroads will be provided with grade-separated structures to ensure uninterrupted free flow through traffic and to provide safety to local traffic movement. Service/slip roads will envisage as per requirement including provision of pedestrian/cattle crossing for local traffic where necessary. 2.6 TRAFFIC ANALYSIS AND FORECASTS Locations of Traffic surveys and its duration is presented below Table 2.11 and Figure 2.1 Table 2.11: Classified Traffic Volume Counts

S. 7 Days Classified Traffic Volume Count Survey Date No. Location From To 1 SH-51 near Tayyur 20-Jun-2018 27-Jun-2018 2 SH-54 near Tandur 12-Jun-2018 19-Jun-2018 3 SH-54 near Vengal 13-Jun-2018 20-Jun-2018 4 NH-40 near Ranipet 13-Jun-2018 20-Jun-2018 5 NH-48 near Thitumzsai 22-Jun-2018 29-Jun-2018 S. 3 Days Classified Traffic Volume Count Survey Date No. Location From To 1 SH-51 near Nagari 17-Jun-2018 20-Jun-2018 2 SH-54 near Ponnai 17-Jun-2018 20-Jun-2018 3 SH-54 near Ramanjeri 18-Jun-2018 21-Jun-2018 4 NH-48 near Kaveripakam 23-Jun-2018 26-Jun-2018 5 NH-48 near Neervalur 26-Jun-2018 29-Jun-2018 6 NH-16 near Pediyanallur 27-Jun-2018 30-Jun-2018

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.10 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Figure 2.1: Locations of Traffic surveys

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.11 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

2.6.1 Traffic Forecast Project Corridor has four homogeneous section. The section wise traffic forecast is presented below: Table 2.12: Section 1: Chittoor - Nagari

2 W 3 W Car Mini Bus Bus MLCV LCV 2 Axle 3 Axle MAV Total PCU 2018 1,537 80 4,307 209 254 751 701 483 726 981 10,030 16,076 2019 1,678 84 4,692 219 265 806 752 506 796 1,075 10,873 17,418 2020 1,824 88 5,095 229 277 864 807 527 874 1,181 11,767 18,860 2021 1,978 92 5,515 239 290 928 866 545 961 1,298 12,712 20,410 2022 2,171 98 6,091 255 307 1,016 951 575 1,075 1,453 13,992 22,509 2023 2,385 105 6,736 274 326 1,114 1,046 610 1,204 1,626 15,427 24,866 2024 2,600 112 7,361 291 344 1,212 1,140 641 1,333 1,802 16,835 27,191 2025 2,798 117 7,879 302 358 1,295 1,218 658 1,451 1,960 18,036 29,191 2026 3,007 123 8,421 315 373 1,384 1,301 674 1,577 2,131 19,305 31,315 2027 3,229 128 8,998 327 388 1,479 1,390 691 1,712 2,313 20,656 33,578 2028 3,465 135 9,612 340 404 1,581 1,484 708 1,856 2,508 22,092 35,984 2029 3,714 141 10,265 354 420 1,688 1,585 725 2,009 2,715 23,617 38,539 2030 3,976 148 10,959 368 437 1,803 1,692 743 2,172 2,934 25,233 41,249 2031 4,254 155 11,695 383 455 1,926 1,807 761 2,344 3,167 26,946 44,117 2032 4,545 163 12,449 398 473 2,056 1,928 779 2,526 3,412 28,729 47,119 2033 4,852 171 13,218 413 492 2,193 2,056 798 2,717 3,671 30,581 50,252 2034 5,173 179 13,997 429 512 2,339 2,193 817 2,918 3,942 32,498 53,514 2035 5,509 188 14,783 446 532 2,493 2,337 837 3,128 4,226 34,478 56,899 2036 5,861 197 15,572 463 552 2,657 2,489 857 3,347 4,522 36,518 60,404 2037 6,236 206 16,404 481 574 2,831 2,652 877 3,582 4,840 38,684 64,140 2038 6,635 216 17,282 499 596 3,018 2,826 898 3,834 5,181 40,985 68,120 2039 7,059 227 18,208 518 619 3,216 3,011 919 4,105 5,546 43,430 72,361 2040 7,512 238 19,186 538 644 3,428 3,209 941 4,394 5,937 46,027 76,882

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.12 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

2 W 3 W Car Mini Bus Bus MLCV LCV 2 Axle 3 Axle MAV Total PCU 2041 7,994 250 20,216 559 669 3,655 3,421 964 4,704 6,356 48,787 81,699 2042 8,507 262 21,304 581 695 3,896 3,646 987 5,037 6,805 51,720 86,835 2043 9,053 275 22,452 603 722 4,154 3,887 1,010 5,393 7,287 54,836 92,308 2044 9,635 288 23,662 627 751 4,429 4,144 1,034 5,775 7,802 58,148 98,144 2045 10,255 303 24,939 651 780 4,723 4,418 1,059 6,184 8,355 61,668 104,365 2046 10,915 317 26,287 676 811 5,037 4,711 1,085 6,623 8,948 65,409 110,998 2047 11,618 333 27,708 702 842 5,371 5,023 1,111 7,093 9,583 69,385 118,071 2048 12,367 350 29,208 730 876 5,728 5,357 1,137 7,597 10,264 73,612 125,613

Table 2.13: Section 2: Nagari - Tatchur 2 W 3 W Car Mini Bus Bus MLCV LCV 2 Axle 3 Axle MAV Total PCU 2018 3,098 339 5,820 293 431 903 864 566 922 1,241 14,477 21,687 2019 3,381 356 6,341 306 451 969 927 593 1,011 1,360 15,694 23,488 2020 3,677 374 6,886 320 471 1,040 994 617 1,110 1,493 16,982 25,422 2021 3,986 392 7,453 334 492 1,116 1,067 638 1,221 1,642 18,341 27,496 2022 4,417 420 8,350 360 523 1,236 1,188 677 1,388 1,867 20,427 30,703 2023 4,904 452 9,380 390 559 1,375 1,327 723 1,581 2,126 22,816 34,388 2024 5,380 482 10,343 416 592 1,507 1,459 762 1,767 2,377 25,085 37,895 2025 5,778 505 11,043 433 616 1,607 1,554 781 1,917 2,578 26,812 40,569 2026 6,200 528 11,775 449 641 1,714 1,657 801 2,077 2,794 28,637 43,406 2027 6,648 554 12,555 467 667 1,828 1,766 820 2,249 3,024 30,578 46,428 2028 7,122 580 13,385 485 694 1,950 1,883 840 2,431 3,270 32,642 49,641 2029 7,624 607 14,268 504 722 2,080 2,007 861 2,626 3,532 34,831 53,053 2030 8,154 636 15,205 524 751 2,218 2,139 881 2,832 3,809 37,151 56,669 2031 8,713 667 16,200 545 781 2,365 2,280 903 3,051 4,104 39,608 60,496 2032 9,300 699 17,219 566 812 2,522 2,429 924 3,282 4,414 42,167 64,500 2033 9,918 732 18,258 588 844 2,687 2,587 946 3,525 4,741 44,826 68,678

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.13 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

2 W 3 W Car Mini Bus Bus MLCV LCV 2 Axle 3 Axle MAV Total PCU 2034 10,565 768 19,311 610 877 2,862 2,755 969 3,780 5,084 47,581 73,027 2035 11,243 805 20,373 633 911 3,048 2,933 991 4,047 5,443 50,428 77,539 2036 11,952 843 21,439 657 947 3,245 3,121 1,015 4,326 5,818 53,362 82,211 2037 12,707 884 22,564 682 983 3,454 3,321 1,039 4,624 6,219 56,479 87,187 2038 13,511 927 23,751 708 1,021 3,678 3,536 1,063 4,944 6,650 59,789 92,488 2039 14,367 972 25,002 735 1,061 3,917 3,764 1,088 5,288 7,112 63,305 98,134 2040 15,279 1,019 26,323 763 1,102 4,172 4,008 1,114 5,655 7,606 67,041 104,150 2041 16,250 1,069 27,716 792 1,145 4,444 4,268 1,140 6,049 8,136 71,009 110,559 2042 17,284 1,121 29,186 822 1,189 4,735 4,546 1,167 6,472 8,704 75,226 117,388 2043 18,385 1,176 30,737 853 1,235 5,045 4,843 1,194 6,924 9,313 79,706 124,665 2044 19,558 1,233 32,373 886 1,283 5,376 5,159 1,223 7,409 9,965 84,466 132,420 2045 20,808 1,293 34,099 920 1,333 5,729 5,497 1,252 7,929 10,664 89,525 140,684 2046 22,138 1,357 35,920 955 1,385 6,106 5,858 1,282 8,486 11,414 94,901 149,493 2047 23,555 1,423 37,841 992 1,439 6,509 6,243 1,312 9,083 12,217 100,614 158,883 2048 25,064 1,493 39,867 1,031 1,496 6,938 6,653 1,343 9,723 13,077 106,686 168,891

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.14 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

2.7 COMPONENTS & ACTIVITIES OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT The development of the road would necessarily entail the following three stages. Each of the stages would have several activities and sub-activities. The three stages are

• Detailed design and Pre-Construction Stage

• Construction Stage

• Post-Construction, Operations & Maintenance Stage The sub-activities and activities which would be undertaken in each of the three stages are detailed in below sections. 2.7.1 Infrastructure Requirement for Highway Development During the construction and operations of the highway the following infrastructure would be developed and maintained by the Contractor 2.7.1.1 Construction Camp Even though local labour would be employed to the extent possible, the number of activities would require specialized skilled labour e.g. operator of the vehicle and machinery, skilled crews for specialised operations e.g. bar-bending and casting. These labours in most cases would be migrant from other areas or other states. The Contractor would setup a construction camp for the accommodation of the workers. 2.7.1.2 Hot Mix Plant For the manufacturing of the bituminous material the Contractor would setup a Hot mix Plant. The plant would be setup considering the sitting guidelines specified by regulatory authorities. 2.7.1.3 Batching Plant The Concrete batching plant would be installed for concrete casting of structures i.e. Minor bridges, box and Hume pipe culverts. The Batching plant in addition to cylos for cement, aggregates and sand would also have an area for storage of cement and additives. 2.7.1.4 Lay down Areas The contractor would identify an area for storage of the raw-material required for construction including soil, sand GSB and aggregates. These would be stored as open heaps within the laydown area. The lay down area might also be sued as a maintenance yard for the vehicles and machinery. 2.7.1.5 Waste Storage Area The excavate material from the pavement would have to be stored at some places before it can be utilised or disposed of at a permanent disposal site provided by the Municipal Corporation/PWD or the local panchayat. 2.7.1.6 Resource Requirements for the Project The Project entails development of a green-field road and will require road construction materials. Construction material like aggregates, sand, cement, etc. shall procured from nearby approved quarries. Separate environmental approval shall be sought for any new quarry. Quantity of the construction material required for the proposed Project is given in Table-2.20.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.15 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 2-20: RoW Material Requirement

S. No Item Quantity Source 1 Aggregate 900115 Cum Identified Quarries 2 Soil 3069619 Cum Identified Borrow Areas 3 Sand 279845 Cum Identified Sand Quarries Identified nearest Cement 4 Cement 73456 Tones Factory 5 Bitumen 17271 Tones Approved Refinery 6 Steel 16064 Tones Identified Steel Plants 7 Water 4946075 KL (approx.) Ground / Surface Water Ennore Thermal Power Station, 8 Fly ash 593434 cum North Chennai

2.7.1.7 Power Power required at the construction camp would be drawn from the grid where it is available else DG sets would be used to supply the power to the Construction & Labour Camps. Approximately 1200 KVA DG sets will be used during construction phase of the project. 2.7.1.8 Manpower The manpower requirement would vary over the construction period depending on the quantum and type of work involved. About 300 nos. manpower would be required during the construction phase. The skilled manpower primarily the machine operators and concrete casting crew would be migrant labours and would be housed in the construction camp. 2.7.1.9 Time Frame The construction stage water requirement has been calculated considering that the construction period would be 24 months. 2.7.1.10 Land Requirement The land requirement for the construction of the road is estimated to be 852.2543 ha. The details will be determined once the LA plan and Land Acquisition Report will be prepared as part of Social Impact Assessment (SIA) study taking into consideration the total households and structures to be affected. 2.7.1.11 Water The project would require water for both construction activities and domestic purpose during the construction period. The operations period of the project would have water requirement but the quantity required would be much lesser. Total water demand in the project is 2996 KL (Including per capita use). This requirement of water will be spread over the project road length. It will be assured that no public water sources will be used for construction purpose. The water requirement for construction depends on the climatic conditions, type of equipment, type of material available, mix design; type of construction. Water quantity required for the project road has been calculated considering the following:

• 8-10% of weight of soil for the embankment construction

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.16 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• 7-8% of weight of soil for sub grade construction

• 5-6% of weight of GSB materials for GSB and WMM

• 150 litre/cum for concrete

• 110 lpcd for person residents of the camp

• 45 lpcd for the no-residents During the operations phase the water would be required primarily for domestic use at the toll plaza and landscaping. 2.7.2 Pollutant Sources & Characterization 2.7.2.1 Construction Phase During construction phase environmental impacts are likely to result primarily from operation of heavy machinery and equipment’s, vehicular movement and from influx of workforce. The potential pollutant sources for construction phase and their characterization has been discussed in the subsequent section. 2.7.2.2 Operations of Heavy Machineries & Vehicular Movement The operations of construction vehicles, diesel generators and machineries would contribute to Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Sulphur and Nitrogen dioxides (SO2 and NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO) and other hydrocarbons (HC). In addition, fugitive emissions are envisaged from plying of vehicles and also from storage, handling and transportation of materials during the construction phase. Mainly dust will be emitted during material transport and during loading-unloading activities which is planned to be controlled by periodic water sprinkling and by adopting good engineering practices. Also, during construction phase, noise will be generated from operating heavy machineries and from vehicular movement. All the generator sets will be equipped with exhaust mufflers and acoustic enclosures and subjected to periodic preventive maintenance. 2.7.2.3 Generation of Construction waste There would be waste from the batching plant, hot mix plant and from the demolition of the building and other structures within the proposed ROW. Some of the material would be recycled and used for back filling. Material which cannot be recycled would be considered as Construction and Demolition waste and has to be disposed of as per the existing rules. 2.7.2.4 Influx of Workforce Sewage effluent will be generated during this phase from construction camps. Solid waste generated during the construction phase from the camps is expected to comprise of food waste and recyclables viz. packaging material etc. 2.7.2.5 Operation Phase During operations, of the proposed highway both solid (municipal) and liquid waste would be primarily generated from toll plaza and rest area. In case of maintenance the bituminous layer would be excavated during the repair of pavement and needs to be disposed off. 2.7.3 Land Requirement The land requirement for the construction of the road is estimated to be 852.2543 ha. The details will be determined once the LA plan and Land Acquisition Report will be prepared as part of Social Impact

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.17 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Assessment (SIA) study taking into consideration the total households and structures to be affected. 2.8 OTHER ROAD CONSTRUCTION FEATURES 2.8.1 Traffic Signs and Pavement Markings Traffic signs and pavement markings shall include roadside signs, overhead signs; curb mounted signs and road marking along the Project Highway. The design and marking for the Project Highway shall as per the design standard indicated in “Manual of Specifications and Standards for Six-laning of National Highways through Public Private Partnership” and the location for various treatments shall finalized in consultation with the Independent Engineer. The road signs erected on the project road shall conform to IRC: 67 “Code of Practice for Road Signs”. For overhead signs, the MoRT&H Standards shall be followed. The variable message signs shall provide as per guidelines vide IRC: SP: 85-2010. The overhead sign shall be the reflector type with high intensity retro-reflective sheeting conforming to ASTM D 4956-01, Type VIII and/or Type IX of micro prismatic type. The retro reflective sheet of Engineering Grade shall not be used. The height, lateral clearance, location and instillation shall be as per relevant clauses of MORT&H specifications. Overhead sign shall be installed ahead of major intersections/flyovers, toll plazas and urban areas as per detailed design requirements. The minimum number of overhead signs shall be 2 per major junctions. Road marking shall be as per IRC: 35. These markings shall applied to read centerline, edge lines, continuity line, stop line, give way lines, diagonal/chevron marking, and Zebra crossing etc. 2.8.2 Road Furniture Road furniture such as traffic signs, kilometer posts, hectometer stones, ROW pillars etc. shall be provided as per relevant IRC SP 84 specifications. 2.8.3 Boundary Stones Road land (ROW) boundary shall be demarcated by putting RCC boundary pillars of size 60cm x 15cm x 15cm embedded in concrete (as per IRC:25) along the Project Highway at 50 m interval on both sides. All the components used in delineating road land boundary shall be aesthetically pleasing, sturdy and vandal proof. The road land boundary shall be demarcated in consultation with NHAI. 2.8.4 Hectometer/Kilometer Stones The hectometer and kilometer stones shall provide as per MORTH specifications. 2.8.5 Traffic Blinker Signal (L.E.D) at Intersections Traffic blinker signal (L.E.D) shall be provided at all at-grade intersections and median openings/Median gap-in as per the design standards. 2.8.6 Crash Barriers Crash barriers shall provide at desired location as per IRC SP 84. 2.8.7 Highways Encroachment An encroachment is any object placed without permission within the legal limits of a highway right-of- way or in any way interfere with the land within the limit of a highway or the roadway or any structure forming a part of the highways. These include hording signs, fences, walls and lights, squatters and hats/market of agricultural produce on the side of road.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.18 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Objects generally are not permitted in the right-of-way unless the objects serve an official highway purpose instances as public utility electric poles, mailboxes, telephone line.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.19 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

2.8.7.1 Prevention and Removal of Encroachment The control of encroachment is essential for mainly public safety and legal liability. Encroachment of highway right of way thought the squatters, market of agricultural produce, illegal hording signs etc. may interfere with a driver’s view of other traffic, official traffic signs, and traffic signals. Moreover, accidents may result. If a motorist collides with an illegally placed object, the owner of the object and the authority may be used for the resulting injuries or damages. Moreover, it needs legal actions to clear the site from the squatters if they finally established. 2.9 PROJECT BENEFITS This is a proposed green alignment project with 6 -lane highway for capacity argumentation of transportation need. Therefore, project will also have considerable benefit in terms of Environmental Benefit in the region as whole, Economic Benefit/Fuel Saving, social benefit and thus by National benefits. 2.10 COST ESTIMATES The estimated civil cost for the project is INR 3840.00 Crores with all the improvement works for 116.500km with 6-lanes.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 2.20 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

CHAPTER-3: ENVIRONMENT BASELINE DATA

3.1 INTRODUCTION In order to assess environmental impacts due to the proposed project, it is essential to monitor the environmental quality prevailing at the project site and its surrounding areas prior implementation of the project. Previous chapters have highlighted the scope of environmental assessment, existing features of the proposed road, methodology and regulations applicable to environmental assessment. In this chapter, an attempt has made to prepare a baseline environmental setting of the project area. The parameters of environmental impact can identified by elaborating the various aspects of environment that can divided as: (i) Physical aspect which include topography, geological aspects, soil characteristics, etc.; (ii) Drainage aspect which includes water environment i.e. surface water and groundwater condition; (iii) Meteorological aspects which includes the air environment and micro-climatic factors including the air quality; (iv) Biological aspect including the type of flora and fauna; and lastly (v) socio-economic aspects relating to demographic and socio-economic conditions of the population around the project site. Based on the existing environmental scenario potential impacts of proposed greenfield road will be identify and accordingly management plan will be proposed in forthcoming sections. The baseline environmental conditions will help in compare and monitor the predicted negative and positive impacts resulting from the project during construction and operation phases. Data collected from secondary sources for the macro-environmental setting like climate, physiography (Geology and slope), biological and socio-economic environment. First-hand information have been collected to record the micro-environmental features within and adjacent to the project corridor. Collection of first hand (Primary) information includes preparation of base maps, extrapolating environmental features on proposed road design, tree inventories, location and measurement of socio-cultural features abutting proposed road. Data also collected at sites requiring for extraction of materials for construction but generally outside the project corridor e.g. borrows areas and quarries. Ambient Air, Noise, Soil, and Water quality samples collected at important locations in terms of environment quality to prepare a baseline database. Following sections describe the nature, type and characteristics of the physical, biological, cultural and socio- economic components along the project road. 3.2 STUDY AREA AND PERIOD As a primary requirement of EIA process, the direct influence area has taken as the proposed RoW (70m) of the project road. Primary baseline data has collected in the right of way as well as the area falling within 500 meters on either side of right of way and secondary data has been collected aerial distance of 10 km on either side of proposed project road. Baseline data of prominent environmental attributes like ambient air, water, soil, geology, water use, hydrology, noise, meteorology, socio-economic features, terrestrial ecology, aquatic ecology, land use etc. collected. The baseline study for the project conducted during the June 2018. 3.3 EIA METHODOLOGY The EIA procedure carried out simultaneously with design of the project road and methodology is shown in below figure. The important findings of the assessment provided important feedback to the design team, especially in terms of the sensitive receptor utilities /facilities to be impacted and locations of religious properties. It helped modify the designs at locations where impacts had to be avoided and incorporated mitigation measures wherever the impacts were unavoidable due to other constraints. The steps covered in the preparation of EIA are as follows:

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.1 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• Review of Documents: Relevant Rules, Guidelines, Acts of Government of India and Government of Rajasthan. Prototype studies were reviewed viz. a viz. proposed project.

• Reconnaissance Surveys: The team of professionals took the reconnaissance of the site to have a feel of the area and to identify the likely Environment issues associated with the project.

• Collection of Secondary Data and Generation of Primary Data; The Secondary data was collected from different sources about components of valued Eco-system like Climate, Physiographic, Soil type Ecology of the area. The gaps in secondary data were filled by generating primary data for Ambient Air Quality, Water Quality, Noise Levels, Vibration, soil quality, biodiversity and Surface water hydrology etc.

• Documentation of Baseline Conditions;

• Assessment of Potential Impacts; The Potential impacts on Components of Valued Eco-System have been assessed based on previous prototype studies, different prediction models and Past Experiences. The predication has been both qualitative and quantitative.

• Identification of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures;

• Analysis of Alternatives; All alternatives were considered and adverse impacts of each alternative were studied before selecting the proposed alignment

• Public Consultations; and

• Preparation of the Environmental Management Plan. Environment Management Programme has been developed suggesting mitigation measures for various impacts on components of valued ecosystems to offset the adverse impacts or to mitigate the adverse impacts and bring them to acceptable levels. The monitoring programme specifies the monitoring mechanism, frequency etc. A detailed budget has also been prepared for implementation of Environment Management and Monitoring Programme.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.2 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Study of Project Details & Reconnaissance Survey

Environm ental Identification of Identification of

Monitoring Critical Data Sources Environmental

Primary Data Establishing Secondary Data Collection (Field Study, Baseline Collection Environmental

Study and Review

of Project Data/Activities

Impact Prediction Suggestion of Impact Prediction Tools Tools Mitigation & Procedures & Procedures Measures

Assessment of

Environmental Impacts

Environmental Monitoring Programme

Institutional Environmental Strengthening for Mitigation Measures & Implementation of Management Implementation Plans EMP Plan (EMP)

Methodology of EIA

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.3 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

3.4 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Determination of baseline conditions of natural and physical valued environmental components along project road is vital for robust impact assessment. The project road section passes through Chittoor and Thiruvallur district of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu State respectively. The components of the environment for which the information has collected are describe in the following subsections. 3.4.1 Location of the project The project district of Chittoor is one of the chronically drought affected Rayalasema region of Andhra Pradesh State. It covers a geographical area of 15,152 sq. km and situated between 12° 37’ and 14°00’ North latitudes and 78°03’ and 79°55’ Eastern longitudes. The district headquarter is located at Chittoor. The district is bounded by Anantapur District to the northwest, Kadapa District to the north, Nellore District to the northeast, Krishnagiri District, Vellore District and Thiruvallur District of Tamil Nadu state to the south, and Kolar District of Karnataka state to the west. Tiruvallur is a coastal district of Tamil Nadu state which lies between latitude 12010’ and 13015 ’N and longitude 79015’ and 80020’ E. The district has a geographical area of 3394 sq.km. On the east, it has Chennai and Bay of Bangalore as its boundary flanked to the north, Andhra Pradesh on its west and Vellore and Kanchipuram districts to its south. 3.4.2 Geography and Topography The Chittor district forms a part of the Mysore plateau with many hill ranges and undulating plains. The western and southwestern parts of the district have an altitude between 600m and 900 m average mean sea level (amsl). The altitude of the central region is between 300m and 600m amsl. While the eastern/southern parts of the district, have an altitude less than 300m amsl. This indicates that the elevation of the district is highly variable and having steep slopes. The land of Tiruvallur is mostly flat; however, some parts of the district are undulated and hilly. Casuarina plantations replete over the sandy strip along the coast. The coastal region of the district is mostly flat and dreary; but in the other parts, it is undulating and even hilly in some places. The northern taluks of the district like Ponneri, Uthukkottai, Gummidipundi etc. do not have much to offer from the scenic point of view. In the Tiruttani taluk, a number of hillocks found scattered. The soil of the district is mostly sandy, mixed with soda or other alkali or stony. Rocks found in and near the surface are in detached masses. Hence, the soil cannot be termed as very fertile. The soil found nearer the seacoast is of the inferior erinaceous type that is most suited for raising casuarinas plants. No mineral of any importance is available in the district. There are not many hills of any considerable height in this district. A few conical hills or ridges of small elevation exist like the St. Thomas Mount. Certain hillocks found in Tiruttani. Most of the hills and hillocks are rocky and no verdant vegetation seen in the slopes of these hills. The area under forests in this district is quite meagre. The project road section of Chittoor - Thatchur (NH-716B) passes mainly through rolling terrain while some stretch passes through plain terrain. The location map of the project road given in Figure 3.1. The topographic map of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu State given in Figure 3.2 and Figure 3.3 respectively.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.4 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Figure 3.1: Location Map of the Project Road

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.5 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Source: CGWB, Andhra Pradesh Figure 3.2: Topographical Map of Andhra Pradesh

Source: Maps of.net Figure 3.3: Topographic Map of Tamil Nadu

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.6 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

3.4.3 Geology The geological formation of Chittoor district underlined by Archaean, Proterozoic, Jurassic Cretaceous Tertiary and Quaternary ages. The oldest rocks in the concerned area belong to Migmatite Complex, represented by migmatised quartzo-felspathic gneiss and exposed in the northeastern part of the district. The Peninsular or Banded Gneissic Complex (PGC/BGC) comprises a complex assemblage of gneissic variants and granitic rocks, which occupy almost major part of the district. BGC in the area is represent by biottte-homblende gneiss, biotite granite and migmatite. Acid intrusives of Proterozoic Age comprises granite and quartz veins. The granite plutons are expose as patches and linear bodies in southwest and north-west parts of the district respectively. The basic dykes include dolerites. Three sets of dolerite dykes trends traverse are E-W, N-S, and NW-SE. The southern tip of the well-known Cuddapah Basin falls in the northeast part of the Chittoor district. Shale and quartzite of Bairenkonda Formation, shales/phyllite and limestone of Cumbum Formation exposed in the district. Laterite cappings occur over Gondwana formations. Large tracts of Alluvium occur along the major streams, which belong to Recent Age. BGC in the concerned area has represented by biottte-homblende gneiss, biotite granite and migmatite. The Geological map of Chittoor district showing project road sections of NH-716B presented in Figure 3.4. The geological formation of Tiruvallur district is under lined by recent alluvium Archaean crystalline formations with recent alluvial deposits of limited area extent and thickness along the courses of major rivers. Granite, Charnockite, Pegmatite, Gneissic Rocks found largely found in Tiruvallur. The prevailing rock of the district is a light to dark-gray or whitish biotic granite gneiss, which varies considerably from place to place, in texture, structure and appearance, according to the fitness or coarseness of its constituent grains and the relative abundance or scarcity, and mode of deposition of the darker Ferro-minerals. These complex Gneissic masses have been styled as “Peninsular Gneiss”. The Geological map of project district showing project road section presented in Figure 3.5.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.7 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Source: Report on Aquifer Mapping for Sustainable Management of Ground Water Resources in Chittoor District, 2017 Figure 3.4: Geological Map of Chittoor District (Andhra Pradesh State) showing project road sections

Source: http://bhuvan-noeda.nrsc.gov.in/gis/thematic/index.php Figure 3.5: Geological Map of Tiruvallur District (Tamil Nadu State)

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.8 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

The slope map of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states showing the project road sections of Chitoor-Thatchur (NH-716B) presented in Figure 3.6 and 3.7.

Source: Bhuvan - Indian Geo-Platform of ISRO Figure 3.6: Slope Map of Andhra Pradesh State

Source: State of Environment Atlas of Tamil Nadu, 2006 Figure 3.7: Slope Map of Tamil Nadu State

As observed from above figure, land slope along the majority of project road section of NH – 716 B lies in moderate and rolling slope zone.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.9 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

3.4.4 Seismicity According to the Global Seismic Hazards Assessment Program (GSHAP) data, the state of Andhra Pradesh falls in a region of low to moderate seismic hazard zone whereas the state of Tamil Nadu falls in a region of low seismic hazard (Figure 3.8). As observed from figure, the project stretch in Chittoor district falls in low hazard zone and project stretch in Thiruvallur district falls in low hazard zone respectively (Figure 3.8a).

Source: Amateur Seismic Centre, Pune, 2018

Figure 3.8: Global Seismic Hazards Assessment Program (GSHAP) Map of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.10 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Figure 3.8a: Seismic Zone Map of India 3.4.4.1 Land Use Pattern of the District Chittoor District: The land use pattern of the district (Table 3.1) shows that forest area occupied a maximum percentage, nearly 30 percent, while the net-cropped area followed with 26 percent. The other types of land uses occupy a minimum percentage as less than 5 percent for each category. The land under non-agricultural uses (9.8 percent) is causing a concern, as the growth of these activities will reduce the agricultural growth in the district. The current fallow and barren lands occupying near about 8 percent of area that can reduced considerably by encouraging the required plantations. Meanwhile, the productivity of the crops must increase to compensate the reduction in land under agriculture activity by adopting modern practices and high yielding hybrid varieties. Table 3.1: Land Use Pattern of Chittoor District S No Classification 2011-12 Particulars Area(ha) Percent 1 Reporting Area For Land Utilization Statistics (i) Forest area 452018 29.83 2 Not Available for Cultivation

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.11 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

S No Classification 2011-12 (i) Barren and Uncultivable uses 163650 10.80 (ii) Land put to Non-Agricultural uses 148529 9.80 3 Other Uncultivated Land Excluding Fallow Land (i) Cultivable Waste 41691 2.75 (ii) Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land 33769 2.23 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops and Grooves not included (iii) 35496 2.34 in Net Area Sown 4 Fallow Land (i) Current Fallows 134536 8.88 (ii) Other Fallows Land 114920 7.58 5 Net Area Sown 390487 25.77 Total Geographical Area 1515100 100.0 Source: CGWB, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh Thiruvallur District: There are nine type of land use patterns in the district as per the revenue authorities, which mostly connected to agricultural activities. The net sown area is 1024.06 sq.km in the district of which irrigated land area is 803.48 sq.km and unirrigated land area is 220.57 sq.km. The land use pattern of the district given in the Table 3.2. Table 3.2: Land Use Pattern of Tiruvallur District S No Classification of land use -Particulars Area(ha) 1 Reporting Area For Land Utilization Statistics (i) Forest area 18749.1 2 Not Available for Cultivation (i) Barren and Uncultivable uses 11529.8 (ii) Land put to Non-Agricultural uses 71916.2 3 Other Uncultivated Land Excluding Fallow Land (i) Cultivable Waste 8760.7 (ii) Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land 6828.7 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops and Grooves not included in Net Area (iii) 6371.2 Sown 4 Fallow Land (i) Current Fallows 38462.8 (ii) Other Fallows Land 25760.2 5 Net Area Sown 102405.9 Total (Rural) 290786.3 Total Irrigated Land Area 80348.2 Total Un-irrigated Land Area 22057.2 Source: District Statistical handbook, Census of India, 2011. 3.4.4.2 Land Use within 10km buffer length along the proposed alignment The land use map for a buffer length of 10 km on either side of the proposed alignment of NH-716B has been prepared as Map 3.1 (annexed with report). Land use map shows the main land covers including Agriculture (75%), forest (12%), plantations (1%), settlements (1%), barren-land (6%), water bodies (5%) and other important physical features. Figure 3.9 shows the percentage breakup of the different land covers within 10km buffer of proposal road.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.12 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Source: Survey of India Topo sheet, Government of India Figure 3.9: Percentage distribution of land use along project corridor within 10km buffer

3.4.4.3 Land Use along the proposed alignment (500m on either side) The land use along the proposed road are as follow

S. No Land use pattern % of land use 1 Agriculture 76 2 Forest 12 3 Barren 6 4 Water 5 5 Settlement 1

3.4.5 Soil Life of the project directly linked with condition and quality of soil. The success or failure of a pavement is more often dependent upon the underlying subgrade strength upon which the pavement structure is constructed. Soil formation is a typical process, influenced by several factors: climate, organisms, relief, parent materials and time. It plays an important role in the regulation of vegetation cover, therefore, changes in the soil types, texture and properties, and is one of the causes for gradual variation in the forest types and composition along the belt. In Andhra Pradesh state, following soils are found i.e. Red soil, Laterite soil, Black cotton soil, Deltaic Alluvium soil, Coastal soil and saline soil. The major part of the Chittoor forest division is covered by Red loamy and sandy soils with portions of alluvial soil. The gneisses and granitic country gives murram soil. The basic rocks weathered to give black soil. Gravel patches are found scattered and some of them are of considerable extent and thickness. The hill slopes have mostly shallow soil cover; usually no vegetation exists to arrest the soil erosion. The soil is however being thicker in low- lying areas. The soils are mostly dry and devoid of humus.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.13 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

The soil map of state of Andhra Pardesh is given in Figure 3.10. Source: Forest Working Plan, Chittoor East (WL) Division Figure 3.10: Soils Maps of Chittoor District (Andhra Pradesh) showing the project road As observed from Figure 3.10, the soil group present along the proposed alignment (Chittoor Section) of NH 716 B is comprise of Red Loamy soil and Sandy Soils with some portions of alluvial soil. Thiruvallur District: The soil in Thiruvallur district is sandy mixed soda or other alkali or stony in general. Soils of the district is classified into four classes (i)Red Soil (ii) Black Soil (iii)Alluvial Soil (iv) Colluvial soil Detached masses of rocks are found in and near the surface of the soil. The soil is not fertile as compared to other districts. Red ferrugious type of soil found in some parts of the district is less fertile than alluvial soil, which occurs in major part of the district. Alluvial soils occur along the river courses and in the eastern part of the coastal areas. Sandy coastal alluvium (arenaceous soil) is found as narrow belt along the seacoast. Soil map of Tamil Nadu state is provided in Figure 3.11.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.14 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Source: Maps of India Figure 3.11: Soils Map of Tamil Nadu 3.4.5.1 Soil Quality For studying soil quality, sampling locations ware selected to assess the existing soil conditions in and around the project area representing various land use conditions. The samples were collected by ramming a core-cutter into the soil. The details of soil sampling locations are provided in Table 3.3. The collected samples were analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics. Table 3.3: Description of Soil Sampling Locations Sample S. No. Sampling Location GPS Coordinates Code 13°08'39.50"N 1 S - 1 Ch. 0+000 at Start of Project Road 79°04'56.72"E 13°19'12.79"N 2 S - 2 Ch. 52+000 at crossing of SH - 106 79°30'27.14"E 13°19'02.64"N 3 S - 3 Ch. 90+700 near Pulikondram RF at AP/TN Border 79°51'25.08"E 13°16'55.04"N 4 S – 4 Ch. 116+500 at Tirupathi Road (50A) 80°04'44.20"E

Google Earth Image of Soil Monitoring Locations is shown in Map 3.1

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.15 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Map 3.1: Google Earth Image of Soil Monitoring Locations Field photographs taken during soil sample collection are provided in Figures 3.12.

S - 1 S – 2

S - 3 S - 4 Figure 3.12: Field photographs taken during soil sample collection along the Project Road

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.16 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

3.4.5.2 Analysis Methodology The samples of Soil were collected in the month of June 2018 in the study period. The physical and chemical characteristics of the soil of the study area have been assessed by analysing various parameters as per the methods described in “Soil Chemical Analysis” (M.L Jackson) and Department of Agriculture and Cooperation. Standard classification of Soil as per Indian Council of Agriculture Research, New Delhi is presented in Table 3.4. Table 3.4: Standard Classification of Soil

Sl. No. Soil Test Classification pH <4.5 Extremely acidic 4.51- 5.50 Very strongly acidic 5.51-6.0 moderately acidic 6.01-6.50 slightly acidic 1 6.51-7.30 Neutral 7.31-7.80 slightly alkaline 7.81-8.50 moderately alkaline 8.51-9.0 strongly alkaline 9.01 very strongly alkaline Salinity Electrical Conductivity Upto 1.00 Average 2 (mmhos/cm) (1 ppm = 640 1.01-2.00 harmful to germination mmho/cm) 2.01-3.00 harmful to crops (sensitive to salts) Organic Carbon Upto 0.2: very less 0.21-0.4: less 0.41-0.5 medium, 3 0.51-0.8: on an average sufficient 0.81-1.00: sufficient >1.0 more than sufficient Nitrogen (Kg/ha) Upto 50 very less 51-100 less 4 101-150 good 151-300 Better >300 sufficient Phosphorus (Kg/ha) Upto 15 very less 16-30 less 31-50 medium, 5 51-65 on an average sufficient 66-80 sufficient >80 more than sufficient Potash (Kg/ha) 0 -120 very less 120-180 less 181-240 medium 6 241-300 average 301-360 better >360 more than sufficient

3.4.5.3 Results Analysis: The analytical results for the locations are provided in Table 3.5.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.17 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 3.5: Analytical results of Soil sampling of the study area Sl. No Parameters Unit S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 1 pH - 7.59 8.23 8.06 7.85 - Clay Silty Clay Clay Sandy 2 Texture Clay 3 Sand % 20 14 13 36 4 Silt % 24 46 20 23 5 Clay % 56 40 67 41 6 Electrical conductivity µs/cm 156 135 158 86 Moisture Retention % 56 62 65 38 7 Capacity 8 Moisture Content % 12.3 5.6 12.3 10.6 9 Infiltration rate mm/hour 52 46 55 69 10 Organic Matter % 1.13 1.15 1.06 0.76 11 Nitrogen mg/kg 468 523 458 346 12 Potassium mg/kg 234 251 192 131 13 Phosphorus mg/kg 42 50 46 36 14 Sulphate mg/kg 41 48 44 35 15 Sodium mg/kg 12.3 10.3 12.0 11.2 16 Calcium mg/kg 25.6 28.5 22.8 20.6 17 Magnesium mg/kg 2.2 2.0 1.9 2.5 18 Oil & Grease mg/kg <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 19 Sodium Absorption Ratio - 0.63 0.50 0.65 0.62 Source: Soil Quality analysis report by M/s Vison Labs, 2018 As evident from the results the pH values of soils are in the range of 7.59 to 8.23. The soil type varies from clay to sandy clay. The nutrient status of soil is also a key element in agriculture. Above results also show that the soils of the study area have good amount of primary nutrients i.e., Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) content. From the results, it can be observed that the soil quality is good and fertile. 3.4.6 Air Environment Ambient air quality is the most significant parameter that is required to quantify the impact on the natural and biophysical environment. The air quality of the project area is influenced by emissions from stationery sources like domestic sources from various settlements, agricultural activities, and industrial activities and from mobile sources such as vehicles plying on the road. The prime objective of baseline survey of air quality was to assess the existing air quality of the area. This will also be useful for assessing the conformity to the standards of the ambient air quality. Degradation of ambient air quality is the most commonly identified adverse impact on the natural and biophysical environment during the construction and operation of the road projects. As a part of the Environmental Assessment (EA), climatic component has been studied to establish the benchmarks to understand air quality in the project influence area. 3.4.6.1 Meteorology and Climate a) Climate Among all other physical factors, Climate is the most important factor-influencing environment because it plays a vital role in determining the evolution of landforms (erosion, soil characteristics),

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.18 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) types of flora and fauna (ecological diversity), the productivity of ecosystems as well it has an influence on the pollution loads on the environment. Rainfall, temperature, and winds are the principal climatic components that serve to transport and disperse various forms of pollution into the atmosphere and on the ground. The climate of the project influence area (PIA) is a semi-arid climate, with hot and dry conditions. The seasons has been distinguished as:

• The summer commences from March and ends with the break of South - West monsoon in July.

• The Rainy season starts with the advent of South -West monsoon in July and ends with the receding North - East monsoon that extends up to end of December.

• The winter is experience from November to the end of February. The temperature sometimes drops to 120 C in the plateau portion. The various climatic factors such as rainfall, temperature, and humidity in the project area have been discussed in detail in the following sections. b) Rainfall In the State of Andhra Pradesh, the project region is in moderate to low rainfall receiving region. The rainfall distribution map for the State of Andhra Pradesh presented in Figure 3.13 highlights this aspect very clearly.

Source: CGWB, Andhra Pradesh Figure 3.13: Rainfall Distribution Map of Andhra Pradesh State The normal annual rainfall in the state of Andhra Pradesh is 951 mm. Season-wise normal rainfall is 555 mm, 285 mm, 9.8 mm and 96.3mm in monsoon (June-Sept), post-monsoon (Oct-Dec), winter

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.19 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

(Jan-Feb) and summer (March-May) respectively, 58% of annual rainfall occur in SW monsoon, 30% in north-east and 12% in non-monsoon seasons. The district receives the rain under the influence of both southwest and northeast monsoons. The Rainy season is spread between June and December. The actual rainfall in Chittoor district for the last five years (2013-17) as provided by the Hydro-met division of the India Meteorological Department is given in Table 3.6. The average rainfall varies between 600.4 mm in year 2014 and 1418.9 mm in year 2015. Table 3.6: Rainfall for Chittoor District (mm) for last five years (2013-17) Chittoor Month 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 January 3.0 0.5 2.9 15.5 February 44.6 1.0 0.0 0.0 March 20.7 11.9 19.1 2.9 26.9 April 40.5 2.5 89.6 0.4 9.0 May 38.6 64.7 63.4 106.7 55.4 June 76.4 72.8 90.6 137.4 92.3 July 80.4 56.7 46.2 153.5 85.0 August 116.8 112.6 132.1 22.3 207.9 September 174.2 72.3 124.4 46.1 226.7 October 181.5 125.1 159.9 32.7 289.4 November 73.9 55.3 596.5 11.6 99.5 December 5.4 25.0 96.2 147.5 31.4 Total 856 600.4 1418.9 664 1139 Source: CRIS, Hydromet Division, Indian Metrological Department The nearest IMD station from the starting point of the project road is situated in Vellore at approximately 26 km (aerial distance). The thirty years (1981 to 2010) actual average rainfall data from Indian Meteorological Department in Vellore are given below in Table 3.7. The past thirty-year rainfall depicts that the project area receives rainfall between 1034.3 mm. About 73 percent of the total rainfall is concentrated during the months of July to November. Table 3.7: Actual Average Rainfall in Vellore (1981-2010) Rainfall (mm) Month Vellore January 11.5 February 1.7 March 16.7 April 28.2 May 69.7 June 78.2 July 110.4 August 134.1 September 195.2 October 158.1 November 156.3 December 74.0 Thirty year Annual Average 1034.3

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.20 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Source: Climatological Normals (1981-2010) published by IMD, Government of India The district of Tiruvallur receives rain under the influence of both southwest and northeast monsoons. Southwest rainfall is highly erratic, and the summer rains are negligible. Most of the precipitation occurs in the form of cyclonic storms caused due to the depressions in the Bay of Bengal especially during North east monsoon period. The rainfall distribution map for the State of Tamil Nadu presented in Figure 3.14 highlights this aspect very clearly

Source: http://mapsof.net Figure 3.14: Rainfall Distribution in the State of Tamil Nadu The annual rainfall over the district varies from about 950 to about 1150 mm. It is the minimum around Chengam (982.1 mm) in the southeastern parts of the district. It gradually increases towards west and east and is the maximum around Wandavasi (1117.1 mm) The actual rainfall in Thiruvallur district for the last five years (2013-17) as provided by the Hydro-met division of the India Meteorological Department is given in Table 3.8 Table 3.8: Rainfall for Thiruvallur District (mm) for last five years (2013-17) Thiruvallur Month 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 January 0.1 0.7 - 1.2 6.0 February 55.1 0.8 - 0.0 0.0 March 21.1 0.0 - 0.0 1.7 April 22.5 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 May 15.8 24.6 - 158.6 14.1 June 92.2 81.3 - 149.2 60.8

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.21 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Thiruvallur Month 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 July 128.8 77.3 - 54.0 111.9 August 151.7 135.6 - 18.1 227.3 September 240.0 130.6 - 185.4 103.3 October 189.1 220.0 - 5.3 279.9 November 121.1 157.4 - 28.0 335.5 December 29.7 109.7 - 214.4 62.4 Total 1067.2 938 - 814.2 1202.9 Source: CRIS, Hydromet Division, Indian Metrological Department The thirty years (1981 to 2010) actual average rainfall data from the nearest Indian Meteorological Department station, Nungambakkam, Chennai is given below in Table 3.9. The past thirty-year rainfall depicts that the project area receives rainfall between 1382.9mm. Table 3.9: Actual Average Rainfall in Nungambakkam, Chennai (1981-2010) Rainfall (mm) Month Nungambakkam, Chennai January 25.9 February 3.4 March 3.5 April 14.4 May 34.2 June 55.8 July 103.8 August 126.8 September 147.7 October 315.6 November 374.4 December 177.4 Thirty-year Annual Average 1382.9 Source: Climatological Normals (1981-2010) published by IMD, Government of India c) Temperature In the state of Andhra Pradesh, maximum temperature varies between 230C to 40 0C. The minimum temperature in the state varies near 20 0C to 13 0C. The monthly mean maximum and minimum temperatures of Vellore Observatories (IMD data -1981 to 2010) are presented in Table 3.10. The maximum and minimum temperatures were observed in May and January months respectively. The temperature in the western parts of the district are relatively lower than the eastern parts of the Chittoor District due to the higher altitude of the western parts compared to the eastern parts. The temperature pattern of the project area will be useful as monitoring indicator especially during construction period near hot mix plants and stone crushers

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.22 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 3.10: Monthly Mean Maximum and Minimum Temperature in 0C (1981-2010)

IMD, Vellore Month Average Maximum Average Minimum January 29.8 17.8 February 32.8 18.9 March 36.1 21.6 April 38.2 24.6 May 39.1 25.7 June 36.6 25.2 July 35.1 24.5 August 34.3 24.0 September 34.0 23.4 October 32.3 22.4 November 29.8 20.6 December 28.7 18.2

Source: Climatological Normals (1981-2010) published by IMD, Government of India

In the state of Tamil Nadu, maximum temperature varies between 250C to 37 0C. The minimum temperature in the state varies near 25 0C to 19 0C. The district enjoys tropical climate. The period from April to June is generally hot and dry. The weather is pleasant during the period from November to January. The annual mean minimum and maximum temperature are 24.30C and 32.90C respectively. The daytime heat is oppressive, and the temperature is as high as 41. 20C.The lowest temperature recorded is 18.10C. The monthly mean maximum and minimum temperatures of Nungambakkam Observatories (IMD data -1981 to 2010) are presented in Table 3.11. Table 3.11: Monthly Mean Maximum and Minimum Temperature in 0C (1981-2010)

Nungambakkam, Chennai Month Highest in the Month Lowest in the Month January 31.4 18.7 February 33.3 19.5 March 35.5 21.6 April 38.1 23.7 May 41.4 24.4 June 40.2 23.8 July 38.5 23.0 August 37.4 23.0 September 36.9 22.6 October 35.4 22.3 November 32.6 20.3 December 30.7 19.1

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.23 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Source: Climatological Normals (1981-2010) published by IMD, Government of India Project alignment falls in hyper thermic to mega thermic zone as per temperature distribution map of Tamil Nadu State is given in Figure 3.15.

