DOCSLIB.ORG

“Errors of Judgement, Not of Intent”: the Southern Policy of Ulysses S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“Errors of Judgement, Not of Intent”: the Southern Policy of Ulysses S 1 “Errors of judgement, not of intent”: The Southern Policy of Ulysses S. Grant Richard Dotor Cespedes UCL DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the subject of History 2 Declaration I, Richard Dotor Cespedes, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 3 Abstract The Reconstruction era has been subject to countless studies seeking to vilify or celebrate citizens and politicians of the time. From an initial consensus on its immorality and opportunism, to a revisionism where its achievements were celebrated, and a post-revisionism where the cause of its downfall became the focus, the racial, social and political aspects of Reconstruction have been subject to over a century of debate. Within this historiography, though, the significance of Ulysses S. Grant has been predominantly ignored. Challenging the view that Grant lacked political and racial ideals, the aim of this thesis, and my original contribution to knowledge, is to define his Southern Policy in the context of a personal political and racial philosophy, rather than a record of achievement. An examination of the development of his viewpoint on Reconstruction