Source: http://mapsof.net Figure 3.15: Temperature Distribution map of Tamil Nadu State d) Humidity Based on IMD observations the relative humidity for Chittoor district is shown below in Table 3.12. It can be observed that project region experiences high humidity during months of October, November and December. Lowest humidity is experienced in the months of May, June and July. The average relative humidity in Chittoor district varies between 48.5% and 73%. Table 3.12: Relative Humidity based on 1981-2010 Observations Relative Humidity (%) Month IMD Vellore Average Morning Average Evening January 87 54 February 84 47 March 79 41 April 73 41 May 66 45 June 67 51 July 70 54 August 74 58 September 78 63 October 83 69 November 86 70 December 88 64 Annual Average 78 55

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.24 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Source: Climatological Normals (1981-2010) published by IMD, Government of India Based on IMD observations the relative humidity for Thiruvallur district is shown below in Table 3.13. It can be observed that project region experiences high humidity during months of October, November and December. Lowest humidity is experienced in the months of March and April. In Thiruvallur district, mornings are more humid than afternoons. The relative humidity varies between 65% and 85% in the mornings while in the afternoon it varies from 40% to 70%. Humidity map of Tamil Nadu State is shown in Figure 3.16. Table 3.13: Relative Humidity based on 1981-2010 Observations

Relative Humidity Month Minimum Maximum January 81 67 February 80 66 March 78 67 April 74 70 May 67 68 June 64 63 July 70 65 August 73 66 September 77 71 October 82 76 November 83 76 December 81 71 Annual Average 76 69

Source: Climatological Normals (1981-2010) published by IMD, Government of India Source: Relative humidity map of Tamil Nadu, http://mapsof.net

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.25 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Figure 3.16: Humidity map of Tamil Nadu State e) Wind Speed and Direction Wind speed and wind directions have a significant role on the dispersion of atmospheric pollutants and therefore, the air quality of the area. Ground level concentrations for the pollutants are inversely proportional to the wind speed in the down wind direction, while in upwind direction no effect will be observed and in cross wind directions partial effect due to the emission sources is observed. Based on thirty-year climatologically data (1981-2010) the mean wind speed for Chittoor District (IMD Vellore) is shown in Table 3.14. Mean wind speeds are observed to be highest in the months of April and June at Vellore (4.5 - 5.0 kmph) observatories. The lowest wind speed was observed in the month of October (2.6 kmph) at Vellore. Table 3.14: Mean Wind Speed in Chittoor district (IMD Vellore) based on 1981-2010 Observations Mean Wind Speed (Kmph) Month IMD, Vellore January 3.7 February 4.1 March 3.9 April 4.5 May 4.3 June 5.0 July 4.4 August 4.1 September 3.2 October 2.6 November 2.8 December 3.9 Annual Average 3.9 Source: Climatological Normals (1981-2010) published by IMD, Government of India Based on thirty-year climatologically data (1981-2010) the mean wind speed for Thiruvallur district is shown in Table 3.15. Mean wind speeds are observed to be highest in the months of May and June at Nungambakkam (7.4 -7.9 Kmph) observatories. The lowest wind speed was observed in the month of October (4.7 Kmph) at Nungambakkam. The windrose diagram of June 2018 is presented in Figure- 3.17 indicates that predominant wind direction is towards west direction. The wind speed is more than 5 m/s. Table 3.15: Mean Wind Speed in Thiruvallur (IMD Nungambakkam) district based on 1981-2010 Observations Mean Wind Speed (Kmph) Month IMD, Nungambakkam January 5.3 February 5.1 March 5.5 April 6.4 May 7.4 June 7.9

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.26 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Mean Wind Speed (Kmph) Month IMD, Nungambakkam July 7.0 August 6.7 September 5.8 October 4.7 November 5.7 December 6.4 Thirty-year Annual Average 6.2 Source: Climatological Normals (1981-2010) published by IMD, Government of India

Figure 3.17: Windrose for month of June 2018 3.4.6.2 Ambient Air Quality Ambient air quality refers to the background of air quality levels in a region, characterised by concentrations of various pollutants in the atmosphere. The presence of air pollutants and their concentrations depends on the type of polluting sources, and other factors that influence their flow and dispersion. In most cases, vehicular emissions are the predominant source of air pollution. Existing ambient air quality data on various sections of the project corridors was collected to establish a baseline database. The aim was to identify areas that already have high pollution levels or are expected to experience so, due to the proposed road project, and to design adequate mitigation measures, as applicable. The activities, which impure the atmospheric air quality are transportation (i.e., motor vehicle emissions, which are addressed in this study); industries; domestic and construction activities. The principal sources of air pollution due to road construction are hot mix plants and machineries used during construction phase and the vehicles that ply over it during the operation phase. Dispersal of pollutants depends upon factors like prevailing wind direction and other weather conditions, height of the source, and characteristics of roadside plantation and presence of other

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.27 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) descends along the project corridor. The primary objective of baseline air quality monitoring was to assess the existing air quality of the area. This will be also useful to examine the monitoring values with comparison to ambient air quality standards for providing the accurate mitigation measures. Ambient air quality standards: Govt. of India’s Air Pollution Control standards, formulated by MoEF, were set in 1981. The statutory bodies that regulate these standards at the central and state levels are the CPCB and the SPCB, respectively. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for particulate and gaseous pollutants as laid down by the CPCB in year 2009 are given in Table 3.16. Table 3.16 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for particulate and gaseous pollutants Concentration in Ambient Air Ecologically Time- Industrial, Sl. Sensitive Areas Methods of Pollutants weighted Residential, No. (notified by Measurement average Rural & Central other Areas Government) Sulphur Dioxide Annual* 50 20 Improved West & Gaeke 1 3 (SO2) µg/m 24 hours** 80 80 Ultraviolet fluorescence Modified Jacob and Nitrogen Annual* 40 30 Hochheiser (Na- 2 Dioxide (NO2) Arsenite) µg/m3 24 hours** 80 80 Chemilumiscence Particulate Annual* 60 60 Gravimetric Matter (size less 3 TOEM than 10 µm) or 24 hours** 100 100 Beta attenuation PM10 µg/m3 Particulate Annual* 40 40 Gravimetric Matter (size less 4 TOEM than 2.5µm) or 24 hours** 60 60 Beta attenuation PM2.5 µg/m3 UV photometric Ozone 8 hours** 100 100 5 Chemilumiscence (O3)µg/m3 1 hours** 180 180 Chemical Method Annual* 0.50 0.50 AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 6 Lead (Pb) µg/m3 or equivalent filter paper 24 hours** 1.0 1.0 ED-XRF using Teflon filter Carbon 8 hours** 02 02 Non-Dispersive Infra- 7 Monoxide (CO) Red (NDIR) (mg/m3) 1 hours** 04 04 spectroscopy Ammonia (NH3) Annual* 100 100 Chemilumiscence 8 µg/m3 24 hours** 400 400 Indophenol Blue Method Gas chromatography based continuous Benzene analyser 9 Annual* 05 05 (C6H6) µg/m3 Adsorption and Desorption followed by GC analysis Benzo(a) Pyrene Solvent Extraction 10 Particulate Annual* 01 01 followed by HPLC/GC Phase only analysis ng/m3 AAS/ICP method after 11 As ng/m3 Annual* 06 06 sampling on EPM 2000

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.28 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Concentration in Ambient Air Ecologically Time- Industrial, Sl. Sensitive Areas Methods of Pollutants weighted Residential, No. (notified by Measurement average Rural & Central other Areas Government) or equivalent filter paper AAS/ICP method after 12 Ni ng/m3 Annual* 20 20 sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper * Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval. ** 24 hourly or 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be compiled with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time, they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring Note: Whenever and wherever monitoring results on two consecutive days of monitoring exceed the limits specified above for the respective category, it shall be considered adequate reason to institute regular or monitoring and further investigation. Source: MoEF&CC Notification dated 16th November 2009 Sample Selection & Monitoring locations The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been established through a scientifically designed ambient air quality-monitoring network and is based on the following considerations:

• Meteorological conditions prevailing in the area;

• Topography of the study area;

• Representatives of background air quality for obtaining baseline status; and

• Representatives of likely impact areas Ambient air quality monitoring has been undertaken at nine locations with due consideration to the above-mentioned points in the month of June 2018. Following parameters have been measured to prepare the baseline condition: i) Particulate Matter (

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.29 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Map 3.2: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations

Table 3.17: Description of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations Station Environmental Co-ordinates of Location Code Setting monitoring location 13° 8'41.30"N AAQ1 Ch. 0+00 At Start of Project road Residential 79° 5'1.44"E 13° 9'15.63"N AAQ2 Ch. 3+400 At crossing of NH-4 Residential 79° 6'10.94"E Ch. 30+500 at crossing of road near 13°16'43.97"N AAQ3 Residential village Narashimaharajpuram 79°19'20.37"E 13°18'42.78"N AAQ4 Ch. 44+600 at crossing of SH-106 Residential 79°26'28.45"E 13°19'14.25"N AAQ5 Ch. 52+100 at crossing of SH-106 Residential 79°30'24.64"E 13°19'23.37"N AAQ6 Ch. 73+100 near Valengari Road Residential 79°41'44.78"E Ch. 90+700 near Pullikondram RF at 13°19'5.55"N AAQ7 Residential AP/TN Border 79°51'25.59"E 13°16'32.26"N AAQ8 Ch. 116+500 at Tirupathi Road (50A) Residential 80° 5'48.48"E Ch. 126+200 near at crossing of 13°17'21.38"N AAQ9 Commercial NH-16 80° 9'47.01"E

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.30 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Monitoring Results The average on-site twice in a week monitoring results are tabulated in the Table 3.18 & 3.19. The mean concentrations of these parameters are graphically presented in Figure 3.18 along with 98th percentile value of each ambient air quality parameter corresponding to locations along with the NAAQS Standard. Photographs taken during ambient air quality monitoring sampling are given in Figure 3.19.

Table 3.18: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring – (Mean Concentrations for PM 2.5 and PM10)

Parameters PM2.5 (µg/m3) PM10 (µg/m3) Monitoring Station No of 98 No of 98 Range Mean Range Mean & Category Samples Percentile Samples Percentile AAQ1 8 14.4 – 18.8 16.8 18.8 8 30.2 – 36.7 33.2 36.5 AAQ2 8 17.4 – 21.5 19.9 21.5 8 42.2 – 48.1 45.2 48.0 AAQ3 8 15.2 – 19.3 17.2 19.2 8 29.5 – 37.5 34.1 37.3 AAQ4 8 23.1 – 29.1 26.2 29.0 8 43.3 – 51.4 46.9 51.1 AAQ5 8 14.2 – 18.4 16.3 18.4 8 29.6 – 36.0 33.0 35.9 AAQ6 8 17.4 – 21.3 19.2 21.2 8 37.0 – 42.4 39.8 42.2 AAQ7 8 21.1 – 27.1 24.7 27.0 8 39.3 - 47.5 44.2 47.4 AAQ8 8 25.3 – 30.1 28.0 30.1 8 50.4 – 60.7 55.7 60.6 AAQ9 8 23.1 – 28.9 26.1 28.8 8 45.8 – 51.2 48.6 51.1

Source: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Report, 2018 by M/s Vison Labs. Table 3.19: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring – (Mean Concentrations for NOx, SO2 and CO)

3 3 3

Parameters SO2 (µg/m ) NO2 (µg/m ) CO (mg/m )

Monitoring

Station &

Mean Mean Mean

Range Range

Category Range

oof Samples

98 Percentile 98 Percentile 98 Percentile 98

Noof Samples Noof Samples N

AAQ1 8 4.8-6.7 5.8 6.6 8 11.2-14.3 12.6 14.2 8 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 AAQ2 8 5.7-8.0 7.1 7.9 8 13.4-17.1 15.4 17.0 8 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 AAQ3 8 5.1-8.1 6.5 8.0 8 11.0-14.1 12.6 14.0 8 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 AAQ4 8 6.6-9.7 8.0 9.6 8 16.1-19.0 17.6 18.9 8 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 AAQ5 8 4.9-6.6 5.7 6.6 8 11.9-14.3 12.9 14.3 8 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 AAQ6 8 5.3-8.8 7.3 8.8 8 13.3-16.1 15.0 16.0 8 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 AAQ7 8 7.1-11.3 9.1 11.2 8 14.6-19.3 17.1 19.3 8 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 AAQ8 8 7.9-11.3 9.7 11.3 8 18.3-22.9 20.2 22.7 8 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 AAQ9 8 6.4-9.3 8.1 9.3 8 16.1-21.3 18.7 21.2 8 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.31 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Figure 3.18: Mean Pollutant Concentrations at Monitoring Locations Results Analysis

The results of ambient air quality in terms of particulate matter (both PM10 & PM2.5) in the vicinity of the Greenfield alignment corridor area are found to be much lesser than the prescribed permissible limits of CPCB at all the locations. SO2, NOx and CO levels are also lower and within prescribed permissible limit. These low values of particulate matter near the vicinity of the project site is attributed to the no major activity and low traffic volume plying near the project road.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.32 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

AAQ-1 AAQ-2

AAQ-3 AAQ-4

AAQ-5 AAQ-6

AAQ-7 AAQ-8

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.33 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

AAQ-9 Figure 3.19: Photographs showing ambient air quality monitoring sampling along the Project Road 3.4.7 Noise Environment The baseline assessment of prevailing noise levels in and around the study area is an important parameter in preparation of impact assessment report. Impact of noise sources on environment depend upon the sources, which are generating noise and their respective characteristics. Noise levels are more annoying in the nighttime particularly in the residential area. The environmental impact of noise can have several effects varying from hearing loss to annoyance depending on loudness of noise levels. In the present study, Sound Pressure Level (SPL) was measured by a sophisticated sound level meter (Integrating Sound Level Meter Cygnet, Model 2031A). Since loudness of sound is important by its effects on people, the dependence of loudness upon frequency must be considered in environmental noise assessment. This has been achieved using A-weighting filters in the noise-measuring instrument, which gives a direct reading of approximate loudness. 3.4.7.1 Noise Standards The Ambient Noise Quality Standards with respect to noise have been stipulated by Govt. of India vide Gazette Notification dated. 14.02.2000. Table 3.20 describes the Ambient Noise Standards. Table 3.20: Ambient Noise Standards (CPCB) Limits in dB(A), Leq Area Code Category of Area Day time Night time A Industrial Area 75 70 B Commercial Area 65 55 C Residential Area 55 45 D Silence Zone* 50 40 *- Silence zone is defined as an area up to 100 meters around such premises as hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are to be declared by the competent authority; 3.4.7.2 Noise Sampling Criteria and Locations Locations for noise monitoring stations along the project corridor are identified based on the same criteria used for air monitoring but the relative importance of each criteria carries a weighting in arriving at the final set of locations. Hourly noise levels were recorded at nine locations identified along project roads using sound level meter C-390 (Datalogging Sound level meter C-390). Ambient Noise monitoring locations are presented in Table 3.21 and shown in Map 3.3. The hourly noise values were used to calculate

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.34 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) daytime and nighttime equivalent noise levels. In order to arrive at daytime noise levels, the logarithmic average of hourly values was taken from 6:00 AM to 10:00 PM. The night-time noise levels were derived by taking logarithmic average of hourly values from 10:00 PM to 06:00 AM. The hours of day and night were considered as specified durations for ‘day’ and ‘night’ in Noise Rules Published by the MoEF&CC. Table 3.21: Noise Monitoring Locations Station Noise Location Category of Area Co-Ordinates Code NQ 1 Ch. 0+00 At Start of Project road Residential 13° 8'42.68"N 79° 5'6.12"E NQ 2 Ch. 3+400 At crossing of NH-4 Residential 13° 9'15.91"N 79° 6'11.62"E NQ 3 Ch. 30+500 at crossing of road near Residential 13°16'43.67"N village Narashimaharajpuram 79°19'21.27"E NQ 4 Ch. 44+600 at crossing of SH-106 Residential 13°18'43.16"N79°26'28.19"E NQ 5 Ch. 52+100 at crossing of SH-106 Residential 13°19'14.46"N79°30'23.07"E NQ 6 Ch. 73+100 near Valengari Road Residential 13°19'22.47"N79°41'45.31"E NQ 7 Ch. 90+700 near Pullikondram RF at Residential/Silence 13°19'4.56"N 79°51'27.57"E AP/TN Border NQ 8 Ch. 116+500 at Tirupathi Road (50A) Residential 13°16'55.78"N 80° 4'41.86"E NQ 9 Ch. 126+200 near at crossing of NH- Commercial 13°17'22.10"N80° 9'46.83"E 16

Map 3.3: Ambient Noise Quality Monitoring Locations 3.4.7.3 Ambient Noise Levels in Study Area The equivalent noise levels at various sampling stations given in Table 3.22 and Ambient Noise Monitoring photographs provided in Figure 3.20.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.35 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 3.22: -Recorded Noise Levels at Various Locations Permissible limits as Mean Leq Leq Station per CPCB standards Noise Location (dBA) (dBA) Code Night Level in Day Night Day(dBA) (dBA) (dBA) NQ 1 Ch. 0+00 At Start of Project 41.15 46.2 34.0 55 45 road NQ 2 Ch. 3+400 At crossing of NH-4 51.8 36.4 55 45 44.98 NQ 3 Ch. 30+500 at crossing of road 45.34 near 51.3 37.6 55 45 village Narashimaharajpuram NQ 4 Ch. 44+600 at crossing of SH- 45.22 52.4 37.0 55 45 106 NQ 5 Ch. 52+100 at crossing of SH- 44.55 49.7 38.7 55 45 106 NQ 6 Ch. 73+100 near Valengari 42.73 48.5 35.7 55 45 Road NQ 7 Ch. 90+700 near Pullikondram 46.6 52.7 38.5 50 40 RF at AP/TN Border NQ 8 Ch. 116+500 at Tirupathi Road 52.12 64.1 49.0 55 45 (50A) NQ 9 Ch. 126+200 near at crossing of 45.51 50.4 38.3 65 55 NH-16 Source: Ambient Noise Level Monitoring Report by M/s Vison Labs

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.36 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Figure 3.20: Recorded Noise Levels in study area

Results Analysis As observed from above monitoring results, the daytime noise levels are in the range of 46.2 dBA to 64.1 dBA and the night-time noise levels are in the range of 34 dBA to 49 dBA. The daytime and night-time noise levels are within the prescribed limits of CPCB at all residential locations except monitoring location NQ7 which is residential and silence zone. The noise is slightly high at this location for day and night due to existing traffic. Also, the noise levels are high at location NQ8, which is commercial area. The noise levels are high at this location due to traffic.

NQ - 1 NQ – 2

NQ – 3 NQ – 4

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.37 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

NQ – 5 NQ – 6

NQ - 7 NQ - 8

NQ - 9 Figure 3.21: Photographs showing Noise Monitoring Locations at Project Site

3.4.8 Water Environment The development of any region is contingent on the availability of sufficient water resources, as developmental activities require water for irrigation, domestic and other purposes. 3.4.8.1 Surface Water Hydrology Chittoor District There are no major rivers in the Chittoor district. Most of the rivers within the district are ephemeral in nature carrying large quantities of water immediately after precipitation. The drainage is generally subarticulate to sub-parallel following straight courses. The important drainage basins are Bahuda, Pincha, Swarnamukhi, Palar, Ponnaiand Araniyar. The Bahuda and Pincha are north flowing rivers, Swarnamikhi is east flowing, Palar is southeast flowing, Ponnai towards south and Araniyar is southeast flowing. Drainage map of Andhra Pradesh is given in Figure 3.22.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.38 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Source: CGWB, Andhra Pradesh Figure 3.22: Drainage Map of Andhra Pradesh state Thiruvallur District Araniyar, Korattalayar, Cooum, Nagari and Nandhi are the important rivers flowing in the project district. The drainage pattern of the district is generally dendritic in nature. All the rivers are seasonal and carry substantial flows during monsoon period. Korattaliar river water is supplied to Cholavaram and Red Hill tanks by constructing an Anicut at Vellore Tambarambakkam. After filling several tanks on its further course, the river empties into the Ennore creek a few kilometres north of Chennai. The Cooum River, flowing across the southern part of the district, has its origin in the surplus waters of the Cooum tank in Tiruvallur taluk and receives the surplus waters of a number of tanks. It feeds the Chembarambakkam tank through a channel. It finally drains into the Bay of Bengal. Drainage map of Tamil Nadu is given in Figure 3.23.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.39 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Source: Maps of India Figure 3.23: Drainage Map of Tamil Nadu State The proposed alignment cross many tanks where appropriate size viaducts are propose to avoid any embankment in the pond area. It is pertinent to mention that the portion covered by piers of the proposed viaducts will also suitably enhanced as possible. The locations are as follow. Table 3.23: Existing Ponds Locations and Proposed Bridge Design Chainage Length of Area of Pond (Km.) Water tank S.No. along alignment Span Arrangment along From To (in sqm) alignment(m) Considered in 1 At Interchange 1300 Bangalore Chennai Expressway 2 0.882 0.943 13.55 1100 1x15 3 5.670 6.181 223.5 11300 9x25 4 13.591 13.816 196.7 11400 8x25 5 18.234 18.485 84.87 7000 3x30 6 21.427 21.624 171.23 7900 7x25 7 27.802 27.996 301.8 6900 10x30 8 29.991 30.263 236 14600 8x30 9 33.564 33.721 145 8300 5x30 10 45.659 46.289 31 5600 1x30

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.40 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Design Chainage Length of Area of Pond S.No. Span Arrangment (Km.) Water tank along alignment 11 55.707 55.856 along146 (in8300 sqm) 5x30 alignment(m) 12 56.137 56.638 475 28200 16x30 13 69.938 70.064 115 6900 4x30 14 70.931 71.229 233 13300 8x30 15 77.968 78.158 On Edge with minute overlap on PROW, No structure considered 16 81.519 81.728 124 6300 5x25 17 90.551 90.713 116 5100 4x30 91.361 91.646 17100 18 566 19x30 91.646 91.952 16200 19 93.703 94.010 296 17300 10x30 20 94.750 94.968 116 9100 4x30 21 94.968 95.246 266 22000 9x30 22 97.460 97.870 416 24000 14x30 98.229 98.551 196 8x25 23 16200 99.128 99.234 85 3x30 24 101.244 101.355 70 4000 3x25 25 102.353 102.566 177 11400 6x30 26 103.994 104.350 356 21300 12x30 27 105.653 106.228 472 20500 16x30 28 107.364 107.507 67 5200 3x25 29 111.256 111.783 508 34600 17x30 30 114.107 114.480 271 17100 9x30

3.4.8.2 Groundwater Hydrology Chittoor District: As per Central Ground Water Board reports, more than 90% of the Chittoor district is underlined by crystalline formations and the remaining area by semi-consolidated formations. The occurrence and movement of ground water are controlled by various factors such as physiography, climate, geology and structural features. The degree and depth of weathering varies from place to place in crystalline formations and hence the potentiality of shallow aquifers varies accordingly. Ground water occurs under unconfined conditions in weathered portion and semi-confined to confined condition occurs in fractures, joints at deeper depths. Ground water in weathered formations is developed by dug wells. The Nagari Quartzite are mostly confined to uplands and hilly areas, which are covered by forest. These formations are massive and compact and possess meagre ground water potential. The alluvium is confined to mostly riverbanks and stream courses with varying width and depth. Ground water development in this formation is mostly by filter points and dug wells. The yield of the dug wells has increased due to inclined/horizontal bores of 25 mm diameter, which were drill to a length of around 10m. The deeper aquifers are developed through construction of shallow/deep bore wells. The bore wells are drilled down to 120 m depth. The well yields vary from 3 to 10 lps. with drawdown of 2 to 6 m. They can sustain pumping for 6 to 8 hours/day with fast recovery of water levels. The specific capacity of the bore wells in the hard rocks is in the range of 0.13 to 11.38 cum/hr/m drawdown whereas; the

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.41 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) transmissivity is in the range of 30 to 150 sqm/d with a maximum value of 824 sqm/day. The specific capacity of wells in alluvium varies from 0.14 to 1.0 lpm/mdd. During pre-monsoon season, water levels of 2-5mbgl is observed in the central and eastern parts of the district. 5-10mbgl range of water levels zone is noticed in central part. More than 10m depth to water levels has been seen in western and as isolated patches in northern and south-central regions. During post-monsoon season, most of the area in the district has water levels between 5-10 m bgl. However, water levels between 10 and 20mbgl were observed in the extreme western part of the district. Shallow Water levels less than 2mbgl were observed in the eastern part. Groundwater Quality Map of district Chittoor is shown in Figure 3.24. Pre-monsoon and Post- Monsoon Ground Water level map is given in Figure 3.25 and Figure 3.26 respectively.

Source: CGWB, Chittoor district Figure 3.24: Groundwater Quality Map of District Chittoor

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.42 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Source: CGWB, Chittoor district Figure 3.25: Pre-Monsoon Ground water level

Source: CGWB, Chittoor district Figure 3.26: Post-Monsoon Ground water level Tiruvallur District:

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.43 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

As per Central Ground Water Board reports, the district is underlain by both porous and fissured formations. The important aquifer systems in the district are constituted by i) unconsolidated & semi- consolidated formations and ii) weathered fissured and fractured crystalline rocks. The porous formations in the district include sandstones and clays of Jurassic age (Upper Gondwana), marine sediments of Cretaceous age, Sandstones of Tertiary age and Recent alluvial formations. As the Gondwana formations are well compacted and poorly jointed, the movement of ground water in these formations is mostly restricted to shallow levels. Ground water occurs under phreatic to semi-confined conditions in the inter-granular pore spaces in sands and sandstones and the bedding planes and thin fractures in shales. In the area underlain by Cretaceous sediments, ground water development is rather poor due to the rugged nature of the terrain and the poor quality of the formation water. Quaternary formations comprising mainly sands, clays and gravels are confined to major drainage courses in the district. The maximum thickness of alluvium is 30.0 m. whereas the average thickness is about 15.0 Hydrogeological map of Thiruvallur district is shown in Figure 3.27. Pre-monsoon and Post-Monsoon Ground Water level map is given in Figure 3.28 and Figure 3.29 respectively. Ground water quality map is given in Figure 3.30.

Source: CGWB, Tiruvallur district Figure 3.27: Post-Monsoon Ground water level

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.44 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Source: CGWB, Tiruvallur district Figure 3.28: Post-Monsoon Ground water level

Source: CGWB, Tiruvallur district Figure 3.29: Post-Monsoon Ground water level

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.45 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Source: CGWB, Tiruvallur district Figure 3.30: Groundwater Quality Map of District Tiruvallur 3.4.8.3 Ground Water Resources along the Project Road Ground water table in the project area varies between 5m to 20m. Main source of water in the nearby villages is groundwater. It was observed during reconnaissance survey and primary field visits that the people of project area mainly use ground water for various purposes. The list of ground water resources along the proposed alignment is given in Table 3.24. Table 3.24: Ground Water Resources along the Proposed Alignment Type Location Hand pump 28.000-29.000 Hand pump 54.000-55.000 Well 98.000-99.000 Bore Well 115.000-116.000

3.4.8.4 Water Quality To assess the quality of water in the project area, samples were collected from both surface and ground water respectively. The details of sampling locations for surface and ground water sources are presented in Table 3.25. These samples were analysed for all essential characteristics and for most of the desirable characteristics specified in IS 10500:2012 and analysed in accordance with the standard methods specified by IS code. The analytical results of surface are given Table 3.26 and 3.28 respectively. The surface and ground water sampling locations are given in Map 3.4 Field Photographs taken during the sample collection time are shown in Figure 3.31 and Figure 3.32 respectively.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.46 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 3.25: Surface and Ground Water Sampling Locations Station Co-ordinates of Chainage Location Source Code monitoring location Surface Water Locations 13°10'35.49"N SWQ1 Ch. 9+600 Gollapalli Cheruvu Lake 79° 9'6.97"E Bahuda 13°11'21.13"N SWQ2 Ch. 14+800 narsingarayunipeta River 79°12'11.09"E 13°18'29.60"N SWQ3 Ch 66+000 T.V.Kandriga Stream 79°37'55.56"E 13°18'4.68"N SWQ4 Ch. 95+100 Venkatapuram cheruvu Pond 79°53'4.64"E 13°17'19.42"N SWQ5 Ch. 120+000 Chennivakam Pond 80° 9'47.32"E Ground Water Locations 13° 8'42.63"N GWQ1 Ch. 0+000 Mapakshi village Tap water 79° 5'6.69"E 13°16'26.00"N GWQ2 Ch. 28+000 N.R.Puram Handpump 79°19'8.99"E 13°18'53.71"N GWQ3 Ch. 54+00 Aravasapattadi Handpump 79°31'18.88"E 13°18'46.20"N GWQ4 Ch. 98+100 Venkatapuram Tube well 79°53'4.65"E Agricultural 13°16'59.51"N GWQ5 Ch. 115+00 Madhuravasal Bore Water 80° 4'42.85"E

Map 3.4: Surface Water Quality Sampling Locations at Project Site

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.47 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

SWQ1 SWQ2

SWQ3 SWQ4

Figure 3.31: Photograph Showing Surface Water Quality Sampling at Project Site

GWQ1 GWQ2

GWQ3 GWQ4

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.48 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

GWQ5 Figure 3.32: Photograph Showing Surface Water Quality Sampling at Project Site

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.49 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 3.26: Results of Surface Water Quality Analysis

Limits as per S.No. Parameter Units Test Method SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 SW-5 IS:2296Class C Limits 1 pH at 25 oC -- IS 3025 (Part 11) 1983 8.76 7.57 8.45 7.28 8.12 6.5 – 8.5 2 Temperature at Site oC IS 3025 (Part 9) 1984 28.9 27.9 27.1 26.9 27.8 -- 3 Turbidity NTU IS 3025 (Part 10) 1984 16.4 3.4 4.2 9.3 5.3 -- 4 Conductivity at 25oC µs/cm IS 3025 (Part 14) 1984 928 2326 561 654 338 -- 5 Color Hazen IS 3025 (Part 4) 1983 20 10 5 20 10 300 6 Odor -- IS 3025 (Part 5) 1983 Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable 7 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L IS 3025 (Part 16) 1984 626 1594 348 450 210 1500 8 Total Suspended Solids mg/L IS 3025 (Part 17) 1984 8.2 5.6 6.5 12.3 6.8 -- 9 Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/L IS 3025 (Part 58) 2006 70 20 20 18 26 -- 10 Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/L IS 3025 (Part 44) 1993 20 04 05 04 06 03 11 Dissolved Oxygen mg/L IS 3025 (Part 38) 1989 3.2 6.0 4.2 4.6 4.5 4 12 Total Kjehldal Nitrogen mg/L IS 3025 (Part 34) 1988 7.9 12.3 12 16 15 -- 13 Nitrogen mg/L IS 3025 (Part 34) 1988 4.5 6.8 8 6 7 --

14 Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/L IS 3025 (Part 21) 2009 400 300 120 130 120 --

15 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L IS 3025 (Part 23) 1986 280 460 110 110 120 -- 16 Potassium as K mg/L IS 3025 (Part 45) 1993 3.2 6.6 1.5 2.2 2.3 -- 17 Sodium as Na mg/L IS 3025 (Part 45) 1993 28.9 387.8 74.0 83.3 18.8 -- 18 Calcium as Ca mg/L IS 3025 (Part 40) 1991 84.0 64.0 24.0 28.0 28.0 -- 19 Magnesium as Mg mg/L IS 3025 (Part 46) 1994 45.6 33.6 14.0 14.4 12.0 -- 20 Ammonia as N mg/L IS 3025 (Part 34) 1988 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 -- 21 Chloride as Cl mg/L IS 3025 (Part 32) 1984 105.0 435.2 60.0 65.0 20.0 600

22 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L IS 3025 (Part 24) 1986 32.7 58.6 71.2 104.1 13.7 400

23 Phosphate as PO4 mg/L IS 3025 (Part 31) 1988 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 --

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.50 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Limits as per S.No. Parameter Units Test Method SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 SW-5 IS:2296Class C Limits

24 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L IS 3025 (Part 34) 1988 6.9 17.6 4.4 10.1 3.5 50 APHA 23rd Edn:2017 - 25 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.84 1.36 0.2 0.58 0.3 1.5 4500F B, D 26 Surfactants (MBAS) mg/L IS 13428 Annex F 0.034 0.023 0.056 0.084 0.054 1.0 27 Iron as Fe mg/L IS 3025 (Part 53) 2003 0.14 0.23 0.1 0.23 0.4 50 28 Copper as Cu mg/L IS 3025 (Part 42) 1992 0.047 0.029 0.08 0.09 0.04 1.5 29 Zinc as Zn mg/L IS 3025 (Part 49) 1994 0.13 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.04 15 30 Arsenic as As mg/L IS 3025 (Part-37) 1988 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.2 31 Selenium as Se mg/L IS 3025 (Part 2) 2004 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 32 Mercury as Hg mg/L IS 3025(Part-48) 1994 <0.0002 <0.0002 <0.0002 <0.0002 <0.0002 -- 33 Lead as Pb mg/L IS 3025 (Part 47) 1994 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.1 APHA 23rd Edn:2017, 34 Manganese as Mn mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 -- 3111-B 35 Chromium as Cr mg/L IS 3025 (Part 52) 2003 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 Phenolic Compounds 36 mg/L IS 3025 (Part 43) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.005 asC6H5OH 37 Cadmium as Cd mg/L IS 3025 (Part 41) 1992 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.01 38 Oil and Grease mg/L IS 3025 (Part 39) 1991 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.1 39 Total Coliform MPN/100mL IS: 1622-1981 1200 620 1200 850 1000 5000 40 Faecal Coliform MPN/100mL IS: 1622-1981 650 280 550 210 320 --

Source: Surface Water Quality analysis report, 2018 by M/s Vison Labs

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.51 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Surface Water - Results Analysis: The biological oxygen demand (BOD mg/l) of the surface water varies from to 20, the pH concentration of river water varies from 7.28 to 8.76 and total Coliform (MPN / 100 ml) found to be in the range of 620-1200 and Faecal Coliform are 210-650 MPN/mL.. As per the prediction from the monitoring data, it was observed that the rivers in the project district are ephemeral in nature still the TDS value is in range from 210-1594. The quality of surface water is acceptable for other water usages expect drinking. Classification for Surface Water as per CPCB Guidelines as given in Table 3.27. Table 3.27: Use based classification for Surface Water as per CPCB Guidelines Designated-Best-Use Class of water Criteria - Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less Drinking Water Source without - pH between 6.5 and 8.5 conventional treatment but after A - Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more disinfection - Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20C 2mg/l or less - Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less pH between 6.5 and Outdoor bathing (Organised) B 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more - Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20C 3mg/l or less - Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml Drinking water source after shall be 5000 or less pH between 6 to 9 conventional treatment and C Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more disinfection - Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20C 3mg/l or less - pH between 6.5 to 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen Propagation of Wild life and D 4mg/l or more Fisheries - Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less - pH between 6.0 to 8.5 - Electrical Conductivity at 25C micro Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, E mhos/cm Max.2250 Controlled Waste disposal - Sodium Absorption Ratio Max. 26 - Boron Max. 2mg/l Below-E - Not Meeting A, B, C, D & E Criteria

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.52 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 3.28: Results of Ground Water Quality Analysis

Limits as per IS 10500 : 2012 Requirement Permissible S.No. Parameter Units Test Method GW-1 GW-2 GW-3 GW-4 GW-5 Limits in the (Desirable Absence of Limits) Alternate Source 1 pH at 25 oC -- IS 3025 (Part 11) 1983 7.48 7.41 7.32 7.22 7.36 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2 Temperature at Site oC IS 3025 (Part 9) 1984 27.4 26.3 27.4 27.1 26.8 -- -- 3 Turbidity NTU IS 3025 (Part 10) 1984 1.9 2.3 2.9 1.9 2.3 1 5 4 Conductivity at 25oC µs/cm IS 3025 (Part 14) 1984 566 1274 1662 3664 966 -- -- 5 Color Hazen IS 3025 (Part 4) 1983 <01 <01 <01 <01 <01 5 15 6 Odor -- IS 3025 (Part 5) 1983 Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable 7 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L IS 3025 (Part 16) 1984 400 884 1210 2286 688 500 2000 Total Suspended 8 mg/L IS 3025 (Part 17) 1984 1.6 2.8 4.2 2.9 1.8 -- -- Solids Chemical Oxygen 9 mg/L IS 3025 (Part 58) 2006 <01 <01 <01 <01 <01 -- -- Demand Biochemical Oxygen 10 mg/L IS 3025 (Part 44) 1993 <03 <03 <03 <03 <03 -- -- Demand 11 Dissolved Oxygen mg/L IS 3025 (Part 38) 1989 <01 <01 <01 <01 <01 -- -- 12 Total Kjehldal Nitrogen mg/L IS 3025 (Part 34) 1988 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 -- -- 13 Nitrogen mg/L IS 3025 (Part 34) 1988 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 -- -- Total Hardness as 14 mg/L IS 3025 (Part 21) 2009 210 340 420 1230 220 200 600 CaCO3

15 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L IS 3025 (Part 23) 1986 200 380 510 220 250 200 600 16 Potassium as K mg/L IS 3025 (Part 45) 1993 5.4 9.4 10.9 13.3 5.5 -- -- 17 Sodium as Na mg/L IS 3025 (Part 45) 1993 25.7 124 174.8 260 113.2 -- --

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.53 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Limits as per IS 10500 : 2012 Requirement Permissible S.No. Parameter Units Test Method GW-1 GW-2 GW-3 GW-4 GW-5 Limits in the (Desirable Absence of Limits) Alternate Source 18 Calcium as Ca mg/L IS 3025 (Part 40) 1991 44 80 88 252 48 75 200 19 Magnesium as Mg mg/L IS 3025 (Part 46) 1994 24 33.6 48 144 24 30 100 20 Ammonia as N mg/L IS 3025 (Part 34) 1988 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 0.5 No relaxation 21 Chloride as Cl mg/L IS 3025 (Part 32) 1984 25 115 160.1 655.3 90 250 1000

22 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L IS 3025 (Part 24) 1986 28.6 49.9 41.8 581.9 78.9 200 400

23 Phosphate as PO4 mg/L IS 3025 (Part 31) 1988 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 -- --

24 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L IS 3025 (Part 34) 1988 10.7 26.5 32.2 51.6 14.5 45 No relaxation APHA 23rd Edn:2017 - 25 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.44 1.13 1.21 2.31 0.84 1 1.5 4500F B, D 26 Surfactants (MBAS) mg/L IS 13428 Annex F <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.2 1 27 Iron as Fe mg/L IS 3025 (Part 53) 2003 0.14 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.21 0.3 No relaxation 28 Copper as Cu mg/L IS 3025 (Part 42) 1992 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 1.5 29 Zinc as Zn mg/L IS 3025 (Part 49) 1994 0.008 0.008 0.011 <0.001 <0.001 5 15 30 Arsenic as As mg/L IS 3025 (Part-37) 1988 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.01 0.05 31 Selenium as Se mg/L IS 3025 ( Part 2) 2004 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.01 No relaxation 32 Mercury as Hg mg/L IS 3025(Part-48) 1994 <0.0002 <0.0002 <0.0002 <0.0002 <0.0002 0.001 No relaxation 33 Lead as Pb mg/L IS 3025 (Part 47) 1994 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.01 No relaxation APHA 23rd Edn:2017, 34 Manganese as Mn mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.1 0.3 3111-B 35 Chromium as Cr mg/L IS 3025 (Part 52) 2003 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 No relaxation

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.54 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Limits as per IS 10500 : 2012 Requirement Permissible S.No. Parameter Units Test Method GW-1 GW-2 GW-3 GW-4 GW-5 Limits in the (Desirable Absence of Limits) Alternate Source Phenolic Compounds 36 mg/L IS 3025 (Part 43) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.002 as C6H5OH 37 Cadmium as Cd mg/L IS 3025 (Part 41) 1992 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 No relaxation

Source: Surface Water Quality analysis report, 2018 by M/s Vison Labs

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.55 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Ground Water - Results Analysis: The ground water quality is for location GW1, GW2 and GW5 are within limits of permissible values in absence of any alternate source of drinking water. However, quality of ground water for location GW3 and GW4 are not fit for drinking in case of no alternate drinking water source is available. The values of calcium, magnesium, sulphate and fluoride are higher then permissible limits of these parameters for drinking. The values of TDS, TSS and total hardness for water sample at location GW4 is higher then permissible limits of drinking water. 3.4.9 Natural Resources A number of sources of natural soil deposits, moorum, gravel, sand, GSB and potential quarries for production of crushed rock aggregate to be used in the construction of pavement layers and highway structures had been identified. During the investigations soil borrow areas and quarries for fine and coarse aggregates identified. 13 borrow areas have been identified along the project roads. The location of the identified borrow areas is as given in Table 3.29. Table 3.29: Location of identified Borrow Areas Design Borrow Area Coordinates LHS/RHS (Ch.) 13.14823034’N BA-1 1+000 LHS 79.08345524” E 13.17831318’N BA-2 9+500 RHS 79.15346812’E 13.30439435’N BA-3 42+000 LHS 79.29705456’E 13.21691693’N BA-4 19+000 LHS 79.23149262’E 13.27164025’N BA-5 36+000 LHS 13.27164025’E 13.30289988’N BA-6 48+000 LHS 79.40787345’E 63+000 13.30944208’N BA-7 LHS 79.54078636’E 13.36946950’N BA-8 75+000 LHS 79.67102411’E 13.38137731’N BA-9 84+500 LHS 79.80905638’E 13.34635919’N BA-10 90+000 LHS 79.85978939’E 13.29173184’N BA-11 106+000 RHS 79.98160064’E 13.30058031’N BA-12 115+000 LHS 80.07421068’E 13.24622472’N BA-13 123+000 RHS 80.13441826’E *Includes Soil, GSB and Moorum Source: Draft Feasibility Report The lead chart of the identified borrow areas, sand, aggregate and water along NH-716B project sections is as shown in Figure: 5.33.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.56 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Figure 3.33: Lead Chart of Identified borrow area along NH-716B

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.57 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

3.4.9.1 Source of Fly Ash According to the Notification No. S.O. 763(E), dated 14.09.1999 and its amendment on 27.08.2003 and notification S.O. 254(E) dated 25th January 2016 by Ministry of Environment and Forest & Climate Change, it is mandatory to use fly ash within a radius of 300 kilometres of coal or lignite based Thermal Power Plant. The list of coal or lignite based Thermal Power Plants within radius of 300km from the proposed project is given in Table 3.30: Table 3.30: List of coal or lignite based Thermal Power Plant Capacity of Aerial Distance Power Plant Name State Location Power Plant from Project (MW) Road (km) Ennore Thermal Power Plant Tamil Nadu Chennai 660 16.15 North Chennai Thermal Power Tamil Nadu Thiruvallur 1830 15.45 Station Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Andhra Pradesh Nellore 1600 111.33 Thermal Power Station Rayalseema Thermal Power Andhra Pradesh Kadapa 1230 203.00 Plant APPDC Thermal Power Plant Andhra Pradesh Nellore 800 203.00

3.4.9.2 Stone Metal and Sand Quarries The potentially identified quarries along the entire stretch are provided in Table 3.31 and Table 3.32 respectively. Table 3.31: Identified sand quarries Lead S. Existing Name of from Location Side Latitude Longitude No. (km) River alignment (km) 1 30+000 Crusher Sand Kothamazimitha 10 LHS 13.30309407 79.25795899 2 62+000 Crusher Sand Satharwada 5 LHS 13.33135744 79.55369889 Kusasthalai 3 90+000 Ramanjeri 20 RHS 13.15721249 79.81212482 River Source: Draft Feasibility Report

Table 3.32: Identified stone quarries S No. Location Crusher Name Latitude Longitude 1 Agg-01 Velmurugan Stones (Tritani) 13.18686455 79.61137242 Agg-02 & Agg- 2 Velmurugan Stones 13.3318173 79.55411386 03 Agg-04 & Agg- 3 Vijaylaxmi Crusher 13.30309407 79.25795899 05 4 Agg-06 Shivraj Crusher 13.37187887 79.57195499 Source: Draft Feasibility Report 3.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Biological resources are among the most important resources impacted by the road projects. A

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.58 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) detailed baseline study of the ecological resources is essential to estimate the magnitude of potential impacts and to avoid or mitigate any loss caused by the proposed project. In this section baseline, details of the flora and fauna of the project area are presented. 3.5.1 Forest Ecosystem The Forest Survey of India was mandated to carry out forest cover mapping of the country in the year 1986. Since then, the forest cover mapping has been carried out regularly on biennial basis. India State of Forest Report 2017 is the fifteenth assessment in this series and the same has been considered to study forest cover in the project states and district (Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu). As per India State of Forest Report, 2017, the recorded forest area in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are 28,147 km2 & 2,877 km2, which is 17.27% and 17.59% of the geographical area of the states respectively. Moderately Dense forest and Open Forest constitute 49.92% and 43.12% of the total forest area respectively in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Reserved and Protected Forests constitute 88.70% and 7.79% of the total forest area respectively in the state of Tamil Nadu. The forest cover in the concerned project districts in year 2017 as per Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India is given in Table 3.33 and the forest cover map of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are shown in Figure 3.34 and Figure 3.35 respectively. Table 3.33: Forest Cover in Project Districts (area in sq.km) Mod. Geographical Very dense Open % of District Dense Total Area forest Forest G.A. forest Chittoor 15,152 0 12,33 19,68 3201 21.13 Thiruvallur 3394 11 48 228 287 8.46 Tamil Nadu State 1,30,060 3,672 10,979 11,630 26,281 20.21 Andhra Pradesh State 1,62,968 1,957 14,051 12,139 28,147 17.27

Source: India State of Forest Report, 2017 Figure 3.34: Forest cover map of Andhra Pradesh

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.59 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Source: India State of Forest Report, 2017 Figure 3.35: Forest cover map of Tamil Nadu a) Type of Forest in the project districts The forests of Chittoor district can be classified into the following types. A. Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest (a) Group – 5 Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests. Sub Group – 5A. Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests.

• C2. Dry Red Sanders bearing forests.

• C3 Southern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forests. (b) Degradation Stages of Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests

• D.S.1 Dry Deciduous Scrub.

• D.S.2 Dry Savannah Forests

• D.S.4 Dry Grass land.

(c) General Edaphic Types of Dry Deciduous Forests.

• E 4. Hardwickia Forests

• E 7. Laterite thorn forests.

• E 9. Dry bamboo brakes. B. Group – 6 Tropical Thorn Forests

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.60 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Sub-Group 6A – SOUTHERN TROPICAL THORN FORESTS

• C1. Southern thorn forests.

• D.S1. Southern thorn scrub. C. Group – 7 Tropical Dry Evergreen Forests

• D.S1 Tropical dry evergreen scrub. The project alignment falls in Southern dry mixed deciduous forest (Sub-Group 5A C3) and thorn forest (Sub-Group 6A C1). The floral composition of Southern dry mixed deciduous forest type along the project alignment are:

• Top canopy and middle storey are not distinguishable. The species occurring are Eugenia alternifolia, Terminalia pallida, Vitex altissima, Premna tomentosa, Buchanania lanzan, Shorea talura, Shorea tumbuggaia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Pterocarpus Santalinus, Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia tomentosa, Premna tomentosa, Chloroxylon swietenia, Cochlospermum religiosum, Sapium insigne, Dolichandrone falcata, Elaeodendron glaucum, Emblica officinalis, Cleistanthus collinus, Sterculia urens, Strychnos nux-vomica etc.,

• Bamboos are not present within the forest type.

• Shrubs: - Holarrhena antidysenterica, Dodonaea viscosa, Phoenix humilis, Phoenix acaulis, Erythroxylon monogynum, Ochna gamblei, Randia dumetorum, Atlantia racemosa, Breynia rhamnoides, Plectronia parviflora, Flacourtia ramontchi, Cycas beddomei, Gardenia gummifera, Gelonium lanceolatum, Croton scabiosus, Actinodaphne madraspatana, Neolitsea zeylanica, Helicteres isora, Grewia asiatica, Grewia latifolia etc., are present.

• Herbs: - Indigofera mysorensis, Waltheria indica, Crotalaria pulcherrima, Triumfetta rhomboidae, Thephrosia tinctoria, Decaschistia crotonifolia, Phyllanthus urinaria, Tradia involucrate, Ruellia Tuberosa, Barleria crystata, Orthosiphon rubicundus, Crotalaria species, Stachytarpheta indica, Senecio tenuifolius, Sida glutinosa, Grewia hirsuta etc., are present.

• Grasses: Cymbopogon caesius, Ischaemum laxum (Sehima nervosum) Arudinella setosa, Paspalum conjugatum, fimbristylis monostachya, Cynodon dactylon, Hackelochloa granularis, Eragostis tenella, Digitaria adscendens, Perotis indica, Eragrastialla bifaria etc., are present.

• Climbers: - Rhynchosia beddomei, Rhynchosia suaveolens, Jasminum brevilobum, Jasminum rigidum, Argyreia pilosa, Dioscorea oppositifolia, Dioscorea alternifolia, Acacia caesia, Toddalia asiatica, Celastrus paniculata, Hemidesmus indicus, Asparagus racemosus, Ichnocarpus frutescens, Hugenia mystax, Hiptage madablota, Ventilago maderaspatana etc., are present. Thorn forests are found in class I forests, where the soil is shallow. It is difficult to distinguish this type from dry mixed deciduous forests and define the sharp boundary between the adjoining types. It is even possible that these thorn forests are the first retrogression stage of the dry mixed deciduous forests before they further deteriorate into southern thorn scrub. The floral composition of Southern dry mixed deciduous forest type along the project alignment are:

• TOP CANOPY: - Albizzia amara, Azadirachta indica, Albizzia odoratissima, Chloroxylon swietenia, Feronia limonia, Dalbergia paniculata, Hardwickia binata, Canthium didymium, Wrighitia tintoria, Premna tomentosa, Gyrocarpus americanus etc., are the species present.

• MIDDLE STOREY: - Lepisanthes tetraphylla, Cassia fistula, Bauhinia racemosa, Acacia sundra, Dichrostachys cinerea, Diospyros melanoxylon, Diospyros chloroxylon, Strychonos nux-vomica, Cordia monica, Dolichandrone falcata, Gmelina arborea etc., are present.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.61 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• SHRUBS: - Capparis sepiaria, Flacourtia indica, Flacourtia ramontchi, Gymnosporia montana, Erythroxylon monogynum, Zizyphus numularia, Rhus mysorensis, Cassia tomentosa, Cassia montana, Plectronia parviflora, Randia dumetorum, Ehretia microphylla, Lantana camara, Gmelina asiatica, Securinegal leucopyrus etc., are present.

• HERBS: - Pavonia zeylanica, Hibiscus trionum,Triumfetta rhomboidea, Dodonaea viscosa, Crotalaria medicaginea, Pseudarthria viscida, Cassia aurticulta, Chomelia asiatica, Notonis grandiflora, Vernonia cinera, Vicoa indica, Pulicaria wightiana, Solanum pubescens, Andrographis echioides, Barleria pilosa, Leucas lanata, Ocimum adscendens etc., are present.

• GRASSES: - Heteropogon contortus, Panicum repens, Fimbristylis monostachya, Apluda multica, Cynodon dactylon, Eragrastialla bifaria, Digitaria marginata, Tragus biflorus, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Leptoch olachinensis etc.,

• CLIMBERS: Pachygone ovata, Tinospora cordifolia, Cansjera rheedii, Zizyphus oenoplia, Cissus quadrangularis, Teramnus labialis, Cardiospermum canescens, pterotobium indicum, Acacia caesia, Combretum ovalifolium, Jasminum angustifolium, Gymnema sylvestre, Hemidesums indicus, Pergularia daemia, Sarcostemma acidum, Secamone emetica, Tylophora indica, Aganosma cymosa, Ipomaea obsura, Dioscorea pentaphyla, Gloriosa superba etc., are present. As per Forest Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, the state Forest vegetation is divided into 3 major groups according to temperature zones namely Tropical Forests, Montane Subtropical Forests and Montane Temperate Forests, which are sub divided into nine type groups based on moisture and physiognomic variation. They are i) Tropical wet evergreen, ii) Tropical semi evergreen, iii) Tropical moist deciduous, iv) Littoral and swamp, v) Tropical dry deciduous, vi) Tropical thorn, vii) Tropical dry evergreen, viii) Sub-Tropical Broad-leaved hill, ix) Montane wet temperate. In Thiruvallur forest division, trees are generally not attaining to any great size, being dwarfed by a variety of unfavourable factors, the chief of which is scanty rainfall. Types of forests in the Thiruvallur division are listed below:

• Southern tropical dry mixed deciduous forests 5 A C3

• Southern tropical dry deciduous scrub forests 5 A DS 1

• Southern tropical thorn forests 6 A C1

• Southern tropical thorn scrub forests 6 A DS 1

• Southern tropical Euphorbia scrub forests 6 A DS 2

• Southern tropical dry evergreen scrub forests 7 A DS 1 The Project alignment falls in Southern tropical dry evergreen scrub forest (Sub-Group 7A DS1) with no marked differentiation of canopy layers between shrub and underwood, which includes many spiny species. The most conspicuous genus is Mimusops. Memecylon is also typical and common. Diospyros and Eugenia are usually present. Atlantia monophylla seems to be the most characteristic species of the Tropical dry evergreen forests. The floral composition along the project alignment within the forest type is listed below:

• Trees: Lannea grandis, Canthium didymium, Mimusops hexandra, Strychnos nux-vomica, Atalantia monophylla, Sapindus emarginatus, Syzygium cumini, Buchanania latifolia, Chloroxylon swietenia, Barassus falbellifer, Feronia elephantum, Cassia fistula.

• Shrubs: Randia dumetorum, Flacourtia sepiaria, Carissa carandus, Webera corymbosa, Dodonea viscose, Scutia indica.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.62 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• Grasses: Cymbopogon Sp., Aristida Sp.

• Climbers: Toddalia aculeate, Acacia intsia, Asparagus Sp., Capparis Sp., Derris scandens Involvement of Forest for proposed development The proposed development requires additional land in Pitchatur taluka of Chittoor District in the State of Andhra Pradesh. The additional land includes 4.7772 hectares of forest land, therefor as per forest conservation Act 1980, forest diversion of forest land for non-forest purpose will be required. The detail of forest land is given in table below.

Sr. No Village Survey no Total Area (in hectare) Types of Forest

1 Pulikondram 78 4.7772 Reserve forest

Total Area (in hectare) 4.7772

Protected Areas There is no protected area (National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary, reserved forest, biosphere reserve, and wetland) within the ROW and 10km on either side of project road. Roadside Trees: A tree inventory of the existing tree species on the project alignment has been prepared from the Topo Survey report (2018). A summary of the tree inventory is given in the Table 3.34. Table 3.34: Summary of Tree Enumeration within Corridor of Impact with Girth Size Start End Number of Trees Girth Size (mm) Chainage Chainage 300- 600- Total Left Side Right Side 0-300 (km) (km) 600 900 0.000 1.000 96 67 70 92 1 163 1.000 2.000 198 206 166 231 7 404 2.000 3.000 120 96 128 87 1 216 3.000 4.000 57 128 172 13 0 185 4.000 5.000 114 106 192 27 1 220 5.000 6.000 122 136 199 51 8 258 6.000 7.000 130 113 242 1 0 243 7.000 8.000 76 79 155 0 0 155 8.000 9.000 46 27 69 4 0 73 9.000 10.000 80 81 151 9 1 161 10.000 11.000 287 172 422 36 1 459 11.000 12.000 133 202 278 57 0 335 12.000 13.000 228 221 426 23 0 449 13.000 14.000 199 118 244 73 0 317 14.000 15.000 115 100 184 30 1 215 15.000 16.000 306 362 482 185 1 668 16.000 17.000 123 142 214 51 0 265 17.000 18.000 92 98 158 32 0 190 18.000 19.000 65 75 116 23 1 140

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.63 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Start End Number of Trees Girth Size (mm) Chainage Chainage 300- 600- Total Left Side Right Side 0-300 (km) (km) 600 900 19.000 20.000 59 99 143 15 0 158 20.000 21.000 102 85 132 55 0 187 21.000 22.000 90 96 151 34 1 186 22.000 23.000 66 92 119 39 0 158 23.000 24.000 150 158 302 6 0 308 24.000 25.000 51 112 83 80 0 163 25.000 26.000 106 182 254 34 0 288 26.000 27.000 55 53 96 12 0 108 27.000 28.000 118 79 176 18 3 197 28.000 29.000 117 52 114 55 0 169 29.000 30.000 64 49 101 10 2 113 30.000 31.000 94 63 114 35 8 157 31.000 32.000 114 90 164 33 7 204 32.000 33.000 101 102 69 134 0 203 33.000 34.000 138 53 106 85 0 191 34.000 35.000 108 106 176 37 1 214 35.000 36.000 118 254 323 48 1 372 36.000 37.000 38 64 91 11 0 102 37.000 38.000 49 60 70 36 3 109 38.000 39.000 193 210 183 220 0 403 39.000 40.000 118 107 188 32 5 225 40.000 41.000 114 93 157 50 0 207 41.000 42.000 130 100 196 34 0 230 42.000 43.000 82 70 141 11 0 152 43.000 44.000 37 52 88 1 0 89 44.000 45.000 45 443 484 4 0 488 45.000 46.000 36 36 72 0 0 72 46.000 47.000 37 35 72 0 0 72 47.000 48.000 10 12 22 0 0 22 48.000 49.000 15 21 36 0 0 36 49.000 50.000 54 25 75 4 0 79 50.000 51.000 65 65 118 12 0 130 51.000 52.000 260 204 439 23 2 464 52.000 53.000 9 88 96 0 1 97 53.000 54.000 111 188 284 15 0 299 54.000 55.000 42 41 78 5 0 83 55.000 56.000 67 130 190 7 0 197 56.000 57.000 47 57 97 7 0 104 57.000 58.000 84 37 114 7 0 121 58.000 59.000 9 13 21 1 0 22 59.000 60.000 38 35 37 36 0 73 60.000 61.000 20 26 42 4 0 46 61.000 62.000 31 22 51 2 0 53

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.64 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Start End Number of Trees Girth Size (mm) Chainage Chainage 300- 600- Total Left Side Right Side 0-300 (km) (km) 600 900 62.000 63.000 54 50 94 10 0 104 63.000 64.000 141 118 248 11 0 259 64.000 65.000 349 349 633 65 0 698 65.000 66.000 206 212 400 18 0 418 66.000 67.000 51 54 103 2 0 105 67.000 68.000 22 23 45 0 0 45 68.000 69.000 11 8 18 1 0 19 69.000 70.000 28 22 50 0 0 50 70.000 71.000 5 4 9 0 0 9 71.000 72.000 22 2 23 1 0 24 72.000 73.000 12 22 34 0 0 34 73.000 74.000 8 2 7 3 0 10 74.000 75.000 11 21 30 2 0 32 75.000 76.000 10 28 35 3 0 38 76.000 77.000 5 - 5 0 0 5 77.000 78.000 28 32 31 14 15 60 78.000 79.000 13 18 21 10 0 31 79.000 80.000 14 24 38 0 0 38 80.000 81.000 28 24 47 5 0 52 81.000 82.000 9 16 17 8 0 25 82.000 83.000 25 33 49 9 0 58 83.000 84.000 99 91 170 20 0 190 84.000 85.000 221 120 322 19 0 341 85.000 86.000 244 330 518 56 0 574 86.000 87.000 201 187 152 236 0 388 87.000 88.000 143 141 199 84 1 284 88.000 89.000 205 137 238 102 2 342 89.000 90.000 213 153 262 102 2 366 90.000 91.000 186 119 238 67 0 305 91.000 92.000 23 17 38 2 0 40 92.000 93.000 4 11 12 3 0 15 93.000 94.000 2 5 6 1 0 7 94.000 95.000 24 19 36 3 4 43 95.000 96.000 9 8 16 1 0 17 96.000 97.000 17 10 25 2 0 27 97.000 98.000 10 29 37 2 0 39 98.000 99.000 14 26 40 0 0 40 99.000 100.000 26 16 33 7 2 42 100.000 101.000 18 30 43 5 0 48 101.000 102.000 18 22 40 0 0 40 102.000 103.000 22 48 40 30 0 70 103.000 104.000 125 45 110 60 0 170 104.000 105.000 55 130 160 25 0 185

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.65 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Start End Number of Trees Girth Size (mm) Chainage Chainage 300- 600- Total Left Side Right Side 0-300 (km) (km) 600 900 105.000 106.000 125 149 200 74 0 274 106.000 107.000 12 23 10 25 0 35 107.000 108.000 15 7 17 5 0 22 108.000 109.000 5 46 46 5 0 51 109.000 110.000 64 8 54 18 0 72 110.000 111.000 39 41 68 12 0 80 111.000 112.000 13 32 42 3 0 45 112.000 113.000 60 30 87 3 0 90 113.000 114.000 1 1 2 0 0 2 114.000 115.000 72 23 80 15 0 95 115.000 116.000 2 10 12 0 0 12 As observed from above tree details, a total of 19581 tress (9469 on LHS and 9932 on RHS) falls within the corridor of impact (CoI) of the project road. Tree Enumeration will be done in order to identify the affected type of species along the project corridor as per the tree details provided. 3.5.1.1 Flora Chittoor District The natural regeneration is satisfactory in Red Sanders forests. In the marginal forests and hill slopes, overgrazing, the thick cover of bodha grass (Cymbopogon coloratus) and that of Strobilanthes meeboldii eliminate the possibilities of natural regeneration. In the hill slopes with less of undergrowth sparse regeneration of Pterocarpus santalinus (Red sanders), Anogueissus latifolia (Yelama), Hardwickia binata (Yepi) and Chloroxylon sweitenia (Billudu) is noticed. In the plateau, the natural regeneration of Eugenia alternifolia is adequate and that of Shorea talura and Shorea tumbaggia occurs in very small patches. Good natural regeneration of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Chloroxylon sweitenia (Billudu) is seen in the foothills of panchayat and ex-estate forests but they are not permitted to develop due to the heavy biotic interference. It was observed that very poor quality and sparsely placed Bamboo clumps are found scattered all over the Division. In Chittoor Reserve, the natural regeneration is almost absent and is supplement by artificial methods. In the fenced plantations and protected areas however, number of natural seedlings crop up. Thiruvallur District The area of the division is highly degraded scrub vegetation mainly comprising Euphorbia and other tropical dry evergreen scrub vegetation. The area contains cashew plantation, casuarina plantation, eucalyptus plantation and natural forests. Coppices of uneven and stunted growth have emerged from the stumps left during felling in these plantations. Uprooting these stumps and regeneration of plantations is not advice able as it will be uneconomical when compared to its prevailing market price and marketability. Further while uprooting these stumps it may cause destruction of surrounding ground flora and erosion of top soil. Hence, no clearing and uprooted activities have been suggested over this area.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.66 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 3.35: List of Flora species of the proposed project area (Tiruvallur District) SL.NO. Local name Scientific Name 1 Karuvelan Acacia nilotica 2 Perambai Acacia ferruginea 3 Indu Acacia intsia 4 Kakka odai Acacia latronum 5 Odai or Kudiavelan Acacia planifrons 6 Velvelan Acacia leucophloea 7 Karunkali Acacia sundra 8 Naiuruvi Achyranthes aspera 9 Vilvamaram Aegle marmelos 10 Kathalai Agave wightii 11 Usil Albizzia amara 12 Vagai Albizzia lebbeck 13 Peemaram Ailanthus excelsa 14 Munthiri Anacardium occidentale 15 Vekkaki Anogeissus latifolia 16 Seetha Annona squamosa 17 Thanuttokodi Asparagus racemosus 18 Grass Aristida hystrix 19 Grass Aristida depressa 20 Vembu Azadirachta indica 21 Nir kadumbai Barringtonia acutangula 22 Illupai Bassia latifolia 23 Mungil Bambusa arundinaccea 24 Athi Bauhinia racemosa 25 Panai Borassus flabellifer 26 Elaiporasa Butea monospermas 27 Erukkai Calotropis gigantia 28 Sirukila Carissa spinarum 29 Avaram Cassia auriculata 30 Konnai Cassia fistula 31 Mulkiluvai Commiphora beryi 32 Elavamaram Ceiba pentandra 33 Kekkini Canthium dicoccum 34 Thoratti Carraris divericta 35 Kilakai Carissa carandus 36 Kiluvai Commiphora caudata 37 Ponnavarai Cassia siamea 38 Savukku Casuarina equisetifolia 39 Porasu Chloroxylon swietenia 40 Pirandai Cissus quadrangularis 41 Oduvai Clistanthus collinus 42 Thennai Cocos nucifera

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.67 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

SL.NO. Local name Scientific Name 43 Vedatharai Dichrostachys cineria 44 Patchali Dalbergia paniculata 45 Virali Dodonea viscosa 46 Sissoo Dalbergia sissoo 47 Kasuvakkani Diospyros melanoxylon 48 Itti Dalbergia latifolia 49 Nelli Emblica officinalis 50 Mullumurungai Erythrina indica 51 Sembulichan Erythroxylon monogynum 52 Kalli Euphorbia antiquorum 53 Thirukalli Euphorbia tirucalli 54 Vilam Ferronia limonia 55 Alamaram Ficus bengalensis 56 Arasu Ficus religiosa 57 Athimaram Ficus racemosa 58 Nannari Hemidesmis indicus 59 Kodukkapuli Inga dulcis 60 Kattamannakku Jatropha curcas 61 Lantana (Poochedi) Lantana camara 62 Thumbai Leucas aspera 63 Pullurivi Loranthus longifloros 64 Mamaram Mangifera indica 65 Nona (Manjanathi) Morinda tingtoria 66 Karuveppillai Murraya koenigii 67 Kattu karuvepillai Murraya paniculata 68 Thottasurungi Mimosa pudica 69 Malaivembu Melia composita 70 Nagothali (Sappathikalli) Opuntia dellenii 71 Othian Odina wodier 72 Iyalvagai Peltophorum ferrugieium 73 Velikattan Prosopis juliflora 74 Simaichai Phoenix humilis 75 Echan Phoenix sylvestris Thoongumoonjimaram Samanea saman 76 (Mazhaimaram) 77 Pungam Pongamia pinnata 78 Karuindu Pterolobium indicum 79 Asokan (Nettilingam) Polyalthia longfolia 80 Naval Syzygium cuminii 81 Palai Sideroxylon tomentosum 82 Santhanan Santalum album 83 Koddimullu Sontia indica 84 Karai Randia dumetorum 85 Veppulai Securingea leucphyrus 86 Sundai Solanum pubescens

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.68 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

SL.NO. Local name Scientific Name 87 Puli Tamarindus indica 88 Tekku Tectona grandis 89 Thani Terminalia bellerica 90 Poovarasu Thespesia populnea 91 Nerinjikimullu Tribulus terrestrips 92 Nochi Vitex negundo 93 Tharani Webera corymbosa 94 Veppalai Wrightia tinctoria 95 Elandai Zizyphus jujuba 96 Kottai elandai Zizyphus xylopyrus 97 Suraimullu Zizyphus oenoplia 98 Kattu elumitchai Limonia acidissima Source: Working Plan, Chengleput Forest Division, Tamil Nadu 3.5.1.2 Fauna Chittoor District The Chittoor east wildlife division is in the biotic province of the central high lands and represent the fauna typical of Indian peninsula in general. Most of the high forests are in the Seshachalam Hill ranges, which are the southernmost tip of Eastern Ghats. Other important areas fall in the region of Napier in Tirupati Range and to some extend towards the coast in Puttur and Satyavedu ranges. The Forests of Chittoor East Wild Life Division are contiguous to the hill Ranges towards north like Rajampet valley and the Erramalais and Nallamalais. The Division was once famous for its flora and fauna. The Forests were supporting even large animals such as Elephants. The area known to contain large populations of Wild animals including Tigers until the beginning of this century. However, over the last few decades the forests have disappeared resulting in degradation of Wild Life habitats. Today, the Tiger and Elephants have almost disappeared from the Division. Tiruvallur District The ‘consumers’ in the forest eco-system of this tract included the herbivores and multilevel carnivores. The herbivores included a variety of deers and antelopes, Bison, Elephants, Wild boar, and Porcupine. Historical evidences suggest the existence of the above cited herbivore population in the past. The carnivores included Leopards and Tiger. There are varieties of birds in the forests and the most prominent birds are the Grey partridge (Francolinus pondicerianus) and the Jungle Bush Quail (Ferdicular asiatica). A comprehensive list of fauna of the proposed project area given in Table 3.36 and Table 3.37 respectively. Table 3.36: List of Common Wild Faunal species of the proposed project area (Chittoor District) S No. Local Name Scientific Name Mammals 1 Panther Panthera pardus 2 Jungle cat Pelis chaus 3 Wild dog Cansis alpinus 4 Sambhar Cervus unicolor

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.69 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

S No. Local Name Scientific Name 5 Spotted deer Axis axis 6 Black buck Antelope cervicapra 7 Four horned Tetraceros quardricornis 8 Chinkara Gazella gazelle 9 Wild boar Sus scroba 10 Barking deer Muntiacus Muntijak 11 Hare Lepus nigricollis 12 Bonnet Monkey Macaca radiate 13 Grey Langur Presbytis entellus 14 Palm civet Parado/xuruapproditus 15 Common Mongoose Herpestes edwardsi 16 Squirrel Funambulus ponnanti 17 Brown flying squirrel Petaurista sps 18 Porcupine Hystrix indica 19 Indian flying fox Pteropus giganteus 20 Sloth Bear Melurses Ursinus 21 Scaly ant-eater of Pangolin Manis crassicaudata 22 Hyena Hyaena hyaena 23 Fox Vulpes bengalensis 24 Jackal Canis aureus Reptiles 1 Indian python Python molurus 2 Sand boa Eryx johni 3 Krait Bungarus caeruleus, Bungarus Fasciatus 4 Cobra Naja naja 5 Russell’s viper Vipera russeli 6 Saw scaled viper Echis carinatus 7 Rat snake Ptyas mucosus 8 Tree Snake Dryphis species 9 Blind Snake Typholops species 10 Whip Snake Dryphis nasutus 11 Monitor lizard Varanus monitor species 12 Chameleon (Chameleon species) 13 Wall lizard Hemidactylus species 14 Garden lizard Calotes versicolor 15 Small wall lizard Gecko species 16 Fresh water turtle Trionxy species 17 Indian starred tortoise Testudo elegans 18 Fresh water tortoise Geomyda species Birds 1 Babbler, Common Turdoides caudatus 2 Babbler, Jungle Turdodies straitus, Sath Bhai 3 Bee-eater (Merops orientails, Patringa) 4 Blue jay or Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis, Neelkanthi palapitta

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.70 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

S No. Local Name Scientific Name 5 Chloropsis Chloroposis Jerdoni, Harewa 6 Bulbul, Red vented, Pyenontus cafer, Pikilipitta 7 Bushchat pied Saxicola caprata, Kalasiad, Pidda 8 Coot Fulica atra, Thekari 9 Comorant Phalacrocorax higher, Cheruvukkai 10 Crow Corvus splendens kaki 11 Crow, Jungel Corvus macrohyuchos, Advikaki 12 Grow pheasant Centropus sinesis, Mohka 13 Cuckoo, Common Hawk Cuculus varus, Kokila 14 Dove, Ring Streptopelia decactao, Kapothammu 15 Darter or snake bid Anbinga Melanogaster, Cherukukaki 16 Drongo, Black Dicrus adsimiba, Kotawal 17 Cotton Teal Nettapus coromonoelianus, Girrip 18 Common Teal Anas crecca, Karra 19 Shoveller Anas Clypeata, Chirah 20 Spot bill Anas Clypeata, Chirah 21 Eagle, short toad Circaetus gallicus, sam mar 22 Egret, cattle Bubulcus ibis, Gai Bagla 23 Egret, Little Egretta garetta, Karchi Eagle 24 Heron, Night Nyoticorax nyoticorax 25 Hoopoe Upupa epos, Hudhud 26 Ibis, Black Pseudibis papilosa, Kala Baz 27 Ibis, white Threskiornis melenocephalu, Safed Baz 28 Jungle Fowl, Grey Callus sonneratta, Advikodi 29 Jungle Fowl, Red Gallus gallus, chinnalakumukipitta 30 Small Blue Kingfisher Aledo atthis, Chinnalakumuku pitta 31 King fisher, white-breasted Haleyon syrnesia Lakumukipitta 32 Kite, Brahmini Heliastur Indus, Krishnagradda 33 Kite, Paraiah Milvus migrans, Gradha 34 Koel Eudynamis scolopaceus, Kokila 35 Lapwing, Yeoolow-wattled Venellus malabaricus, Tituvapitta 36 Lapwing, Red-wattled Venellus, indicus, Tituvapitla 37 Munia, Spotted Lonchura striata, Tetai Munia 38 Munia, white-Throated Lonchura Malabarica, Sar munia 39 Myna, Black-headed Sturnus Pagodarun, Goruvanka 40 Myna, Common Acridothers trists, Sadagoruvanka 41 Night Jar Caprimulgus asizaticus Chipa 42 Oriole, Black – headed oriolus xanthrnus, Peelak 43 Owlet Barred Jungle Galuciddum radiatuum, Advigudilaguba 44 Owl, Spotted Athene brama, Chogid, Gudlaguba 45 Parakeet Large Indian Psittacula eupatria, Chiluka 46 Parakeet, Rose-ringeo Psittacula Krameri, Ramachiluka 47 Partridge, Grey Francolinus pondicerianus, Chakoramu or Kouju 48 Peafowl, Common Pave oristatus, Nemali

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.71 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

S No. Local Name Scientific Name 49 Pigeon, Blue Rock Columbia livaia, Kabuther, Pavuramu 50 Pigeon, Common Green Treron pheoenicoptera, Haria 51 Pipit, Indian Anthus novaeseelandiae, Rugel 52 Pond heron Ardeola grayi, Nitikonga 53 Quail, Common Grey Coturnix conturnix, Bater, Kalankipitta 54 Quail, Jangel Bush Perdicula assiatica, Lowa 55 Robin, India Saxicoloides fulicata, Kalchuri 56 Robin, Magpie Copsychus saularis, daiya 57 Sand Piper, common Tringa hypoleucos 58 Sand piper, spotted Tringa glareola, Tutwari 59 Shikra Accipiter badlus, Shikra 60 Shikra Large Quckoo Coracina novachollandiae, Kasya 61 Shikra, common wood Theprodomis pondicerianus, Tart Tuiya 62 Snipe, common Capella gelingao, chaba 63 Sparrow, House Passer domesticus, Gauryya, Patchuka 64 Spoon-bill Platales leucorodia, Chamcha 65 Stinit, little Calidris minuta, pan loha 66 Stock, Black-necked Kenorhynchus asiaticus, Loha sarang 67 Stock, while Ciconia (Ciconia, Lag Lag 68 Stock, Open- billed Anastomus oscitans, Gungla 69 Sun Bird, Purple Nectarinia asiatica, Babbona 70 Swift, house Apus affinis, Babila 71 Swallow Hirando rustica, Ababil 72 Tailor Bird Orthotomus sustorius, Derzi 73 Teal, Blue-winged Anees querquedela, Khira 74 Vulture, White-backel Pseudogyas bengalensis, Rabandu 75 Vulture, white scavenger Neophoron percnopterus, Rabandu 76 Wagtail, White Motacilla albe, Bhobas 77 Water hen, white – breasted Amauromis phoenicurus, Nitikodi 78 Weaver Bird, common Ploceus philippinus, Baya 79 Wood Pecker, Golden backed Dinopium bengalenisis 80 Duck, Comb Sarkediornis melanothus, Batu AMPHIBIANS 1 Ordinary frog Rana Hexadactyla, Kappa 2 South Indian Toad Bufo melonosticatus, Godurukuppa 3 Tree Frog Hyla arboria 4 Burrowing frog Cacopus bystema 5 CIB Frog Rena tigrina Source: Working Plan, Chittoor East Forest Division, Andhra Pradesh

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.72 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 3.37: List of Faunal species of the proposed project area (Tiruvallur District) S No. Common Name Scientific Name Avi-fauna 1 Grey heron Ardea sinerea 2 Open billed storn Anastonus oscitanus 3 Grey pelican Pelecanus philippensis 4 White ibis Psensibis papillosa 5 Snake darter Anbinga rufa 6 Spoon bill Platalea leucorodia 7 White egret Egreth garzetta 8 Cormorant Phalacrocoraz niger 9 Grey duck Anas poccilorhyricha 10 Pond heron Aredeola grayii 11 Night heron Nycticorax 12 Cattle egret Babulcus ibis coromandus 13 Common teal Anas erecca erecca 14 Debehik Pedicophis ruscollis 15 Moorhen Gallinula chloropns indica 16 Whistling teal Denbrocgnynajavhnica 17 Cotton teal Nettapus cormanenus 18 Pin tail Anas acuta 19 Black headed gull Larus ridibundus 20 Water hen Anarwornis phoenicircus 21 Coot Helica atna 22 River tern Ehsidonaiats hedleriba Wild Fauna 1 Spotted Deer Axis axis 2 Black buck Antelope corvicapra 3 Porcupine Hystrix indica 4 Mongoose Herpestes edwardsi 5 Wild boar Sus scrofa 6 Common Monkeys Macaca radiata 7 Hare Lepus rubicandelus 8 Snakes Najatripundians (cobra) 9 Jackal Canis aureus 10 Jungle cat Felis ehaug Source: Working Plan, Chengleput Forest Division, Tamil Nadu

3.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 3.6.1 Socio-Economic Profile of the District Chittoor Area and Location

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.73 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Chittoor district, is a district in Rayalaseema region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The district headquarters is located at Chittoor. It has a population of 4,170,468 according to 2011 census of India. Geography Chittoor is a part of Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. The district occupies an area of 15,359 square kilometers (5,930 sq. m). The district is bounded by Anantapur District to the northwest, Kadapa District to the north, Nellore District to the northeast, Krishnagiri District, Vellore District and Thiruvallur of Tamil Nadu state to the south, and Kolar District of Karnataka state to the west. Chittoor district lies extreme south of the Andhra Pradesh state approximately between 12°37′ - 14°8′ north latitudes and 78°3′ - 79°55′ east longitudes. Thirty percent of the total land area is covered by forests in the district. Mango and tamarind groves surround the city of Chittoor, and cattle are raised in the district. The soils in the district constitute red loamy 57%, red sandy 34% and the remaining 9% is covered by black clay black loamy, black sandy and red clay Chittoor is 160 km from Chennai, 180 km from Bangalore and 590 km from Hyderabad. Religion The villages in the state are comprised of Hindus as the majority community. The presence of Muslims and Christians as the three non-Hindu and minority communities is limited. As per official census 2011 Chittoor district, Hindu are majority in Chittoor District. Hinduism constitutes 89.54% of Chittoor population. Religious status of the Chittoor District is given below Table 3.38. Table 3.38: Religious Status of the Chittoor District

Description Total Percentage

Hindu 3,737,588 89.54 %

Muslims 397,870 9.53 %

Christian 24,129 0.58 %

Sikh 867 0.02 %

Buddhist 253 0.01 %

Jain 1,322 0.03 %

Others 358 0.01 %

Not Stated 11,677 0.28 %

*Source: Census of India 2011 Language Telugu is the official and widely spoken language. Chittoor also has a sizeable population of Tamil, Kannada and Urdu speaking people. Major religions are Hindu, Islam and Christianity. This district stands as an ideal exhibit of National integration and religious harmony. The society exhibit the confluence of different languages and religions. Demography

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.74 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

According to the 2011 census, Chittoor district has a population of 4,170,468. This gives it a ranking of 47th in India (out of 640) and 6th in its state. The district has a population density of 275 inhabitants per square kilometre (710/sq. mi) its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 11.33%. Chittoor has a sex ratio of 1002 female for every 1000 males and a literacy rate of 72.36%. Salient demographic features of the district Chittoor are given in Table 3.39. Table 3.39: Salient Features of The District Organization of the Chittoor District:

Geographical Area 15253.86 Square km Male Female Population as per 2011 Census 41,70,468 2083505 2086963 Revenue Divisions Chittoor, Tripathi, Madanapalle Mandals 66 Revenue Inspector Circles 132 Revenue Villages 1545 Inhabited Villages 1498 Uninhabited Villages 42 Revenue Clusters 640 Village Revenue Officers 866

Working Profile The economy of Chittoor is mainly agro based. It has a huge market for mango, sugarcane, grain and peanuts. The important industries of the district include oilseeds; rice milling, Nutrient Confectionaries, a well-known chocolate industry, mango pulp manufacturers. The granite industry is also of prime importance in the district of Chittoor. The Tripathi Temple in Chittoor is also a major source of earning for the district. This is because a large number of devotees throng the temple throughout the year. Connectivity The Chittoor (R&B) Circle is having jurisdiction over a length of 4511.688 KMs of (R&B) Roads of various categories and Residential quarters in Chittoor District. The (R&B) Department encompasses in 14 Assembly Constituencies, 3 Parliamentary constituencies and 66 Mandals in Chittoor district. This district has a network of National Highways converging. Details of the Roads The following major Highways pass through Chittoor District as given in Table 3.40.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.75 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 3.40: Connectivity of the major highways to the Chittoor district Total Length S No. Details of Road Classification (km) National Highways - - 611.000 1 = 611.000 KMs State Highway = Major District Roads Rural Roads = 4511.688 2 358.564 KMs = 2820.313 KMs 1332.811 KMs B.T Roads = Metaled Roads = Un-Metaled Roads 4511.688 3 3907.824 KMs 119.046 KMs = 484.818 KMs The district has road connectivity by means of national and state highways. The main part of the National Highways runs through Chittoor City National Highway 69 and National Highway 40 that connects the main metro cities of South India from Bangalore to Chennai. National Highway 71 connecting Madanapalle and Nayudupeta; NH 716 connecting Chennai in Tamil Nadu passes through the district. Economy The Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) of the district is ₹34,742 crore (US$4.8 billion) and it contributes 6.6% to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP). For the FY 2013-14, the per capita income at current prices was ₹64,671 (US$900). The primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the district contribute ₹8,226 crore (US$1.1 billion), and ₹18,849 crore (US$2.6 billion) respectively. The major products contributing to the GVA of the district from agriculture and allied services are sugarcane, groundnut, tomato, mango, milk, meat and fisheries. The GVA to the industrial and service sector contributed from construction, electricity, manufacturing, education and ownership of dwellings. Agriculture The major portion of the district is cover by Red soils with portions of alluvial soils in Chittoor and Bangarupalyam mandals. As per the village records 57% of the district is Red loamy and 34% Red sandy. The remaining 9% is cover by black clay (3%). Around 70% of the lands in Chittoor district are dry lands and rain fed crops grown in them. Only 30% is irrigate as against the Andhra Pradesh average (35%). Earlier a variety of dry crops – millets, ragi, bajra, jowar, groundnut, red gram, cowpea, bean pea, horse gram, etc. used to be grown. The farmers in our area grow paddy for one season and follow it up with two years of sugarcane. In the eastern taluks, farmers opt for a cycle of paddy and groundnut (in Rabi). In the western taluks, they prefer to grow vegetables, especially tomato. The district enjoys cover of both monsoons. It gets about 900 mms of annual average rainfall. The salubrious climate and easy drainage of water in most areas enables the farmers to raise a variety of crops from pan and banana to sugarcane, paddy, groundnut and flowers and vegetables as mentioned above. Industry According to the Industries Dept. Govt of AP, Chittoor has 16562 Small Scale / Tiny industries with an investment of Rs.304.98crores and providing employment to 75151 persons. Food industries seem to be the dominating industrial group in the district, having a share of nearly 30% in the total number of units, 34% of total employment and 19% of investment. The rich agro resources in the district provide many opportunities for food processing industry. The second major industrial category is textile-based industry, comprising of small power looms, yarn twisting and dyeing, handlooms, and readymade garments industry. Tourist Places Attractions in and around:

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.76 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Tripathi: This major tourist attraction lies at 67 kilometres from Chittoor and rests in south of Andhra Pradesh. At this place of extreme religious importance, lies a Tripathi Temple consecrated to Sri Venkateswara. This pilgrim centre also referred to as "Temple of seven Hills". The place is among the most visited worship places and credited of being the richest such institute. Chandragiri: This tourist centre lies at about 12km from Tripathi. Earlier, it was the capital of Vijayanagar. Once here, you have the many opportunities of watching numerous palaces and forts. Horsley Hills: These hill resorts are the lovely summer retreats. They rest at an altitude of about 1265 meters and offer a pleasant weather. This hill station has luxuriant vegetation and adorned with shady slopes. Its pure air and soothing surroundings will make your visit a blissful experience. Thala Kona: A canopy of forests is located at 30km from Tripathi. You can spend time here picnicking and wandering through the jungles. Guntipalle: Another nice tourist destination that is situate at about 18 kilometres from Chittoor is Guntipalle. The pillar of Pulligunda here stands nicely with a height of about 213 meters. Madanapalle: Resting at an altitude of more than 700 meters from sea level, Madanapalle is a health resort that is known for its pleasant surroundings and salubrious climatic conditions. Puttur: This village has the peculiar distinction of curing any type of fracture by means of special herbs. This feature well known among all over South India. 3.6.2 Socio-Economic Profile of the District Thiruvallur Area and Location Thiruvallur district also known as Thiruvallur District, is an administrative district in the South India One of districts in Chennai in the state of Tamil Nadu. The town of Thiruvallur is the district headquarters. The district has a mixture of urban and rural characteristics. This district named after ancient Tamil poet Thiruvallur. The Eastern part of Thiruvallur district dominated by urban characteristics while the Northern part of the district has influence of Andhra culture due to its position. As of 2011, the district had a population of 3,728,104 with a sex ratio of 987 females for every 1,000 males Geography It is bounded on the north by Andhra Pradesh state, on the east by the Bay of Bengal, on the southeast by Chennai district, on the south by Kanchipuram and on the west by Vellore district. The coastal region of the district is mostly flat and dreary; but in the other parts, it is undulating and even hilly in some places. The northern taluks of the district like Ponneri, Uthukkottai, and Gummidipundi etc. do not have much to offer from the scenic point of view. In the Tiruttani taluk, several hillocks found scattered. The soil of the district is mostly sandy, mixed with soda or other alkali or stony. Rocks found in and near the surface are in detached masses. Hence, the soil cannot be termed as very fertile. The soil found nearer the sea - coast is of the inferior erinaceous type, which is most suited for raising casuarinas plants. No mineral of any importance is available in the district. There are not many hills of any considerable height in this district. A few conical hills or ridges of small elevation exist like the St. Thomas Mount. Certain hillocks found in Tiruttani. Most of the hills and hillocks are rocky and no verdant vegetation seen in the slopes of these hills. The area under forests in this district is quite meagre. Religion

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.77 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

The villages in the state are comprised of Hindus as the majority community. The presence of Muslims and Christians as the three non-Hindu and minority communities is limited. As per official census 2011 Thiruvallur district, Hindu are majority in Thiruvallur District. Hinduism constitutes 89.21% of Thiruvallur population. Religious status of the Thiruvallur District given below Table 3.41. Table 3-41: Religious Status of the Thiruvallur District Description Total Percentage Hindu 3,325,823 89.21 % Muslims 143,093 3.84 % Christian 233,633 6.27 % Sikh 1,422 0.04 % 0.10 % Jain 3,693

Buddhist 951 0.03 % Others 530 0.01 % Not Stated 18,959 0.51 % *Source: Census of India 2011 Language Tamil is the official and widely spoken language. Thiruvallur also has a sizeable population of Tamil, Kannada and Urdu speaking people. Major religions are Hindu, Islam and Christianity. This district stands as an ideal exhibit of National integration and religious harmony. The society exhibit the confluence of different languages and religions. Demography According to 2011 census, Thiruvallur district had a population of 3,728,104 with sex ratio of 987 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. The total of 405,669 were under the age of six, constituting 208,449 males and 197,220 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 22.04% and 1.27% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 74.88%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The district had total household of 946,949no. There were total of 1,538,054 workers, comprising 60,436 cultivators, 173,150 main agricultural labourers, 41,742 in house hold industries, 972,590 other workers, 290,136 marginal workers, 13,008 marginal cultivators, 97,436 marginal agricultural labourers, 16,498 marginal workers in household industries and 163,194 other marginal workers. Working Profile Thiruvallur district is one of the fastest developing districts in Tamil Nadu in terms of Industrial Development. The district has many leading industries like Kamarajar Port, North Chennai Thermal Power Station, National Thermal Power Corporation, L&T Ship Build, NIOT, ITC, IOCL, HPCL, BPCL, and Hindustan Motors. It also boasts of the Ennore Thermal Power Station and the Avadi Tank Factory. Connectivity Thiruvallur is situate on the Chennai–Tripathi trunk road. Other major roads connecting Chennai and Thiruvallur include a route through Kakalur, Putlur, Veppampattu, Thiruninravur, Avadi, Ambattur and Villivakkam, and another route through Poonamallee and Koyembedu. Nearly one lakh (100,000) vehicles cross this city each day, among the highest traffic levels in Tamil Nadu. Chennai International Airport is 42km (26 mi) southeast of the city. Thiruvallur lies on the Chennai–Bangalore broad gauge railway line and is a stop for some of the

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.78 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

West North trains. There are two suburban railway lines: the West line from Chennai Central to Arakkonam and the west North line from Chennai Central to Tiruttani. These two lines have many frequent suburban trains. Economy The city attained district-headquarters status in 1997. Thiruvallur houses many industries including manufacturing facilities of Hindustan Motors, Caterpillar earth-moving equipment, Hanil Lear, Delphi TVS, India Japan Lighting, Kingfisher's brewery division, Style SPA furniture, TI India, TCL, and Mitsubishi. Thiruvallur district is surround by industrial hubs in and around Chennai, such as Ambattur Industrial Estate and Sriperumbudur Industrial Estate, which connect to Thiruvallur by suburban train and buses. Agriculture Thiruvallur is a fast-developing district. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. The major crops cultivated are paddy, sugarcane and groundnut, with smaller crops of millets (kumbu, ragi, tinai, etc.), pulses (red gram, black gram, green gram, etc.) and chilies. Vegetables, flowers and fruits (mango, banana, etc.) are also grown. Three cropping seasons are followed in the district for paddy, viz, Sornavari (April–August), Samba (July–Jan) and Navarai (December–March). The soil of the district is mostly sandy mixed with soda or other alkali or stony. The soil found in the coastal region is sandy soil, suitable for casuarina plants. Industry Tiruvallur district is one of the fastest developing districts in Tamil Nadu in terms of Industrial Development. The district has many leading industries like Kamarajar Port, North Chennai Thermal Power Station, National Thermal Power Corporation, L&T Ship Build, NIOT, ITC, IOCL, HPCL, BPCL, and Hindustan Motors. Tourist Places Pulicat. Poondi (Thiruvallur Taluk): In Tamil Nadu, the city Pulicat is located in the district of Tiruvallur. It is situated almost 60kms north of Chennai city particularly on the seaward side of Sri Harikota island blockade that segregates Pulicat Lake from the Bay of Bengal. A narrow water lagoon Pulicat Lake is integrate to the Pulicat city and got its name from it. Poondi Reservoir (Thiruvallur Taluk): Poondi Lake or Sathyamoorthy reservoir is the reservoir across Kotralai River in Tiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu State. It acts as the important water source for Chennai city, which is 60 km away. Frequent buses are available from Chennai and Tiruvallur to reach this place. Lord Veeraraghava Perumal Temple, Thiruvallur: The legend connected with the origin of this temple shows that once upon a time, in Krita Yuga, a sage by name Purupunyar lived with his wife Satyavathi in Badarikashram. They had no children. Purupanyar performed a Sali Yajna. (Putrakameshti Yaga) with great fervor and devotion. The Sage offered 1000 Ahutis (oblations of gheeto the sacrificial fire after chanting the mantra each time) every day, for one full year. ‘On the last day, when Purnahuti (the final offering) was performed, Lord Narayana was pleased with the austerity of the ritualistic observances of the Sage, and appeared in the sacrificial fire in a blissful mood to offer boons. The Sage prayed for a noble son. The boon was grant with the condition that he should named after the name of the Yajna as Salihotran. With this blessing, Lord Narayana disappeared. Then the Sage collected the ash strewn around the Yajna Peetha and gave a handful of it to his consort to take in with great veneration as Prasadam. In the tenth month after that, a glorious son was born to Sage Purupunyar.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.79 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

3.6.3 Resettlement AND Rehabilitation ISSUES Most of the infrastructure improvements planned for the Urban/Rural areas will take place within the existing Right of Way (RoW) except at some of the congested settlements and densely builtup areas where bypasses/change in alignment/grade separation are proposed and at locations where minor improvements are required for accommodating road safety measures. Since, along the existing National Highways lot of settlements/habitations are developed and further Land Acquisition will result in displacement of affect persons to reduce the negative imapact of public and to reduce the displacement, the option of Green field alignment were being studied where, displacement will be less. Social screening surveys need to be conducted in the DPR stage. It was obvious that in majority sections of the project roads, ROW is limited and not enough to accommodate/fit in design standards. Further, it has been identified that RoW is not fully free from encumbrances and at many places it is encroached and squatted upon by the people for various purposes mainly, near habitations and in market places. These issues may compound leading to delay of project and escalation of project cost. Hence, in order to face or overcome these consequences, a preliminary idea of Social and Rehabilitation issues need to be acquired and should be considered while selection of corridors. The key social issues considered would be as below. • Loss of fertile agricultural land; • Loss of structures used for residential, commercial and other purposes and associated loss of livelihood i.e., loss of livelihood due to impacts on sources of earning; • Loss of other properties and assets such as boundary walls, hand pumps, bore wells, dug wells, ponds etc.; • Disruption of livelihood due to clearing of RoW particularly, petty shop owners; • Loss of common property resources such as religious places, Samadhi, graveyard, cremation places, water resources, village gates, passenger shelters, etc; • Likelihood of increased accidents due to road widening; 3.6.4 Land use along the Project Road The preliminary social assessment was carried out, considering Proposed Right of Way, except at the proposed facilities such as Interchanges, RoBs, Bridges etc. Most of the land use categories along this section are of either Agricultiral land or Barren land and various activities are being carried out by the local residents. The proposed project road passes through Chittoor and Tiruvallur districts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu states respectively. The proposed alignment is passing where some pucca, semi pucca and kutcha structures are found at some locations along the proposed alignment mainly at proposed Interchanges. These settlements are like as private, government and community assets. The major portion is predominantly either agricultural or barren land. In general, the inhabitants occupying lands for different activities along the proposed road have land titles. This has implications on the design of the Entitlement Matrix and mitigative measures. Common Property Resources along the sections of the project road include some religious structures, community/village bushy land, grazing lands, water resources, etc. 3.6.5 Adverse Social Impact As the proposed project roads are passing through around 46 villages in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh state and 28 villages of Tiruvallur district of Tamilnadu state consists of high impact zones are the settlements (where the Interchanges are proposed) through which the proposed alignment is passing where some pucca, semi pucca and kutcha structures are found. As the proposed alignment

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.80 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) is a Green Field alignment for a total length of 116.500 Kms, acquisition is required for laying of the proposed 4/6-laning with paved shoulder all along the proposed road. As per the social impact assessment and base line verification survey, 284 number of structures (including Compound Walls/Fencing) are either partially/completely affected. The estimated land required for the laying/improvement of other road safety improvements such as creation of strengthening of footpaths, to provide proper drain, RoBs, flyovers, etc all along the project road is approximately about 849.782 Ha. The land required by the project for the construction of proposed project road falls under two classifications. (1) Public land owned by the State Government and administered by other departments such as Revenue Department etc; and (2) Private Land. 3.6.6 Land Acquisition Plan As part of preparation of Land Acquisition (LA) Report/Plan, firstly after identifying the villages along all the project roads, latest available Village maps were collected from the respective District Survey offices/Village Offices. After collecting the same reference points were collected along the project roads at common identifiable locations (both On Village revenue Maps as well as on ground). During the process of identifying the Survey Numbers in which the land to be acquired where the improvement/widening is proposed, the Village Revenue Maps were scanned and attached as per the topographical data and as per the common reference points collected all along the project roads. As part of the preparation of Land Plan Schedules (LPS), after identifying the Survey Numbers in which the addition land to be acquired for proposed improvements, for each survey number details such as sub-division numbers, type of land, nature of land and other relevant data was collected from the respective Village offices. 3.6.7 Identification of Properties Census of all the structures lying within proposed ROW has been undertaken from the topographical survey data to assess the project impact on the population for displacement, resettlement and rehabilitation. The structures existing within the proposed RoW belong to encroachers as well as title and non-title holders. The total number of structures within proposed RoW to be impacted is around 283 (which includes Residential, Commercial, Cattle Sheds, small Religious Structures etc.). Of the total likely to be affected structures, significant number (276) of private properties comprising Residential, Commercial and Cattle Sheds structure of various types (Pucca/Semi-Pucca/Kutcha) are existing along the project road followed by community/panchayat structures (7 Nos.) (Religious/Tombs) are affected. 3.6.8 Ownership of the Affected Properties The estimated number of structures identified and verified of which are affected completely or partially along Chittoor-Thatchur Road is about 283 structures including compound walls. Of the total affected structures, 278 (97.53%) are private, 1 (0.35%) are owned by the government (Bus Stop), 6 (2.12%) are owned by the Community in the form of religious and other properties are affected in this project road. Ownership wise details of likely affected structures are presented in below Table 3.42. Table 3.42: Ownership Status of the Affected Structures Sl. No. Ownership No % to total 1 Private 276 97.53 2 Government 1 0.35 3 Community 6 2.12 Total 283 100.00

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.81 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

3.6.9 Profile of Affected Population As part of the social assessment survey the demographic and socio-economic particulars of the occupants of the above discussed affected properties is collected. The total number of project- affected households who will be losing their privately owned structures including compound walls is 192. Of the total households, the survey was conducted in around 51 households who are losing their privately owned structures either partially or fully (approximately a sample of 25% of the total households losing their properties). To avoid the non-response cases the survey was conducted in more than the required sample and all are completed. The following analysis is presented for some of the useful indicators at the household level. The analysis tables presenting not available response cases for some of these indicators are mostly due to the respondent being an absentee or not allowed to provide the details. 3.6.10 Socio-Cultural profile of the Project Road Of the total surveyed households a total of 214 persons are affected due to acquisition of houses and other assets of which 112 (52.34%) constitute Male and 102 (47.66%) constitute female. Table 3.43 on the analysis of Socio-Cultural profile of the surveyed households shows that along the project corridor, there were households belonging to all the major three religions viz Hindus (82.35%), Muslims (13.73%) and Christians (3.92%). Social group-wise most of the affected people represents the Backward caste (50.98%) and of the remaining 41.18 percent are General castes. The incidence of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are around 3.92% each all along the project road. Observed across the family pattern majority (74.51%) of the affected households are nuclear families and of the remaining 19.61 percent of the affected households live as joint families. Most of the households are staying along the roadside from a long time where in nearly 62.75% of them are living since more than 10 years. About 21.57% of them are found to have settled in the last 2-6 years. Details are presented in table below. Analysis on literacy level of head of the affected households shows that around 74.51 percent of them are literates. During the survey, some of the owners/occupants of the structures are not available and the respondent is not in a position to give the details of the concerned head of the Household. Table 3.43: Socio-Cultural Characteristics of Structure Affected Population Item Description No % of total Male 112 52.34 Population Female 102 47.66 Total 214 100.00 Hindu 42 82.35 Muslim 7 13.73 Religious Group Christian 2 3.92 Total 51 100.00 General 21 41.18 BC 26 50.98 Social Group SC 2 3.92 ST 2 3.92 Total 51 100.00 Joint 10 19.61 Family Type Nuclear 38 74.51 Individual 3 5.88

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.82 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Item Description No % of total Up to 1 year 5 9.80 2 to 4 years 10 19.61 Years of stay 5 to 6 years 1 1.96 7 to 9 years 3 5.88 10 and above years 32 62.75 Illiterate 13 25.49 Literate 0 0.00 1-5 class 5 9.80 6-7 Class 2 3.92 8-9 Class 4 7.84 Education level of SSC 13 25.49 HH Inter 11 21.57 Degree 2 3.92 PG 0 0.00 Technical 0 0.00 Professional 1 1.96

3.6.11 Economic Profile of people along the Project Road Occupation wise, most of them are engaged into agriculture activity (41.18%) followed by commercial activity of petty shop keeping (25.49%), non-agricultural labour (11.76%), Trade/Business (5.88%) and other occupations such as retired pensioners, auto drivers, depend on fixed deposits, Dhobis etc. Details are presented in Table 3.44 below. The income levels of majority of the households fall under lower and middle income families (91.32 percent) who are earning less than Rs. 300000 per annum. The incidence of higher middle-income families is about 9.8 percent who earn between Rs. 300000 to Rs. 500000 per annum. There are around 9.80 percent of households along the project road who are earning more than Rs. 500000 per annum. Details are given in below Table 3.44. Table 3.44: Economic Profile of Structure Affected Population Item Description Number of HH % of total Agriculture 21 41.18 Trade/Business 3 5.88 Petty shop keeping 13 25.49 Agri labour 6 11.76 Non-Agri labour 3 5.88 HH Industries/Artisan 0 0.00 Occupation of HH activity Govt service 1 1.96 Pvt.service 1 1.96 Professional 0 0.00 Self employed 0 0.00 Others 3 5.88 Total 51 100.00 Annual income (Rs) Up to 50000 6 11.76

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.83 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Item Description Number of HH % of total >50000 to100000 20 39.22 >100000 to 300000 15 29.41 >300000 to 500000 5 9.80 >500000 5 9.80 Total 51 100.00 The expenditure pattern for the affected households shows that a majority of them are having an average monthly expenditure less than Rs. 10000 per month. Details are given in Table 3.45. Majority of the affected persons (82.35%) reportedly hold the ration cards given for Below Poverty Level (BPL) families. Table 3.45: Monthly Expenditure and Others for Structure Affected Households

Description No of HH % of HH <4000 5 9.80 Monthly Expenditure 4000 to 10000 18 35.29 (Rs) 10000 to 15000 14 27.45 >15000 14 27.45 Total 51 100.00 White (BPL) 42 82.35 Ration Card Pink (APL) 9 17.65 Total 51 100.00 3.6.12 Details of Indebtedness of affected persons The indebtedness pattern for the affected households shows that, of the total households surveyed, around 23.5 percent of the households have some outstanding loans taken for different needs. Of these households reported having outstanding loans, around 33.33% of them are having an outstanding loan upto Rs. 100000 and of the remaining households around 66.67 percent have an outstanding loan ranging between Rs. 200000 to Rs.1000000. Details are given in Table 3.46. Table 3.46: Details of Outstanding Loans of Structure Affected Households

Amount No. of HHs % to Total Up to 100000 4 33.33 >200000 to 400000 6 50.00 Oustanding Loans >400000 to 600000 0 0.00 >600000 to 1000000 2 16.67 >1000000 0 0.00 Total 12 100.00

3.6.13 Health issue in project area Health is a major development challenge in any infrastructure development project in India. Given the epidemic nature of the problem, it may reverse country’s achievements in health and development. The major health issues of the affected households along the project road shows that, of the total households surveyed, in 17.65 percent of the households, the household members are suffering with some major health problems. Details are given in Table 3.47. Table 3.47: Major Health Problems of Structure Affected Households

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.84 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Description No. of HHs % of HH Asthama 1 11.11 Diabetes & BP 6 66.67 Heart Problem 2 22.22 Major Health Kidney Problem 0 0.00 Problem Neoro Problem 0 0.00 Physically Challenged 0 0.00 T.B 0 0.00 Total 9 100.00 3.6.14 Land Acquisition Land acquisition in India refers to the process by which the Central or any State government, excepting the Government of Jammu & Kashmir, in India acquires private land for the purpose of industrialization, development of infrastructural facilities or urbanization of the private land, and provides compensation to the affected land owners and their rehabilitation and resettlement. Land acquisition in India is now governed by the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (RFCTLARR) and which came into force from 1 January 2014. The land acquisition in Jammu and Kashmir is governed by the Jammu and Kashmir Land Acquisition Act 1934. In case where a State Government through any Act or Gazette Notification or as approved by any authority of State Government (duly authorized for the purpose) as per their approved procedure has fixed a rate for compensation of land and is higher than the provisions under the RCFTLARR Act 2013, the same may be adopted by the Competent Authority in determining the compensation for land. Similarly, in case where a State Government through any Act or Gazette Notification or as approved by any authority of State Government (duly authorized for the purpose) as per their approved procedure has fixed a rate for resettlement and rehabilitation assistance and is higher than the provisions under the RCFTLARR 2013, the same may be adopted by the Executing Authority. The total land need to be acquired for the proposed project is 849.872 Ha.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 3.85 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

CHAPTER-4: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND ISSUES This chapter assesses the nature, type and magnitude of the potential impacts likely on the various relevant physical, biological, and Socio-cultural environmental components along the project corridor and its suitable mitigation. For the assessment of impacts, the baseline information based on the field visits and the primary surveys of the various environmental components carried out. The description of the impacts on the individual components has been structured as per the discussion in Chapter 4: Baseline Environmental profile of this report. The impacts on the various environmental components were assessed considering following stages of the project planning and implementation:

• Planning and design stage.

• Construction stage; and

• Operation stage The description and magnitude of impacts for the various environmental components as visualised for the project are presented in the following sections along with proposed mitigation.. 4.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 4.2.1 Meteorological Parameters

• Pre-Construction, Construction and Operation Stage Impact Project Highway is located in semi-arid region with high variation between summer and winter temperatures. Though no change in the macro-climatic setting (precipitation, temperature and wind) is envisaged due to the project, the microclimate is likely to be temporarily modified by vegetation removal and the addition of increased pavement surface. There will be an increase in daytime temperature on the road surface and soil due to loss of shade and big trees, which in turn might lead to formation of heat islands especially along the inhabited sections. In addition, the removal of trees will increase the amount of direct sunlight resulting in higher temperatures along the highway. There will be slight increase in the daytime temperature along the road corridor due to moving traffic, the pedestrians and the first row of residences / receptors along the corridor. The impact will be felt more by the slow moving traffic and pedestrians along the project road. Mitigation Although the impact shall be significant and long term in nature, it is reversible in nature and shall be compensated for by additional plantation of trees. It must be noted that the impact is unavoidable. However, it may be pointed out that the project has taken care to minimise tree felling as no tree felling shall be done beyond corridor of impact. 4.2.2 Land 4.2.2.1 Physiography

• Pre-construction and Construction Stage Road construction activities involve alterations in the local physiography and drainage patterns. The impacts on physiography may include destabilisation of slopes due to cut and fill operations. Cut- and-fills will be designed for improvement to the road geometry, and parallel cross drainage

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.1 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) structures will be added to improve drainage. There would be no grading of the roadside area. Project road stretch falls in plain terrain. 4.2.2.2 Geology and Seismology

• Pre-Construction, Construction and Operation Stage The construction and operation of the project road will not lead to any adverse impact on seismology settings of the regional environment. The seismic events that could occur on the region can damage the road and structures if not constructed as per the specification recommended for the seismic zone. The proposed design will incorporate earthquake resistant factors. Project road falls under ZONE II as per seismic map of India. 4.2.2.3 Borrow and Quarries

• Pre-Construction & Construction stage impacts Existing quarries that are already in operation with the required clearances have been recommended for this project. No new quarries are proposed and hence no major impacts, which arise in making new quarries operational, are likely. In case Contractor/Concessionaire decides in opening new stone quarries he shall follow the stipulated GoI norms Quarrying in non-scientific manner may unstable the soil condition and affect the terrain of the area. Dust, in addition to being a health concern also reduces visibility thereby increasing safety concerns. As no new quarry needs to be opened for this project (majority of the material shall be from cut operations, reuse of old materials and existing quarries), therefore, no new impacts are likely to arise due to quarrying operations. It will be ensured that quarry contractor is following environment management system to take care of the working conditions of workers in the existing quarry areas selected for the project. The 13 borrow sites have been identified as potential source of soil. The soil from these probables borrow sites will be used for embankments. The land use will be change. Also there will be loss of top soil. The excavation of quarries and borrow pits used for obtaining soil and aggregate materials for road construction can cause direct, and indirect long-term major adverse impacts on the environment. While loss of productive soil is the most direct negative impact, other significant indirect negative impacts can also occur. Since most of the construction materials would be available from existing quarries nearby, relatively few new borrow areas will be required. One of the long-term residual adverse impacts of borrow pits not reclaimed is the spread of malaria. Mosquitoes breeding and multiplying in stagnant water that collects in these pits can affect humans in villages and towns close to the features.

• Mitigation measures. Existing approved quarries which are already in operation with the required environmental clearances have been recommended for this project, hence no new quarries have been proposed. It needs however, to be noted that recommendation on use of quarries is a guideline only and has been done to establish the feasibility of construction. Though the quarry materials are to be transported over long distances to the construction sites, almost all the quarries identified have proper access roads, therefore, no major impacts during the hauling of materials is envisaged. The issue of dust generation etc. along the haul roads needs to be addressed through proper enforcement of dust suppression measures. Sand required for the construction will mostly be procured from the approved operating river quarry as an alternative to borrowing of sand from river bed. The possibility of using stone crusher dust shall be

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.2 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) explored. Stone dust from crusher can be used for the construction works provided the quantity and the quality produced is certified by Monitoring consultant to be satisfactory for all construction works, else river sand shall be used from the identified quarry. None of the sand quarry sites would require any additional preventive environmental measures. However, the long leads mean that care would have to be taken to prevent spillage of material and damage to the haul roads during transportation. No additional adverse environmental impact except those resulting from spillage during transportation is expected to occur. Hence proper care for transportation should be taken into account. The borrow area are selected in a scientific manner with due care of local environment and social sensitivity. The excavation of soil shall be conducted as per the EMP and will be fully rehabilitated with proper NOC from the respective land owner/authority. The top soil from the borrow area shall be preserved separately and will be re-used for rehabilitation. In case of opening of new borrow area Contractor/Concessionaire shall follow the stipulated MoEF&CC norms & guidelines. The details of borrow and quarry area identified for construction material are given in following tables. Table 4.1: Location of Borrow Areas Approx. Lead Side Borrow Design from Design (LHS/ S. No. Area Chainage Latitude Longitude Remarks Alignment RHS/ Nos. (km) (km) Both) 1 BA-01 1+000 0.5 LHS 13.14823034 79.08345524 Govt. Barren Land 2 BA-02 9+500 0.5 RHS 13.17831318 79.15346812 Govt. Pond Land 3 BA-03 42+000 6.5 LHS 13.30439435 79.29705456 Govt. Barren Land 4 BA-04 19+000 0.8 LHS 13.21691693 79.23149262 Govt. Barren Land 5 BA-05 36+000 1.5 LHS 13.27164025 79.29997742 Govt. Barren Land 6 BA-06 48+500 0.5 LHS 13.30289988 79.40787345 Govt. Pond Land 7 BA-07 63+000 0.5 LHS 13.30944208 79.54078636 Govt. Barren Land 8 BA-08 75+000 4 LHS 13.36946950 79.67102411 Govt. Pond Land 9 BA-09 84+500 2 LHS 13.38137731 79.80905638 Govt. Pond Land 10 BA-10 90+000 2.5 LHS 13.34635919 79.85978939 Govt. Barren Land 11 BA-11 106+000 1 RHS 13.29173184 79.98160064 Govt. Pond Land 12 BA-12 115+000 2 LHS 13.30058031 80.07421068 Govt. Pond Land 13 BA-13 123+000 8 RHS 13.24622472 80.13441826 Govt. Barren Land

Table 4.2: Details of Stone Quarries S. No. Location Crusher Name LATITUDE LONGITUDE Velmurugan Stones 1 Agg-01 13.18686455 79.61137242 (Tritani) Agg-02 & 2 Velmurugan Stones 13.3318173 79.55411386 Agg-03 Agg-04 & 3 Vijaylaxmi Crusher 13.30309407 79.25795899 Agg-05 4 Agg-06 Shivraj Crusher 13.37187887 79.57195499

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.3 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 4.3: Details of Sand Quarries Lead S. Existing from Name of River Location Side Latitude Longitude No. (km) alignment (km) 1 30+000 Crusher Sand Kothamazimitha 10 LHS 13.30309407 79.25795899 2 62+000 Crusher Sand Satharwada 5 LHS 13.33135744 79.55369889 Kusasthalai 3 90+000 Ramanjeri 20 RHS 13.15721249 79.81212482 River

4.2.2.4 Soil Erosion

• Pre- Construction Impacts The removal of roadside vegetation will cause erosion, and increased run-off would in turn lead to erosion of productive soil. The direct impact of erosion is the loss of embankment soil and danger of stability loss for the road itself. This impact is generally restricted to the ROW.

• Mitigation The project has taken care of this issue at the engineering design stage itself, as at design gradients of 1:2, the slopes of the embankments are perceived to be stable for all stretches of road. These sections of the road embankment would need stone pitching or any other suitable turfing.

• Construction Stage Impact Elevated sections of road in all sections, particularly all high embankments along the bridges and the bridge approaches would be vulnerable to erosion and need to be provided proper slope protection measures to prevent erosion. Construction of new bridges involves excavation of riverbed and banks for the construction of the foundations and piers. If the residual spoil is not properly disposed off, increased sedimentation downstream of the bridge is likely.

• Mitigation Though during construction period, drainage alteration and downstream erosion / siltation is anticipated, due to the improved design and added capacity of the cross-drainage structures, there should be an improvement in the drainage characteristics of the surrounding area. Adequate slope protection measures are proposed as part of engineering design. Removal of trees to facilitate construction will cause erosion problems until the proposed avenue plantation is established. Silt fencing to be provided to prevent eroded material from entering watercourses. The regular cleaning of the drains by the Contractor will ensure that these structures will not be overloaded or rendered ineffective due to overload.

• Impacts and Mitigation Operation Stage No soil erosion is envisaged when the road is in operation as all the slopes and embankments of the project road shall be stabilised through sound engineering techniques. The issue has been addressed at the design stage itself and all slopes have been 1:2, which shall ensure stability of the embankment. Appropriate measures such as pitching of slopes and turfing shall prevent soil erosion taking place. 4.2.2.5 Soil Compaction

• Pre-construction and construction Stage Impact

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.4 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Compaction of soil will occur in the pre-construction stage (particularly during site clearance stage) due to movement of heavy machinery and vehicles. Similarly, compaction will take place during setting up of construction camps and stockyards. Compaction shall occur beyond the carriageway and within the vegetated area of the ROW by the movement of vehicles and heavy machinery. Movement of vehicles during road construction is the major cause of soil compactions.

• Mitigation The movement of construction vehicles shall be limited to designated haulage road. So that the compaction of nearby productive land may be saved. Provision of reclaiming of nearby land has also been kept to cure the soil compaction in nearby productive lands. However, this is a short duration impact. Appropriate measures should be taken to minimise the area of soil compaction. This impact is direct and will be the maximum in the ROW. It is necessary to ensure that there is no adverse impact of soil compaction in areas other than the ROW, where vegetation can grow and rain infiltration will take place.

• Operation Stage During the operation period compaction will be restricted to the carriage way itself as the pavement itself is a function of compacted base and sub base. 4.2.2.6 Contamination of Soil

• Pre-construction and construction stage impacts Soil contamination may take place due to waste disposal from the labour camp set up during pre- construction stage. The sites where construction vehicles are parked and serviced are likely to be contaminated because of leakage or spillage of fuel and lubricants. Unwarranted disposal of construction spoil and debris will add to soil contamination. During the operation stage, soil pollution due to accidental vehicle spills or leaks is also having a low probability.

• Mitigation Following mitigation strategies are proposed to control soil contamination.

• The fuel shall be stored in separate designated area with RCC surface to prevent any soil contamination due to spillage

• Overflow of service and washing areas shall be pass through from oil interceptors

• Septic tank with soak pit facility will be provided in labour camps to prevent any soil contamination due to sewage discharge

• Waste management system will be adopted in construction camps

• Bitumen waste shall be disposed-off at designated landfill site only The quality of the soil shall be monitored on regular basis to find out the effectiveness of the mitigation measures and further improvement , if required. The monitoring plan shall be functional in construction as well as in operation stages. The frequency, duration and responsibility will be as per the Environmental Management Plan. The soil quality classification is given in Appendix-4.5.

• Operation Stage During the operation stage, soil pollution due to accidental vehicle spills or leaks is a low probability as one of the main objective of the project is to reduce accidents, but potentially disastrous to the

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.5 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) receiving environment should they occur. These impacts can be long term and irreversible depending upon the extent of spill. 4.2.1 Land Acquisition

• Impacts The major impacts during pre-construction and designing phase related with the land acquisition. The new Greenfield alignment needs land area throughout the corridor. The RoW considered for the new Greenfield alignment is generally 70m. It may further increase for the toll plaza and interchanges as per IRC specification. In such case, loss of productive agricultural land and private properties is anticipate. The major land use along the project road is agriculture, so the major share of land acquisition shall be from agriculture land. The project requires total land acquisition of 849.782hectares.

• Mitigation Measures The compensation of land will be given to the affected persons for the land as per the national R&R policy. 4.2.3 Air

• Air quality along the project corridor will be impacted both during the construction and operation stages of the project.

• Construction stage impacts will be of short term and have adverse impacts on the construction workers as well as the settlements adjacent to the road, especially those in the down wind direction.

• Operation stage impacts will not be as severe as the construction stage impacts and will be confined generally to a band of upto 100m from the edge of the lane on either side of the corridor.

• Pre-Construction stage impacts Generation of dust is the most likely impact during this stage due to:

• Site clearance and use of heavy vehicles and machinery etc.;

• Procurement and transport of raw materials from quarries to construction sites;

• Mitigation The impacts will mostly be concentrated in the ROW. If adequate measures such as sprinkling of water on haul roads around sites where clearance activities are on, covering material trucks especially those carrying sand and dust, then the impacts can be reduced to a great extent. It is likely that impacts due to dust generation are felt downwind of the site rather than on the site itself.

• Construction Stage Impacts Construction activities to be carried out during the dry season when the moisture content would be less, dust generation, particularly due to earthworks will be significant. Dust is likely to be generated due to the various construction activities including:

• Mixing of road materials;

• Construction and allied activities.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.6 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• Mitigation Generation of dust is a critical issue and is likely to have adverse impact on health of workers working in dust generation activities. The Environmental Action Plan to be prepared by Contractor/Concessionaire must lay emphasis on enforcement of measures such as provision of pollution masks, regular sprinkling of water to suppress dust to mitigate this impact.

• Operation stage Impacts The negative impacts on air quality during operation stage shall not be significant as that of construction stage. This is due to the reduction of dust particles. No dust generation is envisaged during the operation stage as the all road shoulders are proposed to be paved and all slopes and embankments shall be turfed as per best engineering practices.

• Mitigation The air quality shall also improve due to the plantation activity carried out in the ROW during the end of construction phase. 4.2.3.1 Generation of Exhaust Gases

• Pre-construction stage and construction stage impacts 1. Generation of exhaust gases is likely during the pre-construction stage during movement of heavy machinery, oil tankers etc. This impact is envisaged to be insignificant during the pre- construction stage.

2. High levels of SO2, NO2 and HC are likely from hot mix plant operations. Volatile toxic gases are released through the heating process during bitumen production. Although the impact is much localised, it can spread downwind depending on the wind speeds. Construction vehicles shall also be releasing exhaust gases. 3. The major impact on air quality will be due to plying of vehicles. The impacts on air quality will be at any given time depend upon traffic volume / rate of vehicular emission within a given stretch and prevailing meteorological conditions. Air pollution impacts arise from two sources: (i) inadequate vehicle maintenance; and (ii) use of adulterated fuel in vehicles.

• Mitigation 1. Regular maintenance and pollution check is proposed for construction vehicles and machineries 2. No bad quality fuel shall be used in construction vehicles and machinery 3. Hot mix Plant to be installed in down wind direction from nearby settlement. 4. Broad-leaved pollution resistant species, which can grow in high pollutant concentrations or even absorb pollutants, shall be planted as they help settle particulates with their higher surface areas along with thick foliage, which can reduce the distance for which particulates are carried from the road itself. 5. Cassia fistula (Amaltas), Ficus religiosa (Peepal), Ficus bengalensis (Banyan), Tamarindus indica 6. (Imli) and Azadirachta indica (Neem) and other suitable local species are recommended. 7. Other measures such as the reduction of vehicular emissions, ensuring vehicular maintenance

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.7 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

and upkeep, educating drivers about driving behavior. However, these methods are beyond the scope of the project but will be far more effective in reducing the pollutant levels. Project developer together with the Motor vehicles Department and SPCB can arrange for provision for inspection for PUC certificates at all the major junctions.

4.2.3.2 Air Impacts during operational phase During the operational stage air pollutant will be from vehicular movements on road. The future air quality was modeled through AERMOD model, the prediction of air quality is based on future traffic volume. The modeling was done by using CPCB published (website) emission factors for various vehicles. These emission factors considered for calculation of emission load are referred from CPCB website. The CPCB published emission factor for different type of vehicles like passenger cars, Heavy diesel vehicles and 2/3 Wheelers. The location Pallipattu Road (SH-106) near Kumarajapet village was consider for the air quality modeling. This location is residential area along the road. The AERMOD model was run for CO, NOx and particulate matters. The air quality was predicted for year 2020, 2025, 2030, 2035, and 2040. It is evident from the modeling result of air pollutants concentration of CO, NOx, PM10 and PM2.5 given in Table 4.4, Table 4.5 and Table 4.6 and respectively is within CPCB limits during operational phase of the project except NOx and PM2.5 which is higher year 2035 and 2040. Table 4.4: Predicted CO Quality Baseline Incremental Resultant Parameters Year CPCB Standard Concentration Concentration Concentration 2020 394.89 394.89 2000 microgram/m3 2025 605.81 605.81 CO 2030 <0.1 848.33 848.33 2035 1159.60 1159.60 2040 1549.85 1549.85 Table 4.5: Predicted NOx Quality Baseline Incremental Resultant Parameters Year CPCB Standard Concentration Concentration Concentration 2020 20.13 39.03 2025 32.21 51.11 NOx 2030 18.9 44.29 63.19 80 microgram/m3 2035 64.43 83.33 2040 84.56 103.46

Table 4.6: Predicted PM 10 and PM2.5 Quality Resultant Resultant Baseline Incremental CPCB Parameters Year Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration Standard of PM10 of PM2.5 PM 10 + 2020 51.1 + 29.0 12.08 63.18 41.08 100 +60 PM2.5 2025 16.10 67.2 45.10 microgram/m3 2030 24.16 75.26 53.16 2035 32.21 83.31 61.21 2040 40.26 91.36 69.26 However, air quality parameters are within the CPCB limits except Nox and PM2.5 values during operational phase of the project. All mitigation measures will be considered to reduce and control the pollution levels to acceptable level and within the statuary and regulatory values.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.8 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• Mitigation Apart from provision of the mitigation measures, their effectiveness and further improvement in designs to reduce the concentration of air pollutants due to construction activity shall be monitored. The monitoring plan shall be functional in construction as well as in operation stages. The frequency, location, duration and responsibility will be as per the Chapter-6: Environmental Monitoring Program. The National Ambient Air Quality Standards are given in Appendix-4.1. Any value/result not within acceptable limits will reported to engineer, for remedial measures.

• Noise Environment Though the level of discomfort caused by noise is subjective, there is a definite increase in discomfort with an increase in noise levels. Road noise depends on factors such as traffic intensity, the type and condition of the vehicles plying on the road, acceleration / deceleration / gear changes by the vehicles depending on the level of congestion and smoothness of road surface. However, the baseline noise monitoring survey shows that noise levels are well within the stipulated limit as per CPCB Standard in all of the locations during day and night time both. Hence, noise is not a major concern in this area. However, a number of sensitive receptors have been identified in the vicinity to the proposed road which may get exposed to higher level of noise during construction and operation phase of the project. The impacts on noise due to the project will be of significance in both the construction as well as the operation stages is given in Table 4.7. Table 4.7: Noise Impacts Sl.No Phase Source Impact . Pre- • Man, material and machinery • Short durationLocalised 1 Construction movementEstablishment of camps, site office, stock impactNegligible yards, construction plants etc. Construction • Plant siteHot mix plants, machineries, excavation, • Plant site: significant grading, paving activities Work zonesCommunity impact within 500m Work 2 residing near the work zones zones: temporary and negligible 3 Operation • Increase in traffic • Long term impact The noise levels are a common concern due to the number of sensitive receptors located along the project road. The impacts on the receptors shall basically relate to increase in noise levels, access and physical damage to the structure. 4.2.3.3 Noise Impact Prediction

• Noise Modeling As evident from baseline monitoring data that baseline day & night time noise levels monitored at various locations along the proposed project roads are within permissible limits specified by the MoEF&CC for residential and rural areas. The noise modeling was carried out in order to predict the future noise concentrations of the project area. The predicted noise is at a distance of 100-200 meters from the road. It is evident from predicted values given in Table 4.8, it has been observed that there is no significant increase in noise levels during operation phase of the project, however these noise levels are within CPCB limits except predicted value of 2040, The noise levels in year 2020, 2025, 2030, 2035 and 2040 are given in Table 4.8.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.9 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 4.8: Future Noise Quality (dB(A)) of the Project area Baseline Incremental Resultant CPCB Location Year Concentration Concentration Concentration Standard 2020 49.3 49.92 2025 51.1 51.52 NQ 1 2030 41.15 52.6 52.90 2035 53.9 54.12 2040 55.3 55.46 2020 49.3 50.66 2025 51.1 52.05 NQ 2 2030 44.98 52.6 53.29 2035 53.9 54.42 2040 55.3 55.68 2020 49.3 50.76 2025 51.1 52.12 NQ 3 2030 45.34 52.6 53.35 2035 53.9 54.46 2040 55.3 55.72 2020 49.3 50.73 2025 51.1 52.09 NQ 4 2030 45.22 52.6 53.33 2035 53.9 54.45 2040 55.3 55.71 2020 49.3 50.55 Daytime 55 dBA and 2025 51.1 51.97 Nighttime 45 NQ 5 2030 44.55 52.6 53.23 dBA for 2035 53.9 54.37 Residential 2040 55.3 55.65 area. 2020 49.3 50.16 2025 51.1 51.69 NQ 6 2030 42.73 52.6 53.02 2035 53.9 54.22 2040 55.3 55.53 2020 49.3 51.16 2025 51.1 52.42 NQ 7 2030 46.60 52.6 53.57 2035 53.9 54.64 2040 55.3 55.85 2020 49.3 53.94 2025 51.1 54.65 NQ 8 2030 52.12 52.6 55.37 2035 53.9 56.11 2040 55.3 57.00 2020 49.3 50.81 2025 51.1 52.16 NQ 9 2030 45.51 52.6 53.37 2035 53.9 54.49 2040 55.3 55.73 Source: For Incremental Concentration: http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/crtn/ For Resultant Concentration: http://sengpielaudio.com/calculator-leveladding.htm

• Mitigation

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.10 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

However predicted noise is in general within the prescribed limits of CPCB, however mitigation measures of noise control are considered for the proposed project. The mitigation measures for noise are essentially aimed at protecting the receptor. Provision of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for the crew will be made a part of conditions of contract. Specifying construction timings will prevent disturbance to the local populations. The following mitigation measures as given in Table 4.9 below need to be worked out for the noise impacts associated with the various construction activities Table 4.9: Generic Mitigation Measures Source of Noise Impacts Generic Mitigation Measures Pollution • ilisation of heavy Increased Noise • All construction equipment, plants, machinery and construction machinery; Levels causing vehicles will follow prescribed noise standards. All • Acceleration / discomfort to construction equipment used for an 8 hour shift deceleration / gear local residents shall conform to a standard of less than 90 dB changes by the vehicles and workers (A). If required, machinery producing high noise as depending on the level concrete mixers, generators etc. must be of congestion and provided with noise shields; smoothness of road • At construction sites within 500 m of human surface; settlements, noisy construction activities shall be • Construction of stopped between 9.00 PM and 6.00 AM; structures and facilities; • Vehicles and construction machinery shall be • Crushing plants, asphalt monitored regularly with particular attention to production plants; and silencers and mufflers to maintain noise levels to • Loading, transportation minimum; and unloading of • Workers in the vicinity of high noise levels must construction materials. wear ear plugs, helmets and should be engaged in diversified activities to prevent prolonged exposure to noise levels of more than 90 dB (A) per 8 hour shift; • Hot mix plant, batching or aggregate plants shall not be located within 500 m of sensitive land use and settlements; • The project road designed is a 6 lane carriageway + Granular Shoulder. This design shall help in reducing the impact of highway noise. • Planting of trees, bushes and shrubs shall also to reduce noise levels. • Provision for noise barriers.

Table 4.10: Project Specific Mitigation Measures S. No. Item Impact Reason Mitigation / Enhancement 1 Sensitive Direct impact Increase in noise • Noise barrier will be provided at receptors pollution Man, material all the noise sensitive receptors and machinery • Speed Barriers near sensitive movements receptors • No Horn Zone sign Post 2a Noise Direct impact, Establishment of labour • Machinery to be checked and Pollution (Pre- short duration camps, onsite offices, complied with noise pollution Construction stock yards and regulations Stage) construction plants • Camps to be setup away from the settlements, in the down wind direction 2b Pollution Marginal Impact Asphalt production Hot mix plants to be setup

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.11 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

S. No. Item Impact Reason Mitigation / Enhancement (Construction plant and batching away from the settlements, in Stage) plants, diesel the down wind direction generators etc. • Noise pollution regulation to be Community residing monitored and enforced near to the work • Temporary as the work zones zones will be changing with completion of construction Noise Due to increase in Pollution Marginal Impact traffic (due to Will be compensated with 2c (Operation improved facility) the uninterrupted movement of Stage) vehicles Noise Effectiveness / Measures will be revised and 3 Pollution - shortfall (if any) Any improved to mitigate / enhance Monitoring unforeseen impact environment due to any unforeseen impact.

4.2.3.4 Noise Level Monitoring - mitigation Apart from provision of the mitigation measures, their effectiveness and further improvement in designs to reduce the concentration of noise levels due to construction activity shall be monitored. The monitoring plan shall be functional in construction as well as in operation stages. The frequency, location, duration and responsibility will be as per the Chapter-6: Environmental Monitoring Program. The CPCB noise levels are given in Appendix-4.2. Any value/result not within acceptable limits will reported to engineer, for remedial measures. 4.2.4 Water Environment The impacts on water environment and mitigation measures for adverse impacts are discussed in following sections. 4.2.4.1 Impacts on water Environment Due to the proposed project, there will be some direct and indirect long-term impacts on the water resources. Table 4.11 presents the major adverse impacts on the water resources and the indicators chosen to assess the impacts for the study. Table 4.11: Impacts on Water Resources due to Construction Activities Impacts Due to Construction Indicators Loss of water bodies Area of water bodies affected Loss of other water supply sources Number of wells affected Alteration of drainage, run off, flooding No. of cross drainage channels Depletion of ground water recharge Area rendered impervious Use of water supply for construction Quantum of water used Contamination from fuel and lubricants Nature and quantum of contaminators Contamination from improper sanitation and Area of camp / disposal site and, proximity to Waste disposal in construction camps water bodies / channels 4.2.4.2 Alteration of Cross Drainage During the construction period, some amount of drainage alteration anticipated, due to construction of temporary traffic diversions and new bridges and culverts. With these bridging of existing causeways, there will be an improvement in the drainage characteristics of the surrounding area and the alteration will be temporary in nature. All the diversions will be provided with adequate waterway for drainage.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.12 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

4.2.4.3 Run-off and Drainage Sediment accumulation in water bodies decreases the storage capacity for road run-off. To worsen the situation road construction activities can lead to increased run-off both, during the construction and operational stage. This can consider a high adverse impact.

Sr. Phase Reason No. 1 Construction phase The removal of vegetation and compaction of soil can lead to increased run-off during the monsoon 2 Operational phase The area of open ground lost and added impervious black top surface increases the amount and rate of run-off.

Overall, there will be an increase in the impervious surface due to road construction. Since soil erosion is associated with concentrated flow of water, it is imperative to prevent any increased diversion of run-off into drainage channels. 4.2.4.4 Impacts on ponds As mentioned in Chapter-2, there are 30 ponds which are likely to be partially affected due the proposed development. The ponds will be affected due to pier construction. 4.2.4.5 Water Quality

• Increased Sedimentation Degradation of water quality due to sediment transport may occur from activities like removal of trees, removal of grass cover, excavation, stock piling of materials as part of the pre-construction and construction activities. The soil type present along the project corridor consists of the sandy loam to clay loam. The impacts due to increased sediment laden run-off will make the water more turbid. This is a significant negative impact on the water bodies supporting aquatic life. Heavier sediment may smother the algae growing in the lower strata and could completely alter the nature of the watercourse. Excessive sediment loads may also mean disruption to areas of fish breeding.

• Contamination of Water 1. Construction Stage: The degradation of the surface and to a much less extent ground water quality can occur from pavement construction works, bridge construction works, construction plants, machinery and accommodations of workers. The sources of water pollution from the construction activities are as follows;

• Water flow from scarified bitumen materials • From the foundation works of the bridges and culverts such as piling and excavation for open/ well foundations

• Oil spills from the maintenance of the machinery and operation of the diesel generator sets on site.

• Oil Spill from the operation of the diesel pumps and diesel storage, transportation and transfer, parking places, and diesel generators.

• Operation of the emulsion sprayer and laying of hot mix. • Operation of the residential facilities for the labour and officers.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.13 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• Storage and stockyards of bitumen and emulsion. Degradation of water quality is also possible due to accidental discharges into watercourses from drainage of workers camps and from spillages from vehicle parking and/or fuel and lubricant storage areas.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.14 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

2. Operation Stage: During the operation stage, water may be contaminating with similar reasons, as mentioned above, during routine and periodical maintenance of the project road. The implications of accidental discharge are potentially disastrous. However, it must have emphasized that the probability of such an accident is quite low, as one of the objectives of the design is the enhancement of road safety. 4.2.4.6 Impact on groundwater recharge The Project road is Greenfield Alignment. The proposed project will increase of surface run-off due to more paved road surface. It will have adverse impact on ground water recharging if measures are not taken during the design. There shall be loss of ground water table due to water consumption for construction activities. Therefore, compensation is required to recharge ground water. 4.2.5 Mitigation Measures Due to the proposed project, there will be some direct and indirect long-term impacts on the water resources. Table 4.12 presents the major adverse impacts on the water resources and the mitigation measures taken/to taken. Table 4.12: Major adverse impacts on the water resources and the mitigation measures Sr. Item Impact Impact (Reason) Mitigation/Enhancement No. 1 Loss of water Major, Part or complete Land acquisition to minimize. Bodies direct acquisition of impact source of water Relocation of ground/surface . particular ponds water sources, if required. along the alignment 2 Alteration of Cross Very Low Construction of Due to construction of new Drainage Impact major/ minor bridges and culverts, there will be bridges and an improvement in the drainage culverts. characteristics of the project area 3 Runoff and drainage Direct Siltation of water Silt fencing to provided. Recharge Impact bodies, Reduction well to provide to compensate the in ground loss of pervious surface. recharge, Continuous drain is providing Increased drainage unlined in rural area and lined in discharge. urban areas.

4 Water requirement Direct Water requirement Contractor needs to obtain for project Impact for construction approvals for taking adequate activity. Water quantities of water from surface requirement for and ground water sources. This is labour required to avoid depletion of water resources E 5 Water Quality Increased Direct Increased Instructions given in Appendix sedimentation impact sediment laden 7.9: Guidelines for Soil Erosion . run-off alters the and sediment control to be nature & capacity enforced of the watercourse Silt fencing be provided.

Contamination of Direct • Scarified • Hazardous Wastes

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.15 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Sr. Item Impact Impact (Reason) Mitigation/Enhancement No. Water adverse bitumen wastes (Management and Handling) impact • Oil & diesel Rules, 2016 to be enforced. Oil . Spills Interceptor will be provided for • Emulsion accidental spill of oil and diesel. sprayer and Rejected material will be laid in laying of hot mix village roads or as directed by • Production of engineer. hot mix and Septic tank will be provided for rejected waste disposal materials • Residential facilities for the labour and officers • Routine and periodical maintenance Water quality - Effectiveness / Any unforeseen impact. monitoring shortfall (if any) Measures will revised & improved Any unforeseen to mitigate/ enhance environment impact. due to any unforeseen impact. The implications of accidental discharge are potentially disastrous. However, it must emphasize that the probability of such an accident is quite low, as one of the objectives of the design is the enhancement of road safety. 4.2.5.1 Loss of Water Bodies-Mitigation There are total 53 Surface water bodies are located along the proposed alignment. Table 4.13 shows the details of ponds lying along the project alignment. For the conservation of the existing ponds, proper mitigation measure has been considered for the existing water bodies. Efforts had been made to minimize the piers by increasing span arrangement. Necessary mitigation measures as advised by PWD/Irrigation/Gram Panchayat shall be made to balance the affected area in water bodies due to proposed bridges. The capacity of the tanks will be maintained / increased by grading the pond area. The grading material will be used for the construction of bunds around the pond. Also enhancement of ponds will done to strengthen the periphery of ponds after consultation will local people.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.16 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 4-13: List of Ponds with proposed structures along the project road Total Chainage (Km.) Affected Proposed S. Area District Taluka Village Name Area Type of No of From To (Ha) Structure Pond 1 Chittoor Chittoor MAPAKSHI At Interchange 14.93 0.13 Viaduct 2 Chittoor Chittoor ANUPALLI 0.882 0.943 5.16 0.11 Viaduct 3 Chittoor Chittoor LB PURAM 5.670 6.181 10.93 1.13 Viaduct 4 Chittoor Chittoor AYANAVEDU 13.591 13.816 8.04 1.14 Viaduct 5 Chittoor Gangadhara Nellore CHINNAVEPANJERI 18.234 18.485 23.78 0.7 Viaduct 6 Chittoor Gangadhara Nellore VARATHUR 21.427 21.624 51.37 0.79 Viaduct 7 Chittoor Gangadhara Nellore VINJAM 27.802 27.996 4.77 0.69 Viaduct 8 Chittoor Sreerangaraja Puram VENUGOPALAPURAM 29.991 30.263 4.11 1.46 Viaduct 9 Chittoor Sreerangaraja Puram RIPUNJAYARAJAPURAM 33.564 33.721 3.00 0.83 Viaduct 10 Thiruvallur Pallipattu PERUMANALLUR 45.659 46.289 35.51 0.56 Viaduct 11 Chittoor Nagari MITTAPALEM 55.707 55.856 17.98 0.83 Viaduct 12 Chittoor Nagari THERANI 56.137 56.638 40.91 2.82 Viaduct 13 Chittoor Nindra PADRI 69.938 70.064 37.95 0.69 Viaduct 14 Chittoor Nindra PADRI 70.931 71.229 9.98 1.33 Viaduct 15 Chittoor Nindra ATHURU 77.968 78.158 18.30 0.31 Viaduct 16 Chittoor Pichatur SIVAGIRI 81.519 81.728 1.78 0.63 Viaduct 17 Chittoor Pichatur SHAMSHEER BAHADUR PET 90.551 90.713 5.80 0.51 Viaduct Chittoor Pichatur SHAMSHEER BAHADUR PET 91.361 91.646 8.80 1.71 Viaduct 18 Thiruvallur Uthukkottai PENNALURIPET 91.646 91.952 17.85 1.62 Viaduct 19 Thiruvallur Uthukkottai PUDUCHERI 93.703 94.010 15.96 1.73 Viaduct 20 Thiruvallur Uthukkottai PUDUCHERI 94.750 94.968 5.30 0.91 Viaduct 21 Thiruvallur Uthukkottai PONDAVAKKAM 94.968 95.246 26.64 2.2 Viaduct 22 Thiruvallur Uthukkottai PERUTTIVAKKAM 97.460 97.870 30.96 2.4 Viaduct Thiruvallur Uthukkottai MAMBAKKAM 98.229 98.551 1.62 Viaduct 23 90.92 Thiruvallur Uthukkottai MAMBAKKAM 99.128 99.234 Viaduct

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.17 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Total Chainage (Km.) Affected Proposed S. Area District Taluka Village Name Area Type of No of From To (Ha) Structure Pond 24 Thiruvallur Uthukkottai PERANDUR 101.244 101.355 4.09 0.4 Viaduct 25 Thiruvallur Uthukkottai PANAPAKKAM 102.353 102.566 25.81 1.14 Viaduct 26 Thiruvallur Uthukkottai SENNANKARNAI 103.994 104.350 18.31 2.13 Viaduct 27 Thiruvallur Uthukkottai THOLAVEDU 105.653 106.228 42.72 2.05 Viaduct 28 Thiruvallur Uthukkottai THOLAVEDU 107.364 107.507 7.09 0.52 Viaduct 29 Thiruvallur Uthukkottai VADAMADHURAI 111.256 111.783 243.95 3.46 Viaduct 30 Thiruvallur Uthukkottai ALAPAKKAM 114.107 114.480 23.13 1.71 Viaduct

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.18 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 4.14 presents the total no of surface water bodies along the alignment and mitigation/enhancement measures proposed. Details of mitigation measure proposed is given in Detailed Project Report. Table 4.14: List of surface waterbodies - Streams Chainage Type of water Mitigation/ S No Impact (km) bodies Enhancement 1. 2870 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 2. 4500 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 3. 7625 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 4. 10100 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 5. 14700 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 6. 16370 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 7. 33450 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 8. 34350 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 9. 34980 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 10. 36380 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 11. 38150 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 12. 44220 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 13. 46300 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 14. 57250 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 15. 66000 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 16. 77550 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 17. 82400 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 18. 85820 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 19. 87780 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 20. 90370 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 21. 100400 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 22. 109300 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 23. 115750 Natural stream Direct Provision of bridge 4.2.5.2 Ground water resources Loss of other water supply sources includes removal of private and community ground water sources like bore wells, tube wells and open wells. These losses have covered under the utility relocation process in the pre-construction phase of the DPR. Compensatory water supply sources will be set up before the start of construction activities. Impacted Ground water resources along the project road if any will be mitigated suitably. Any source of community water (potable or otherwise) such as open wells, ponds, tube-wells and bore wells, accidentally lost will compensated immediately. 4.2.5.3 Alteration of cross drainage

• All cross drainage structures have been design to handle a 50-year peak flood level. A detailed hydrological study will carried out to calculate the design discharge.

• Pipe drainages will provided for diversion roads constructed for the construction of new bridges and culverts.

• Storm water from longitudinal and Cross drainage works will connected to the natural drainage courses.

• The contractor will remove obstructions that may cause temporary flooding of local drainage channels, during the construction phase.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.19 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• Contractor will be responsible for removal of debris generated due to the dismantling of structure and earth generated due to the excavation of foundation, from the watercourse before the onset of monsoon. 4.2.5.4 Runoff and drainage

• Continuous Drain (lined/unlined) will provided throughout the project road for efficient drainage of storm water.

• Lined drain provided at built-up sections for quick drainage of storm water.

• The increased runoff due to increased impervious (Bituminous Top) surface will countered with increased pervious surface area through soak pits, at hand pump locations.

• The local bodies need to discourage/stop the filling of private water bodies, ponds etc. to develop commercial places and shops due to the improved roads and improved connectivity. 4.2.5.5 Mitigation for Water Quality a) Increased sedimentation

• Silt fencing will be provided • Desilting will be done for the existing ponds/Tanks. • Desilting of the wastewater will be ensured before the discharge of drain water into natural stream

• Instructions given in Appendix 7.9: Guidelines for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control to be enforced. Table 4.15 gives the list of silt fencing locations and Drawing 7.3 presents the conceptual plan of Silt Fencing. Table 4.15: List of silt fencing locations

Length (m) S No. Location Remark (approximate) 1 Top soil storage 300 Around the periphery of dumping yard 2 Borrow area site All borrow site Along the length of borrow area in down slope direction 3 Surface Water bodies. All 53 Equals to diameter/length or as instructed locations by engineer 4 Plant Site 100 In down slope direction of fine material

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.20 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Drawing No. 7.3: Conceptual plan of silt fencing. b) Contamination of water.

• Oil interceptor will be provided at plant site and truck lay byes. • Construction work close to the streams or water bodies will avoided during monsoon.

• The discharge standards promulgated under the Environmental Protection Act, 1986 will strictly adhered. All wastes arising from the project will be disposed of in a manner that is acceptable to the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB).

• All relevant provisions of the Factories Act, 1948 and the Building and other Construction Workers (regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 will adhered.

• Construction labourers’ camps will be located at least 1000m away from the nearest habitation. • All approach roads to rivers and other surface water bodies need to close permanently to avoid vehicle washing and to avoid major pollution sources. This is applicable to all areas including the secondary construction sites.

• Automotive service centres will be discouraged from establishing along the corridors without installing preventive measures against petroleum and oil contamination. 4.2.5.6 Water Quality Monitoring - mitigation Apart from provision of the mitigation measures, their effectiveness and further improvement in designs to reduce the concentration of pollutants in the soil due to construction activity shall monitored, as contamination of soil is directly linked with contamination of water. The monitoring plan shall be functional in construction as well as in operation stages. The frequency, location, duration and responsibility will be as per the Chapter-6: Environmental Monitoring Program. The CPCB drinking water standard values given in Appendix-4.4. Use based classification for Surface Water as per CPCB Guidelines. Any value/result not within acceptable limits will reported to engineer, for remedial measures. 4.2.5.7 Rainwater Harvesting Adequate drainage facilities provided to discharge the run-off to existing catchments area.

• Provision of recharge pits, in the design to recharge ground water, in the urban area.

• Longitudinal road-side drains on both sides of the road and out fall should be nearby culverts/ bridges on nalas/ rivers/ drains.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.21 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• All the construction preparatory activities for culverts, bridges and other structure will be carried out during dry seasons.

• Water for construction will be arranged by the contractor from the existing sources.

• Minimum use of water from existing sources for construction purpose will be ensured promoted at Construction site/camps to minimize likely impacts on other users. Rainwater harvesting structures shall be provided near the disposal point of the side drains as prescribed by CGWB guidelines. The location of RWH structures will be jointly verified by NHAI/IE. Typical Rainwater harvesting Structure has shown in Drawing 7.4.

Drawing No. 7.4: Typical Rainwater harvesting Structure 4.2.6 Water Requirement for the Project Acquisition and management of water for construction is an issue that must addressed by the contractor. The Contractor expected to obtain water for construction purposes that is of a high-water quality. The total water requirement during construction and operation phase and wastewater generated during project cycle is given in Table-4.15A. Table 4.15A Water Requirement and wastewater generated (L/Day) Sr. No Water Wastewater Remarks Requirement Generated Construction 4946075 Nil The water will be used for Phase for curing and construction construction purpose. No wastewater generation. Construction 120000 96000 Approximately 2000 persons Phase for will work during construction Workers and labor phase of the project and use camp water 60 LPD. The wastewater will be 80% of the total water used. Opeartion Phase 24000 19200 Approximately 200 persons will be employed for maintenance

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.22 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

and use water 120 LPD

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.23 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

The measures for water conservation are as follow:

• Contractor needs to obtain approvals for taking adequate quantities of water from surface and ground water sources. This is required to avoid depletion of water resources.

• Contractor is required to minimise wastage of water. • Water conservation methods to adopt during construction process to make optimum use of water, as limited water sources are available along the proposed alignment.

• The septic tanks will be constructed at site during construction and operation phase of the project. The wastewater will be collected from site on regular basis and treated in nearby common effluent treatment plant. If water will be discharged outside, the Use based classification for Surface Water as per CPCB Guidelines given in Appendix-4.3.

4.3 ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT The construction of new Greenfield project road can have a substantial impact on the degradation and loss of natural ecosystems, especially in less developed areas. Although the actual areas converted to highways may cover only a small proportion of the region, but the fragmentation of habitats caused by highway development is often severe. The scale of both the habitat conversion and habitat fragmentation effects caused by highway development varies with the size of the project. The impacts of projects also vary according to the environmental setting, especially the degree of naturalness in the local and regional ecosystems. 4.3.1 Impacts The major impact in this project on flora involves the removal of trees to permit construction and to provide clear zone for safety of the road users. Table 4.16 below presents the major adverse impacts on the flora & fauna and the indicators chosen to assess the impacts for this study. Table 4.16: Impacts on flora & fauna due to construction activities Impacts due to Construction Indicators Tree No.19,581 of trees Vegetation Area of vegetation loss Cattle Grazing Ground Area and location of grazing ground

4.3.1.1 Forest Area Project alignment is crossing a small patch of Pulikondram Reserve Forest from km 86.700 to 87.400 (700m). The detail of forest land which will be diverted for the proposed development is given in Table 4.17. Table 4.17: Detail of Forest Land. Sr. No Village Survey no Total Area (in hectare) Types of Forest 1 Pulikondram 78 4.7772 Reserve forest

Total Area (in hectare) 4.7772 4.3.1.2 Wild Life In discussion with Chittoor East and Thiruvallur forest division, it was confirmed that no animal migratory path exists along the project corridor.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.24 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

4.3.1.3 Tree Cutting Trees located within the toe line (bottom of formation) need to remove for efficient construction workmanship and more importantly to prevent collision with the trees, in case of accident. Roadside trees with strong and rigid stems can pose safety hazards. Some trees obstruct clear sight distances. However, others have a propensity to overturn this when become old and are potential safety hazards depending upon age and decay condition. All such trees that are safety hazards need to clear. There will be a significant, direct impact on cutting of the roadside trees, it includes The loss of shade

• Loss of tree products. • Removal of roadside trees will also reduce comfort levels for slow moving traffic and pedestrians.

• The removal of trees would lead to erosion and contribute to the loss of the micro-ecosystems developed on the roadside.

• Besides this tree act as noise barrier, dust absorption, air purifier etc. A detailed tree inventory is being carry out of all the existing trees within the corridor of impact. Due care has been given in alignment design to reduce/minimize the loss of flora. As a result, about 19,581 trees require cutting for the proposed project. About 9,649 trees on the left side and 9,932 trees on the right side are being affect due to the proposed construction. The major trees affected are Thumma,Neem, kangua,Agipulla, Raavi, Giriship, Tamarand etc. No tree will cut beyond the proposed toe line. Cutting of trees for fuel by workers, especially near their camps is of major concern. Therefore, adequate training of the workers and availability of their fuel requirements needs to be ensured by the Contractor. 4.3.1.4 Removal of Vegetation Clearing and grubbing of the area is the foremost requirement to start the construction activities in accordance with MORTH specifications. The impact due to removal of vegetation includes

• Dust generation during windy atmosphere; • Loss of productive topsoil;

• Soil erosion during rainy season may lead to water contamination. Measures will be taken in reducing and curtailing the clearing and grubbing of excess land. 4.3.1.5 Cattle Grazing No cattle grazing grounds have found along the corridor of Impact. 4.3.2 Mitigation Measures The major impact in this project on flora involves the removal of trees to permit construction and to provide clear zone for safety of the road users. There is NO recorded wild life habitat in near vicinity of the project corridor. Trees located within the clear zone need to remove to prevent collision with the trees, in case of accident. Roadside trees with strong and rigid stems can pose safety hazards. Some trees obstruct clear sight distances. Others have a propensity to overturn when old and are potential safety hazards depend upon age and decay condition. All such trees that are safety hazards need to clear. Table 4.18 presents the impacts on flora and its mitigation.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.25 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 4.18: Impact on Flora, Fauna, and mitigation Impact S No Item Impact Mitigation/Enhancement (Reason) Small forest Forest clearance will be land will be obtained prior to diverted. construction. Conditions of 1 Forest area Impact forest clearance will be abide by the project proponent. No wild life Nil 2 Wild Life No Impact habitat Increase in soil Maximum deviation in erosion, silting alignment design to save of water the roadside trees. bodies, Dust & Compensatory tree noise pollution. plantation in the ratio of Trees Cutting Direct impact loss of shade & 1:10, i.e. for each tree cut, loss of tree ten saplings will be products enforced However Avenue plantation along corridor is also proposed. Increase in soil Clearing and grubbing will erosion, silting minimized, and sprinkled of water with water to reduce dust bodies, noise pollution. Exposed surface Direct Impact Vegetation pollution. Dust like embankment slopes

Pollution will protected with stone pitching and turf. Open land in and around plant will be vegetated. No cattle Nil Cattle Grazing No Impact grazing found 4.3.3 Trees – Mitigation The mitigation and enhancement measures taken along the project corridor includes, a) Compensatory Afforestation: to compensate the felling of trees. b) Avenue Plantation c) Plantation at enhancement sites, if any d) Landscaping at Junctions and intersection locations etc. Compensatory Afforestation: Compensatory afforestation will take up as per the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. For each tree felled, ten trees will planted. The NHAI will bear the cost of such afforestation. Refer Appendix 7.10: Arrangement with Forest Department

• To minimise loss of trees, clearance of only those trees identified from the design will removed. • Endangered species, if found during construction, will transplanted as per the Appendix 7.12: Guidelines for Transplantation of Trees.

• No tree will removed in the zone of construction without the prior approval of the Department of forest through the supervising Engineer.

• 19,581 no. of trees need to uproot along the alignment because of project intervention.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.26 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Avenue Plantation: In addition to the compensatory afforestation, trees shall planted along the project corridors by the NHAI through Department of Forest for this purpose. NHAI should sign a MOU with Department of Forest. Such plantations will initiated once the construction is complete. The objective behind such plantation is to cover/ re-vegetate the areas within the right of way that are at presently barren. To maintain the present character of strip plantation, similar indigenous trees should planted. Refer Appendix 7.11: Guidelines for selection of Tree Species.

• Considering the combined compensatory afforestation by department of forest and the plantation by the NHAI, 1,95,810 saplings will be plant along the corridor. Drawing 7.5 presents the conceptual plan for Avenue Plantation.

Drawing No. 7.5: Conceptual Plan for Avenue Plantation Landscaping at Junctions and medians No trees planted up to 50m before the intersections to achieve clear sight distances. In intersections, shrubs will planted at 1.5m c/c as per the design shown in the Drawing no. 7.5. Beyond this point, only dwarf shrubs are plant. The height of these shrubs should be such that they do not obstruct the view of traffic coming from the intersecting road. The plants recommended for intersections are Cleodendron, Antirhinnum, Browallia etc. The intersections where landscaping is proposed is presented in the individual EMPs. The supervision consultant shall ascertain availability of space in the junctions mentioned below and plantation shall done in the available space. Refer Appendix 7.11: Guidelines for selection of Tree species. The drawing 7.6 presents the conceptual plan for tree guard.

Drawing No. 7.6: Conceptual Plan for Tree Guard

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.27 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

4.3.4 Vegetation – Mitigation High embankment will be re-vegetated with local shrubs and grasses to prevent soil erosion from the bare earth, prior to the monsoon. 4.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT Engineering, environmental and socio-economic surveys, conducted during the design phase, for the generation of the baseline information, give indications of several adverse impacts near the alignment, which related to R&R, common human psychology and general in nature. 4.4.1 R&R IMPACTS 4.4.1.1 Impact on Private Properties The estimated land requirements are resulting in complete or partial displacement of about 278 private structures. Of the total affected structures, 110 (39.86%) are used for residential purpose and 18 (6.52%) are used for commercial purposes are affected. A considerable number 148 (53.62%) of affected structures are found to be compound walls, toilets, basements, sheds, cattle sheds etc. Most of the commercial establishments are provisional (kirana) shops. The usage wise details of all private structures likely to be affected are presented in below Table 4.19. Table 4.19: Usage of the Private Properties Affected Sl. No. Usage No % to total 1 Residential 110 39.86 2 Commercial 18 6.52 3 Residential + Commercial 0 0.00 Others (incl. CWs, Fencing, Toilets, 4 148 53.62 Sheds, Petty Shops, Bus Stops, etc.) Total 276 100.00 4.4.1.2 Impact on Common Property Resources Total 7 common properties are affected across the project out of which 3 (42.86%) are religious structures temples.1 (14.29%) tomb and 3 (42.86%) are other structures such as bus stops, compound walls etc which is owned by the government/community Details are given in Table 4.20 below. Table 4.20: Common Properties Affected Sl. No. Usage No % to total 1 Religious Places 3 42.86 2 Tombs 1 14.29 3 Government Buildings 0 0.00 Others (Market, Arch, Statue, Shopping 4 3 42.86 Complex, Bus Stops, Compound Walls Etc.) Total 7 100.00 4.4.1.3 Other Assets and Minor Structures Affected In addition to the above listed properties other minor assets which includes well, bore well, water tanks, taps, hand pumps and overhead tanks etc. there are total 329 minor structures which are affected Details are given below in the Table 4.21 below.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.28 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 4.21: Details of Other Minor Assets Affected Sl. No. Usage No % to total 1 Well 91 27.66 2 Bore Wells 51 15.50 3 Water Tanks 64 19.45 4 Pump House 28 8.51 5 Hand Pumps 5 1.52 Others (Over Head tanks, 5 90 27.36 Sump, Pits, Taps etc.) Total 329 100.00 4.4.1.4 Type and Area of the Affected Structures Total 283 structures are affected private and government/common property a majority 187 (66.08%) are Kutcha, 85 (30.04%) structures are Pucca and 11 (3.89%) are Semi-pucca . Total area affected excluding Compound walls length which is about 12679 square meters. Details are given below in Table 4.22 Table 4.22: Type and Area of Structures Affected along Project Total Structures Total Area affected Sl. Type Affected (Sq.mts) No No % No % 1 Pucca 85 30.04 3852.00 30.38 2 Semi pucca 11 3.89 3207.00 25.29 3 Kutcha 187 66.08 5620.00 44.33 Total 283 100.00 12679.00 100.00 Area affected is excluding affected compound walls area. 4.4.1.5 Usage with type of total affected structures Observed across the type and usage of the total affected structures, majority of the residential, commercial, structures used for other purposes and compound walls are Kutcha in nature. Details of usage with type of likely affected structures including compound walls are presented in Table 4.23 below. Table 4.23: Usage with Type of Total Affected Structures

Sl. Type of affected property (No.) Usage No. Pucca Semi-Pucca Kutcha 1 Residential 48 0 62 2 Commercial 4 9 5 3 Res+Commercial 0 0 0 Others ( Incl. Common property 4 12 0 48 resources etc.) Compound Walls ,CW (Community) 5 21 2 72 & Fencing

4.4.1.6 Extent of Loss by Usage Table 4.24 below presents the percentage of loss for the total affected properties by their usage total area 17256 square meters. Is affected 12679 square meters resulting in a loss of 73.48% of the total area excluding the affected length 2061 metres of compound walls and 8959 metres of fencing.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.29 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 4.24: Percentage of loss by Usage Total Sl. No Type of usage Total Area Affected area % of loss (Sq. Mtrs.) (Sq. Mtrs.) 1 Residential 6154.00 5382.00 87.46 2 Commercial 8162.00 4828.00 59.15 3 Res+Commercial 0.00 0.00 0.00 Others (incl. Common property 4 2940.00 2469.00 83.98 resources) 5 Compound Walls (Length in Mtrs) 2061.00 6 Fencing 8959.00 Total 17256.00 12679.00 73.48 4.4.1.7 Affected Mobile Vendors and Road Side Kiosks In addition to the affected structures discussed above project site Kiosks and mobile vendors are also affected mainly near the proposed Interchanges where the proposed project road crosses existing State Highways and National Highways. As per the verification approximately a total number of 45 kiosks and local mobile vendors are affected. A majority of them are into these businesses from the last 5 to 10 years are found to earn about 350 to 400 rupees per day. Total 45 kiosks and local mobile vendors who are temporarily affected due to the widening of the existing road are into the business of Coconut vendors, Flower vendors, fruit vendors etc. are affected. 4.4.1.8 Project Impacted PAPs The impacted persons are calculated on the basis of affected structures in projec. The affected persons can be derived by multiplying the average members of household in the project influence districts into likely to be affected structures. The acquisition of private land and the affected structures by the project are indicators of impact on the social environment. To estimate the exact number of impacted persons at this stage is not possible. Generally, the impact of project is evaluated on magnitude of land loss and other immovable assets/ structures. According to the estimation, project-affected persons of 192 households are likely to be impacted directly or indirectly by the widening of the project road 4.4.1.9 Fear of uncertainties regarding future These normally become long lived, given the length of time, which elapses between initial surveys and commencement of construction. Land and property owners subjected to sufferings regarding uncertainties of the extent of loss and the nature of compensation. These involve:

• uncertainty of the amount of land/property to be acquired,

• time of acquisition and evacuation, • extent and amount compensation, • Provision of alternative land or job, etc. 4.4.1.10 Inducement of Land prices Once the project becomes common knowledge, there may be an incidence of unscrupulous speculators moving in to purchase land at what might seem to be advantageous prices, prior to the commencement of the official procedures. Such impact is more likely to occur in the case of urban fringe areas during the design and pre-construction phase.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.30 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

4.4.1.11 Inducement of Squatter Influx Squatters may attempt to occupy land along and adjacent to the proposed alignments, in the hope of receiving compensation or some other inducements to leave when construction commences. Such squatters could cause undue pressure on local resources such as water and firewood, which could result in conflicts with those who are harvesting the resources presently. 4.4.1.12 Loss of utilities and amenities Site clearance involves removal of various assets, utilities and amenities that are:

• Natural (trees, bushes and grasslands); • Physical structures (public or private assets and utilities); and • Relocation of utilities like electricity, water and telephone lines. For people dependent on the above, this constitutes economic loss for some time before these restored to their previous status. 4.4.1.13 Public health and safety a) Impacts on Public health and safety may arise during the phases of pre-construction, construction and operation. During the pre-construction and construction phases, dismantling of the structures for CoI clearance and road construction activities may result in the following health hazards:

• Dismantling of properties has psychological impacts on their owners and others associated with them.

• Debris generated because of the above mention activities. b) Labour Camps during construction period can bring the following problems.

• In the case of non-local labour (if so, is arranged by the contractor) labour camps are set up at one or more sites adjacent to the alignment and at some ancillary sites like aggregate quarries. These labourers hired from outside can have clashes with the local population because of cultural and religious differences. The influx of a large work force to an area, already hard pressed for basic services (medical services, power, water supply, etc.), can impose additional stress on these facilities.

• Alternative fuels are not made available to the workforce, there is a likelihood that trees will be cut down for cooking or heating purposes.

• Insanitary conditions in the labour camps might also result in impact on health of labourers as well as the local population. Transmission of diseases is also facilitate by the migration of people. During the construction phase work, crews and their dependants may bring with them a multitude of communicable diseases including sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) like AIDS. This is more so if the nature of the project requires more male workers who have migrated from other parts of the state or country. c) Allied activities during construction period may cause local disruption.

• During road construction allied activities like quarrying and crushing operations, traffic diversions, etc., may cause disruption of social and economic life of the local population of the nearby areas.

• Dust and noise generated in crushing and blasting operations may cause nuisance to the nearby communities.

• Traffic jams and congestion, loss of access and other road accident risks, because of diversion of traffic and construction work on road.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.31 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• There will be some impact on land during construction, limited mainly to temporary acquisition to cater to road diversion or traffic detours and establishment of labour camps. a) Accidents and Safety

• Although the design speeds have been kept lower in the major settlement area some amount of severance is expect in the rural area especially where the residential area is on one side and their agricultural land and other facilities are on the other side of the highway. Schoolchildren and women carrying pots full of water from the water sources (ponds/wells) are expose to this risk. 4.4.2 R&R MITIGATION MEASURES Adverse socio-economic impacts include all disruptions on the social and economic interactions of communities due to the road project. This involves effect on both the adjacent communities (mostly direct) as well as the nearby communities (mostly indirect). The various impacts have detailed as:

• General impacts that apply to the entire corridor,

• Specific impacts on likely properties and PAPs, within the Corridor of Impact of the project corridor. 4.4.2.1 Compensation for Land The total land need to be acquired for the proposed project is 849.872 Ha. For development of proposed project road. The agricultural land price has been calculated as an average of the Circle/Guidance Value in the respective villages. While calculating the cost irrespective of type and usage, we considered the cost of all structures/buildings and other assets to avoid any further issues in future. The details of village wise Land Rates as per the prevailing Circle/Guidance rate derived from Department of Stamps and Registration, Government of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Since the proposed alignment passes through all types of lands being used for various purposes and mainly for agricultural purposes the compensation for land is derived by considering the average Circle/Guidance rate of Agricultural lands in that particular villages irrespective of their type and calculated as per the RFCTLARR Act 2013. According to circle rate, the total amount of towards the acquisition of land stands at Rs. 497.26 Crores needs to be compensated. 4.4.2.2 Compensation for Structures The replacement cost of structure is estimated based upon the average of prevailing Circle/Guidance value of the structure from Stamps and Registration department of respective state governments. Most of the existing structures are either pucca or kutcha. As per topographical data a total number of 283 structures including 276 private structures are estimated for the social budget. Maximum numbers of the private structures which are likely to be impacted are Kutcha (66.08%) followed by pucca (30.04%) and Semi-Pucca (3.89%). However, while calculating compensation for structures we considered all structures as pucca in nature irrespective of their usage. Apart from private structures; religious and govt. structures are also considered for R&R compensation. The solatium of 100 percent of the Circle/Guidance rate of affected structures is included for final compensation. The estimated budget calculation details are appended in below Table 4.26.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.32 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 4.25: Impact on Structures along Chittoor-Thatchur Section of NH-716B Compensation Approx. Affected Area of Avg. Unit Total Sl. No. of as per Typology the Structure Rate Rs./ Structure No. Structures RFCTLARR (Sq. Ft.) Cost (Rs.) Sq. Mtrs Sq. Feet Act 2013 140,921,5 1 Pucca 85 3852.00 41447.52 70,460,784 68 117,324,8 2 Semi Pucca 11 3207.00 34507.32 58,662,444 88 1700 205,602,0 3 Kutcha 187 5620.00 60471.20 102,801,040 80 463,848,5 TOTAL 283 12679.00 136426.04 231,924,268 36 4.4.2.3 Compensation for Other Minor Assets The replacement cost of other minor assets is estimated based upon the actual cost incurred by the affected persons which was collected from the public during site visits. As per topographical data and estimation a total number of 329 other minor assets are likely to be affected which includes Wells, Bore Wells, Hand Pumps, Pump Houses, Sump, Pits, Taps etc. The estimated budget calculation details are appended in below Table 4.27. Table 4.26: Impact on Other Minor Assets along Chittoor-Thatchur Section of NH-716B Number Sl. No. Type of Asset Unit Cost (Rs.) Total Cost (Rs.) Affected 1 Well 91 800,000 72,800,000 2 Bore Wells 51 200,000 10,200,000 3 Water Tanks 64 75,000 4,800,000 Pump House (Incl. 4 28 100,000 2,800,000 Connection) 5 Hand Pumps 5 200,000 1,000,000 6 Overhead Tanks 2 75,000 150,000 7 Sump 8 100,000 800,000 8 Pits 76 20,000 1,520,000 9 Taps (Incl. Connection) 4 10,000 40,000 TOTAL 329 94,110,000

A total of Rs. 553.05 Crores has been estimated for compensation towards Land, structures and other minor assets which are likely to be affected due to proposed project road. The NHAI guidelines recommend that the compensation for the lost land and structures be paid through the competent authority. For structures valuation, the concerned government department may be requested to assess the value. The details of estimated LA budget is presented in below Table 4.28. Table 4.27: Estimated LA Cost and R & R Budget Total Land / Compensation as Sl. Item Unit Quantity Structure Cost per RFCTLARR No (Rs.) Act 2013 A. Compensation for Land

1 Compensation for Land Acre 2099.18 2,229,927,515 4,972,637,635

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.33 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Total Land / Compensation as Sl. Item Unit Quantity Structure Cost per RFCTLARR No (Rs.) Act 2013 B. Compensation for Structures Compensation for Structures 1 Number 283 231,924,268 463,848,536 and Other Assets C. Expenditure for Project Implementation Hiring of NGO for Resettlement 1 Plan Implementation (If Number 1 500,000 500,000 Necessary) 2 Printing of Policy and ID Card Lump sum 300,000 300,000

3 Updating of Survey Data Lump sum 1,000,000 1,000,000

Sub Total (A+ B+ C) 5,438,286,171

D. Contingency

1 Contingency at 1 % of the Sub Total 54,382,862

TOTAL (A+B+C+D) 5,492,669,033

For loss of structures, all PAPs will be compensated for their affected structures at replacement cost, for which provision has been kept in the Entitlement Matrix. All the squatters with structures and only vulnerable encroachers will be eligible for assistance for loss of their structures. 4.4.2.4 Institutional Arrangement The action plan provides a detailed mechanism for the appropriate organization and implementation of the plan. A social cell will be created which will be responsible for the implementation of the action plan. There will be a Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R & R) Officer and a Land Acquisition Officer, who will be supported by R & R Manager. In addition Non-government Organizations (NGOs), which have relevant experience in implementation of R & R projects, will be contracted to provide assistance to Implementing Authority as well as affected persons. The district level committees will be set up to facilitate the finalization of replacement value and all grievances of the people. 4.4.2.5 Implementation Arrangements And Schedule It is envisaged that the land acquisition and the R & R activities will be completed before initiating the civil works. Details of implementation arrangement are discussed separately. 4.4.2.6 Land Use Changes As regards land use changes, it observed that the impact would be long term negative impact. Since the project is entirely a new Greenfield developmental project, the possibility of major land acquisition envisaged. In design stage, utmost care has taken to keep the land acquisition at minimal for road realignment and geometric purpose. The probable impact on roadside business and trees within ROW has reduced and avoided through design. Besides mitigation & enhancement, following measures will take for safety of the locals:

• Local people will informed about the schedule of construction activity, so that the local people remain prepared in advance.

• The existing signboards will not remove but shifted to appropriate place during construction, so that people do not find problem in identifying the tourist/religious place.

• During construction proper demarcation and signboard, indicators and flagman will deputed for safe traffic movement. Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.34 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

4.4.3 OTHER MITIGATION MEASURES 4.4.3.1 Fear of uncertainties regarding future It is a green field project with 70m RoW. Land and property owners are subject to sufferings regarding uncertainties of the extent of loss and the nature of compensation. At places where the community utilities are to be affect, a certain amount of anxiety will be among the people in that particular community. To remove such fear from the people, public participation sessions were/will conducted in different stages of project, viz. pre-design, design, pre-construction and construction. In the pre-design stage, a comprehensive socio-economic survey conducted to prepare base line status of the households squatting or encroached upon the RoW. During the survey each households were contacted/interviewed and they explained about the purpose of the survey, need of the project and benefits associated with the project etc. The second stage of public participation was in the form of village meetings, focus group discussion, individual interviews and voluntary and academic institution consultation. The third stage of participation session will start before pre-construction. The EMU will verify and consult the individual EPs with the help of an NGO for distribution of ID card. At this stage, the EPs will explained about their entitlement and R&R framework. All people likely to be displaced will be informed in advance through NGO by a time bound Program about resettlement to remove fear of uncertainty. During the construction stage, the consultation process will continue to avoid any inconvenience to the community at any point of time. 4.4.3.2 Inducement of Land Prices As the project becomes common knowledge, the land prices along the corridor will increase. For the construction of new highway, the project requires diversion of forest land in a Pulikondram villages in Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh also, project require non-forest land as stated in Chapter-5. Market Value Assessment Committee (MVAC) will decide the actual cost of such land. The actual cost of land may be different from induced land cost. The MVAC have time bound Program to calculate the actual cost of land. In calculating the actual land cost individual project affected person (PAP) & NGOs will be involved. 4.4.3.3 Inducement of Squatter Influx Once the project becomes common knowledge, people may attempt to occupy the land along the corridor in anticipation of compensation. To avoid such, the dates of base-line socio-economic survey have considered as cutoff date for identification of project-affected people, who are eligible for compensation. The cut off dates will used to establish whether a person located in the right way qualifies as a PAP for the disbursement of compensation. All the PAPs recorded during socio-economic baseline survey are eligible for compensation after verification by EMU. 4.4.3.4 Loss of utilities and amenities The site clearance for construction of road may result in loss or relocation of certain utilities and amenities, viz. electricity, water and telephone line etc. People dependent upon these utilities and amenities may experience inconvenience and economic loss. However, such impacts are unavoidable keeping in mind the scale of work, but every care will take in co-ordination with concerned departments, to restore the facility within shortest possible time to avoid any prolonged hardship or inconvenience to

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.35 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) the community. Similarly, other utilities like water source, cattle trough etc. will be constructed or replaced at appropriate place with the consent of community prior to dismantling the existing one.

4.4.3.5 Public Health and Safety a) During the Pre-construction and Construction Phases, dismantling of the structures for CoI clearance and road construction may result in health hazards. To minimise this potential negative impact the following recommendations should be adopted:

• To avoid the psychological impacts due to the demolition of properties on the owners and other tenants. The advance notice as per RAP will give to the owners of the affected properties. An advance notice will served at least four months before construction commences. For squatters needing relocation, all R&R activities will be undertaken and entitlements will completed before construction starts.

• Debris generated from the demolition of properties will be properly disposed of to avoid the health problems. Earth material, if required will dumped in borrow areas as approved by the engineer. Borrow areas will be filled to avoid health hazards from stagnant water collecting in these areas. The contractor will make all arrangements for dismantling and cleaning up of debris. Implementation will be as per the approval and direction of the engineer.

• Instructions as given in Appendix 7.7: Guidelines for Environment Friendly Construction Methodology, to be enforced b) During the construction period the potential negative community impacts arising from imported labour in the labour camps will be avoided as per following: -

• All contractors will be encouraged to recruit the local people as labourer at least for unskilled and semi-skilled jobs. This would automatically reduce the magnitude of impact expected due to outside labour. Wherever the local labourers are not available, the contractor should ensure the following provision for imported labour.

• The additional stress on the facilities like medical services, power, water supply due to a labour camp in a local area will be avoided by the contractor providing these facilities for the labourers as per the direction of the Engineer

• In areas where wildlife resources are abundant, construction workers shall be instructed how to protect natural resources, fauna, flora and aquatic life. In such areas, hunting and unauthorised fishing prohibited.

• In the labour camps, all temporary accommodation must be constructed and maintained in such a fashion that uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and washing.

• The sewage system for the camp will properly designed built and operated so that no health hazard occurs. Garbage bins will provided in the camp and regularly emptied. The collected garbage will be disposed of in a hygienic and approved manner.

• Instructions as given in Appendix 7.5: Guidelines for Siting and Layout of construction camps, to be enforced.

• Instructions as given in Appendix 7.6: Guidelines for Workers Safety during Construction Activities, to be enforced.

• Instructions as given in Appendix 7.8: Storage, Handling use and Emergency Response during construction, to be enforced. c) Allied activities during construction period may cause local disruption:

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.36 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

In the construction phase, there may be inconvenience to the local people as well as the to the nearby highway passengers due to traffic jams and congestion, loss of access and other road accident risk as a result of construction. Detailed traffic control plans shall prepared and submitted to the engineer for approval 5 days prior to commencement of work on any section of road. In the preparation of the traffic control, plan special consideration shall give to the safety of pedestrians and workers at night. d) Accidents and Safety To avoid the accidents during construction phase, contractor shall take all necessary measures to ensure traffic safety. The contractor will provide, erect and maintain barricades, including signs marking flags lights and flagmen as required by the Engineer. In the operation phase, traffic control measures such as speed breakers and signboards (including speed limits) will provided and strictly enforced in residential areas, near schools and water bodies like ponds and wells. 4.5 SOLID WASTE 4.5.1 Impacts The road construction activities will generate a number of waste materials such as: a. Vegetation and demolition waste from site clearance. b. Excavated materials from earthworks (e.g. cuttings, pile foundations); c. General construction waste (e.g. wood, scrap metal, concrete); d. Chemical wastes generated by general site practices (e.g. vehicle and plant maintenance/servicing); and e. Municipal wastes generated by site workers. It is estimated that 250 grams/day of municipal waste will be generated. The MSW generated during project cycle is given in Table- 4.29A. Table 4.28A: MSW Generation (Kg/day) Waste Sr. No Description No of Persons Generation Construction Construction 2000 500 Phase for Phase for Workers and labor Workers and labor camp camp Operation Phase Operation Phase 200 50 4.5.2 Mitigation The waste materials have the potential to cause adverse environmental impact during generation, storage, transport and disposal. The principal adverse effects relate to dust, water quality, general health, safety, and visual impacts. Potential hazards associated with the inappropriate handling of chemical wastes include effects on human health (i.e. dermal and toxic effects with respect to site workers), phyto- toxic effects to vegetation, contamination of the soil, ground waters and surface water following spillage, risk of fire or explosions and discharge of chemical wastes to sewer and potential disruption of the sewage treatment works. If not appropriately managed, municipal wastes generated by site workers have a potential to cause impacts in terms of nuisance, insects and vermin. This may give rise to adverse environmental impacts for both site workers and site neighbors, which could include odor nuisance if putrescible material is not collect on a frequent basis, wind-blown material causing litter problems, if it is not well maintained and cleaned regularly. Table 4.29 presents the waste management methods. Table 4.29A: Waste Management Waste Type Control Measures Proposed Disposal Method General • Minimization of waste generation for Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.37 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Waste Type Control Measures Proposed Disposal Method Requirements disposal (via reduction/recycling/re-use) • Segregating waste materials according to type to facilitate re-use and recycling • Separation of inert construction and demolition materials for either re-use on- site or use as material fill • During demolition works, segregating materials at source as far as practical • Co-ordinate material deliveries to site in order to minimize storage times on site and the likelihood of causing damage • Training site staff in waste minimization practices • Transport of wastes off site as soon as possible • Maintenance of accurate waste records • Use of re-useable metal hoardings / signboards • No on-site burning will be permitted Vegetation from • Segregation of materials to facilitate Re-use / landfill preparatory works disposal • In site mulching by contractor to reduce bulk and review of opportunities for possible use within landscaping areas Demolition waste • Segregation of materials to facilitate Pre designated disposal disposal site • Appropriate stockpile management Excavated materials • Segregation of materials to facilitate Re-use of Suitable material disposal /reuse on site. Disposal of • Appropriate stockpile management Unsuitable materials to • Re-use of excavated material on or off pre-designated disposal site (where possible) site • Special handling and disposal procedures in the event that contaminated materials are excavated Construction waste • Segregation of materials to facilitate Public fill for inert wastes. recycling/reuse (within designated area and in appropriate containers/stockpiles) Disposal to landfill for • Appropriate stockpile management Material unsuitable for • Planning and design considerations to public filling reduce over ordering and waste generation • Recycling and re-use of materials where possible (e.g. metal, wood from hoardings, formwork) • For material which cannot be re- used/recycled, collection should be carried out by an approved waste contractor for landfill disposal Chemical waste • Storage within locked, covered and Chemical Waste collection bunded area by a licensed agency • Storage area should not be located adjacent to sensitive receivers e.g. drains • Minimize waste production and recycle oils/solvents where possible • A spill response procedure should be in place and absorption material available for minor spillages • Use appropriate and labelled containers Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.38 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Waste Type Control Measures Proposed Disposal Method • Educate site workers on site cleanliness/waste management procedures • Collection by a licensed chemical waste collector Municipal waste • Waste should be stored within a Landfill temporary refuse collection facility, in appropriate containers prior to collection and disposal. • Regular, daily collections are required by an approved waste collector and recycler 4.6 SAFETY RISKS AND MITIGATION Health and safety are of major concern during the construction as well as operational phases. The impact on health and safety can envisaged for both workers at site and road users, as well as inhabitants of nearby area to the project sites. 4.6.1 Disruption to the Community 4.6.1.1 Loss of Access At all times, the Contractor will provide safe and convenient passage for vehicles, pedestrians and livestock to and from side roads and property accesses connecting the project road. Work that affects the use of side roads and existing accesses will not undertake without providing adequate provisions. The works will not interfere unnecessarily or improperly with the convenience of public or the access to, use and occupation of public or private roads, railways and any other access footpaths to or of properties whether public or private. 4.6.1.2 Traffic Jams, Congestion and Safety Detailed Traffic Control Plans will be prepared prior to commencement of works on any section of road. The traffic control plans will contain details of temporary diversions, details of arrangements for construction under traffic and details of traffic arrangement after cessation of work each day. Temporary diversion (including scheme of temporary and acquisition) will constructed with the approval of the Engineer and the EMU. Special consideration will give in the preparation of the traffic control plan to the safety of pedestrians and workers at night. The Contractor will ensure that the running surface always are properly maintain, particularly during the monsoon so that no disruption to the traffic flow occurs. The temporary traffic detours will kept free of dust by frequent application of water, if necessary. The Contractor will take all necessary measures for the safety of traffic during construction and provide, erect and maintain such barricades, including signs, markings, flags, lights and flagmen as may require by the Engineer for the information and protection of traffic approaching or passing through the section of the highway under improvement. 4.6.2 Safety of the Workers

• Refer Appendix 7.5: Guidelines for Siting and Layout ff Construction Camp. • Refer Appendix 7.6: Workers Safety During Construction Activities.

• Refer Appendix 7.7: Guidelines for Environment Friendly Construction Methodology. • Refer Appendix 7.8: Storage, Handling Use And Emergency response for Hazardous Chemicals 4.6.2.1 Risk from Operations

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.39 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

The Contractor is required to comply with all the precautions as required for the safety of the workers as per the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 62 as far as those are applicable to this contract. The contractor will supply all necessary safety appliances such as safety goggles, helmets, masks, etc., to the workers and staff. The contractor has to comply with all regulation regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, stairwells, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress. 4.6.2.2 Risk from Electrical Equipment Adequate precautions taken to prevent danger from electrical equipment. No material or any of the sites will be so stacked or placed as to cause danger or inconvenience to any person or the public. All necessary fencing and lights will be provide to protect the public. All machines to be used in the construction will conform to the relevant Indian Standards (IS) codes, will be free from patent defect, will be kept in good working order, will be regularly inspected and properly maintained as per IS provisions and to the satisfaction of the Engineer. 4.6.2.3 Risk at Hazardous Activity All workers employed on mixing asphaltic material, cement, lime mortars, concrete etc., will be provided with protective footwear and protective goggles. Workers, who are engaged in welding works, would provide with welder’s protective eye-shields. Stonebreakers will be provided with protective goggles and clothing and will be seated at sufficiently safe intervals. The use of any herbicide or other toxic chemical will be strictly in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The Engineer will give at least six working days’ notice of the proposed use of any herbicide or toxic chemical. A register of all herbicides and other toxic chemicals delivered to the site will kept and maintained up to date by the Contractor. The register will include the trade name, physical properties and characteristics, chemical ingredients, health and safety hazard information, safe handling and storage procedures, and emergency and first aid procedures for the product. 4.6.2.4 Risk of Lead Pollution No man below the age of 18 years and no woman will employed on the work of painting with products containing lead in any form. No paint containing lead or lead products will used except in the form of paste or readymade paint. Facemasks will supplied for use by the workers when paint applied in the form of spray or a surface having lead paint dry rubbed and scrapped. 4.6.2.5 Risk Caused by Force Majeure All reasonable precaution will take to prevent danger of the workers and the public from fire, flood, drowning, etc. All necessary steps will take for prompt first aid treatment of all injuries likely to be sustained during the course of work. 4.6.2.6 Risk from Explosives Except as may be provided in the contract or ordered or authorized by the Engineer, the Contractor will not use explosives. Where the use of explosives is so provided or ordered or authorized, the Contractor will comply with the requirements of the following Sub-Clauses of this Clause besides the law of the land as applicable: (also refer Appendix 7.8: Storage, Handling Use And Emergency response for Hazardous Chemicals.)

• The Contractor will at all times take every possible precaution and will comply with appropriate laws and regulations relating to the importation, handling, transportation, storage and use of explosives and will, at all times when engaged in blasting operations, post sufficient warning flagmen, to the full satisfaction of the Engineer.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.40 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• The Contractor will at all times make full liaison with and inform well in advance and obtain such permission as is required from all Government Authorities, public bodies and private parties whatsoever concerned or affected or likely to be concerned or affected by blasting operations. 4.6.2.7 Malarial Risk The Contractor will conform at his own expenses to all anti-malarial instructions given to him by the Engineer; including filling up any borrow pits, which may have dug by him. Gravid, blood-laden mosquitoes cannot fly very far, so they generally bite within a kilometer or so of their breeding place. Thus borrow pits and any other water bodies created during the construction process will situated 1 to 2km away from the human settlements. Pits dug up closer than these will adequately drained to prevent water logging. Similarly, compensatory measures for filling up part of the water bodies situated adjacent to the project corridors will directed towards deepening of the water bodies concerned. This way the capacity of the water body remains the same, while water surface available for breeding of mosquitoes reduced. This will have an additional advantage of decreased evaporation losses, which will be important in water-scarce corridors such as 02, 23 and 28.

4.6.2.8 First Aid At every workplace, a readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing material and appliances will provided as per the Factory Rules. Workplaces remote and far away from regular hospitals will have indoor heath units with one bed for every 250 workers. Suitable transport will be provided to facilitate take injured or ill person(s) to the nearest applicable hospital. At every workplace, an ambulance room containing the prescribed equipment and nursing staff will provided as prescribed. 4.6.2.9 Potable Water In every workplace at suitable and easily accessible places a sufficient supply of cold potable water (as per IS) will be provided and maintained. If the drinking water obtained from an intermittent public water supply then, storage tanks will provided. All water supply storage will be at a distance of not less than 15m from any latrine, drain or other source of pollution. Where water has to be drawn from an existing well, which is within such proximity of any latrine, drain or any other source of pollution, the well will be properly chlorinated before water is drawn from it for drinking water. All such wells will entirely closed in and provided with a trap door, which will be dust proof and waterproof. A reliable pump will be fitted to each covered well. The trap door will kept locked and opened only for cleaning or inspection, which will done at least once a month. 4.6.2.10 Hygiene The Contractor during the progress of work will provide, erect and maintain necessary (temporary) living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour to standards and scales approved by the resident engineer. Refer Appendix 7.5: Sitting and layout of construction Camp. There will provided within the precincts of every workplace, latrines and urinals in an accessible place, and the accommodation, separately for each for these, as per standards set by the Building and other Construction Workers (regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996. Except in workplaces provided with water-flushed latrines connected with a water borne sewage system, all latrines will be provided with dry-earth system (receptacles) which will be cleaned at least four times daily and at least twice during working hours and kept in a strict sanitary condition. Receptacles will tarred inside and outside at least once a year. If women are employ, separate latrines and urinals, screened from those for men and marked in the vernacular will provided. There will be adequate supply of water, close to latrines and urinals. All temporary accommodation must be constructed and maintained in such a fashion that uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and washing. The sewage system for the camp Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.41 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) must properly designed, built and operated so that no health hazard occurs and no pollution to the air, ground or adjacent watercourses takes place. Compliance with the relevant legislation must strictly adhered. Garbage bins must provide in the camp and regularly emptied and the garbage disposed off in a hygienic manner. Construction camps are to be site away from vulnerable people and adequate health care is to provide for the work force. Unless otherwise arranged for by the local sanitary authority, arrangement for proper disposal of excreta by incineration at the workplace will made by means of a suitable incinerator approved by the local medical health or municipal authorities. Alternatively, excreta may be disposed of by putting a layer of night soils at the bottom of a permanent tank prepared for the purpose and covering it with 15 cm layer of waste or refuse and then covering it with a layer of earth for a fortnight (by then it will turn into manure). on completion of the works, the whole of such temporary structures will cleared away, all rubbish burnt, excreta or other disposal pits or trenches filled in and effectively sealed off and the whole of the site left clean and tidy, at the contractor’s expense, to the entire satisfaction of the engineer. 4.7 CONCLUSION From the above discussions, the project will have overall positive impact due to development of project road. The major impacts of project include land acquisition (predominately agricultural and barren). Due consideration has been given to environmental and socio-economic issue during designing phase of the project. Some adverse environmental impacts have been identified which are likely to occur during construction phase which are temporary and short lived and can be mitigated effectively by implementing suggested mitigation measures. The project provides scope for environmental enhancement of the area. Green belt development along the new alignment has incorporated in the project, which will serve screen for air and noise pollution generated due to vehicular traffic, but at the same time, it will also enhance the overall environmental quality of adjacent areas all along the project corridor. In order to ease the passage of locals from one side of project roads to other, sufficient numbers of underpasses have provided for pedestrian movements as well as for local traffic. It is required to strictly adopt and implement the Environment Management Plan (EMP) The mitigation measures suggested would minimize the identified impacts to acceptable limits.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 4.42 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

CHAPTER-5: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

5.1 INTRODUCTION The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORT&H), Government of India has proposed “Bharat Mala Pariyojana” an Umbrella scheme of road development project through National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), National Highway and Industrial Development Corporation (NHIDC) and state Public Works Departments (PWD) at an estimated cost of INR 5,35,000crores. This focuses on optimizing efficiency of freight and passenger movement across the country by bridging critical infrastructure gaps through effective interventions like development of economic corridors, inter- corridor, national corridors efficiency improvement, border & international connectivity roads, coastal & port connectivity roads and expressways. In pursuance of the above program, NHAI appointed M/s Louis Berger Consulting Private Limited, New Delhi as Consultants to carry out the Consultancy Services for preparation of DPR for the project. The Letter of Acceptance was communicated vide NHAI letter NHAI/Planning/ EC/2016/DPR/Lot 3/ Ap. Knt. Goa &KL/Package 1/98598 dated 21/04/2017. The contract agreement signed on 11/5/2017 vide letter NHAI/planning/EC/2016/DPR/Lot 3/AP, Karnataka, Goa &KL, / Package 1/99575 dated 11/05/2017 with immediate commencement date A meeting held with NHAI on 28/12/2017 regarding optimizing the project road stretches and it deliberated to alter the start & end to Chittoor – Thatchur. The proposed finalized alignment jointly inspected with PD/PIU/Chennai on 07/01/2018 &11/01/2018. Further, a meeting was held in MORTH for optimizing the Bharatmala economic corridors and it was intimated to us that Chittoor – Thatchur Greenfield alignment will be consider (copy enclosed) contrary to Puttur - Janappanchatram section (AP SH 4421 & TN SH 51). Eventually the Puttur stretch dropped from our scope of work. The proposed alignment declared as National Highway 716B as per MORT&H Gazette notification S O NO 646E dated 29/02/2018. 5.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The proposed Chennai – Kurnool economic corridor starts from Chennai, terminates in Kurnool, and pass through Puttur, Renigunta, Kadapa and Nandyal. It noted that the section from Nagari to Renigunta has developed under NHDP. Therefore, if Nagari- Chennai (Thatchur) with a spur to Chittoor section were develop as part of Chennai – Kurnool corridor, it would offer alternative connectivity between Chennai and Bangalore/Chittoor. Further the container traffic originating from Bangalore and bound towards the ports of Kamarajar and Kattupalli currently passes through the congested Chennai bypass and the Tamil Nadu state is developing the northern port access road from Thatchur to Kamarajar (Ennore) and Kattupalli ports. Therefore, Chittoor – Thatchur Greenfield alignment will provide direct port connectivity to Bangalore and Chittoor contrary to Puttur – Uthukkottai (AP SH 4421) & Uthukkottai – Janappanchatram (TN SH 51) considered in Inception report. Accordingly this route is notified in Government of India Gazette as NH 716B 5.3 CURRENT CONNECTIVITY STATUS TO THESE PORTS 1 At present Bangalore & north India traffic, negotiate through existing NH 48 and through Chennai city to reach Kamarajar & Kattupalli ports. 2 Andhra Pradesh & Karnataka traffic negotiate through existing NH 40 and joins NH 48 in Walajahpet and through Chennai city to reach Kamarajar & Kattupalli ports 3 Andhra Pradesh traffic negotiate through existing NH 716 and joins NH 48 in Sriperumbudur and through Chennai city to reach Kamarajar & Kattupalli ports

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 5.1 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

4 Traffic from and to these ports create congestion in and around Chennai city 5 Growth of these ports is also constraint on these account 6 There is imminent need for alternate connectivity bypassing Chennai city to avoid traffic congestion in the city 5.4 ADVANTAGES OF THIS ALIGNMENT 1 The proposed greenfield alignment will provide direct connectivity to Kamarajar (Ennore) and Kattupalli ports through Bangalore – Chennai expressway 2 The alignment will ensure seamless connectivity without mixing with Chennai city traffic 3 This route will decongest Chennai city from port bound heavy truck traffic 4 This corridor will provide connectivity to Ponneri Smart City and Mahindra World City 5 Improve air quality due to reduction in truck traffic through Chennai city 6 Will provide connectivity to SEZs and other industrial estates in the vicinity of port 7 Sri City will get better connectivity from Bangalore, Chittoor, Kadapa and Tirupati etc. 8 Total distance through this alignment will be shortened by about 30km resulting in huge saving in VOC (vehicle operating cost) 5.5 OPTION STUDY OF ALIGNMENT Five options for the proposed route are consider for study considering same start and ends. Terrain, geometric details, land requirements, number of affected settlements, social and environment impacts on proposed alignments including merits and demerits of alignment studied for all proposed options. The details given below. Option 1 The option starts from km 152.000 of Bangalore Chennai Expressway near Chittoor (Mapakshi), crosses existing km 153.600 of NH 4 near Chittoor district Collector office and meets existing SH 54 (MDR 4607) near GD Nellore. The proposed alignment follows the existing SH 54 until Ripunjayararajapuram and diverts on Greenfield and crossing SH 108, NH 716 and Nagalapuram Road near Nindra avoiding Pulikundram Reserve Forest. The proposed alignment crosses SH 50 near Uthukkottai and matches with Chennai Peripheral Road in Kanigaipair on SH 51. The total length of this alignment will be 137.200km approximately. Option 2 The option starts from km 152.000 of Bangalore Chennai Expressway near Chittoor (Mapakshi) and follows green field line crossing Chittoor Ponnai road, SH 108 and NH 716. The alignment crosses Nagalapuram road near Nindra encroaching part of Pulikundram Reserve Forest. The alignment crosses the SH 50 near Uthukkottai in Tamil Nadu and matches with Chennai Peripheral Road at Kanigaipair on SH 51 after crossing SH 50A. The total length comes out to be 126.550 Km. Option 3 The option starts from km 152.000 of Bangalore Chennai Expressway near Chittoor (Mapakshi), crosses km 11.000 of SH 54 (MDR 4607) near GD Nellore and follows existing road up-to Krishnajammapuram and after this place, the alignment follows Greenfield, crossing SH 108, Nochilli road, NH 716, Vanjeri road. The route crosses the SH 50 near Uthukkottai and matches with Chennai Peripheral Road at Kanigaipair in SH 51 after crossing SH 50A. The total length comes out to be about 131.930 km.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 5.2 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Option 4 The option starts from km 152.000 of Bangalore Chennai Expressway near Chittoor (Mapakshi) and follows green field line crossing Chittoor Ponnai road. It further passes through Nallarallapalle, crosses Chittoor Road and meets existing SH 54 (MDR 4607) near Kotagaram. The proposed alignment follows the existing SH 54 till Eduvaripalle/Pallipattu and diverts on Greenfield bypassing Palipattu. It passes near Nediyam, Moolanatham, Melapattu and crosses NH 716 near Veera Kaveri Raja Puram. It further crosses NH 50A, Tirupati Road and matches with Chennai Peripheral Road at Kanigaipair in SH 51 after crossing SH 50A. The total length comes out to be about 132.300 km. Option 5 The option starts from km 152.000 of Bangalore Chennai Expressway near Chittoor (Mapakshi), follows Greenfield alignment and crosses existing NH-4 near Gangasagaram. It further crosses Chittor Ponnai Road near Ayanavedu. It runs almost parallel to Alignment Option 3 mentioned above from Thugundram to Krishnajammapuram. The option matches with Chennai Peripheral Road at Kanigaipair in SH 51 after crossing SH 50A. The total length comes out to be about 123.00 km. Further, a matrix has developed considering the Natural Environment, Biological Environment, Physical Environment, Social Environment and Engineering details as the governing aspects. A scoring criterion developed based on the attributes assigned to each aspect. The alignment options given in Figure 5.1. The Matrix for individual aspects for all proposed options of alignment given in Appendix 5.1 to 5.5. The summary score details are given in Table 5.1 below. Table 5.1: Summary Details of Matrix

Total Option-1 Option-2 Option-3 Option-4 Option-5 Scoring Criterion Weight Score Score Score Score Score Natural Environment 80 34 32 29 34 29 Biological 80 7 7 6 7 5 Environment Physical 50 - - - - - Environment Social Environment 60 23 15 23 16 12 Engineering 130 110 88 121 102 108 Total 400 174 142 179 159 154

The Score criteria to illustrate impact category adopted are as below

Score out of 360 Score Limit (%) Impact Category

Less than 120 <30 Low 120 to 200 30 – 50 Medium 200 to 320 50-80 High More than 320 >80 Very High It is evident from results that Option 2 score has less impact. The alignment comparative summary statement given in Table 5.2.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 5.3 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 5.2: Alignment option comparison S. Description Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5 No. 1 Starting (km) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 Ending (km) 137.200 126.550 131.930 132.300 123.000 3 Length of Alignment 137.200 126.550 131.930 132.300 123.000 (km) 4 Built-up stretch Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 5 Terrain Plain/Rolling Plain/rolling Plain/Rolling Plain/Rolling/hilly Plain/Rolling/hilly 6 Design Speed 60-80 100 100 80-100 80-100 achievable (kmph) 7 Geometries The horizontal and This alignment be likely not to The horizontal and The horizontal and The horizontal and vertical vertical geometry will not comprise good horizontal and vertical geometry vertical geometry geometry will not achieve achieve optimum as the vertical geometrics will not achieve will not achieve optimum route follow the existing Sight distances as per optimum optimum Sight distances as per state highway that has geometric requirements in Sight distances as Sight distances as geometric requirements in very poor geometry at curves will achieved. per geometric per geometric curves may not achieved built up locations. requirements in requirements in curves may not curves may not achieved achieved 8 Existing Land use Built up/ Agricultural Agricultural land/ Forest Land Agricultural Land / Built up/ Agricultural Built up/ Agricultural land/ pattern through land/ Forest Land Forest Land land/ Forest Land Forest Land proposed alignment 9 Proposed right of 60 70 60 60 60 way (m) 10 Total Additional land 960.400 591.6388 923.510 926.100 861.000 required (Ha) 11 No of affected 8 Nil 11 17 7 Settlements 12 Social Impact Widening of existing Not significant Widening of existing Alignment is Alignment is passing carriageway and carriageway and passing through through number of built-up geometrical geometrical number of built-up areas which leads to huge improvements need improvements need areas which leads amount of demolition of

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 5.4 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

S. Description Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5 No. eviction of structures eviction of to huge amount of existing structures structures and demolition of passing through existing structures hills 13 Environmental Improved air quality The proposed alignment Improved air quality Impact passes through Pilikundram Reserve Forest and Forest Clearances will envisaged. Improve air quality due to reduction in truck traffic through Chennai city 14 Proposed Four/Six lane divided Four/Six lane divided Four/Six lane Four/Six lane Four/Six lane divided improvement as per carriageway carriageway divided carriageway divided carriageway carriageway Manual

15 Merits Travel time reduced for the movement of Goods to Chennai port Industries coming up in Renigunta and Kuppam will get connectivity to Sri city through Chittoor, Bangalore and beyond. The alignment will provide direct connectivity to Kamarajar (Ennore) and Kattupalli ports through Bangalore – Chennai expressway The alignment will ensure seamless connectivity for Bangalore traffic without mixing with Chennai city traffic This route will decongest Chennai city from port bound

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 5.5 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

S. Description Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5 No. heavy truck traffic and also Improve air quality due to reduction in truck traffic through Chennai city 16 Demerits Alignment is passing This alignment also pass Following existing Huge land Huge land acquisition in through 8 nos. of built close to some water bodies road and acquiring acquisition in built- built-up area up area, forest areas where structure arrangement land through the up area and flood plains. is envisaged existing road will be tedious. 17 Recommendation Not Recommended Recommended Not Recommended Not Recommended Not Recommended

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 5.6 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Figure 5.1: Option 2: Final Alignment

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 5-7 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

5.6 ALTERNATIVES FOR CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY Cold Mix Technology involves cold asphalt which is a high-quality, polymer-modified cold mix asphalt available in batch orders. Hot Mix Technology involves Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) which is a combination of approximately 95% stone, sand, or gravel bound together by asphalt cement, a product of crude oil. Asphalt cement is heated aggregate, combined, and mixed with the aggregate at an HMA facility. The comparison between the two is given below: Table 5.3: Analysis of Cold & Hot Mix Technology

Sl. Parameter Cold Mix Hot Mix No. Hot mix asphalt is used primarily as paving Street Cold Asphalt is a relatively material and consists of a mixture of new product developed in 1995 aggregate and liquid asphalt cement, which through the introduction of new are heated and mixed in measured polymer technology and quantities. research into the manipulation of Hot mix asphalt facilities can be broadly viscosity and material design, of classified as either drum mix plants or batch the various components of an 1 Description mix plants, according to the process by asphalt mix - Street Cold which the raw materials are mixed. Asphalt is soft and sticky out of In a batch mix plant, the aggregate is dried the bag, but it quickly hardens first, then transferred to a mixer where it after application and the end is mixed with the liquid asphalt. result is a pavement patch with In a drum mix plant, a rotary dryer serves to better strength but similar dry the aggregate and mix it with the liquid properties to hot asphalt. asphalt cement. Hot mix asphalt concrete (commonly Cold patch, also known as cold abbreviated as HMAC or HMA) is mix or cold asphalt, was first produced by heating the asphalt binder to recognized as a way to make decrease its viscosity, and drying the road repairs quickly because it aggregate to remove moisture from it prior can be applied right from the to mixing. container without heating. Mixing is generally performed with the 2 Requirements Cold asphalt also doesn’t aggregate at about 300 °F (roughly 150 require any special heavy °C) for virgin asphalt and 330 °F (166 °C) rolling machines or special for polymer modified asphalt, and the applicators as it can be asphalt cement at 302 shovelled or poured into a °F (150 °C). pothole or utility cut and tamped Paving and compaction must be down with a hand tool. performed while the asphalt is sufficiently hot Cold mix asphalt concrete is produced by emulsifying the asphalt in water with (essentially) soap prior to mixing with the aggregate. HMAC is the form of asphalt concrete most While in its emulsified state the commonly used on high traffic pavements asphalt is less viscous and the such as those on major highways, mixture is easy to work and racetracks and airfields 3 Use compact Asphalt concrete has different performance The emulsion will break after characteristics in terms of surface durability, enough water evaporates and tire wear, braking efficiency and roadway the cold mix will, ideally, take on noise. the properties of cold HMAC Cold mix is commonly used as a patching material and on lesser trafficked service roads

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 5.8 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Sl. Parameter Cold Mix Hot Mix No. Actually less expensive to use over the life of a road repair 4 Merits Completely seals and patches Less expensive for new road construction potholes, utility cuts, edge repairs, and even overlays. Less resilient and more 5 Demerits Expensive vulnerable to cracking

5.7 WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT SCENARIO Considering the possible positive impacts to the economic and social infrastructure of the region, the proposed road development is imperative; however, with such development the impacts on the regional environment are also unavoidable. Hence, to understand the significance of the proposed project better With and Without Project scenarios compared and presented in below table. Table 5.4: Comparison between 'With' and 'Without Project' Scenarios Component With Project Scenario Without Project Scenario Carriageway The carriageway will be construct to 6- The Freight traffic will traverse lane configuration with paved and earthen through Chennai City area and shoulders on either side. This will ensure further lead to traffic congestion. seamless traffic flow Traffic Congestion The new road will be capable of ensuring uninterrupted free flow traffic. This will The heavy traffic will continue to ensure the Chennai city free from long move through the city thereby route trucks that do not need to enter just mixing with the city traffic and for passage. increase the traffic congestion in The environment parameters of the Chennai city region will significantly improve besides saving in vehicle operating cost. Road Safety There will be a decrease in the number of Mix of city traffic with through road accidents after development of the commercial traffic lead to traffic new highway, as there will be adequate congestion in all arterial roads. space for plying vehicles to cross and This leads to many road overtake. accidents. As per the community The city traffic will be separate with consultation, many accidents are through commercial traffic and thereby taking place on the existing road ensure adequate safety to light city stretches due to mix traffic. With vehicles. increase in traffic, the situation may worsen. Environmental The free flow of traffic on the new Environmental quality will further Quality highway will improve the environmental deteriorate due to pollution and quality, as the emissions from the plying high emission from slow traffic vehicles will reduce due to seamless flow. movement and congestions. With There will be temporary increase in dust increase in traffic, the pace of and emissions during the construction degradation of environment will phase only and is reversible. only hasten. Transportation Free flow interchanges, VUPs/LVUPs, Facilities and truck lay byes proposed along the project road for convenience of people. Bad travel quality. Thus, the travel quality will drastically improve on the road conditions. Economic Economic activities will automatically The economic activity will remain Development improve once the new road developed static and local and will improve around the Bangalore city. It will also only at a laggard pace. benefit farmers, as they will be able to sell

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 5.9 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Component With Project Scenario Without Project Scenario their produce in distant markets due to improved transportation. Employment The proposed construction and Opportunities improvement of project roads will require around 50 technical staff, 100 skilled No such opportunity labours and 200 non-skilled labours during construction phase. Development There will be higher potential for Potential development in this area due to improvement in access and consequent Development activity will greatly increase in economic activity. Essential hampered due to inadequate community infrastructures like drainage connectivity. system, water supply, electricity, transportation etc. will come as consequence of current development. It can be concluded that “With” project scenario having positive/ beneficial impacts will significantly enhance social & economic development of the region when compared to the “Without” project scenario. Hence, the “With” project scenario with some reversible impacts is a preferred and acceptable option rather than the “Without” project scenario. The implementation of the project, therefore, will definitely be beneficial for overall socio-economic environment of the impacted region. 5.8 CONCLUSION 5.8.1 Final Site Based on option study score, Option 2 considered as most suitable. Thus, Option 2 is consider for further study. Further A joint inspection with PD/NHAI/Chennai and consultants carried out on 07/01/2018 &11/01/2018 to inspect physically the finalized option of alignment. A presentation was to Secretary/MORTH & Additional Secretary/Tamil Nadu and other NHAI official on 19/02/2018 in MORTH to appraise the alignment. Subsequently, another presentation was also make to Union Minister MORTH & Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu other state ministers and officials on 25/02/2018 in Chennai. The alignment was agree in principle during the above meeting. The detailed presentation also made to RO/NHAI/Chennai on 23/03/2018. Based on this NHAI HQs had conveyed its approval on alignment on 06/06/2018. Further, a detailed presentation with all provisions made discussed with NHAI and CGM/NHAI on 30/10/2018 in Regional office Chennai. 5.8.2 Technological Option

• Durability and strength equivalent to using hot mix

• Permanent repair compared to traditional cold-mix which is only a temporary fix

• No Priming required

• Works even when water is present

• Works at low ambient temperatures (hot-mix cannot be used in cold weather as the asphalt will cool to much prior to compacting)

• Instantly ready for traffic – and in fact product cures and hardens more quickly with compaction forces. Rapid access over the surface reduces down time where there are time- critical schedules

• Limited mess than other brands – product will not stick to or stain hands or shoes even when bucket is freshly opened

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 5.10 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• No bleeding

• No drift of bitumen to the surface requiring surface preparation prior to any further overlay

• Reduced labour time and therefore cost

• No requirement for special equipment

• Environmentally beneficial as it reduces carbon emission and noxious fumes avoid wastage Cold Mix technology is more suitable for repair of potholes and cracks on roads, bridges, overlays, parking lots, other asphalt and concrete surfaces. Cold Mix is fast, permanent, easy to use and environmentally preferable cold asphalt product. However, for constructing new roads hot mix technology is better suited. Contractor/Concessionaire shall utilise the same where ever suitable.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 5.11 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

CHAPTER-6: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

6.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM Monitoring of environmental quality during construction and operation stages reflects the success of implementation of the mitigation measures. In addition, it provides a means to review the suggested measure and improve upon the measures. To ensure the effective implementation of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP), it is essential that an effective environmental monitoring program designed and carried out. 6.2 MONITORING PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES The broad objectives are:

• To evaluate the adequacy of Environmental Assessment.

• To suggest ongoing improvements in management plan based on the monitoring.

• To enhance environmental quality through proper implementation of suggested mitigation measures

• To satisfy the requirements of environmental regulatory framework and community obligations. 6.2.1 Performance Indicators The physical, biological and social components, which are significant in affecting the environment at critical locations, have suggested as Performance Indicators. The following specific environmental parameters can qualitatively measure and compared over a period. Therefore selected as Performance Indicators for monitoring due to their regulatory importance and the availability of standardized procedures and relevant expertise.

• Air quality with respect to PM10, PM2.5, NOx, SO2 and CO at selected locations.

• Water quality with reference to DO, BOD, COD, Suspended Solids, Turbidity, Alkalinity, Oil and Grease at selected water bodies.

• Noise level at selective /sensitive locations (Institutions, Hospitals, Religious places)

• Survival rates of trees planted as compensatory afforestation to compensate for removal of trees the proposed Greenfield alignment. 6.2.2 Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) Monitoring Ambient air quality parameters which are recommended for monitoring of construction of highway 3 projects are Particulate Matter (Size less than 10m or PM10 g /m ), Particulate Matter (Size less than 3 2.5m or PM 2.5 g /m ), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Carbon Monoxide (CO). These parameters are to monitored at selected locations such as plant and machinery sites, crusher sites, excavation works, etc. starting from the commencement of construction activity. Data should be generated at the selected monitoring locations as per the frequency given in Table 10.1 in accordance with National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) Standards 2009 since these are applicable from 18th November 2009 onwards (Table 5.18). 6.2.3 Ambient Noise Monitoring The measurement for monitoring the noise levels to be carried out at selective locations and at construction sites along the along the proposed alignment in accordance to the Ambient Noise Standards formulated by Central Pollution Control Board (Table 5.20). Sound pressure level would

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 6.1 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) monitored on twenty-four hour basis. Noise shall recorded at “A” weighted frequency using digitized noise-monitoring instrument. 6.2.4 Water Quality Water quality of local water resources that used by local community shall be monitored. The physical and chemical parameters recommended for analysis of water quality relevant to road project are pH, total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, COD, BOD, DO, Oil and Grease, Chloride, Iron, etc. The monitoring of the water quality will carried out at all locations identified along the proposed alignment during construction and operation phase. Monitoring parameters will be as per IS- 10500: 2012 for ground water quality and for surface water quality as per CPCB Guidelines for used based surface water classification (Table 5.26). 6.2.5 Tree Survival Rate Roadside plantation of trees and their management will be an important environmental activity for the management group. These activities will include selection of plant species, development of nurseries, protection of plants, interaction with roadside communities for plantation management, and their maintenance, etc. The construction of the new project road requires felling of within the project road alignment. This loss will duly compensated by compensatory afforestation. The compensatory afforestation will be done as per Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and prevailing policy of Tamil Nadu Forest Department. To ensure the proper maintenance and monitoring of the compensatory afforestation, a regular maintenance and monitoring of the survival rate of the planted trees is propose up to a period of 5 years from the operation of the project. This will monitored by implementing agency with the help of Forest Department. 6.2.6 Monitoring Plan The monitoring plan covering various performance indicators, frequency and institutional arrangements of the project in the construction and operation stages given in Table 10.1. 6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTING SYSTEM Monitoring and evaluation are important activities in implementation of all projects. Monitoring involves periodic checking to ascertain whether activities are going according to the plans. It provides the necessary feedback for project management to keep the program on schedule. The reporting system will operate linearly with the Concessionaire, who will report to Independent Engineer (IE), who will in turn report to the Project Implementation Unit (PIU), NHAI. All reporting by the Concessionaire and Independent Engineer shall be on monthly/quarterly/semi-annually/annual basis. The PIU shall be responsible for preparing targets for each of identified EMP activities. The compliance monitoring and the progress reports on environmental components may be clubbed together and submitted to the PIU regularly during the implementation period. The operation stage monitoring reports may be annual or biennial provided the project Environmental Completion Report shows that the implementation was satisfactory. Otherwise, the operation stage monitoring reports will have to be prepared as specified in the said project Environmental Completion Report.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 6.2 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 10.1: Environmental Monitoring Plan

Environmental Monitoring Institutional Responsibilities

Action Plan in onment No of Parameters Standards Locations Frequency Duration case criteria Implementation Supervision Samples

exceeds

Component

Envir ProjectStage Batching Plant, Once in a Hot Mix Plant Check and modify Contractor 3 season PM10 g /m , PM2.5 g (HMP) and Continuous 1x3x3x3x3 control device like through approved IE, NHAI – PIU (excluding the

3 /m , SO2, NOx, CO Stone Crusher 24 hours =81 bag filter/cyclones monitoring Chennai

monsoon) for 3 (3 locations) – 3 of hot mix plant agency years Package Stretch of the

AirQuality road where Once in a National construction is season Contractor Ambient Air Construction 3 PM10 g /m , PM2.5 g in progress. At (excluding the Continuous 1x3x3x12= through approved IE, NHAI – PIU 3 Quality - /m , SO2, NOx, CO minimum 12 monsoon 24 hours 108 monitoring Chennai Standard locations in period) for 3 agency (Table 5.18) consultation with years IE

Along the Once in a project road at Concessionaire 3 season PM10 g /m , PM2.5 g locations of Continuous 1x3x2x12= through approved IE, NHAI – PIU 3 excluding the - /m , SO2, NOx, CO baseline 24 hours 72 monitoring Chennai monsoon for 2 monitoring (12 agency Operation years

locations)

pH, temperature, DO, Surface Water BOD, COD, Oil & Quality Once in a

Grease, Total Standard as At identified season Check and modify Contractor Suspended Solid, per used locations. (excluding the Grab 1x3x3x8=7 oil interceptors, through approved IE, NHAI – PIU TDS, turbidity, Total based Minimum 8 monsoon Sampling 2 silt fencing monitoring Chennai

Quality Hardness, Chlorine, classification locations period) for 3 devices agency Construction

Surface Water Iron, Total Coliform for Surface years etc. Water as per

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 6.3 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Environmental Monitoring Institutional Responsibilities

Action Plan in onment No of Parameters Standards Locations Frequency Duration case criteria Implementation Supervision Samples

exceeds

Component

Envir ProjectStage pH, temperature, DO, CPCB BOD, COD, Oil & Guidelines. Once in a At identified Check and modify Concessionaire Grease, Total (Table 5.26) season locations Grab 1x3x2x6=3 Oil interceptors, through approved IE, NHAI – PIU Suspended Solid, excluding the Minimum 6 Sampling 6 silt fencing monitoring Chennai TDS, turbidity, Total monsoon for 2 locations devices agency Operation Hardness, Chlorine, years Iron, Total Coliform

pH, Temperature, 3 Plant Once in a Check and modify Contractor TSS, Total hardness, Construction season Grab 1x3x3x10= oil interceptors, through approved IE, NHAI – PIU

n Suspended Solid, site and excluding the Ground Water Sampling 90 silt fencing monitoring Chennai Chlorine, Iron, Minimum 7 monsoon for 3 Quality devices agency

Constructio Sulphate, Nitrate etc. Standard as locations years

pH, Temperature, per IS- 10500: Once in a At identified Check and modify Concessionaire TSS, Total hardness, 2012 season locations. Grab 1x3x2x5=3 petrol through approved IE, NHAI – PIU Suspended Solid, excluding Minimum 5 Sampling 0 interceptors, silt monitoring Chennai Chlorine, Iron, monsoon for 2

GroundWater Quality locations fencing devices agency Operation Sulphate, Nitrate etc. years Readings to IE, NHAI – PIU

At 3 equipment be taken at Chennai

yards and along 60 seconds Once in a Leq dB (A) (Day and National the project road interval for Check and modify Contractor season Night) Ambient Noise at 12 locations every hour 1x3x3x15= equipment and through approved (excluding Average and Peak Standard 2000 of baseline and then Leq 135 devices used to monitoring monsoon) for 3 values (Table 5.20) monitoring in are to be protect noise level agency

Noise Level Noise years Construction consultation with obtained for IE. Day time and Night time

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 6.4 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Environmental Monitoring Institutional Responsibilities

Action Plan in onment No of Parameters Standards Locations Frequency Duration case criteria Implementation Supervision Samples

exceeds

Component

Envir ProjectStage Readings to IE, NHAI – PIU be taken at Chennai

60 seconds At the locations Once in a Leq dB (A) (Day and interval for Concessionaire of baseline season Night) every hour 1x3x2x12= through approved monitoring. (excluding - Average and Peak and then Leq 72 monitoring Minimum 12 monsoon) for 2 values are to be agency Operation locations years obtained for Day time and Night time Physical Parameter: Near IE, NHAI – PIU Texture, Grain Size, Construction Chennai Gravel, Sand, Silt, sites and along Once in a Clay; Chemical the project road Contractor season Parameter: pH, at locations of Composite 1x3x3x10= through approved (excluding the - Conductivity, baseline Sample 90 monitoring monsoon) for 3 Calcium, monitoring in agency years Construction Magnesium, Sodium, consultation with Nitrogen, Absorption IE. Minimum 10 Ratio locations - Soil Physical Parameter: IE, NHAI – PIU Texture, Grain Size, Chennai

Gravel, Sand, Silt, At the locations Once in a Clay; Chemical Concessionaire of baseline season Parameter: pH, Composite 1x3x2x6=3 through approved monitoring. (excluding - Conductivity, Sample 6 monitoring Minimum 6 monsoon) for 2 Calcium, agency Operation locations years Magnesium, Sodium, Nitrogen, Absorption Ratio

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 6.5 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Environmental Monitoring Institutional Responsibilities

Action Plan in onment No of Parameters Standards Locations Frequency Duration case criteria Implementation Supervision Samples

exceeds

Component

Envir ProjectStage

Monitoring of: IE, NHAI – PIU

ion 1. Storage Area As laid out in Concessionaire Chennai At Storage area Quarterly in the 2.Drainage the Detailed through approved and construction construction - - - Arrangements Design for the monitoring

Camps camps stage.

Sites Sites and 3.Sanitation in project agency

Construct Construction Construction Construction Camps Monitoring of felling IE, NHAI – PIU of trees Chennai

As laid out in

- (It should be ensured the Detailed All along the During the Forest

that only those trees, - - -

Pre Design for the corridor felling of trees Department whichStage are falling in project formation width, are Construction felled) Survival rate of trees - Success of re- vegetation Every year for The number of trees As laid by the initial three Concessionaire & Concessionair All along the surviving during concerned years during - - Forest e & Forest Roadplantation side corridor monthly visit should department. operation Department Department compared with phase.

Operationstage number of saplings planted.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 6.6 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

6.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING COST The environmental monitoring cost estimated based on the length and existing environmental scenario of the project roads. Environmental monitoring cost of Rupees Fifty Lacs only (INR 50 lac) has allocated for construction and operation stages of project road NH 716B. The details provided in Table 10.2. Table 10.2 Environmental Monitoring Cost Total Unit Rate Component Stages Particular Quantity Cost (INR) (INR) Monitoring near Batching Plant At 8 locations for three Plant Site, hot mix seasons in a year for 3 8,000/samples 2,16,000 plant locations and years (3x3x3x3 =81) Construction Stone Crusher – 3 Package Air At 12 locations for three Monitoring at seasons in a year for 3 8,000/samples 8,64,000 construction sites years (12x3x3=108) At 12 locations for three Ambient Air Operation season for 2 years 8,000/samples 5,76,000 Quality Monitoring (12x3x2=72) At 8 locations for three Surface water Surface Construction seasons in a year for 3 6,000/samples 4,32,000 resources years (8x3x3=72) At 6 locations for three Surface water Water Operation seasons for 2 years 6,000/samples 2,16,000 resources (3x2x6=36) At 10 locations for three Ground water Ground Construction seasons in a year for 3 6,000/samples 3,78,000 bodies years (3x3x10=90) At 5 locations for three Ground water water Operation seasons for 2 years 6,000/samples 1,80,000 bodies (3x2x5=30) At 3 location for three At equipment’s Construction seasons in a year for 3 3,000/samples 27,000 yards years (3x3x3=27) At construction At 12 locations for three Noise Construction sites identified by seasons in a year for 3 3,000/samples 3,24,000 IE years (3x3x12=108) At 12 locations for three As directed by the Operation seasons in a year for 2 3,000/samples 2,16,000 Engineer years (3x2x12=72) At productive agricultural lands abutting traffic At 10 locations for three Construction detours and traffic seasons in a year for 3 7,000/samples 5,04,000 diversions, to be years (3x3x10=90) Soil identified by the Engineer At five locations At 6 locations for three where baseline Operation seasons in a year for2 7,000/samples 2,52,000 monitoring has years (3x2x6=36) been carried out Construction Monitoring of: Quarterly in construction Construction - - site and 1. Storage Area stage till end of

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 6.7 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Total Unit Rate Component Stages Particular Quantity Cost (INR) (INR) construction 2.Drainage construction camps arrangements 3.Sanitation in Construction camps Road Side Considered in

Plantation EMP Budget 49,59,0 00/- Total Environmental Monitoring Cost (INR) Say 50 lac

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 6.8 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

CHAPTER-7: ADDITIONAL STUDIES

7.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION Public participation and community consultation taken up as an integral part of social and environmental assessment process of the project. Consultation used as a tool to inform and educate stakeholders about the proposed action both before and after the development, decisions made. This assists in identification of the problems associated with the project as well as the needs of the population likely to impact. This participatory process is helpful in reducing the public resistance to change and to enable the participation of the local people in the decision making process. The involvement of the various stakeholders ensures that the affected population and other stakeholders are inform, consulted and allowed to participate at various stages of project preparation. Initial Public consultations have been carried out in this project during the site surveys with the objectives of minimizing probable adverse impacts of the project through alternate design solutions (alignment and cross- sectional) and to achieve speedy implementation of the project through bringing awareness amongst the community on the benefits of the project. The public/official consultation has taken up as an integral part of social and environmental assessment process for this project.

7.1.1 Objectives of Public Consultation Community consultations in the project undertaken with objectives, which may grouped:

• Information sharing.

• Appraisal and assessment of the community needs.

• Assessment of the environmental issues in the region, and

• Development of specific design solutions and enhancement measures. These objectives are discussed below: 7.1.1.1 Information Sharing

• To promote public awareness about the proposed project especially amongst the potentially impacted communities/individuals.

• To educate the individuals/interested groups about the proposed course of action;

• To solicit the views of affected communities/individuals on environmental components and the significance of impacts;

• To serve as an important tool for collecting information about natural and the human environments, much of which would never be accessible through more traditional approaches of data collection;

• To ensure lessening of public resistance to modify the proposed activity, by involving them in the decision making process; and

• To achieve the basis for an Environment Management Plan for the project, with the incorporation of felt needs views and preferences of the people likely to be affect. 7.1.1.2 Appraisal & Assessment

• To inform Project Affected Communities about the provision of EMP, and to settle their felt need with mutual consent and to assist them during relocation of community property, if any

• Deduce information from the people about the local environmental issues and their dependence upon them.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.1

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• Collect peoples’ perceptions about the project to identify how to mitigate the negative effects of the project. 7.1.1.3 Devising Specific Solutions

• To solicit the views of affected communities/individuals on environmental and social problems.

• Receive suggestions from the affected communities with regard to the preferences and options about the project in general and avoidance measures, mitigation/compensation measures, and benefits provided, in particular.

• To ensure lessening of public resistance to change by providing them a platform in the decision making process.

• Thus, constructive participation by the affected population can influence not only environmental and social impacts of the project corridor, but also the costs, success and duration of the main investment project itself. 7.1.1.4 Informal Consultations at site Informal consultations with communities as well as affected households has been carried out during screening assessment stage and limited to informal contact with local residents and landowners, undertaken on an opportunistic basis during field reconnaissance, and initiation of resident and business surveys undertaken to assist with development of the resettlement action plan. Peoples’ Perception about Environment and Social issues gathered during the informal consultations presented in Table 7.1. Table 7.1: Peoples’ Perception about Environment & Social Issues

Suggestions Environmental Response Findings of the public S. No. given by Issue discussed Received consultation participants 1 Air quality of the area Public are of the Adequate Air quality is not an view that air vegetation cover issue of concern in the quality is not an on either side of project area. With the issue in the area the project road proposed development as the settlement would reduce there will be no impact area are located pollutants migrating on the air quality in the away from to village areas area as majority of the industrial units settlements are located and air pollution away from the main due to vehicular road. It is anticipate traffic will be a that the proposed concern during avenue plantation operational would be helpful in stage. checking pollutants dispersed to settlements. 2 Water quality Water quality of Runoff from the Water harvesting surface water project road should structures on either bodies’ i.e. rivers be contained side of the project road and canals is appropriately and is a good proposition to satisfactory. The no run off should recharge ground as surface water find their path to well as to contain sources used the water pollutants resulting mainly for resources being from vehicular traffic. bathing and used by residents washing for cultivation as purposes. well as to meet

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.2

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Suggestions Environmental Response Findings of the public S. No. given by Issue discussed Received consultation participants their daily chores 3 Noise level of the Vehicular Adequate avenue Noise is one of the area movement is the plantation (multiple major concern to prime cause of rows) would reduce habitations abutting the noise generation the noise highways spreading to nearby settlements 4 Drainage Water logging at Road construction Adequate measures few stretches of activities should will incorporated during the alignment ensure that slope the design stage so because of the of road is not such that flooding; rivers and creeks that it results in waterlogging, marshy make the land flooding in the situation does not unsuitable for nearby prevail. cultivation settlements. 5 Removal of large Road projects These should be Compensatory number of tree development adequately afforestation should would result in compensated with carried out to make up removal of large the right mix of for the loss incurred number of trees species in due to felling of trees of common consultation with for the proposed occurrence. the affected widening activity. communities and forest department 6 Social Issues Apprehension to Adequate Design shall be become livelihood support adjusted to avoid marginalized and to the affected impact on built up area jobless persons and and Payment of rearrangements for compensation at affected families market value who are losing residents structures

7.1.2 Consultations with Project Authorities and Other Officials Consultation with the stakeholders and government agencies is an integral component of environmental assessment and project design. Without community consultation, a project will not reflect issues or solutions identified by local residents, and a lack of government agency consultation can result in missed data and a lack of conformity with policy and guidelines, in addition to missed opportunities to share experiences and identify solutions to difficult concerns/issues. Consultations with government agencies and community consultations have focused to ensure that complete and accurate data incorporated into the screening assessment, EIA and SIA Report. The number of officials from various governmental departments have consulted to assess the actual environmental as well as social conditions of the region.

7.1.3 Formal Consultations at site Formal consultations carried through structured surveys/interviews and have detailed in the Social Impact Assessment Report.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.3

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

7.1.4 District level Consultation at site District level public consultation/hearing conducted on 14th November 2018 from 1630hrs, in Thiruvallur District collector office with various stakeholders. The meeting chaired by District Collector Commissioner and attended by Project Director NHAI, PIU Chennai, Revenue Officials of Thiruvallur district, SDRO and other district level offices present.

7.1.5 Key Findings & Recommendations Major findings related to key issues such as general perception about the project; suggestions to mitigate hardships resulting from dislocation and loss of livelihood are presented below: It was observed that people are not only aware of the project but most of the people welcomed the project in general. • There are 30 ponds which are used for irrigation, therefore local people demanded conservation of these ponds.

• Affected people demanded for vehicular underpass for day to day activities, village and market access.

• Pipeline as passing through the acquired land should be suitably relocated in concurrence with local panchayat.

• Air & Noise pollution is not a big concern in the project area. However dust pollution in dry season and noise due to traffic movement sometime disturbs immediate roadside dwellers.

• Stakeholders are concerned about the traffic noise and anticipate that increase of green field highway may lead to increased noise level after project implementation.

• The potential PAPs in general were very much concerned about the mode of compensation and employment.

• People suggested that adequate safety measures should be provided. In brief, it was felt during consultation that regular meeting with the local population / community could easily resolve any dispute between the community people and implementing agency settlements.

• Green Belt development along the highway

• Site specific EMP has been designed to address environmental and social related issues

7.1.6 Conclusion The initial screening and Preliminary Environmental Assessment reveals that the project implementation will result in appreciable social and economic benefits to the people in the project affected area in terms of easy access to the schools, hospitals, government offices, markets etc., increase in land value; reduced travel time & cost and traffic congestion. The proposed road would act as the prime artery for the economic flow to this region.The Public Consultation is ongoing process which starts from the inception stage and continues throughout the construction; till completion of project. All the above feasible suggestions have been addressed in DPR and Environment Management Plan. Public Consultation has been conducted in all the districts through which proposed highway are passing in accordance with EIA Notification 2006 for obtaining the prior environmental clearance for the project.

7.2 PUBLIC HEARING The public hearing as per the guidelines of MOEF&CC was conducted in both project Districts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu. The public hearing in Tiruvallur District in Tamilnadu was conducted on 5th July 2019 and public hearing in Chittoor District was conducted on 30th August 2019. Tamil Nadu Pollution

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.4

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Control Board, Trivallur and Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board- Regional Office: Tirupati conducted the Public Hearing in above-mentioned Districts as per below schedule. The minutes of meetings of public hearing and their compliances for Trivallur and Chittoor are attached as Appendix-8.1 and Appendix-8.2 respectively.

Sr. No District Date of Public Hearing Venue of Public Hearing

1 Trivallur 05/07/2019 Shiva Parwati Marriage Hall, Trivallur Chittor Nagaiah Kalakshetram, 2 Chittoor 30/08/2019 Chittoor

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.5

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Public Hearing Photographs of Tiruvallur District Dated on (05/07/2019)

Photo 1 Photo 2

Photo 3 Photo 4

Photo 5 Photo 6 Public Hearing Meeting Photographs District Tiruvallur, Tamil Nadu 05.07.2019

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.6

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Public Hearing Photographs of Chittoor District Dated on (30/08/2019)

Photo 1 Photo 2

Photo 3 Photo 4

Photo 5 Photo 6 Public Hearing Meeting Photographs District Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh 30.08.2019

7.3 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

7.3.1 Methodology

The action plan is based on the primary and secondary data sources. Secondary data source include Gazetteer of project districts, maps and District Census Details, 2011. A questionnaire was used to conduct census and socio-economic survey.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.7

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

This Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) report has been prepared as per the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, (New LARR 2013 Act), National Highways Act (NH Act), 1956 and is based on data collected from field survey. The primary purpose for preparing SIA (Social Impact Assessment and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is to assess the socio- economic condition of the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) in order to minimize and provide mitigate measures. Since the displacement is indispensable, rehabilitation shall be done in such a manner so that the standard of living of PAPs is restored. Special attention will be paid to the vulnerable groups. RAP has provisions to ensure that PAPs are compensated at replacement value for the assets lost and to enable them to regain or improve their socio-economic status enjoyed prior to the project. The RAP is a live document and will be updated as and when necessary. Implementation of the RAP will be done on data so modified.

7.3.2 Objective of the study

The objective of social screening is to create a baseline database containing the features and populace in the immediate vicinity of proposed roads as well as the structures likely to be affected by the roads widening/Improvement process. Social screening during the feasibility stage helps to avoid, reduce or mitigate likely negative impacts of project action and enhance positive impacts, sustainability and development benefits. The report aims to highlight the social problems and suggests general and typical mitigation measures to alleviate social problems that the project-affected people may face such as loss of livelihood, displacement and loss of access to community facilities through construction of service roads, underpasses and other facilities.

7.3.3 Scope of the Study

• Carry out Structure Verification Survey of the structures likely to be affected and Socio-Economic Survey of the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) to get the base line information about the level of impact and to get the base line socio economic status of the PAPs.

• Preparation of Strip Plan showing existing structures likely to be affected along the project roads.

• Conducting Social Impact Assessment including Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) studies

• Preparation of detailed Land Acquisition (LA) Plans with the help of Village Revenue Maps (RVMs) to undertake the land acquisition along the proposed project corridors.

• Preparation of Land Plan Schedules (LPS) of ownership thereof and costs as per revenue authorities and also based on realistic rates.

• Preparation of Social Impact Assessment (SIA) report and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the selected roads.

7.3.4 Social and Rehabilitation Issues

Most of the infrastructure improvements planned for the Urban/Rural areas will take place within the existing Right of Way (RoW) except at some of the congested settlements and densely builtup areas where bypasses/change in alignment/grade separation are proposed and at locations where minor improvements are required for accommodating road safety measures. Since, along the existing National Highways lot of settlements/habitations are developed and further Land Acquisition will result in displacement of affect persons to reduce the negative imapact of public and to reduce the displacement, the option of Green field alignment were being studied where, displacement will be less. Social screening surveys need to be conducted in the DPR stage. It was obvious that in majority sections of the project roads, ROW is limited and not enough to accommodate/fit in design standards. Further, it has been identified that RoW is not fully free from encumbrances and at many places it is encroached

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.8

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) and squatted upon by the people for various purposes mainly, near habitations and in market places. These issues may compound leading to delay of project and escalation of project cost. Hence, in order to face or overcome these consequences, a preliminary idea of Social and Rehabilitation issues need to be acquired and should be considered while selection of corridors. The key social issues considered would be as below. • Loss of fertile agricultural land;

• Loss of structures used for residential, commercial and other purposes and associated loss of livelihood i.e., loss of livelihood due to impacts on sources of earning;

• Loss of other properties and assets such as boundary walls, hand pumps, bore wells, dug wells, ponds etc.;

• Disruption of livelihood due to clearing of RoW particularly, petty shop owners;

• Loss of common property resources such as religious places, Samadhi, graveyard, cremation places, water resources, village gates, and passenger shelters, etc;

• Likelihood of increased accidents due to road widening;

7.3.5 Land use along the Project Road

The preliminary social assessment was carried out, considering Proposed Right of Way all along the project roads except at the proposed facilities such as Interchanges, RoBs, bridges etc. Most of the land use categories along this section are of either Agricultural land or Barren land and various activities are being carried out by the local residents. The proposed project road passes through Chittoor and Thiruvallur districts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu states respectively. The proposed alignment is passing where some pucca, semi pucca and kutcha structures are found at some locations along the proposed alignment mainly at proposed Interchanges. These settlements are like as private, government and community assets. The major portion is predominantly either agricultural or barren land. In general, the inhabitants occupying lands for different activities along the proposed road have land titles. This has implications on the design of the Entitlement Matrix and mitigate measures. Common Property Resources along the sections of the project road include some religious structures, community/village bushy land, grazing lands, water resources, etc.

7.3.6 Negative Social Impact

As the proposed project roads are passing through around 46 villages in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh state and 28 villages of Thiruvallur district of Tamilnadu state consists of high impact zones are the settlements (where the Interchanges are proposed) through which the proposed alignment is passing where some pucca, semi pucca and kutcha structures are found. As the proposed alignment is a Green Field alignment for a total length of 116.500 Kms, acquisition is required for laying of the proposed 4/6-laning with paved shoulder all along the proposed road. As per the social impact assessment and base line verification survey, 284 number of structures (including Compound Walls/Fencing) are either partially/completely affected. The estimated land required for the laying/improvement of other road safety improvements such as creation of strengthening of footpaths, to provide proper drain, RoBs, flyovers, etc all along the project road is approximately about 849.782 Ha. The land required by the project for the construction of proposed project road falls under two classifications. (1) Public land owned by the State Government and administered by other departments such as Revenue Department etc and (2) Private Land.

7.3.7 Preparation of Land Acquisition Report/Plan

As part of preparation of Land Acquisition (LA) Report/Plan, firstly after identifying the villages along all the project roads, latest available Village maps were collected from the respective District Survey offices/Village

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.9

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Offices. After collecting the same reference points were collected along the project roads at common identifiable locations (both On Village revenue Maps as well as on ground).

During the process of identifying the Survey Numbers in which the land to be acquired where the improvement/widening is proposed, the Village Revenue Maps were scanned and attached as per the topographical data and as per the common reference points collected all along the project roads.

As part of the preparation of Land Plan Schedules (LPS), after identifying the Survey Numbers in which the addition land to be acquired for proposed improvements, for each survey number details such as sub- division numbers, type of land, nature of land and other relevant data was collected from the respective Village offices.

7.3.8 Identification of Structures Census of all the structures lying within PROW has been undertaken from the topographical survey data to assess the project impact on the population for displacement, resettlement and rehabilitation. The structures existing within the proposed RoW belong to encroachers as well as title and non-title holders. The total number of structures within proposed RoW to be impacted is around 283 (which includes Residential, Commercial, Cattle Sheds, and small Religious Structures etc.).

Of the total likely to be affected structures, significant number (276) of private properties comprising Residential, Commercial and Cattle Sheds structure of various types (Pucca/Semi-Pucca/Kutcha) are existing along the project road followed by community/panchayat structures (7 Nos.) (Religious/Tombs) are affected.

7.3.9 Ownership of the Affected Structures

The estimated number of structures identified and verified of which are affected completely or partially along Chittoor-Thatchur Road is about 283 structures including compound walls. Of the total affected structures, 278 (97.53%) are private, 1 (0.35%) are owned by the government (Bus Stop), 6 (2.12%) are owned by the Community in the form of religious and other properties are affected in this project road. Ownership wise details of likely affected structures are presented in below Table 7.2.

Table 7.2: Ownership Status of the Affected Structures Sl. No. Ownership No % to total 1 Private 276 97.53 2 Government 1 0.35 3 Community 6 2.12 Total 283 100.00

7.3.10 Impact on Private Properties

The estimated land requirements are resulting in complete or partial displacement of about 278 private structures. Of the total affected structures, 110 (39.86%) are used for residential purpose and 18 (6.52%) are used for commercial purposes are affected. A considerable number 148 (53.62%) of affected structures are found to be compound walls, toilets, basements, sheds, cattle sheds etc. Most of the commercial establishments are provisional (kirana) shops. The usage wise details of all private structures likely to be affected are presented in below Table 7.3.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.10

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 7.3: Usage of the Private Properties Affected Sl. No. Usage No % to total 1 Residential 110 39.86 2 Commercial 18 6.52 3 Residential + Commercial 0 0.00 Others (incl. CWs, Fencing, Toilets, 4 148 53.62 Sheds, , Petty Shops, Bus Stops, etc.) Total 276 100.00

7.3.11 Impact on Common Property Resources

A total of 7 common properties are affected across the project road. Of which 3 (42.86%) are Religious structures in the form of small temples. About 1 (14.29%) of other religious structure in the form of tomb is affected in this project road. In addition, around 3 (42.86%) other structures such as Bus Stops, Compound Walls etc owned by the government/community are affected. No other structures owned by the community/government are affected along the project road. Details of the usage of these common properties such as religious places and other structures are given in table 7.4 below. Table 7.4: Common Properties Affected Sl. No. Usage No % to total 1 Religious Places 3 42.86 2 Tombs 1 14.29 3 Government Buildings 0 0.00 Others (Market, Arch, Statue, Shopping 4 3 42.86 Complex, Bus Stops, Compound Walls Etc.) Total 7 100.00

7.3.12 Other Assets and Minor Structures Affected

In addition to the above listed properties other minor assets which includes well, bore well, water tanks, taps, Hand pumps and Overhead Tanks etc. around a total of 329 minor assets are affected in this road. Details are given in the table 7.5 below.

Table 7.5: Details of Other Minor Assets Affected Sl. No. Usage No % to total 1 Well 91 27.66 2 Bore Wells 51 15.50 3 Water Tanks 64 19.45 4 Pump House 28 8.51 5 Hand Pumps 5 1.52 Others (Over Head tanks, 5 90 27.36 Sump, Pits, Taps etc.) Total 329 100.00

7.3.13 Type and Area of the Affected Structures

Of the total 283 structures affected under both private and government/common property resources a majority 187 (66.08%) are Kutcha and of the remaining, 85 (30.04%) structures are Pucca and 11 (3.89%)

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.11

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) are Semi-Oucca in nature. The total area affected excluding Compound Walls Length is about 12679 square meters. Details are presented in table 7.6 below.

Table 7.6: Type and Area of Structures Affected along Project Total Structures Total Area affected (sq Sl. Type Affected m) No No % No % 1 Pucca 85 30.04 3852.00 30.38 2 Semi pucca 11 3.89 3207.00 25.29 3 Kutcha 187 66.08 5620.00 44.33 Total 283 100.00 12679.00 100.00 Area affected is excluding affected compound walls area.

7.3.14 Usage with type of total affected structures

Observed across the type and usage of the total affected structures, majority of the residential, commercial, structures used for other purposes and compound walls are Kutcha in nature. Details of usage with type of likely affected structures including compound walls are presented in table 7.7 below.

Table 7.7: Usage with Type of Total Affected Structures

Sl. Type of affected property (No.) Usage No. Pucca Semi-Pucca Kutcha 1 Residential 48 0 62 2 Commercial 4 9 5 3 Res + Commercial 0 0 0 Others (Incl. Common property 4 12 0 48 resources etc.) Compound Walls ,CW (Community) 5 21 2 72 & Fencing

7.3.15 Extent of Loss by Usage

Table 7 below presents the percentage of loss for the total affected properties by their usage. From the table below it is seen that out of the total area of 17256 square meters the affected area is 12679 square meters thus resulting in a loss of 73.48% of the total area excluding the affected length 2061 Metres of Compound walls and 8959 Metres of Fencing.

Table 7.8: Percentage of loss by Usage Total Sl. No Type of usage Total Area Affected area % of loss (Sq. Mtrs.) (Sq. Mtrs.) 1 Residential 6154.00 5382.00 87.46 2 Commercial 8162.00 4828.00 59.15 3 Res + Commercial 0.00 0.00 0.00 Others (incl. Common property 4 2940.00 2469.00 83.98 resources) 5 Compound Walls (Length in m) 2061.00 6 Fencing 8959.00 Total 17256.00 12679.00 73.48

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.12

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

7.3.16 Affected Mobile Vendors and Road Side Kiosks

In addition to the affected structures discussed above some roadside Kiosks and mobile vendors are also affected mainly near the proposed Interchanges where the proposed project road crosses existing State Highways and National Highways. As per the verification approximately a total number of 45 kiosks and local mobile vendors are affected. A majority of them are into these businesses from the last 5 to 10 years are found to earn about 350 to 400 rupees per day. Of the total 45 kiosks and local mobile vendors who are temporarily affected due to the widening of the existing road are into the business of Coconut vendors, Flower vendors, fruit vendors etc. are affected.

7.3.17 Project Impacted PAPs The acquisition of private land and the affected structures by the project are indicators of impact on the social environment. To estimate the exact number of impacted persons at this stage is not possible. Generally, the impact of project is evaluated on magnitude of land loss and other immovable assets/ structures.

Here, the impacted persons are calculated on the basis of affected structures in project road. The affected persons can be derived by multiplying the average members of household in the project influence districts into likely to be affected structures. The district average of the family size is considered as the base. According to the estimation, 768 project-affected persons of 192 households are likely to be impacted directly or indirectly by the widening of the project road.

7.3.18 Profile of Structure Affected Population

As part of the social assessment survey the demographic and socio-economic particulars of the occupants of the above discussed affected properties is collected. The total number of project-affected households who will be losing their privately owned structures including compound walls is 192. Of the total households, the survey was conducted in around 51 households who are losing their privately owned structures either partially or fully (approximately a sample of 25% of the total households losing their properties). To avoid the non-response cases the survey was conducted in more than the required sample and all are completed. The following analysis is presented for some of the useful indicators at the household level. The analysis tables presenting not available response cases for some of these indicators are mostly due to the respondent being an absentee or not allowed to provide the details.

7.3.18.1.1 Socio-Cultural profile of the Project Road Of the total surveyed households a total of 214 persons are affected due to acquisition of houses and other assets of which 112 (52.34%) constitute Male and 102 (47.66%) constitute female. Table 8 on the analysis of Socio-Cultural profile of the surveyed households shows that along the project corridor, there were households belonging to all the major three religions viz Hindus (82.35%), Muslims (13.73%) and Christians (3.92%). Social group-wise most of the affected people represents the backward caste (50.98%) and of the remaining 41.18 percent are General castes. The incidence of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are around 3.92% each all along the project road. Observed across the family pattern majority (74.51%) of the affected households are nuclear families and of the remaining 19.61 percent of the affected households live as joint families.

Most of the households are staying along the roadside from a long time where in nearly 62.75% of them are living since more than 10 years. About 21.57% of them are found to have settled in the last 2-6 years. Details are presented in table below. Analysis on literacy level of head of the affected households shows that around 74.51 percent of them are literates. During the survey, some of the owners/occupants of the structures are not available and the respondent is not in a position to give the details of the concerned head of the Household.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.13

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 7.9: Socio-Cultural Characteristics of Structure Affected Population Item Description No % of total Male 112 52.34 Population Female 102 47.66 Total 214 100.00 Hindu 42 82.35 Muslim 7 13.73 Religious Group Christian 2 3.92 Total 51 100.00 General 21 41.18 BC 26 50.98 Social Group SC 2 3.92 ST 2 3.92 Total 51 100.00 Joint 10 19.61 Family Type Nuclear 38 74.51 Individual 3 5.88 Up to 1 year 5 9.80 2 to 4 years 10 19.61 Years of stay 5 to 6 years 1 1.96 7 to 9 years 3 5.88 10 and above years 32 62.75 Illiterate 13 25.49 Literate 0 0.00 1-5 class 5 9.80 6-7 Class 2 3.92 8-9 Class 4 7.84 Education level of SSC 13 25.49 HH Inter 11 21.57 Degree 2 3.92 PG 0 0.00 Technical 0 0.00 Professional 1 1.96 7.3.18.1.2 Economic Profile along the Project Road

Occupation wise, most of them are engaged into agriculture activity (41.18%) followed by commercial activity of petty shop keeping (25.49%), non-agricultural labour (11.76%), Trade/Business (5.88%) and other occupations such as retired pensioners, auto drivers, depend on fixed deposits, Dhobis etc. Details are presented in Table 7.10 below.

The income levels of majority of the households fall under lower and middle income families (91.32 percent) who are earning less than Rs. 300000 per annum. The incidence of higher middle-income families is about 9.8 percent who earn between Rs. 300000 to Rs. 500000 per annum. There are around 9.80 percent of households along the project road who are earning more than Rs. 500000 per annum. Details are given in

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.14

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) below Table 7.10

Table 7.10: Economic Profile of Structure Affected Population Item Description Number of HH % of total Agriculture 21 41.18 Trade/Business 3 5.88 Petty shop keeping 13 25.49 Agri labour 6 11.76 Non-Agri labour 3 5.88 HH Industries/Artisan 0 0.00 Occupation of HH activity Govt service 1 1.96 Pvt.service 1 1.96 Professional 0 0.00 Self employed 0 0.00 Others 3 5.88 Total 51 100.00 Up to 50000 6 11.76 >50000 to100000 20 39.22 >100000 to 300000 15 29.41 Annual income (Rs) >300000 to 500000 5 9.80 >500000 5 9.80 Total 51 100.00

The expenditure pattern for the affected households shows that a majority of them are having an average monthly expenditure less than Rs. 10000 per month. Details are given in Table 7.11. Majority of the affected persons (82.35%) reportedly hold the ration cards given for Below Poverty Level (BPL) families.

Table 7.11: Monthly Expenditure and Others for Structure Affected Households

Description No of HH % of HH <4000 5 9.80 Monthly Expenditure 4000 to 10000 18 35.29 (Rs) 10000 to 15000 14 27.45 >15000 14 27.45 Total 51 100.00 White (BPL) 42 82.35 Ration Card Pink (APL) 9 17.65 Total 51 100.00 7.3.18.1.3 Details of Indebtedness

The indebtedness pattern for the affected households shows that, of the total households surveyed, around 23.5 percent of the households have some outstanding loans taken for different needs. Of these households reported having outstanding loans, around 33.33% of them are having an outstanding loan up to Rs. 100000 and of the remaining households around 66.67 percent have an outstanding loan ranging between Rs. 200000 to Rs.1000000. Details are given in Table 7.12.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.15

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 7.12: Details of Outstanding Loans of Structure Affected Households Amount No. of HHs % to Total Up to 100000 4 33.33 >200000 to 400000 6 50.00 Outstanding Loans >400000 to 600000 0 0.00 >600000 to 1000000 2 16.67 >1000000 0 0.00 Total 12 100.00

7.3.18.1.4 Details of Major Health problems

Health is a major development challenge in any infrastructure development project in India. Given the epidemic nature of the problem, it may reverse country’s achievements in health and development. The major health issues of the affected households along the project road shows that, of the total households surveyed, in 17.65 percent of the households, the household members are suffering with some major health problems. Details are given in Table 7.13.

Table 7.13: Major Health Problems of Structure Affected Households Description No. of HHs % of HH Asthama 1 11.11 Diabetes & BP 6 66.67 Heart Problem 2 22.22 Major Health Kidney Problem 0 0.00 Problem Neoro Problem 0 0.00 Physically Challenged 0 0.00 T.B 0 0.00 Total 9 100.00

7.3.19 LEGAL POLICY FRAME WORK & ENTITLEMENT MATRIX 7.3.19.1 Introduction All strategic interventions on human development, spread across all social issues, need directives of policies and legal support to operationalize the appropriate actions. These policies and legislations help to overcome the constraints and support administrator, implementer, community and individual in delivery of justice. This section includes the World Bank as well as National policies and Acts applicable to the proposed Project are detailed under in subsequent stages:

The main objective of the Legal and Entitlement Policy Framework is to appropriately identify, address and mitigate all adverse socio-economic impacts accrued to the communities, families or people due to the implementation of the Project within the purview of the existing law and regulations of the country and state those are applicable to the proposed project.

Road up-gradation/widening projects often result in acquisition of land, particularly in case when the existing ROW is not adequate to accommodate the proposed up-gradation/widening. In order to protect their interests, administrative, policy and legal frameworks are present. National Acts and policies applicable to this project include:

• National Highways Act (NH Act), 1956;

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.16

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, (New LARR 2013 Act) The following provisions from the above mentioned policies are likely to applicable for the project. 7.3.19.2 Land Acquisition Land acquisition in India refers to the process by which the Central or any State government, excepting the Government of Jammu & Kashmir, in India acquires private land for the purpose of industrialization, development of infrastructural facilities or urbanization of the private land, and provides compensation to the affected land owners and their rehabilitation and resettlement.

Land acquisition in India is now governed by the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (RFCTLARR) and which came into force from 1 January 2014. The land acquisition in Jammu and Kashmir is governed by the Jammu and Kashmir Land Acquisition Act 1934.

In case where a State Government through any Act or Gazette Notification or as approved by any authority of State Government (duly authorized for the purpose) as per their approved procedure has fixed a rate for compensation of land and is higher than the provisions under the RCFTLARR Act 2013, the same may be adopted by the Competent Authority in determining the compensation for land.

Similarly, in case where a State Government through any Act or Gazette Notification or as approved by any authority of State Government (duly authorized for the purpose) as per their approved procedure has fixed a rate for resettlement and rehabilitation assistance and is higher than the provisions under the RCFTLARR 2013, the same may be adopted by the Executing Authority.

7.3.19.3 Institutional Arrangement

The action plan provides a detailed mechanism for the appropriate organization and implementation of the plan. A social cell will be created which will be responsible for the implementation of the action plan. There will be a Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R & R) Officer and a Land Acquisition Officer, who will be supported by R & R Manager. In addition Non-government Organizations (NGOs), which have relevant experience in implementation of R & R projects, will be contracted to provide assistance to Implementing Authority as well as affected persons. The district level committees will be set up to facilitate the finalization of replacement value and all grievances of the people. 7.3.19.4 Implementation Arrangements and Schedule

It is envisaged that the land acquisition and the R & R activities will be completed before initiating the civil works. Details of implementation arrangement are discussed separately. 7.3.19.5 Compensation for Land The total land need to be acquired for the proposed project is 849.872 Ha. For development of proposed project road. The agricultural land price has been calculated as an average of the Circle/Guidance Value in the respective villages. While calculating the cost irrespective of type and usage, we considered the cost of all structures/buildings and other assets to avoid any further issues in future. The details of village wise Land Rates as per the prevailing Circle/Guidance rate derived from Department of Stamps and Registration, Government of Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu.

Since the proposed alignment passes through all types of lands being used for various purposes and mainly for agricultural purposes the compensation for land is derived by considering the average Circle/Guidance rate of Agricultural lands in that particular villages irrespective of their type and calculated as per the RFCTLARR Act 2013. According to circle rate, the total amount of towards the acquisition of land stands at Rs. 497.26 Crores needs to be compensated.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.17

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

7.3.19.6 Compensation for Structures The replacement cost of structure is estimated based upon the average of prevailing Circle/Guidance value of the structure from Stamps and Registration department of respective state governments. Most of the existing structures are either pucca or kutcha. As per topographical data a total number of 283 structures including 276 private structures are estimated for the social budget. Maximum numbers of the private structures which are likely to be impacted are Kutcha (66.08%) followed by pucca (30.04%) and Semi-Pucca (3.89%). However, while calculating compensation for structures we considered all structures as pucca in nature irrespective of their usage. Apart from private structures; religious and govt. structures are also considered for R&R compensation. The solatium of 100 percent of the Circle/Guidance rate of affected structures is included for final compensation. The estimated budget calculation details are appended in below Table 7.14

Table 7.14: Impact on Structures along Chittoor-Thatchur Section of NH-716B Avg. Unit Compensation Approx. Affected Area of Total Sl. No. of Rate as per Typology the Structure Structure No. Structures Rs./(Sq. RFCTLARR Cost (Rs.) Sq. Mtrs Sq. Feet Ft.) Act 2013 140,921,5 1 Pucca 85 3852.00 41447.52 70,460,784 68 117,324,8 2 Semi Pucca 11 3207.00 34507.32 58,662,444 88 1700 205,602,0 3 Kutcha 187 5620.00 60471.20 102,801,040 80 463,848,5 TOTAL 283 12679.00 136426.04 231,924,268 36 7.3.19.7 Compensation for Other Minor Assets The replacement cost of other minor assets is estimated based upon the actual cost incurred by the affected persons which was collected from the public during site visits. As per topographical data and estimation a total number of 329 other minor assets are likely to be affected which includes Wells, Bore Wells, Hand Pumps, Pump Houses, Sump, Pits, Taps etc. The estimated budget calculation details are appended in below Table 7.15

Table 7.15: Impact on Other Mnor Asstes along Chittoor-Thatchur Section of NH-716B Number Sl. No. Type of Asset Unit Cost (Rs.) Total Cost (Rs.) Affected 1 Well 91 800,000 72,800,000 2 Bore Wells 51 200,000 10,200,000 3 Water Tanks 64 75,000 4,800,000 Pump House (Incl. 4 28 100,000 2,800,000 Connection) 5 Hand Pumps 5 200,000 1,000,000 6 Overhead Tanks 2 75,000 150,000 7 Sump 8 100,000 800,000 8 Pits 76 20,000 1,520,000 9 Taps (Incl. Connection) 4 10,000 40,000 TOTAL 329 94,110,000

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.18

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

A total of Rs. 553.05 Crores has been estimated for compensation towards Land, structures and other minor assets which are likely to be affected due to proposed project road. The NHAI guidelines recommend that the compensation for the lost land and structures be paid through the competent authority. For structures valuation, the concerned government department may be requested to assess the value. The details of estimated LA budget is presented in below Table 7.16.

Table 7.16: Estimated LA Cost and R & R Budget Total Land / Compensation as Sl. Item Unit Quantity Structure Cost per RFCTLARR Act No (Rs.) 2013 A. Compensation for Land

1 Compensation for Land Acre 2099.18 2,229,927,515 4,972,637,635

B. Compensation for Structures Compensation for Structures and 1 Number 283 231,924,268 463,848,536 Other Assets C. Expenditure for Project Implementation

Hiring of NGO for Resettlement 1 Number 1 500,000 500,000 Plan Implementation (If Necessary)

2 Printing of Policy and ID Card Lump sum 300,000 300,000

3 Updating of Survey Data Lump sum 1,000,000 1,000,000

Sub Total (A+ B+ C) 5,438,286,171

D. Contingency

1 Contingency at 1 % of the Sub Total 54,382,862

TOTAL (A+B+C+D) 5,492,669,033

For loss of structures, all PAPs will be compensated for their affected structures at replacement cost, for which provision has been kept in the Entitlement Matrix. All the squatters with structures and only vulnerable encroachers will be eligible for assistance for loss of their structures.

7.4 RISK ASSESSMENT & MITIGATION PROCEDURES Risk assessment is a process that seeks to estimate the likelihood of occurrence of adverse effects as a result of major road mishaps, gas tanker explosions, fire hazards, floods, cyclones, earth quakes etc. at Highway projects. Fatality rate on Indian highways is very high mainly due to road accidents. The other adverse impacts due to gas tanker explosions, fire hazards, floods, cyclones, earth quakes etc. are nominal. Elimination of the risk (avoidance of accidents) is given prime importance and NHAI has introduced road safety provisions during the design of highway with the help of Road Safety Manual. Some of these are listed below:

• Safety barriers/delineators hard shoulders on main roads

• Traffic signs and pavement markings

• Underpasses and other grade separators at congested junctions

• Removal of junctions and direct access points on main roads

• Improved median openings with stacking lanes

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.19

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• Separate provisions and direct access point

• Service roads in towns and villages for segregating local and highways traffic. Contractor shall conduct Risk Assessment for all works to decide on priorities and to set objectives for eliminating hazards and reducing risks.

7.4.1 The Risk Assessment A critical observation/study of the structure/process/site under consideration by the risk assessment team is an essential part of hazard identification as is consultation with the relevant section of the workforce. It is important that unsafe conditions are not confused with hazards, during hazard identification.

Data Collection

Hazard Identification

Failure Case Listing Frequency Analysis Consequence Analysis

Ignition Probability Risk Estimation Meteorological Data

Population Data

Risk Comparison with Risk Criteria

Risk Reduction Measure

7.4.2 Person(s) at Risk On a construction/ plant area, the persons at risk could be site operatives, supervisors, transport drivers, other visitors and the general public. The risk assessment must include any additional controls required due to mitigate vulnerability of any of these groups, perhaps caused by inexperience or disability.

7.4.3 Risk Control Measures and Hierarchy of Risk Control The next stage in the risk assessment is the control of the risk. When assessing the adequacy of existing controls or introducing new controls, a hierarchy of risk controls should be considered. The principles are:

• Avoiding risks.

• Evaluating the risks which cannot be avoided.

• Combating the risks at source. Adapting the work to the individual, especially as regards the design of the workplace, the choice of work equipment and the choice of working and production methods, with a view, in particular, to alleviating monotonous work and work at a predetermined work rate and to reducing their effects on health.

7.4.4 Adapting to technical progress Replacing the dangerous by the non-dangerous or the less dangerous. Developing a coherent overall prevention policy which covers technology, organization of work, working conditions, social relationships and the influence of factors relating to the working environment.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.20

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Giving collective protective measures priority over individual protective measures and giving appropriate instruction to employees. In addition to the above the following principles shall also to be employed:

• Eliminating;

• Substitution;

• Applying engineering controls (e.g. isolation, insulation and ventilation);

• Reduced or limited time exposure;

• Good housekeeping;

• Safe systems of work, Method Statement, Permit to work,

• Training and information;

• Personal protective equipment;

• Welfare;

• Monitoring and supervision;

• Review The purpose of the risk assessment, therefore, is to reduce the remaining risk after taking into consideration of risks already addressed. This is called the residual risk. The goal of risk assessment is to reduce all residual risks to as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP). In a relatively complex workplace, this will take time so that a system of ranking risk is required the higher the risk level the sooner it must be addressed and controlled. For most situations, an alliterative risk assessment will be perfectly adequate. For all high-risk activities, a quantitative risk assessment shall be conducted to quantify the risk level in terms of the likelihood of an incident and its subsequent severity. Clearly the higher the likelihood and severity, the higher the risk will be. The likelihood depends on such factors as the control measures in place, the frequency the exposure to the hazard and the category of person exposed to the hazard. The severity will depend on the magnitude of the hazard (e.g. voltage, toxicity etc.). A simple matrix shall be used to determine risk levels at Construction / erecting sites as given in the Project EHS manual.

7.4.5 Matrix for Risk Assessment Table 7.17: Consultations with Community / Primary Stakeholders Consequence 1 2 3 4 5

1 2

3 Probability 4

5

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.21

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

7.4.6 Severity of hazard (Consequence) Severity is the degree or extent of injury or harm caused by the hazards, or as a result of an accident. Severity of hazard is classified as per the table given below

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.22

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 7.18: Consequence Descriptions Value Result of Hazard to personnel Result of Hazard to Assets/Progress 1 Single or multiple fatality Catastrophic damage, Critical Delay, May result in fatality 2 Serious Injury requiring hospitalization Major Damage, Serious Delay 3 Lost time Accident Serious Damage, Moderate Delay 4 Injury requiring medical treatment but not Moderate Damage, Minor delay lost time 5 First Aid Treatment Only Minor Damage, No Delay

7.4.7 Likelihood of occurrence (Probability) Likelihood of occurrence of an accident or incident or ill health is classified as per the table given below. Table 7.19: Classification of Occurrence of likelihood Value Status Description 5 Inevitable Happens regularly on this site 4 Most Likely Known to have occurred on this site in the past 3 Likely Known to occur on other sites 2 Unlikely Known to Occur in the industries 1 Most Unlikely Never known before

7.4.7.1 Hazard Identification Risk Assessment The procedure for preparing the Hazard Identification Risk Assessment is as follows: Risk involved in each activity and existing control measures are analyzed and Impact Rating and probability rating are given in Hazard Identification Risk Assessment sheet. Risk level is identified from the matrix based on the rating given. Control measures are evolved to bring the risk level to ALARP (as low as reasonably practicable and residual risk is also identified. If the residual risk is not an acceptable level, then assessment process shall be repeated to bring the residual risk at ALARP. This activity is done for activities identified as Medium & High Risk. The lists of control measures for the activities are handed over to the concerned execution engineer for implementation and the HIRA shall be explained to the concerned workmen/supervisors and engineer for implementation

7.4.8 Emergency Response Plan Concessionaire/Contractor will prepare Emergency Response Plans for all work sites as a part of the Safety procedures. The plan shall integrate the emergency response plans of the contractor and all other sub-contractors. Each Emergency Response Plan shall detail the procedures, including detailed communications arrangements, for dealing with all emergencies that could affect the site. This include where applicable, injury, sickness, evacuation, fire, chemical spillage, severe weather and rescue. Emergency plans and Fire Evacuation plans shall be prepared and issued. Mock drills shall be held on a regular basis to ensure the effectiveness of the arrangements and as a part of the programme, the telephone number of the local fire brigade should be prominently displayed near each telephone on site

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.23

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

The Emergency Response Plan is prepared to deal with emergencies arising out of: 7.4.8.1 Fire and Explosion Fire Safety Procedures will be developed and shall be integrated into Emergency Response Plan. 7.4.8.2 Road Accident In case of Road Accident the following contact no should be contacted. Table 7.20: Emergency Contact Number

Help Line no Description 100 Police 101 Fire 102 Ambulance 103 Traffic Police 1033 Emergency Relief Centre on National Highways 104 State level helpline for Health 104 Hospital On Wheels 1066 Anti-poison 1070 Central Relief Commissioner for Natural Calamities 1070 Relief Commissioners of Central/State/Union territory 1073 Road Accident 1073 Traffic Help Line 1077 Control room of District Collector/Magistrate 108 Disaster management 1090 Anti-terror Helpline/Alert All India 1091 Women in Distress 1092 Earth-quake Help line service 1096 Natural disaster control room 1099 Central Accident and Trauma Services 1099 Catastrophe & Trauma service 112 General emergency Department of Telecommunications (DoT) 112 All in one Emergency Number 155233 Indian Oil Help Line 1906 LPG emergency helpline number 1910 Blood bank Information 1911 Dial a doctor 1913 Tourist Office (Govt.of India)

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.24

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

7.4.9 Operation Control Procedure For Traffic Management 7.4.9.1 Hazards Due To External Traffic Are As Follows

• Construction workers hit by external vehicles while working.

• Injury to Pedestrians:

• Due to fall in excavated trenches.

• Hit by construction equipment / vehicle.

• As they use carriageway due to blockage / absence of footpath.

• Collision due to improper traffic management.

• Between external vehicle and construction equipment / vehicle.

• Between external vehicles.

• External vehicle with other stationery objects in the side of the road 7.4.9.2 Objectives

• Warn the road user clearly and sufficiently in advance.

• Provide safe and clearly marked lanes for guiding users.

• Provide safe and clearly marked buffer and work zones.

• Provide adequate measures that control driver behaviour through construction zones 7.4.9.3 Traffic Control Plan This plan gives the detailed guideline for traffic management in most of the common situations at our Projects. Traffic Control Plan for a specific road sections should be prepared based on this general guideline and applying the following variables, which may vary from project to project. The variables are:

• Average Vehicular Traffic Density in peak and non-peak hours.

• Maximum width of lane required for construction during various activities.

• Number and types of junctions in the road.

• Availability of standard footpath and its location and dimensions.

• Change in the lane width if any and its location.

• Regulatory and advisory speed limits etc. 7.4.9.4 Traffic Control Devices Traffic control devices used to regulate the traffic in Road Construction Zones include, 1 Road Signs 2 Delineators 3 Barricades 4 Cones 5 Pylons 6 Pavement markings 7 Flashing lights

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.25

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 7.21: Minimum sightline distance and the minimum size of the signs Average Distance of first sign in Size of Warning Sign Minimum no of Speed advance of the first (mm) signs in advance (Km/h) channelizing device (m) of the hazard Under 50 100 600 3 51 – 60 100 – 300 750 3 61 – 80 120 – 300 900 3 or 4 81 – 100 300 – 500 1200 4 Over 100 1000 1200 to 1500 4 7.4.9.5 Cautionary / Warning Signs In case of divided carriageways, the signs should be provided both adjacent to the shoulder and on the central median so as to be visible from all lanes. 7.4.9.6 Delineators Delineators are devices or treatment which outlines the roadway or portion thereof. They include Safety Cones, Traffic Cylinders, Tapes, Drums, Painted lines, Raised Pavement Markers, Guide Posts, and Post- mounted Reflectors etc. They are used in or adjacent to the roadway to control the flow of traffic. Delineators are basically driving aids and should not be regarded as a substitute for warning signs or barriers for out-of-control vehicles. 7.4.9.7 Guide Post They are intended to delineate the edges of the midway so as to guide driven about the alignment ahead, particularly where it might be confusing. Guideposts can be of metal, concrete, cut stone, amber or plastic. The posts can be made of Circular, Rectangular or Triangular Cross-section but the side facing traffic should be at least 10 cm wide. 7.4.9.8 Drums Drums of height 800 mm to 1000 mm high and 300 mm in diameter can be used as either channelizing on warning devices. Both plastic and metallic drums (e.g. Bitumen drums) can be used for this purpose. Drums need to be filled up with earth or sand to increase its stability. Drums should be refectories and painted as shown in the figure.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.26

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Figure 7.1: Drum Reflections 7.4.9.9 Safety Cones Safety cones are 500 mm, 750 mm and 1000 mm high and 300 mm to 500 mm in diameter. They are usually made of plastic, rubber, HDPE, PVC and have retro refectories red and white bands. Safety cones would be displaced or blown unless their bases are anchored or loaded with ballast. This can be avoided by, using sand bag rings to provide increased stability. Using heavier weighted cones. Using cones with special weighted bases. Doubling the cones to provide added weight. 7.4.9.10 Barricades CMRL prescribed standard barricades are used. 7.4.9.11 Flagmen

• An authorised personnel at least average intelligence, be mentally alert and good in physical condition be selected, since flagmen are responsible for public and workmen safety.

• Flagmen should be equipped with yellow helmet with green reflective sticker fixed around and reflective jacket along with hand signalling devices such as flags and sign paddles. The typical specification are given below,

• Flagmen need to maintain the flow of traffic continuous past a work zone at relatively reduced speeds by suitably regulating the traffic. He shall stop the traffic for a short while whenever required (e.g. for entry and exit of construction equipment in to work zone).

• Flagman should be positioned in a place where he is clearly visible to approaching traffic and at a sufficient distance to enable the drivers to respond for his flagging instructions. A flagman never leaves his post until properly relieved,

• The standard distance shall be maintained at 60 – 100 m but can be altered depending upon the approach speed and site conditions. In urban areas this distance shall be taken as 20 m to 50 m.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.27

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

7.4.10 Traffic Management Practices 7.4.10.1 Definitions Road traffic control involves directing vehicular and pedestrian traffic around a construction zone, accident or other road disruption, thus ensuring the safety of emergency response teams, construction workers and the general public. 7.4.10.2 Working zone: The Plant Site, construction zone of road etc. at which workmen will be working. 7.4.10.3 Working space: The space around the works area that will require storing tools, excavated material and other equipment. It is also the space to allow workmen, movement and operation of plant, (e.g. swing of jibs, excavator arms) to move around to do the job. Materials and equipment must not be placed in the zone either. Workmen will only need to enter the zone to maintain cones and other road sign.

Figure: Road Signals Traffic Signals

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.28

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Figure 7-2: Traffic Signals The zone that is provided to protect workmen from the traffic and to protect from them. 7.4.10.4 Approach Transition zone: This will vary with the speed limit and the width of the works as given in (diag: Traffic Control zone) 7.4.10.5 Longitudinal buffer zone: This is the length between the end of the lead-in taper of cones (T) and the working space. It will vary with the speed limit as given in table (Traffic Control zone) 7.4.10.6 Lateral buffer zone: This is the width between the working space and moving traffic. It will vary with the speed as given in table (Traffic Control zone). The lateral buffer zone safety clearance is measured from the outside edge of the working space to the bottom of conical sections of the cones on the side nearest to the traffic.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.29

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

7.4.10.7 Works on Strengthening of Existing Carriageway

• Approached diversion would be taken out of the works zone for the movement of construction supervision vehicles.

• The construction zone shall be barricaded with standard CMRL barricade.

• The ‘works traffic” shall be governed by the location of base camp where workmanship less than 20, a flagman shall be kept for controlling traffic, public and workmen safety or more than 20 in addition to that a safety steward shall be kept for continuous monitoring to identify and removal of unsafe acts and conditions.

7.4.11 Traffic Management on Road Junction 7.4.11.1 Construction traffic meets live traffic from quarry/plant/borrow pit

• Where vehicles are more to the approach junction from the side road, permission shall be seek for providing speed breaker at junction from local traffic police and road-authority.

• The layout for signs and traffic control devices.

• Flag man shall be kept in the peak time provided with the traffic circle painted with red and white at the corner at a height of 500 mm, clearly visible to approaching traffic for a distance provided with while gloves and STOP, GO Paddle. And night time flagman should use LED Batons.

• All vehicles from approaching road should be STOP, LOOK and GO.

• Spillage of earth / Gravel / Aggregates / Bituminous mix from the tipper shall be cleaned on regular basis, if required 2 coolies permanently posted for booming.

• All Construction vehicles must follow lane discipline and road signs. 7.4.11.2 Activities inside Median / Island

• The traffic would discontinue from plying temporarily on the carriageway; for 2 min for reversing & dumping earth / stones / etc., , by the direction of helper and the flagman controls the traffic as shown in Picture- 01 and made continue the traffic and for the next trip repeating the same.

• The construction zone shall be barricaded with standard CMRL barricade.

• One Flagman (refer flag man clause) shall be appointed at traffic coming side of the transition zone.

• No p e r s o n n e l are allowed to come out of the safety zone, unless flagman guidance.

7.5 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.5.1 General During Monsoon period there is absolute possibility of rains resulting in inundation, floods etc. The rains may cause heavy inflow of water in the rivers and jungle streams etc. Therefore, the water overflows thereby breaching embankments, causes enormous damages to houses, huts, agricultural lands, roads, telephone lines, railway tracks, electricity lines and other public properties. It is not feasible to completely prevent nature's fury at one stroke. However, to minimize the damage caused by nature's onslaught and to ensure speedy relief thereby mitigating the sufferings of the people. The plan can be set in motion when the need arises with the active coordination of inter departmental officials.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.30

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

7.5.2 Community Awareness and Involvement Following steps to be taken by public when a warning for Cyclone threatening the area is received:- Keep your T.V., Radio on and listen to latest weather warnings and advisories from the Doordharsan All India Radio station. Pass on the information to others as quickly as possible. Avoid being misled by rumours. Pass on only the official information you have got from the T.V. Radio to others. Move away from low-lying beaches or other location, which may be swept by high tides or storm waves. Leave sufficiently early before your way to high ground gets flooded. Do not delay and run the risk of being marooned. If your house is out of danger from high tides and flooding from the river and it is well built it is then probably the best place to weather the storm. However, please act promptly if asked to evacuate. Be alert for high water in areas where streams of rivers may flood due to heavy rains. Bolt up glass windows or put storm shutters in place. Use good wooden blanks securely fastened provide strong suitable support for outside doors. If you do not have wooden boards handy, paste paper strips on glasses to prevent splinters flying in to the house. Get extra food, especially items which can be eaten without cooking or with very little preparation. Store extra drinking water in suitably covered vessels. Make provision for children and adults requiring special diets. If you are in one of the evacuation areas, move your valuable articles to upper floors to minimise flood damages. Have hurricane latern, flash lights and other emergency lights in working condition and keep them ready. Check on everything that might blow away or be born loose. Kerosene tins, canes, agricultural implements, garden tools, road signs and other objects become weapons of destruction in strong winds. Remove them and store them in a covered room. Be sure that a window or door can be opened on the left side of the house [i.e] the side opposite the one facing the wind. Remove cattle to safe place as far away as possible. If the centre of eye of the storm passes directly over your place, there will be wind and rain lasting for half an hour or more. During this period stay in a safe place. Make emergency repairs during the pre-monsoon period, if necessary, but remember that strong winds will return suddenly from the opposite direction, frequently with even greater velocity. Be calm your ability to meet any emergency which will inspire and help others.

7.5.3 Trigger Mechanism & Operational Direction Every operation must be aimed at a direction so as to get desirable results. Disaster Management Plan aimed at to face any eventuality with confidence. It is not only guidance but also provide various insights towards disaster management and mitigation. Every new experience and instances that encountered every year are added so as to take a cue and derive a lesson. So that Disaster Management Plan is prepared and updated.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.31

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

7.5.4 Damage Assessment and Immediate Restoration/ Rehabilitation In the aftermath of rescue operations are over, the rehabilitation process has to be taken up. A quick assessment of damages to houses eligible for grant of relief for house damages, financial assistance to the families, who have lost their kith and kin, should be done pragmatically. The Revenue Divisional Officers should allocate the work of intensive enumeration to designated staff that should be fixed with the responsibility of collecting data of People death if any and Cattle death if any Damages to the houses/damages to crops etc. The correctness and promptness of report preparation and transmissions to higher ups are important. A duty chart should be devised involving all revenue personnel and earmarking area if possible in batches of Revenue Staff should be listed out and kept ready to depute them to the affected areas as soon as the calamities are over. As far as possible, the personnel assigned with rescue operations may be left out from enumeration work as the enumeration will have to be undertaken quickly and simultaneously. As and when the assessment of damages is over, the payment of cash doles, issue of free rice and distribution of clothing shall follow according to standing orders on the subject amended from time to time.

7.5.5 Mitigation Measures Undertaken 7.5.5.1 Relief Measures Relief measures are taken with co-ordination of all Departments

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.32

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 7.22: Role and Action Plan of Various Departments

S. Department Disaster Specific Action Plan No.

• Ensure coordinated movement of all departments, officials and Disaster agencies for combating the disaster 1. Management & • Issue necessary directions and ensure effective and Relief (DM&R) coordinated response of all departments. • Arrange regular meetings for updating the apex body on a daily basis. • Provide inputs to concerned departments for effective implementation of the rehabilitation plans. • Document the experiences and best practices.

• Prepare contingency plan • Constitute veterinary mobile teams with required resources like medicines, doctors, subordinate staff, laboratories, protective gears, antibiotics, vaccines and antitoxins, etc. in abundance.

• Constitute technical groups at state, zone and district levels.

2. Animal Husbandry • Identification of affected areas. • Disposal of dead carcasses. • Focused attention to veterinary health. • Mass vaccination programme of animals in affected areas Make arrangements for rescue and evacuation of stranded livestock. • Pool in sufficient doctors for treatment of sick animals/ poultry. • Control spread of animal disease. • Carry out epidemiological surveillance to evade biological disasters. • Promote awareness through IEC activities.

• Prepare Contingency plan Public Health • Enforce ground water legislation 3 Engineering Department (PHED) • Strict monitoring and vigilance on water for drinking purpose only. • Identify additional sources of water for maintenance of regular supply. • Ensure supply of sufficient water through tankers for habitats and cattle camps.

• Provide household water purification tablets. • Augmentation of existing Resources • Hiring of Private Wells

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.33

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• Hand Pump repair programme • Installation of New Hand Pumps and Tube wells • Revival of traditional water sources like Wells, Bawdis, Tankas, etc. • Transportation of water through road tankers and by Rail • Earmark water for drinking purpose available in the tanks and ensure no illegal pumping takes place. • Provide adequate quantity of bleaching powder to PRI, especially Gram Panchayats to protect spread of water and vector borne diseases. • Promote awareness on safe hygienic practices and sanitation.

• Health and epidemiology surveillance • Constitute mobile teams with required resources like medicines, doctors, subordinate staff, laboratories, protective gears, antibiotics, vaccines, etc. in abundance.

• Mobile clinics for health checkups

• Organise regular rural health camps and keep public informed of such camps. 4 Department of Medical • Check the nutritional status especially for women and children and Health and give treatment. • Check samples of food grains, cooked food in community kitchens, etc. • Promote general awareness of health and hygiene • Issue warnings to all officials/ staff. • Manning of control room 24x7. • Maintain regular contact with EOC. • Keep all ambulances, mobile teams, specialists, blood, medicines, paramedics, etc. in a state of readiness. • Carry out triage. • Provide first aid to minor injuries. • Evacuate injured to hospitals.

• Constitute and effectively deploy mobile teams having Doctors paramedical, • Set up health centers in relief camps and assure hygiene and sanitation. • Prevention/ control of epidemics and vaccination, availability of adequate x-ray machines and orthopedic, neurology equipment. • Availability of stretchers, blood, medicines, ambulances. • Arrange additional beds and medical treatment in local and nearby hospitals as required.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.34

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• Psychosocial counseling to distressed people. • Health and epidemiology Surveillance • Monitor nutrition status of affected people and take appropriate actions. • Maintain continuous supply of medicines and emergency services till normalcy is restored.

• Ensure coordinated movement of all concerned departments, 5 Disaster officials and agencies for combating Drought. Management & • Make sufficient funds available for Drought response Relief (DM& R) • Arrange regular meetings for updating the apex body and issue directions to all concerned departments regularly. • Document experiences and best practices.

• Listing of works that could be done as relief programmes - pond desilting, excavation of water structures, construction of Government infrastructures, etc. • Carry out sudden checks and supervise the relief works.

• Generate employment through cash for work/ food for work relief programmes, Issue warnings to all officials/ staff. 6 Public Works Department (PWD ) • Manning of control room 24x7. • Maintain regular contact with EOCs at district/ state levels. • Keep all resources in the state of readiness. • Assessment of damage to infrastructure, roads, bridges and buildings and commencement of restoration work. • Carry out search, rescue, evacuation, relief operation. • Clearance of roads and debris of collapsed infrastructures. • Identification and demolition of unsafe buildings/ infrastructures.

• Barricade the disaster site and unsafe areas. • Identification and demarcation of safe areas and preparation of temporary shlters for relief camps. • Prepare temporary roads and bridges, helipads and air strips on the need basis for effective relief operations. • Deployment of heavy equipment like dozers, excavators, cranes, pulleys, power saws, gas cutters, L&Ts, JCBs and other specialist equipment and vehicles. • Restoration of buildings, roads, bridges and other Government buildings. • Ensure close monitoring of response and rehabilitation operations and relief camps.

• Distribution of food packets, dry rations, fuel, oil and lubricants

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.35

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• Take precautionary steps against hoarding and profit mongering and ensure normal prices of commodities in the market. 7 Civil Supplies and • Adequate supply and reserves of FOL and coordinate with all Public Distribution the national agencies for smooth transportation of food and civil System (PDS) supplies. • Supply daily necessities of food items, stock position and ensure continuous supply, in relief camp too. • Coordination with FCI/ warehouses. • Make public aware through media about food distribution and also about the availability of items at subsidized rates.

• Coordination and supply of safe drinking water using tankers, etc. • Manning of control room 24x7.

• Issue warnings to all Fire Service stations.

8 Municipal Corporation • Keep all resources in a state of readiness • Assist in evacuation, search and rescue operations. • Ensure availability of all types of extinguishers for fire following earthquakes. • Appoint labourers for excavation works; dismantle unsafe buildings, disposal of solid garbage and liquid waste, disposal of dead persons and carcasses. • Control other potential hazardous situations that might arise from oil, gas and hazardous material spills. • Organise relief camps wherever required; ensure pure drinking water, Sanitation, food, temporary shelters, basic relief materials as per requirements and needs.

• Assist in post disaster response and rehabilitation work

• Prepare Drought Contingency Plan. • Issue necessary directions/ instructions to all concerned departments to combat the upcoming situation in an effective and coordinated manner. Ensure effective coordination with all departments, agencies, NGOs and stakeholders.

• Arrange/mobilize equipment and resources like water tankers, 9 District Administration trucks/ vehicles to transport food supply, fodder, mobile medical vehicles, ambulances, etc. • Arrange for disposal of dead carcasses. • Generate daily reports of relief activities and disseminate. • Organise relief camps wherever required; ensure pure drinking water, Sanitation, food, temporary shelters, basic relief materials as per requirements and need. • Media Management

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.36

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• Procure tents, sanitation block, essential materials, etc. for relief camps. • Generate daily reports of relief activities and disseminate.

• Information dissemination, issue periodic bulletins to media. • Ensure information given to media are facts and true to avoid rumours. Arrange visit for local and foreign journalists in affected 10 Department of areas. Information and Public Relation • Information dissemination, update public on various relief interventions. • Operate the Control Room round the clock. • Nodal person to be designated as spokesperson for the Government. • Information dissemination, issue periodic bulletins to media.

• Coordinate and issue direction to all concerned stake holders/ departments regularly 11 Emergency Operation • Brief the Disaster Management & Relief Commissioner Centre (EOC) regularly. • Coordinate the relief and rescue operation. • EOC to function as control room where all SDMA members and experts from various departments are available and take charge for effective coordination monitoring and implementation of rescue operations.

• Prepare, forward and compile reports and returns from time to time. • Brief media regularly about the situation’ • Brief/ Update the chief minister and cabinet about the situation.

• Manning of control room 24x7. • Maintain regular state of readiness

• Communication to EOC and stakeholders instantly.

• As first responder assume command for security and law and 12 Police order • Demarcate entries and exits for rescue and relief operation and proper traffic management. • Support SDRF, Civil Defence, Home Guard, Army, Sainik Kalyan and other first responders for search and rescue. • Take necessary actions to avoid rumours. • Ensure prevention of theft and loot. • Provide effective communication network work. • Deployment and monitoring of 108 ambulances.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.37

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• Deployment of lady police personnel in relief camps for Gender concerns.

• Issue warnings to all officials/ staff. • Manning of control room 24x7.

13 Electricity Board • Keep all resources in a state of readiness • Immediately shut down the supply of electricity in the area • Start restoration work of the damaged lines • Simultaneously, make electricity arrangements at the rehabilitation, relief camp areas.

• Issue warnings to all officials/ staff. Rural Development Department• Manning (RDD) of control room 24x7. 14 • Keep all resources in a state of readiness. • Distribution of relief materials to Panchayats, • Relief equipment, tractors, labour, digging/ excavation tools, etc. to be arranged to mobilising and raising fund

Support PRI in organising relief camps wherever required • Ensure pure drinking water, Sanitation, food, temporary shelters, basic relief materials as per requirements and needs. • Arrangement of Rural relief camps • Arrangement of community kitchens. • Assist in post disaster response and rehabilitation work

15 Indian Meteorological • Transmit updated information to EOC Department • Mass media publicity/ issue bulletins at regular intervals.

• Manning of control room 24x7. • Alert officials/ staff and keep all resources in a state of readiness.

• Search, rescue and evacuate injured persons to safer places.

16 Railways • Assess the situation for appropriate actions. • Regulate the movement of all trains • Carry out inspection of railway bridges and lines. • Deployment of equipment like generators sets, pump sets, cranes pulleys, dozers, gas cutters, earthmovers, labourers for clearance of fallen bogies, electricity Poles, damaged tracks, etc. • Transport and provide emergency tents, water, medicines, food, etc. to the accident site. • Adequate arrangement of specialized trains for transportation of rescue and relief material.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.38

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• Restoration of damaged railway lines, electricity poles to restart services as soon as possible. 17 NGO • Provide first aid, health services, financial assistance and relief materials etc.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 7.39

Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

CHAPTER-8: PROJECT BENEFITS

8.1 INTRODUCTION Construction of greenfield road will provide better, fast, safe and smooth connectivity for the commuters between the two states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu as well as in the region. Smooth and fast moving traffic will cause lower pollutant emissions thereby reducing pollution levels. Accident rates are also expected to be under control due to enhanced road safety measures. Development of the proposed project road will boost the local agriculture and enable farmers to realize better value for their products as well as attract more investment to that region. The vehicle operating and maintenance cost is expected to go down substantially. The proposed road alignment will also include general amenities like rest areas, at built-up locations, pedestrian underpasses, landscaping and tree plantation, traffic aid post, emergency telecom system, emergency medical aid post, street light at built ups etc. and thus overall facilities to the road users shall improve. People will have increased access to better social and health infrastructure and other services located outside the project area. This will in turn lead to overall improvement of the quality of life of people residing in the project zone in terms of their economic, social and health status. Growth of local tourism and resultant boost to local economy is also expect due to proposed project

8.2 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT The proposed Chennai – Kurnool economic corridor starts from Chennai, terminates in Kurnool, and pass through Puttur, Renigunta, Kadapa and Nandyal It noted that the section from Nagari to Renigunta has developed under NHDP. Therefore, if Nagari- Chennai (Thatchur) with a spur to Chittoor section were develop as part of Chennai – Kurnool corridor, it would offer alternative connectivity between Chennai and Bangalore/Chittoor. Further the container traffic originating from Bangalore and bound towards the ports of Kamarajar and Kattupalli currently passes through the congested Chennai bypass and the Tamil Nadu state is developing the northern port access road from Thatchur to Kamarajar (Ennore) and Kattupalli ports. Therefore, Chittoor – Thatchur Greenfield alignment will provide direct port connectivity to Bangalore and Chittoor contrary to Puttur – Uthukkottai (AP SH 4421) & Uthukkottai – Janappanchatram (TN SH 51) considered in Inception report The development of this corridor will decongest Chennai city traffic and enhance Chennai city environment because: 1 At present Bangalore and north India traffic, negotiate through existing NH 48 and through Chennai city to reach Kamarajar & Kattupalli ports. 2 Andhra Pradesh & Karnataka traffic negotiate through existing NH 40 and joins NH 48 in Walajahpet and through Chennai city to reach Kamarajar & Kattupalli ports 3 Andhra Pradesh traffic negotiate through existing NH 716 and joins NH 48 in Sriperumbudur and through Chennai city to reach Kamarajar & Kattupalli ports Advantages of this alignment 1 The proposed greenfield alignment will provide direct connectivity to Kamarajar (Ennore) and Kattupalli ports through Bangalore – Chennai expressway 2 The alignment will ensure seamless connectivity without mixing with Chennai city traffic 3 This route will decongest Chennai city from port bound heavy truck traffic 4 This corridor will provide connectivity to Ponneri Smart City and Mahindra World City 5 Improve air quality due to reduction in truck traffic through Chennai city 6 Will provide connectivity to SEZs and other industrial estates in the vicinity of port

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 8.1 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

7 Sri City will get better connectivity from Bangalore, Chittoor, Kadapa and Tirupati etc. Thus, it is evident that this project will contribute to economic development as it ensure seamless road connectivity and enhance business travels. This also helps in developing the following:

• Development of new industries

• Development of new educational institutions and hospitals/health centres

• Development of real estates

• Development of Infrastructure projects

• Development of IT parks

8.3 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY Highway development projects require large number of local people during construction stage and in operation stages. The proposed construction envisage large number of work force requirements that will cater from nearby villages during construction stage. Thus, there will be an increase in employment opportunity for the project area.

8.3.1 Employment Opportunities for Local Community Proportionate to the investment in the project, large employment opportunities will generated because of the project implementation

• During the construction phase, the employment opportunities will be created for skilled (include engineers, transport, mechanical), semi-skilled (technician, road Inspectors, plant operator, office support etc.) and unskilled (general labour) labourers. Yet, the skilled labourers may come from other parts of the country; the opportunities for semi-skilled and unskilled sections of the work force will primarily be available from the local communities.

• Apart from these temporary employment opportunities, there would be permanent employment opportunities for the local community due to the enlarged development of industries, as it will stipulate more workers to cater to their increasing needs.

• It is expect that after construction there will be change in land use (especially along the new Highway). There will be commercial establishments such as shops, eateries restaurants/, small workshop serving the vehicles moving along the highway. These activities will provide additional socio-economic development and increased wages in the project area.

• Additional job opportunities may also developed due to the development of proposed industrial and infrastructure activities along the project road. As discussed above, the community people will get huge job opportunities due to the development of the planned highway, which in turn will further improve their living status and overall social paradigm of the district.

8.4 ROAD SAFETY The construction of the new highway shall ensure smooth flow of the traffic. Installation of proper road safety system through signage, barricades, and crash barriers enhance road safety to the traffic., Interchanges, flyovers underpasses, service roads proposed in the project, will enhance the road safety.

8.4.1 Health and safety Over 40% — nearly half — of the fatalities for roadway construction workers occur when workers are run over or struck by moving vehicles, trucks or equipment. Over half of the fatalities are caused by construction vehicles and equipment in the work area. Construction vehicles and motorized equipment

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 8.2 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) present a major hazard to highway construction workers. Recent studies indicate that workers are killed just as often by vehicles and equipment operating within the work zone as by motorists that cross the barricades and strike workers. Each year about 20 flaggers are killed and many more are injured. Flaggers must be especially vigilant to protect against collisions. Working at night makes it difficult to get enough sleep. Sleep after night work usually is shorter and less refreshing or satisfying than sleep during the normal night time hours. Some research suggests that night workers have more upset stomachs, constipation, and stomach ulcers than day workers.

8.4.2 The safety tips for the road construction workers could be as follows: 1 Make sure you wear high visibility clothing, including a vest and hard hat. High visibility clothing refers to reflective and fluorescent vests, shirts, pants, hats, etc. that workers should wear to make them more visible when working near traffic and heavy equipment, in all light conditions, day and night. 2 If you are working near construction vehicles and equipment, make sure the operator/ driver knows where you are located. DO NOT assume he/she can see you. 3 Do not approach moving equipment. Communicate with the driver using a radio, hand signals, etc. Only approach the vehicle once the operator has stopped operations. 4 Use a whistle, air-horn, or other device to warn fellow workers when they are in danger. 5 Don't become complacent with your work environment. Stay alert at all times and in all places. Stop, look, and listen for possible hazards. 6 Don't accept an assignment to be a flagger unless you have been properly trained. You must know where to stand, how to dress, and how to properly communicate with motorists. 7 Locate and mark overhead power sources. Develop protocols for working near overhead power lines. 8 Inspect tools, cords, etc. to ensure they are in good condition before each use. 9 Inspect brakes and other stopping devices to ensure they are operating properly and able to stop and hold equipment when fully loaded. 10 The safety from various environmental hazards could be by using the following precautions: 11 Hard Hats (head protection): Protect against electrical shock and impacts caused by falling objects or rocks thrown by passing vehicles. May provide for increased visibility near traffic and large vehicles. 12 Safety Glasses (eye and face protection): Protect against chemicals, particles, dust, and other airborne substances. Some safety glasses protect against the bright sun and provide UV protection for the eyes. 13 Gloves (hand & arm protection): Protect against burns caused by electrical hazards, hot materials (asphalt), caustic materials (wet cement), and provide protection against cuts, punctures, blisters and skin irritation. 14 Ear plugs/muffs (hearing protection): Protect against hearing loss that may occur suddenly, or gradually over time due to exposures to loud noises, such as heavy equipment or noisy hand tools. 15 Safety-toed shoes (foot and leg protection): Provide protection against sharp, falling or rolling objects, hot materials, and slippery surfaces. 16 Harnesses and lanyards (fall protection): Protect workers from falling. Required for exposures at six feet or higher, such as bridge construction, form work, overpasses, etc.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 8.3 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

17 Respiratory protection (dust mask / respirator): This type of protection can be a bit complicated, and will require competent personnel to determine what type of protection is needed and proper fit. You may need protection if you are working with or in proximity to:

• dust containing silica (concrete & asphalt cutting, rock crushing, sand blasting)

• metal fumes (from welding, brazing, soldering)

• chemical fumes (motor fuels, cleaners, petroleum based products).

8.5 REDUCTION IN VEHICLE OPERATING COST (VOC) Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC) will considerably improve. The good road connectivity will also enhance fuel efficiency to vehicles and reduce vehicle spare parts wear and tear. This will lead to saving in fuel, lubricating oil and vehicle depreciation costs. Total distance through this alignment will shortened by about 30km resulting in huge saving in VOC (vehicle operating cost).

8.6 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS The construction of the new road will ensure the smooth flow of traffic, it will segregate the Kamaraj, and Kattupalli ports bound Goods traffic. Thereby ensure less traffic congestion in Chennai city. This will ensure to reduce the emissions and noise level. The aesthetic of project road will enhanced due to provision of plantation along the road.

8.7 INDIRECT BENEFITS In addition to the direct benefits, there are number of indirect benefit attributed to Highway project. Lowering transportation cost for users and improving access to goods and services enables new and increased economic and social activity. The indirect benefits include changes in land use and development, changes in decision on residential area or colonies where land are less expensive or more desirable, changes in development of business in order to take advantage of improved speed and reliability in the transportation system. These benefits hence lead to increased property values, increased productivity, employment and economic growth. The indirect benefit of the proposed highway would work through the dynamic developmental externalities generated through the forward and backward linkages. A better connectivity will increase the business, which will reflect in the changes in the pattern of economic activities, income generation, price evolution, and employment condition. There will be also increase in greater accessibility to market, health and educational facilities.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 8.4 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

CHAPTER-9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

9.1 INTRODUCTION An important objective of environmental impact assessment is to develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation measures and monitoring requirements shall be approved during the environmental compliance review will actually be carried out in subsequent stages of the project. As a result, preparation of EMPs during project processing and on setting out conditions and targets to be met during project Implementation. The environmental management measures shall be implemented during the various stages of the project viz: Pre-construction stage, Construction Stage and Operational Stage. The environmental management plan is as described below.

9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

9.2.1 Objectives of EMP The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) consists a set of mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during the design, construction and operational phases of the project to eliminate adverse environmental impacts, to offset them, or to reduce them to acceptable levels. The main aim of the Environmental Management Plan is to ensure that the various adverse impacts are mitigated and the positive impacts are enhanced. The objectives of the EMP at various stages of the project planning and implementation are as follows: A description of the various management measures suggested during different stages of proposed project (viz. Construction and Operation) is provided in Table 10.1 and Table 10.2 respectively.

9.3 PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGE

9.3.1 Pre-construction activities by PIU/ Independent Consultant Prior to the contractor’s mobilization, NHAI will ensure that an encumbrance free Corridor of Impact is handed over to enable the start of construction. Clearance involves the following activities:

• Removal and felling of trees at very minimal possible level.

• Relocation of common property resources and community assets like telephone poles, electric poles and hand pumps will be impacted.

• Formal arrangements for maintenance of enhancement sites. This includes plantation of trees and barricades along the highway.

• Modification (if any), of the contract documents by the Engineer of the NHAI

• NOC/Clearance related to the project such as Environmental Clearance, Tree Cutting etc.

9.3.2 Pre-construction activities by Contractor

• Pre-construction stage involves mobilization of the contractor and the activities undertaken by the contractor pertaining to the planning of logistics and site preparation necessary for commencing construction activities. The activities include:

• Joint field verification of EMP by the Environment Specialist of the Independent Consultant and Contractor.

• Identification and selection of material sources (quarry and borrow material, water, sand etc).

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.1 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

• Procurement of construction equipment / machinery such as crushers, hot mix plants, batching plants and other construction equipment and machinery.

• Selection, design and layout of construction areas, hot mix and batching plants, labour camps etc.

• Apply for and obtain all the necessary clearances/ NOCs/ consents from the agencies concerned.

• Planning traffic diversions and detours including arrangements for temporary land acquisition.

9.4 CONSTRUCTION STAGE

9.4.1 Construction activities by the Contractor Construction stage is the most crucial stage in terms of activities that require careful management to avoid environmental impacts. There are several other environmental issues that have been addressed as part of good engineering practices, the costs for which have been accounted for in the Engineering Costs. They include providing roadside drainage, provision of cross drainage structures etc.

9.4.2 Construction activities by the PIU/Independent Consultant The PIU/Independent Consultant shall be involved in the smooth execution of the project and assisting the contractor during this phase. Their work shall include but not limited to:

• Monitoring and guiding the contractor on adopting good environmental and engineering practices.

• Arrangement of plantation through the Forest Department

• Arranging training to the contractor and other stakeholders according to the needs arising.

• Making changes in the design if need arises

9.5 OPERATION STAGE The operational stage involves the following activities by PIU:

• Monitoring of environmental conditions through approved monitoring agency.

• Monitoring of operational performance of the various mitigation/enhancement measures carried out.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.2 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 9.1: Generic Environmental Management Plan Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGE Pre-construction activities by PIU The proposed corridor was selected by adopting of suitable PIU, Revenue Alignment, Width of cross-sections and adjustment of the median width to minimize Alignment Report Throughout Dept., NGOs, EO-Independent P.1 the highway and land acquisition, loss of settlements and to avoid and its approval out Corridor Collaborating Consultant religious structures environmentally sensitive features like PF/RF/WL/NP/religious (Ref. DPR) Agencies structures etc. compatible with project activities. The acquisition of land and private properties shall be carried out in accordance with the RAP and entitlement framework for the project.

PIU, Revenue It shall be ensured that all R & R activities including EIA & SIA Report Throughout Dept., NGOs, EO-Independent P.2 Land Acquisition implementation of Environment Management Plan are (Ref. DPR) out Corridor Collaborating Consultant completed before the start of work. Agencies

PIU has to ascertain that any additional environmental impacts resulting from acquisition of land are addressed and integrated into the EMP and other relevant documents. All efforts shall be made to preserve trees including evaluation of minor design adjustments/ alternatives to save trees. Specific attention will be given for protecting giant trees, and Clause No. 201.2 locally important trees (religiously important etc.). MORT&H PIU, Forest Preservation of Throughout P.3 Specifications for Department, EO-IC Trees Tree cutting is to proceed only after all the legal requirements out Corridor Road and Bridge Contractor including attaining of In-principle and Formal Clearances from works the Forest Dept. / DoEF/ MoEF & CC and after permission of local authority are completed and subsequently a written order is issued to the Contractor.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.3 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring

Particular species declared as ‘protected’ by the State’s Forest Dept. in the private land will be felled only after due clearance from the Forest Dept./ concerned agencies is obtained.

In the event of design changes, additional assessments including the possibility to save trees shall be made.

Stacking, transport and storage of the wood will be done as per the relevant norms.

Systematic corridor level documentation for the trees cut and those saved will be maintained with “EO-IE”. All community utilities and properties i.e., water supply lines, sewer lines, hand pumps will be relocated before construction Relocation of starts, on any section of the project corridor. The PIU will PIU, Community Utilities relocate these properties in consultation and written agreement As in RAP Throughout Concerned P.4 EO-IC and Common with the agency/ owner/community. Environmental out Corridor Agencies, Property Resources considerations with suitable/required actions including health Contractor and hygiene aspects will be kept in mind while relocating all community utilities and resources. The PIU shall organize orientation sessions and regular training sessions during all stages of the project. This shall Orientation of include on-site training (general as well as in the specific Implementing context of a sub-project). Project Throughout P.5 Contractor EO-IC Agency and Requirements out Corridor Contractors These sessions shall involve all staff of Independent Consultants, field level implementation staff of PIU and Contractor, Environmental Experts. The contractor will ensure

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.4 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring that his staff including engineers, supervisors and operators attend the training sessions. The training program on Environmental aspects are given in Appendix-7.13. P.6 The Environmental Expert of Supervision Consultant and the Contractor will carry out joint field verification to ascertain any additional possibility to saving trees, environmental and community resources.

Contractor/ Joint Field The verification exercise should assess the need for additional Project Throughout P.6.1 Environmental PIU Verification protection measures or changes in design/ scale/ nature of Requirements out Corridor Expert of IE protection measures including the efficacy of enhancement measures suggested in the EMP. Proper documentation and justifications/reasons shall be maintained in all such cases where deviation from the original EMP is proposed.

Assessment of The Environmental Expert of IC will assess impacts and revise/ Impacts due to Contractor/ modify the EMP and other required sections of the project Project Throughout P.6.2 Changes/Revisions/ Environmental PIU documents in the event of changes/ revisions (including Requirements out Corridor Additions in the Expert of IE addition or deletion) in the project’s scope of work. Project Work Hot mix plants and batching plants will be sited suffiently away from settlements and agricultural operations or any commercial Clause No 111.1 establishments. Such plants will be located at least 1000m Crushers, hot-mix MoRT&H away from the Waterbody, nearest village/ settlement Throughout P.6.3 plants and Batching Air (P&CP) Contractor Engineer, EO-IC preferably in the downwind direction. out Corridor Plants Location Act 1981,

The Contractor shall submit a detailed layout plan for all such sites and approval of Environmental Expert of Supervision

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.5 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring Consultant shall be necessary prior to their establishment.

Arrangements to control dust pollution through provision of windscreens, sprinklers, and dust encapsulation will have to be provided at all such sites.

Specifications of crushers, hot mix plants and batching plants will comply with the requirements of the relevant current emission control legislations and Consent/NOC for all such plants shall be submitted to the “PIU through Independent Consultant.

The Contractor shall not initiate plant/s operation until the required legal clearances are obtained and submitted. The engineer will ensure that the regulatory and legal requirements are being complied with.

All vehicles, equipment and machinery to be procured for construction will confirm to the relevant Indian Standard (IS) norms. The discharge standards promulgated under the Environment Protection Act, 1986 will be strictly adhered to.

Other Construction Project Noise limits for construction equipment’s to be procured such Throughout P.6.4 Vehicles, Equipment Requirement Contractor Engineer, EO-IC as compactors, rollers, front loaders concrete mixers, cranes out Corridor and Machinery Guideline-I (moveable), vibrators and saws will not exceed 75 dB (A), measured at one meter from the edge of the equipment in free field, as specified in the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986. The Contractor shall maintain a record of PUC for all vehicles and machinery used during the contract period, which shall be

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.6 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring produced for EO – Supervision Consultant and PIU verification whenever required.

Mobile equipment shall be placed at least 100metres away from the nearest dwelling. P.7 Finalizing borrows areas for borrowing earth and all logistic arrangements as well as compliance to environmental requirements, as applicable, will be the sole responsibility of the contractor.

The Contractor will not start borrowing earth from select borrow area until the formal agreement is signed between landowner and contractor and a copy is submitted to the “EO-IC/PIU through the Engineer. Clause No. 111.2 & 305.2.2 Locations finalized by the contractor shall be reported to the MORT&H 7.1 Borrow Areas Environmental Expert of SC and who will in turn report to PIU. Specifications for Borrow Areas Contractor EO-IC, PIU Planning of haul roads for accessing borrow materials will be Road and Bridge undertaken during this stage. The haul roads shall be routed to works avoid agricultural areas as far as possible (in case such a land is disturbed, the Contractor will rehabilitate it as per Borrow Area Rehabilitation Guidelines and will use the existing village roads wherever available.

In addition to testing for the quality of borrow materials by the SC, the environmental personnel of the SC will be required to inspect every borrow area location prior to approval

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.7 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring The SC will make sure that each such site is in line with IRC and other Project Guidelines. Also guidelines are given in Appendix-7.2 for borrow area management.

Contractor will finalize the quarry for procurement of construction materials after assessment of the availability of sufficient materials, quality and other logistic arrangements.

In case, the contractor decides to use quarries other than recommended by the DPR consultants, then it will be selected based on the suitability of the materials and as per established Clause No. 111.3 law. & MORT&H Along the

P.7.2 Quarry Specifications for Project Contractor EO-IC, PIU The contractor will procure necessary permission for Road and Bridge Influence Area procurement of materials from Mining Department, District works Administration and State Pollution Control Board and shall submit a copy of the approval and the rehabilitation plan to the “PIU through Engineer.

Contractor will also work out haul road network and report to Environmental Expert of Supervision Consultant will inspect and in turn report to PIU before approval. The contractor will use ground water as a source of water for Clause No. 1010 the construction and can set up the own bore well facility for MORT&H construction work. Specifications for Along the Arrangement for P.7.3 Road and Bridge Project Contractor EO-IC, PIU Construction Water To avoid disruption/disturbance to other water users, the works Corridor contractor will extract water from fixed locations and consult the Environmental Expert of SC before finalizing the locations. EP Act 1986

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.8 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring

The Contractor will provide a list of locations and type of sources from where water for construction will be used. The contractor will seek approval from the EO-IC prior to the finalization of these locations

The contractor will not be allowed to pump from any irrigation canal and surface water bodies used by community.

The contractor will need to comply with the requirements of the State Ground Water Department and seek their approval for doing so and submit copies of the permission to Supervision Consultant and PIU prior to initiation of any construction work. The contractor preferably will use unskilled labour drawn from local communities to give the maximum benefit to the local Conditions of Along the P.7.4 Labor Requirements Contractor EO-IC, PIU community. Contract Project Area

Siting of the construction camps will be selected by the contractor as per the guidelines.

Construction camps will not be proposed within 500 m from the Appendix-7.5 Construction Camp nearest settlements to avoid conflicts and stress over the Guidelines for Along the Locations – infrastructure facilities with the local community applies only in P.7.5 Siting and Layout Project Contractor EO- SC, PIU Selection, Design case where a construction camp does not house plant sites of Construction Corridor and Lay-out and shall be located 200m away from water sources to avoid Camp contamination and spread of water borne disease

Location for stockyards for construction materials will be identified at least 1000m from watercourses.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.9 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring The waste disposal and sewage system for the camp will be designed, built and operated such that no odor is generated. The contractor as per prevalent rules will carry out negotiations with the landowners for obtaining their consent for temporary use of lands for construction sites/hot mix plants/traffic detours/borrow areas etc.

Arrangements for Along the The Contractor will submit a copy of agreement to the Project P.7.6 Temporary Land Project Contractor EO- SC, PIU Environment Expert of Independent Consultant. Requirements Requirement Corridor

The Environmental Expert of SC will be required to ensure that the clearing up of the site prior to handing over to the owner (after construction or completion of the activity) is included in the contract. The contractor will organize at least 2 implementation information meetings in the vicinity of Project Site (minimum one in each section) for general public to consult and inform people about his plans covering overall construction schedule, safety, use of local resources (such as earth, water), traffic safety and management plans of debris disposal, drainage protection, canal training work during construction, pollution Along the Implementation - Project P.7.7 abetment and other plans, measures to minimize disruption, Project Contractor EO- SC, PIU Information Meetings Requirements damage and in convenience to roadside users and people Corridor along the road. The first Implementation information meeting be conducted within four weeks of mobilization. The people should be informed about the date, time and venue at least 7 days prior to meetings. Public shall be informed about the meeting through display of posters at prominent public places (panchayat offices, offices of Market committees, Notice board

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.10 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring of religious places etc.) and distribution of pamphlets along roadside communities or in any manner deemed fit. The contractor will maintain a channel of communication with the communities through his designated Environment and Safety Officer to address any concern or grievances. Periodic meetings will also be conducted during the construction period to take feedback from communities or their representatives to ensure minimum disturbance.

The mechanism and contents for disclosure shall be approved by PIU prior to the meetings. CONSTRUCTION STAGE C.1 Vegetation will be removed from the construction zone before commencement of construction. All works will be carried out such that the damage or disruption to flora other than those identified for cutting is minimum.

Clause No. 201 Only ground cover/shrubs that impinge directly on the MORT&H permanent works or necessary temporary works will be Along the Specifications for Clearing and removed with prior approval from the Environmental Expert of project C.1.1 Road and Bridge Contractor EO-IC, PIU Grubbing SC. Corridor work works, chapter 3 in progress

The Contractor under any circumstances will not cut trees

other than those identified for cutting and for which he has written instructions from the PIU. The PIU will issue these instructions only after receiving all stages of clearances from the Forest Department/ MoEF&CC Vegetation only with girth of over 30 cm will be considered as

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.11 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring trees and shall be compensated, in the event of PIU’s instruction to undertake tree cutting.

The sub grade of the existing pavement shall be used as embankment fill material.

The existing base and sub-base material shall be recycled as sub-base of the haul road or access roads. • The existing bitumen surface may be utilized for the paving of cross roads, access roads and paving works in construction sites and campus, temporary traffic diversions, haulage routes etc. The contractor shall identify disposal sites. The identified locations will be reported to the Environmental Expert of IC. These locations will be checked on site and accordingly approved by Environmental Expert of SC prior to any disposal of waste materials. Clause No. 201.4 All arrangements for transportation during construction MORT&H Disposal of debris Along the including provision, maintenance, dismantling and clearing Specifications for from dismantling project C.1.2 debris, will be considered incidental to the work and will be Road and Bridge Contractor EO- SC, PIU structures and road Corridor work planned and implemented by the contractor as approved and works surface (if any) in progress directed by the Environmental Expert of SC.

The pre-designed disposal locations will be a part of Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan to be prepared by Contractor in consultation and with approval of Environmental Expert of SC.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.12 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring Debris generated from pile driving or other construction activities shall be disposed such that it does not flow into the surface water bodies or form mud puddles in the area. The guidelines for debris disposal and Mangement are given in Appendix-7.3.

The pre-identified disposal locations will be a part of Comprehensive Waste Disposal Management Plan to be prepared by the Contractor in consultation and with approval of Environmental Expert of SC. Location of disposal sites will be finalized prior to initiation of works on any particular section of the road.

The Environmental Expert of SC will approve these disposal sites after conducting a joint inspection on the site with the Contractor. Clause No. 301.3.2 MORT&H Along the Other Construction C.1.3 Contractor will ensure that any spoils of material unsuitable for Specifications for Project Contractor EO- SC, PIU Wastes Disposal embankment fill will not be disposed off near any water course, Road and Bridge Corridor agricultural land, and natural habitat like grass lands or works pastures. Such spoils from excavation can be used to reclaim borrow pits and low-lying areas located in barren lands along the project corridors (if so desired by the owner/community and approved by the Environment Expert SC).

Non-bituminous wastes other than fly ash may be dumped in borrow pits (preferably located in barren lands) covered with a layer of the soil. No new disposal site shall be created as part of the project, except with prior approval of the Environmental

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.13 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring Expert of SC. All waste materials will be completely disposed and the site will be fully cleaned and certified by Environmental Expert of SC before handing over.

The contractor at its cost shall resolve any claim, arising out of waste disposal or any non-compliance that may arise on account of lack of action on his part.

The topsoil from all areas of cutting and all areas to be permanently covered will be stripped to a specified depth of 150 mm and stored in stockpiles. A portion of the temporarily acquired area and/or Right of Way will be earmarked for storing topsoil. The locations for stock piling will be pre- identified in consultation and with approval of Environmental Expert of SC. The following precautionary measures will be taken to preserve them till they are used: Clause No. 301.2.2

Stripping, stocking MORT&H Along the Stockpile will be designed such that the slope does not exceed C.1.4 and preservation of Specifications for Project Contractor EO- SC, PIU 1:2 (vertical to horizontal), and height of the pile is restricted to top soil Road and Bridge Corridor 2 m. To retain soil and to allow percolation of water, silt fencing works will protect the edges of the pile.

Stockpiles will not be surcharged or otherwise loaded and multiple handling will be kept to a minimum to ensure that no compaction will occur. The stockpiles shall be covered with gunny bags or vegetation.

It will be ensured by the contractor that the topsoil will not be

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.14 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring unnecessarily trafficked either before stripping or when in stockpiles.

Such stockpiled topsoil will be utilized for - covering all disturbed areas including borrow areas only in case where these are to be rehabilitated as farm lands (not those in barren areas) top dressing of the road embankment and fill slopes filling up of tree pits, in the median and In the agricultural fields of farmers, acquired temporarily.

Residual topsoil, if there is any will be utilized for the plantation at median and side of the main carriageway.

The contractor will provide safe and convenient passage for vehicles, pedestrians and livestock to and from roadsides and property accesses connecting the project corridor, providing temporary connecting road.

The Contractor will take care that Schools and religious places are accessible to Public. The contractor will also ensure that Along the the work on / at existing accesses will not be undertaken C.1.5 Accessibility Project Contractor EO- SC, PIU without providing adequate provisions and to the prior Corridor satisfaction of Environmental Expert of SC.

The contractor will take care that the cross roads are constructed in such a sequence that construction work over the adjacent cross roads are taken up one after one so that traffic movement in any given area not get affected much.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.15 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring Temporary diversions will be constructed with the approval of the Resident Engineer and Environmental Expert of SC for which contractor will seek prior approval for such plans.

Detailed Traffic Control Plans will be prepared and submitted to the Resident Engineer for approval, seven days prior to commencement of works on any section of road. The traffic control plans shall contain details diversions; traffic safety arrangement during construction; safety measures for night – Clause No. 112 time traffic and precautions for transportation of hazardous MORT&H materials. Traffic control plans shall be prepared in line with Planning for Traffic Specifications for Along the requirements of IRC’s SP- 55 document and The Contractor C.1.6 Diversions and Road and Bridge Project Contractor EO- SC, PIU will ensure that the diversion/detour is always maintained in Detours works Corridor running condition, particularly during the monsoon to avoid IRC; SP 55 disruption to traffic flow.

The contractor will also inform local community of changes to traffic routes, conditions and pedestrian access arrangements with assistance from SC and PIU. The temporary traffic detours will be kept free of dust by sprinkling of water three times a day and as required under specific conditions (depending on weather conditions, construction in the settlement areas and volume of traffic).

C.2 No borrow area will be opened without permission of the Clause No. Earth from Borrow Environmental Expert of SC. The location, shape and size of 305.2.2 MORT&H C.2.1 Areas for Borrow Areas Contractor EO- SC, PIU the designated borrow areas will be as approved by the Specifications for Construction Environmental Expert of SC and in accordance to the IRC Road and Bridge

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.16 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring recommended practice for borrow pits for road embankments works (IRC 10: 1961). The borrowing operations will be carried out as specified in the guidelines for siting and operation of borrow areas.

The unpaved surfaces used for the haulage of borrow materials, if passing through the settlement areas or habitations; will be maintained dust free by the contractor. Sprinkling of water will be carried out twice a day to control dust along such roads during their period of use.

During dry seasons (winter and summer) frequency of water sprinkling will be increased in the settlement areas and Environmental Expert of SC will decide the numbers of sprinkling depending on the local requirements.

Contractor will rehabilitate the borrow areas as soon as borrowing is over from a particular borrow area in accordance with the Guidelines for Redevelopment of Borrow Areas or as suggested by Environmental Expert of SC.

The final rehabilitation plans will be approved by the Environmental Expert of the SC.

The contractor shall obtain materials from quarries only after Clause No. 111.3 the consent of the Department of Mining / SPCB (both the MORT&H C.2.2 Quarry Operations states) / District Administration or will use existing approved Specifications for Quarry Areas Contractor EO- SC, PIU sources of such materials. Copies of consent/ approval/ Road and Bridge rehabilitation plan for opening a new quarry or use of an works

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.17 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring existing quarry source will be submitted to Environment Expert SC and the Resident Engineer.

The contractor will develop a Comprehensive Quarry Redevelopment plan, as per the Mining Rules of the state and submit a copy to PIU and SC prior to opening of the quarry site.

The quarry operations will be undertaken within the rules and regulations in force in the state. Contractor will maintain all roads (existing or built for the project), which are used for transporting construction materials, equipment and machineries as précised. All vehicles delivering fine materials to the site will be covered to avoid spillage of materials.

All existing highways and roads used by vehicles of the Transporting contractor or any of his sub-contractor or suppliers of materials Construction and similarly roads, which are part of the works, will be kept Project All Roads C.2.3 Contractor EO- SC, PIU Materials and Haul clear of all dust/mud or other extraneous materials dropped by Requirement Used Road Management such vehicles.

Contractor will arrange for regular water sprinkling as necessary for dust suppression of all such roads and surfaces with specific attention to the settlement areas.

The unloading of materials at construction sites/close to settlements will be restricted to daytime only. C.2.4 Construction Water Contractor will arrange adequate supply and storage of water Clause No. 1010 Along the Contractor EO- SC, PIU

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.18 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring for the whole construction period at his own costs. The EP Act 1986 Project Contractor will submit a list of source/s from where water will MORT&H Corridor be used for the project to ‘PIU’ through the Engineer. Specifications for Road and Bridge The contractor will source the requirement of water works preferentially from ground water but with prior permission from the Ground Water Board. A copy of the permission will be submitted to ‘PIU’ through the Engineer prior to initiation of construction.

The contractor will take all precaution to minimize the wastage of water in the construction process/ operation. C.3 While working across or close to any perennial water bodies, contractor will not obstruct/ prevent the flow of water.

Construction over and close to the non-perennial streams shall be undertaken in the dry season. If construction work is expected to disrupt users of community water bodies, notice Disruption to Other All Water C.3.1 shall be served well in advance to the affected community by Chapter-3 Contractor EO- SC, PIU Users of Water Bodies the contractor.

The contractor will take prior approval of the River Authority or Irrigation Department for any such activity. The PIU and the Engineer will ensure that contractor has served the notice to the downstream users of water well in advance. Contractor will ensure that no construction materials like earth, Clause No. Drainage line C.3.2 Drainage stone, ash or appendage is disposed off in a manner that 501.8.6 MORT&H Contractor EO- SC, PIU along the road blocks the flow of water of any water course and cross Specifications for

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.19 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring drainage channels. Contractor will take all-necessary Road and Bridge measures to prevent any blockage to water flow. In addition to works the design requirements, the contractor will take all required measures as directed by the ‘EO-IC’ and the ‘Resident Engineer’ to prevent temporary or permanent flooding of the site or any adjacent area.

The Contractor will not excavate beds of any stream/canals/ any other water body for borrowing earth for embankment construction.

Contractor will construct silt fencing at the base of the embankment construction for the entire perimeter of any water body (including wells) adjacent to the ROW and around the Clause No. stockpiles at the construction sites close to water bodies. The 501.8.6 MORT&H fencing will be provided prior to commencement of earthwork All Surface Siltation of Water Specifications for and continue till the stabilization of the embankment slopes, on Water Bodies Bodies and Road and Bridge C.3.3 the particular sub-section of the road. The contractor will also Along the Contractor EO- SC, PIU Degradation of works put up sedimentation cum grease traps at the outer mouth of Project Water Quality Water (P & CP) the drains located in truck lay byes and bus bays which are Corridor Act 1981 ultimately entering into any surface water bodies / water Chapter-3 channels with a fall exceeding 1.5 m. in present case three Sedimentation Cum Grease Trap are proposed, However the item has been kept in case need arises during construction.

Contractor will ensure that construction materials containing fine particles are stored in an enclosure such that sediment- laden water does not drain into nearby watercourse. C.3.4 Slope Protection and The contractor will take slope protection measures as per Clause No. 306 & Along the Contractor EO- SC, PIU

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.20 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring Control of Soil design, or as directed by the Environmental Expert of SC to 305.2.2 MORT&H Project Erosion control soil erosion and sedimentation. Specifications for Corridor Road and Bridge All temporary sedimentation, pollution control works and works maintenance thereof will be deemed as incidental to the earth work or other items of work and as such as no separate payment will be made for them.

Contractor will ensure the following aspects: • During construction activities on road embankment, the side slopes of all cut and fill areas will be graded and covered with stone pitching, grass and shrub as per design specifications. • Turfing works will be taken up as soon as possible provided the season is favorable for the establishment of grass sods. Other measures of slope stabilization will include mulching, netting and seeding of batters and drains immediately on completion of earthworks. • In borrow pits, the depth shall be so regulated that the sides of the excavation will have a slope not steeper than 1 vertical to 2 horizontal, from the edge of the final section of the bank. • Along sections abutting water bodies, stone pitching as per design specification will protect slopes. C.4 C.4.1 The Contractor will take all precautionary measures to prevent Clause No. Along the Water Pollution from C.4.1.1 the wastewater generated during construction from entering 501.8.6 MORT&H Project Contractor EO- SC, PIU Construction Wastes into streams, water bodies or the irrigation system. Contractor Specifications for Corridor

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.21 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring will avoid construction works close to the streams or water Road and Bridge bodies during monsoon. works

All waste arising from the project is to be disposed off in the Water (P & CP) manner that is acceptable and as per norms of the State Act 1974 Pollution Control Board. The contractor will ensure that all construction vehicle parking location, fuel/lubricants storage sites, vehicle, machinery and equipment maintenance and refueling sites will be located at least 500 m from rivers and irrigation canal/ponds. Clause No. All location and layout plans of such sites will be submitted by 501.8.6 MORT&H the Contractor prior to their establishment and will be approved Specifications for by the ‘EO-IC, PIU/ NHAI. Road and Bridge works Contractor will ensure that all vehicle/machinery and equipment operation, maintenance and refueling will be carried Water (P & CP) out in such a fashion that spillage of fuels and lubricants does Act 1974 Along the Water Pollution from C.4.1.2 not contaminate the ground. Oil interceptors will be provided Guideline XI Project Contractor EO- SC, PIU Fuel and Lubricants for vehicle parking, wash down and refueling areas as per the Guidelines For The Corridor design provided. Storage, Handling, Use And In all, fuel storage and refueling areas, if located on agricultural Emergency land or areas supporting vegetation, the top soil will be Response For stripped, stockpiled and returned after cessation of such Hazardous storage. Chemicals

Contractor will arrange for collection, storing and disposal of oily wastes to the pre-identified disposal sites (list to be submitted to SC and PIU) and approved by the Environmental

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.22 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring Expert of SC. All spills and collected petroleum products will be disposed off in accordance with MoEF&CC and state PCB guidelines.

‘EO-IC and Resident Engineer’ will certify that all arrangements comply with the guidelines of PCB/ MoEF&CC or any other relevant laws. C.4.2 The contractor will take every precaution to reduce the level of dust from crushers/hot mix plants, construction sites involving earthwork by sprinkling of water, encapsulation of dust source and by erection of screen/barriers.

All the plants will be sited at least 1 km in the downwind direction from the nearest human settlement. Clause No. 111 &

501.8.6 MORT&H The contractor will provide necessary certificates to confirm Specifications for Along the that all crushers used in construction conform to relevant dust Road and Bridge Project Road, C.4.2.1 Dust Pollution emission control legislation. Contractor EO- SC, PIU works Construction

Site/ Camps The suspended particulate matter value at a distance of 40m Air (P & CP) from a unit located in a cluster should be less than 500 micro Act 1981 gram/m3. The pollution monitoring is to be conducted as per the monitoring plan.

Alternatively, only crushers licensed by the SPCB shall be used. Required certificates and consents shall be submitted by the Contractor in such a case to the ‘EO-PIU’ through the ‘Engineer’.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.23 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring

Dust screening vegetation will be planted on the edge of the RoW for all existing roadside crushers. Hot mix plant will be fitted with dust extraction units.

Contractor will ensure that all vehicles, equipment and Clause No. 501.8.6 machinery used for construction are regularly maintained and MORT&H Emission from confirm that pollution emission levels comply with the relevant Specifications for Along the Construction requirements of SPCB. Road and Bridge Project Road, EO- SC, PIU, C.4.2.2 Contractor Vehicles, Equipment works all vehicles and Machineries The Contractor will submit PUC certificates for all vehicles/ Air (P & CP)Act used/ Camps equipment/machinery used for the project. Monitoring results 1981 Central Motor will also be submitted to ‘PIU’ through the ‘SC’. & Vehicle Act 1988 The workplace must be ventilated to enable workers to carry out work without risk to health and safety.

The Contractor will be fully responsibility for providing Power Supply and illumination during construction,

The Contractor shall also provide suitable movable lamps to illuminate any area in Underground Works including areas for As per the Labor Underground C.4.3.3 Ventilation Contractor EO-IC,PIU instrumentation and where the Engineer may wish to carry out Act work inspection and rock mechanics tests or instrumentation

The contractor shall design, install and operate ventilation system for the Underground Works and provide an underground atmosphere monitoring system.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.24 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring C.4.3 The Contractor will confirm the following: • All plants and equipment used in construction shall strictly conform to the MoEFCC/CPCB noise standards. • All vehicles and equipment used in construction will be fitted with exhaust silencers. • Servicing of all construction vehicles and machinery will be done regularly and during routine servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust silencers will be checked and if found defective will be replaced. • Limits for construction equipment used in the project such Clause No. as compactors, rollers, front loaders, concrete mixers, 501.8.6 MORT&H cranes (moveable), vibrators and saws shall not exceed Specifications for Noise Pollution: 75 dB (A) (measured at one meter from the edge of Along the Road and Bridge Noise from Vehicles, equipment in the free field), as specified in the Project Road , C.4.3.1 works Contractor EO- SC, PIU Plants and Environment (Protection) rules, 1986. all vehicles EP Act 1986 Equipment • Maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery shall used/Camps Noise Rules be regular to keep noise levels at the minimum. 2002 • At the construction sites within 150 m of the nearest habitation, noisy construction work such as crushing, concrete mixing, batching will be stopped during the nighttime between 9.00 pm to 6.00 am.

No construction activities will be permitted around educational institutes/health centers (silence zones) up to a distance of 100 m from the sensitive receptors i.e., school, health centers and hospitals between 9.00 am to 6.0 pm.

Monitoring shall be carried out at the construction sites as per

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.25 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring the monitoring schedule and results will be submitted to ‘PIU’ through the ‘EO-IC’. C.5 Contractor will provide: • Protective footwear, headwear and protective goggles to all workers employed on mixing asphalt materials, cement, lime, mortars & concrete etc. • Welder's protective eye-shields to workers who are engaged in welding works • Protective goggles and clothing to workers engaged in stone breaking activities and workers will be seated at The Building and sufficiently safe intervals Other Construction • Earplugs to workers exposed to loud noise, and workers workers working in crushing, compaction, or concrete mixing (Regulation of Along the operation. Employment and Project Road , Personal Safety • Adequate safety measures for workers during handling of Conditions of all vehicles C.5.1 Contractor EO- SC, PIU Measures for Labour materials. Service) Act 1996 used/ • The contractor will comply with all regulations regarding and cess Act of Camps/quarry safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, 1996 area stairwells, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry Factories Act and egress. 1948

The contractor will comply with all the precautions as required for ensuring the safety of the workmen as per the International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention No. 62 as far as those are applicable to this contract.

The contractor will make sure that during the construction work all relevant provisions of the Factories Act, 1948 and the

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.26 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring Building and other Construction Workers (regulation of Employment and Conditions of Services) Act, 1996 are adhered to.

The contractor will not employ any person of adolescent age (14-18 yrs) for any work and no woman will be employed on the work of painting with products containing lead in any form.

The contractor will also ensure that no paint containing lead or lead products is used except in the form of paste or readymade paint.

Contractor will provide facemasks for use to the workers when paint is applied in the form of spray or a surface having lead paint dry is rubbed and scrapped.

The Contractor will mark ‘hard hat’ and ‘no smoking’ and other ‘high risk’ areas and enforce non-compliance of use of PPE with zero tolerance. These will be reflected in the Construction Safety Plan to be prepared by the Contractor during mobilization and will be approved by ‘SC’ and ‘PIU’.

The contractor will take all necessary measures for the safety of traffic during construction and provide, erect and maintain Along the such barricades, including signs, markings, flags, lights and IRC: SP: 55 Project Road , C.5.2 Traffic and Safety flagmen as proposed in the Traffic Control Plan/Drawings and Contractor EO- SC, PIU all vehicles as required by the ‘EO-IC’ and ‘Resident Engineer’ for the used/ Camps information and protection of traffic approaching or passing through the section of any existing cross roads.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.27 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring

The contractor will ensure that all signs, barricades, pavement markings are provided as per the MORT&H specifications. Before taking up of construction on any section of the project corridor, a Traffic Control Plan will be devised and implemented to the satisfaction of ‘EO-IC’ and ‘ Resident Engineer’ The Contractor will take all required precautions to prevent danger from electrical equipment and ensure that – The Building and

other construction • No material will be so stacked or placed as to cause workers danger or inconvenience to any person or the public. (Regulation of • All necessary fencing and lights will be provided to protect Employment and Along the Risk from Electrical the public in construction zones. C.5.3 Conditions of Project Road Contractor EO- SC, PIU Equipment(s) Service) Act 1996 /Camp All machines to be used in the construction will conform to the and Cess Act of relevant Indian Standards (IS) codes, will be free from patent 1996 defect, will be kept in good working order, will be regularly Factories Act inspected and properly maintained as per IS provision and to 1948 the satisfaction of the ‘Resident Engineer’.

The contractor will take all reasonable precautions to prevent The Building and danger to the workers and public from fire, flood etc. resulting other construction due to construction activities. workers Along the The contractor will make required arrangements so that in case (Regulation of Project Road, C.5.4 Risk Force Measure Contractor EO- SC, PIU of any mishap all necessary steps can be taken for prompt first Employment and construction aid treatment. Construction Safety Plan prepared by the Conditions of Camps Contractor will identify necessary actions in the event of an Service) Act 1996 emergency. and Cess Act of

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.28 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring 1996 Factories Act 1948 The contractor will arrange for - The Building and • a readily available first aid unit including an adequate other construction supply of sterilized dressing materials and appliances as workers per the Factories Rules in every work zone (Regulation of Along the • availability of suitable transport at all times to take injured Employment and Project Road, C.5.5 First Aid Contractor EO- SC, PIU or sick person(s) to the nearest hospital Conditions of construction • Equipment and trained nursing staff at construction camp. Service) Act 1996 Camps and Cess Act of 1996 Factories Act 1948 The contractor will provide, erect and maintain Along the Informatory Signs informatory/safety signs, hoardings written in English and local Project Road, C.5.6 IRC:SP:55 Contractor EO- SC, PIU and Hoardings language, wherever required as per IRC and MORTH construction specifications. Camps C.6 Plantation of shurbs will be done by the contractor at the median and/or turfing at embankment slopes as per the tree plantation strategy prepared for the project. Forest

Conservation Act Minimum 90 percent survival rate of the saplings after raising 1980 the plantation of age one year will be acceptable otherwise, the Along the C.6.1 Road side Plantation contractor will replace dead plants at his own cost. The Guideline for Contractor EO- SC, PIU Project Road contractor will maintain the plantation till they handover the median plantation project site to PIU. and grass turfing

of MORT&H The Environmental Expert of SC will inspect regularly the survival rate of the plants and compliance of tree plantation guidelines.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.29 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring The contractor will take reasonable precaution to prevent his workmen or any other persons from removing and damaging any flora (plant/vegetation) and fauna (animal) including fishing in any water body and hunting of any animal.

If any wild animal is found near the construction site at any Forest point of time, the contractor will immediately upon discovery Conservation Act Along the C.6.2 Flora and Fauna Contractor EO- SC, PIU thereof acquaint the Environmental Expert of SC and carry out 1980 Project Road the SC's instructions for dealing with the same. Wild Life Act 1972

The Environmental Expert of SC will report to the near by forest office (range office or divisional office) and will take appropriate steps/ measures, if required in consultation with the forest officials. All fossils, coins, articles of value of antiquity, structures and other remains or things of geological or archaeological interest discovered on the site shall be the property of the Government and shall be dealt with as per provisions of the relevant legislation. The Ancient Along the Chance Found The contractor will take reasonable precautions to prevent his Monument and Project Road, C.6.3 Archaeological workmen or any other persons from removing and damaging Archaeological Contractor EO- SC, PIU construction Property any such article or thing. He will, immediately upon discovery Site Remains Act sites/Camps thereof and before removal acquaint the Environmental Expert 2010 of SC of such discovery and carry out the SC's instructions for dealing with the same, waiting which all work shall be stopped. The SC will seek direction from the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) before instructing the Contractor to recommence the work in the site.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.30 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring C.7 Contractor will follow all relevant provisions of the Factories The Building and Act, 1948, the Building, and the other Construction Workers other construction (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, workers 1996 for construction and maintenance of labor camp. (Regulation of Employment and The location, layout and basic facility provision of each labor Conditions of Along the camp will be submitted to ‘EO-IC and ‘PIU’ prior to their Service) Act 1996 Project Road, C.7.1 Accommodation construction. and Cess Act of Contractor EO- SC, PIU construction 1996 Camps/site The construction will commence only upon the written approval Factories Act 1948 of the Environmental Expert of SC. Guidelines II Guidelines for The contractor will maintain necessary living accommodation Siting and Layout and ancillary facilities in functional and hygienic manner and as of construction approved by the SC. camp The Contractor will construct and maintain all labour accommodation in such a fashion that uncontaminated water is The Building and available for drinking, cooking and washing. other construction workers The Contractor will also provide potable water facilities within (Regulation of Along the the precincts of every workplace in an accessible place, as per Employment and Project Road, C.7.2 Potable Water standards set by the Building and other Construction Workers Conditions of construction Contractor EO- SC, PIU (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, Service) Act 1996 Camps/constru 1996. and Cess Act of ction site The contractor will also guarantee the following: 1996 a) Supply of sufficient quantity of potable water (as per IS) in Factories Act every workplace/labor campsite at suitable and easily 1948 accessible places and regular maintenance of such

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.31 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring facilities. b) If any water storage tank is provided that will be kept such that the bottom of the tank at least 1mt. from the surrounding ground level. c) If water is drawn from any existing well, which is within 30mt. proximity of any toilet, drain or other source of pollution, the well will be disinfected before water is used for drinking. d) All such wells will be entirely covered and provided with a trap door, which will be dust proof and waterproof. e) A reliable pump will be fitted to each covered well. The trap door will be kept locked and opened only for cleaning or inspection, which will be done at least once in a month. Testing of water will be done as per parameters prescribed in IS 10500:2012. The contractor will ensure that - • the sewage system for the camp are designed, built and operated in such a fashion that no health hazards occurs and no pollution to the air, ground water or adjacent water Along the courses take place Project Road, Sanitation and • separate toilets/bathrooms, wherever required, screened Project Specific C.7.3 construction Contractor EO- SC, PIU Sewage System from those from men (marked in vernacular) are to be Requirement Camps/Constr provided for women uction Sites • adequate water supply is to be provided in all toilets and urinals All toilets in workplaces are with dry-earth system (receptacles) which are to be cleaned and kept in a strict sanitary condition. The contractor will provide garbage bins in the camps and Guidelines for Along the C.7.4 Waste Disposal Contractor EO- SC, PIU ensure that these are regularly emptied and disposed off in a Siting and Layout Project Road,

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.32 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring hygienic manner as per the Comprehensive Solid Waste of Labor Camp of construction Management Plan approved by the Environmental Expert of 6 MORT&H. Also Camps SC. the construction Unless otherwise arranged by local sanitary authority, waste will be arrangements for disposal of night soils (human excreta) managed as per suitably approved by the local medical health or municipal C&D waste authorities or as directed by Environmental Expert of SC will management Rule have to be provided by the contractor. 2016. C.8 The ‘EO-IC’ will contact the responsible people with the enhancement drawing of the site for which enhancement has been proposed and take their consent before the start of work. Along the C.8.1 Accessibility Accesses to Different Schools along the road will be developed Contractor EO-IC, PIU Project Road to the satisfaction of ‘PIU’.

C.9 Contractor will prepare site restoration plans, which will be approved by the Environmental Expert of SC. The clean-up and restoration operations are to be implemented by the contractor prior to demobilization. The contractor will clear all Clean-up temporary structures; dispose all garbage, night soils and POL Guidelines for Along the Operations, waste as per Comprehensive Waste Management Plan and as Disposal Site Project Road, C.9.1 Contractor EO- SC, PIU Restoration and approved by SC. management of 6 construction Rehabilitation MORT&H Camps All disposal pits or trenches will be filled in and effectively sealed off. Residual topsoil, if any will be distributed in pre identified approved areas or in places suggested by the ‘EO - SC’ areas in a layer of thickness of 75 mm-l50 mm. All

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.33 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Planning and Supervision/ Execution Monitoring construction zones including river-beds, culverts, road-side areas, camps, hot mix plant sites, crushers, batching plant sites and any other area used/affected by the project will be left clean and tidy, at the contractor's expense, to the entire satisfaction to the Environmental Expert of SC and PIU/ NHAI will certify in this regard.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.34 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 9.2: Environmental Management Plan for Operation Phase Responsibility Time Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Execution/ Supervision/ Frame Civil Work Monitoring OPERATION STAGE Activities to be carried out by the PIU The PIU will monitor the operational performance of the various mitigation/ enhancement measures carried out as a part of the project. Monitoring Operation Operation Along the O.1 PIU PIU Performance The Supervision Consultant selected for monitoring include Phage Project Road the survival rate of trees; utility of enhancement provision, status of rehabilitation of borrow areas and disposal sites,

PIU will ensure that all drains (side drains, median drain and all cross drainages) are periodically cleared especially before monsoon season to facilitate the quick passage of Maintenance of Operation Along the O.2 rainwater and avoid flooding. PIU PIU Drainage Phase Project Road PIU will ensure that all the sediment and oil and grease traps set up at the water bodies are cleared once in every three months. The periodic monitoring of the ambient air quality, noise level, water (both ground and surface water) quality, soil pollution/contamination in the selected locations as PIU suggested in pollution monitoring plan or as recommended through Operation Along the O.3 Pollution Monitoring by SC-EO (Refer Chapter 3 for Monitoring Locations of air, Pollution PIU Phase Project Road water and noise ) will be responsibility of PIU. Monitoring Agency PIU will either appoint PCB or its approved pollution- monitoring agency for the purpose O.3.1 Atmospheric Pollution Ambient air concentrations of various pollutants shall be Air Operation Along the PIU PIU

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.35 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Responsibility Time Sl. No. Environmental Issue Management Measures Reference Location Execution/ Supervision/ Frame Civil Work Monitoring monitored as envisaged in the pollution-monitoring plan (P & CP) Phase Project Road through Act 1981 Pollution Monitoring Agency PIU Noise pollution will be monitored as per monitoring plan at through Noise Noise Rules Operation Along the O.3.2 sensitive locations. Noise control programs are to be Pollution PIU Pollution 2002 Phase Project Road enforced strictly. Monitoring Agency PIU through Water (P & CP) Operation Along the O.3.3 Water Pollution Water Quality will be monitored as per monitoring plan Pollution PIU Act 1974 Phase Project Road Monitoring Agency Visual monitoring and inspection of soil erosion at borrow Soil Erosion and areas, quarries (if closed and rehabilitated), and IRC/Environment Operation Along the O.4. Monitoring of Borrow embankment > 2m and other places expected to be al Conservation PIU PIU Phase Project Road Areas affected, will be carried out once in every three months as Act suggested in monitoring plan. Road Safety will be monitored during operation especially Operation Along the O.5 Road Safety at location where traffic-calming measures have been IRC Guidelines PIU PIU Phase Project Road proposed.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.36 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

9.6 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN Afforestation should commence with the start of the project. The entire available land should be covered with trees under the afforestation programme. If the land is not sufficient on the project routes, separate proposal for afforestation should be planned for the plantation of tree away the project site, where land is available in order to recover greenery loss. Green belt development plan is formulated as part of new road construction project. As part of greenbelt development, plantation should be made in entire open space on the both side of the road and median to enhance floral cover and scenic beauty as well as sink of air pollution and act as noise barrier. Plantation may be carried out around the water bodies or along riverfront. The loss of forest due to felling of trees in the process of construction shall be compensated as a part of afforestation program. It is proposed to develop greenbelt around the perimeter of various project’s appurtenances, selected locations such as along water reservoir periphery, along the sensitive receptors near institutions, hospital etc., if any. The plantation will act as sound barriers also. The general consideration involved while developing the greenbelt are:

• Trees growing up to 10.0 m or above in height with perennial foliage should be planted around various appurtenances of the proposed project.

• Planting of trees should be undertaken in appropriate encircling rows around the project

• Generally, fast growing species should be planted. The species recommended for greenbelt development are given below. Table 9.3 Species recommended for Plantation

Sl.No. Botanical name/Scientific Name Local / Tamil name Location

1. Cassia Montana Malaiyavaram maram Median Plantation

2. Thatvetia Neriflora Kaner Median Plantation

3. Ervatamia divericala Chandini Median Plantation

4. Bouganvillea sps. Bouganvillea Median Plantation

5. Hibiscus sinensis Gurhai Median Plantation

6. Cassia galuca Cassis galuca Median Plantation

7. Jouminum grandiflorum Chameli Median Plantation

8. Ficus bengalensis Ala maram 1st ROW

9. Ficus glomerata Athi maram 1st ROW

10. Lagerstroemia parviflora Peikadukkai maram 1st ROW

11. Lagerstromia lanceolata Venthekku maram 1st ROW

12. Moringa concanensis Kattu murungai maram 1st ROW

13. Anona squamosa Seetha-palam maram 1st ROW

14. Cassia fistula Konnai maram 1st ROW

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.37 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Sl.No. Botanical name/Scientific Name Local / Tamil name Location

15. Acacia nilotica Karuvela maram 1st ROW

16. Acacia suma Celai maram 1st ROW

17. Aegle marmelos Vilva maram 2nd ROW

18. Alstonia scholaris Palegaruda maram 2nd ROW

19. Buchanania latifolia Sarai paruppu maram 2nd ROW

20. Butea frondosa Elaiporasu maram 2nd ROW

21. Mimusops hexandra Palai maram 2nd ROW

22. Pterospermum xylocarpum Vedam-kurunai maram 2nd ROW

23. Albizzia procera Velvagai maram 3rd ROW

24. Azadirachta indica Veppam maram 3rd ROW

25. Dalbergia paniculata Porapatchalai maram 3rd ROW

26. Ficus bengalensis Ala maram 3rd ROW

27. Gmelina arborea Kumil maram 3rd ROW

28. Mangifera indica Mamaram 3rd ROW

29. Tectona grandis Thekku maram 3rd ROW

30. Terminalia arjuna Neermaddi maram 3rd ROW

31. Tamarindus indica Pulia maram 3rd ROW

Table 9.4 List of Native Species

S.No. Botanical name/Scientific Name Local name 1. Holoptelea integrifolia Aaya/Aavi 2. Lannea coromandelica Othiyam 3. Madhuca longifolia Illupai 4. Mangifera Indica Maa maram 5. Manilkara hexandra Ulakkaipaalai 6. Millingtomia hortensin Maramalli 7. Mimusops elengi Mahizha maram 8. Mitragyma parviflora Neerkadambu 9. Meoamarckia cadama Vellori Kadambi 10. Pongamia pinnata Pungam 11. Pterocarpus marsupium Vengai 12. Pterocarpus santalinus Chemmaram

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.38 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

S.No. Botanical name/Scientific Name Local name 13. Simarouba amara Sorgamaram 14. Spathodea campanulali Kozhi komdarimaram 15. Sterculia foetida Kutiraipitukku 16. Swietenia macrophylla Mahogany 17. Syzygium Cumini Naaval 18. Tubebuia roseoalda Vasantharani 19. Tamarindus Indica Puliamaram 20. Terminalia arjuna Neermaruthana 21. Terminalia bellirica Thantrikkai 22. Termimalic chebula kadukkai

METHODOLOGY FOR PLANTATION The following strategy is to be followed while taking-up avenue plantation along the project corridor on the available land of proposed ROW of National Highway. Treatment & Site Preparation a) Planting Site should be cleaned and cleaned with stones, graveled etc. The stretch of rocky and Hardy patch (If any) should be carefully treated by breaking the stones and removal of Kankers pan down the pit depth as specified. b) In the site preparation, weeds and unwanted vegetation growth should be cleared enough and land should be leveled. Line and level, size of pits, digging of pits should be properly maintained. c) Plantation shall be done with the approval of Engineer. Digging of pits a) Size of pits = 1.0 meter (dia) x 1.0 meter (depth). b) Topsoil up-to a depth of 30 cms may be kept aside for the treatment with FYM in order to develop microbial activities. c) The bottom of the pit shall be forked to break up the subsoil. Materials a) Dump Manure: Dump manure shall be of well decayed (at least six months) organic or vegetable matter, obtained in the dry state from the municipal dump or other similar sources approved by the Engineer. The manure shall be free from earth, stone, brickbats or other extraneous matter. Fertilization a) The Neem/Castor/Groundnut cake shall be free from bush, dust, and any other foreign matters. b) Basal dressing of Urea, Ammonium sulphate, Potassium sulphate Or DAP shall be applied at appropriate proportion with the approval of Engineer. Plantation Activities a) Planting of Trees: Plantation shall be made in rows in the available land.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.39 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) b) Spacing: Plant to plant spacing shall be kept not farther away than 10.0 m. Or Plant to Plant = 9m – 10 m c/c; Row to Row = 7m - 8m c/c. Plantation should be staggered arrangement. c) Size of Saplings: The live saplings shall be planted in uniformity in lines to the directions of the Engineer and the height of saplings shall be approx 2 meter with 14" x 20" size of bags. d) Quantity of Manure @ plant : FYM/Dump Manure - ½ cft or 1:3 ( 1 part FYM to 3 part earth by volume) Urea - 25gm; Ammonium Sulphate - 25 gm; Potassium Sulphate – 25gm in mix} Or DAP – 100 gm in tussle. e) Planting of Sapling: Initially, the bottom of planting pit should be covered with 40 cm of excavated earth. f) Lindane dust shall be sprinkled on the wall of remaining pit depth @ 200gm/pit ( i.e. 150 gm on the inside wall and earth of excavated pit to 20cm depth to be filled with mixed 50gms Lindane dust. The balance earth shall be filled in the mixture of FYM in the ration of 1:3 (i.e. one part FYM and Three-part earth by volume). The manure shall be applied as Urea – 25 gm, Ammonium Sulphate -25gm, Potassium Sulphate-25gm in a mix of 5-liter water, Or DAP-100 gm/plant in tussle applied as basal dressing at the end of plantation and subsequently in the rotation of 30 days from the beginning of monsoon till the end of winter. While planting the sapling, the bag should not be removed, only the poly of bottom surface should be removed and four cut on the side of bag by a sharp blade to be made carefully as the root undisturbed. It has been found by experience / experiment that the planting done with bags has better survival and growth compared to that when the bags are removed. This is because while removing the bag of the tall plant the ball of the earth is broken and consequently transplanting shock is very heavy. Sapling shall be planted at the Original Soil Depth i.e. the soil marked on stem will be maintained at the finished level. Post Plantation Activities/Maintenance Plantation shall be watered and maintained for one year until the area is handed over in whole or in phases. Maintenance shall include watering, weeding- out of undesirable vegetation growth, replacement of casualty, manuring, trimming of the hedges and using fertilizer in requisite doses, control of insects, fungus and other diseases by means of spraying with an insecticide or fungicide, pruning, and other horticulture operations necessary for proper growth of the plants and for keeping the landscape sub- contract area neat in appearance. a) Weeding & Soil Working: First at the end of three months after plantation of saplings and minimum total of four times a year. Cleaning of Stumps and removal of thorny growth and copping (if any). Deep soil working should be done to the coppice shoots at least to a radius of 0.5m. b) Watering: Watering is required at non rainy days at a rate of 15 liters per plant each time for 26 watering. 1) During June immediately after planting - 2 watering 2) During June - July, once in a week - 4 watering 3) August to November once in 15 days - 8 watering 4) December to March, once in 10 days - 12 watering c) Casualty replacement: Adequate care to be taken for minimal mortality rate after the

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.40 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) plantation and if occurs, dead plants shall be replaced immediately. d) Fertilization: It shall be carried-out in rotation of every 30 days from the beginning of monsoon till the end of winter at a recommended quantity. EMP BUDGET A budgetary cost estimated for environmental activities is approximately INR 77.90 Crores. However EMP cost is INR 45.20 crores (Approximtaely), the CER cost is 27.20 crores (Approximtaely). And Environmental Enhancement INR Cost is 5.5 crores (Approximtaely). The break up of EMP cost is presented in Table 9.5

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.41 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

Table 9.5: Environmental Cost Particulars Estimated Rate Total Cost (INR) Environmental training Lump sum 10,00,000 Total tree affected: about 19,581 trees Cost of Compensatory Afforestation (1: 10) i.e. 1,95,810 trees* INR 1517.1/tree 29,70,63,351 Cost for Road side plantation incl. Maintenance of 5 year for 126.550km@ 666 trees/km INR 1517.1/tree 12,78,14,158 i.e.84,249 trees Fencing around Trees Lump sum 33,48,351 Rs. 50000/- per km Shrub Plantation in Median 63,25,000 for 126.550 Environmental Monitoring for Construction and Operation Period (Table 10.2) 49,59,000 Dust suppression by watering Considered under Civil Costs Noise Barriers along the stretches of project roads near habitations Considered under Civil Costs Environmental measures in Worker’s camp Lump sum 20,00,000 Rainwater Harvesting Structures @ every 500 mts (Approx. 250 structures ) INR 25,000 per structure 62,50,000 Maintenance of RWH structures during defect liability period Lumpsum 25,00,000 452000000 Total EMP cost (Approximtaely) 272000000 Cost for Corporate Environmental Responsibilities (CER) ((Approximtaely)) 7240000 Total (Approximtaely) Enhancement Cost Enhancement of water bodies (ponds) @ 15lac per pond for 30 ponds 4,50,00,000 Enhancement of borrow area etc lumpsum 1,00,00,000 779000000 Grand total (Approximtaely) * Annexure-III of Green Corridor Planning for Highways Project by Green Highways Division, NHAI, 2018

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 9.42 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

CHAPTER-10: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

10.1 INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORTH), Government of India has proposed the “Bharat Mala Pariyojana”, an umbrella scheme of road development projects which would be executed through the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), National Highway and Industrial Development Corporation (NHIDC) and the respective State Public Works Departments (PWD). M/s Louis Berger Consulting Private Limited, New Delhi has been appointed by the NHAI as Consultants to carry out the Consultancy Services for preparation of DPR for development of Economic Corridors, Inner corridors, feeder Routes and Costal Roads to improve the efficiency of fright movement in India - Lot 3/Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Goa & Kerala, / Package 1. The Project consists of the following roads which are finalized as per the Final Inception Report: 1 Aurad – Bidar section - KA SH 15 2 Mydukur – Badvel section - NH 67 3 Puttur - Janappanchatram section - AP SH 4421 & TN SH 51 4 Belagavi (Belgaum) - Sanquelim with proper connectivity to NH 4A and NH 17 through existing State Highways - KA SH 54, KA SH 31, GA SH 4 5 Balance portion of Satellite Ring Road of Bangalore (West Side) including connection to Hosur town and Feasibility for widening the existing SH between Anekal to Sarjapur for Passenger traffic bound to Attibele/ Sarjapur to ensure ring road connectivity for Bangalore As a background brief, the proposed Chennai – Kurnool economic corridor starts from Chennai and terminates in Kurnool, while passing through Puttur, Renigunta, Kadapa and Nandyal. It has been noted that the section from Nagari to Renigunta has been developed under the National Highways Development Project (NHDP). Therefore, if the Nagari- Chennai (Thatchur) stretch with a spur to Chittoor section is developed as part of the Chennai – Kurnool corridor, it would provide for alternative connectivity between Chennai and Bangalore/Chittoor. In addition, presently, the container traffic originating from Bangalore which is bound towards the ports of Kamarajar and Kattupalli passes through the congested Chennai bypass. To alleviate this congestion, the Tamil Nadu Government is developing a northern port access road from Thatchur to Kamarajar (Ennore) and Kattupalli ports. Thus, a Chittoor – Thatchur Greenfield alignment would provide for direct port connectivity between Bangalore and Chittoor, as opposed to the original routes of Puttur – Uthukkottai (AP SH 4421) & Uthukkottai – Janappanchatram (TN SH 51) that were considered in the Inception Report. Accordingly, this Greenfield route is notified in the Government of India Gazette as NH 716B. From a technical standpoint, the proposed Project alignment passes through the Chitoor district of Andhra Pradesh and Thiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu, with a total chainage of 116.500 km. The Project requires 849.782 hectares of land, and is envisioned to be a 6-lane divided highway with a ROW of 70 m, median of 5 m and an average embankment of about 2-3 m from the existing ground elevation. No tunnels are proposed, while 3 trumpets and 5 viaduct interchanges are included. Lastly, the Project will consist of 2 RoB, 4 major bridges, 19 minor bridges and 186 culverts, alongside a service road of 24.025 km. Horticulture and landscaping will be provided throughout. Environmentally, the Project does not pass through any Wildlife area/ Protected area or CRZ and has no Protected Monuments/ Structures. The land use pattern of Project districts is primarily agricultural/ vegetation (76%) followed by Forest land (12%) and Barren land patches (6%) with an estimated

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 10.1 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) presence of 19,581 trees. There is a requirement for 4.7772 hectare of Forest Land. Environmental Management which includes Corporate, is estimated at INR 56 Crore, with PAP’s of 192 households.

10.2 POLICY LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK The proposed road development project of NH-716B is a New National Highway with Right of Way (ROW) requirement of 70 m. Hence, as per EIA notification 2006, the proposed Project falls under “Category A” and attracts the conditions of obtaining prior Environmental Clearance from Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEF&CC).

10.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT The district of Chittoor is one of the most chronically drought affected Rayalasema regions of Andhra Pradesh and it forms a part of the Mysore plateau with hill ranges and undulating plains, while Thiruvallur a coastal district of Tamil Nadu has a relatively flat topography. The Project (NH 716B) mainly passes through rolling terrain while some stretches pass through plain terrain. A location map of the Project is provided below:

Figure 10.37 Project Alignment The climate of the Project Influence Area (PIA) is semi-arid with hot and dry conditions. Rainfall in Chittoor district varies between 600.4 mm (2014) and 1418.9 mm (2015), while the rainfall in Thiruvallur varies from 938 mm (2014) to 1202.9 mm (2017). The mean annual wind speed measurements for Chittoor and Thiruvallur are 3.9 kmph and 6.2 kmph respectively, which are relatively nominal and not an impediment to the Project. Further, there are no major rivers in the Chittoor district whereas Thiruvallur has 5 main rivers which are seasonal in nature. Tests conducted by the Consultant on water quality of surface water indicates acceptable results for all water usages except drinking. The Project lies in a low hazard zone as per the Global Seismic Hazards Assessment Program (GSHAP), while the soil testing conducted by the Consultant shows that the soil quality is good and fertile with a variation between clay and sandy clay. Further, with regards to ambient air quality, one of

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 10.2 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) the most significant parameters that is required to quantify the impact on the natural and biophysical environment, the Consultant conducted tests and measurements in the Project area and found the air quality to be good as per the prescribed permissible limits of the CPCB. This is attributed to a lack of major human activity and low traffic volume plying near the Project area. In the same vein, noise measurement tests were conducted, and the results of a range of 46.2 – 64.1 dBA during daytime and 34 dBA – 49 dBA during night time are well within the prescribed limits of the CPCB. With regards to the Biological Environment, which includes the Forest Ecosystem, Flora and Fauna, the following observations have been made: 1. Forest Ecosystem: Forest cover in Chittoor is primarily Moderately Dense Forest and Open Forest, constituting 21.3% of the Geographical Area, while Thiruvallur has 8.46% of the GA. The Project alignment falls in Southern dry mixed deciduous forest (Sub-Group 5A C3) and thorn forest (Sub-Group 6A C1). 2. Forest Land: The proposed development requires additional land in Pitchatur taluka of Chittoor District in Andhra Pradesh. It includes 4.7772 hectares of forest land, and thus as per forest conservation Act 1980, forest diversion of forest land for non-forest purpose will be required. 3. Protected Areas: There is no protected area (National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary, reserved forest, biosphere reserve, and wetland) within the ROW and 10km on either side of project road. 4. Roadside Trees: A total of 19,581 trees fall within the Corridor of Impact (CoI) 5. Flora: In the Chittoor district, the vegetation is sparse with the presence of bodha grass ((Cymbopogon coloratus), Strobilanthes meeboldi,i Pterocarpus santalinus (Red sanders), Anogueissus latifolia (Yelama), Hardwickia binata (Yepi), Chloroxylon sweitenia (Billudu) etc. For the Thiruvallur district, the area is highly degraded scrub vegetation mainly comprising Euphorbia and other tropical dry evergreen scrub vegetation. List of Flora species found include, for example, Karuvelan (Acacia nilotica), Perambai (Acacia ferruginea), etc. 6. Fauna: The Chittoor east wildlife division is in the biotic province of the central high lands and represent the fauna typical of Indian peninsula in general. In Tiruvallur district, the ‘consumers’ in the forest eco-system of this tract included the herbivores and multilevel carnivores. The herbivores included a variety of Deers and Antelopes, Bison, Elephants, Wild boar, and Porcupine. The carnivores included Leopards and Tiger. There are varieties of birds in the forests and the most prominent birds are the Grey partridge (Francolinus pondicerianus) and the Jungle Bush Quail (Ferdicular asiatica). The total land requirement for the Project is 849.782 Ha, which would impact approximately 283 structures, out of which, the total number of Project Affected households who will be losing their privately-owned structures would be 192 (PAPs). A majority of the PAPs are engaged in agriculture (41.18%) followed by commercial activity such as small shop keeping (11.76%) and their income levels fall under lower- and middle-income families (91.32%). Compensation for the affected land, property and other structures would be awarded on the basis of the RCFTLARR Act 2013 in addition to local State laws as applicable.

10.4 PUBLIC CONSULTATION

Initial Public consultations have been carried out in this Project during the site surveys with the objectives of minimizing probable adverse impacts of the Project through alternate design solutions (alignment and cross-sectional) and to achieve speedy implementation of the Project through bringing awareness amongst the community on the benefits of the Project. Items of discussions included air quality, water quality, noise level, drainage, tree felling, and social issues. The study reveals that the implementation of the Project would result in appreciable social and economic benefits to the people in the Project Affected Areas. Also the public hearing was conducted in project Districts as per

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 10.3 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) procedure mentioned in EIA notification. The major issues raised during public hearing was issues of land, properties, water bodies, employment and pollution during construction stage. All the issues raised during public hearing were addressed in design and planning.

10.5 IMPACT MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMEMENT MEASURES The main impacts due to the Project can be mainly classified into: Diversion of Forest Land, Acquisition of Land, Project Affected Persons (PAPs). They will be mitigated as follows: 1. Diversion of Forest Land: Approximately 4.7772 Ha of Forest land needs to be diverted as the Project alignment crosses a small patch of Pulikondram Reserve Forest from km 86.700 to 87.400 (700m). Forest Clearance will be obtained prior to construction and it’s conditions such as Compensatory Afforestation would be abided by the Project proponent. 2. Land Acquisition and Project Affected Persons: A total of 849.782 Ha of land has to be acquired for the Project, for which, 192 households are affected. The compensation for land, structures and other minor assets would be provided in accordance with the RCFTLARR Act 2013 in addition to local State laws as applicable. Lastly, during the construction activities, there would be some impacts on environmental factors such as air quality, soil, noise, water, temperature etc. which would be mitigated based on the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). 10.6 PROJECT COST AND EMP COST The civil works are expected to cost INR 3,840 crores for a 6 lane 116.500 km highway, while R&R cost is pegged at INR 553.05 crores however EMP cost is INR 45.20 crores, the Corporate Social Responsibility Cost (CER) cost is 27.20 crores, Environmental Enhancement INR Cost is 5.5 crores. The total budgetary cost estimated for environmental activities is approximately INR 77.90 Crores.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 10.4 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) ______CHAPTER-11: DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS ENGAGED

11.1 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS M/s Louis Berger Consulting Pvt. Ltd, have been entrusted with the Consultancy services for obtaining environmental clearance from the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India. Modern Highway infrastructure is essential to facilitating economic growth and improving quality of life. With increasing traffic congestion world-wide, improving travel conditions, constructing new highways and upgrading existing infrastructure is critical. Louis Berger has worked in the highway transportation market since 1953, when the firm undertook its first highway assignment with the design of major segment of the Pennyslyvania Turnpike-the first superhighway in the United States. The firm’s team of transportation planners and engineers work collaboratively with our environmental scientist, economist, financial analysts and program and construction managers to provide our clients with full lifecycle support for their transportation projects. Louis Berger is one of the largest multi-disciplinary consulting organizations in the world, being amongst the leaders in the transportation (urban roads, highways, expressways, bridges etc.), urban infrastructure development (water supply, sewerage, solid waste management, etc.) and environmental engineering sectors (as per rankings of the Engineering News Record published by McGraw Hill). With over fifty five (55) years of experience worldwide including about 50 years in South Asia, the Berger Group can draw upon the experience, versatility and innovativeness of over 5,000 professional staff members in all facets of planning, design, design vetting, supervision, project management, monitoring, evaluation, technical assistance, operation and maintenance, independent engineering, impact assessment and management of multi-faceted and complex projects worldwide. Specialized expertise: Highways and expressways, Airports, Smart Cities, Metros, Tunnels, Biodiversity Projects, etc.

11.2 DISCLOSURE OF PROJECT AND EIA/EMP REPORT In order to enable timely project implementation, continued dialogue and coordination will need to take place between the Client, Consultant and relevant agencies. Intimation on the availability of the report to the public will be made through mass media. The English version of the document will be available in the offices of Project office NHAI/PCB and Concerned Collectors. This EIA report will also be made available on the websites of the NHAI/MOEF&CC.

11.2.1 Approved Key Professional from QCI The LBG is NABET accredited consultancy company and accredited for Sector-34, category A projects. Mohammad Akhtar worked as Environmental coordinator for the EIA. He is NABET accredited for sector 34. The short CVs other experts are given as Appendix 11.1 (Short CVs).

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 11.1 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) ______

DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANT

Declaration by Expert contributing to the Environmental Impact Assessment study for Development of Economic Corridors, inter corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana -Lot 3/Andhra Pradesh, Karnatak, Goa & Kerala/Package – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B)

I, hereby, certify that we were part of the EIA team in the following capacity developed the above EIA Report,

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 11.2 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) ______

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 11.3 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) ______

NABET Certificate No. & Issue Date: QCI/NABET/EIA/ACO/19/1150 dated December 02,2019. The NABET accreditation is given as Appendix-11.2.

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 11.4 Development of Economic Corridors, Inter Corridors, Feeder Routes to improve the efficiency of freight movement in India under Bharatmala Pariyojana - Lot 3/ Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GOA & Kerala /Package 1 – Chittoor – Thatchur Road (NH-716B) ______

S. No Functional Area Code Complete name of the Functional Areas 1. AP Air Pollution Monitoring, Prevention and Control 2. WP Water Pollution Monitoring, Prevention and Control 3. AQ Meteorology, Air Quality and Modeling and Prediction 4. EB Ecology and Biodiversity 5. LU Land Use 6. SE Socio-Economic 7. SC Soil Conservation 8. NV Noise and Vibration 9. HG Hydrology, Ground Water and Water Conservation 10. RH Risk and Hazard Management 11. MSW Municipal Solid Waste 12. SHW Solid and Hazardous Waste

Final Environmental Impact Assessment 11.5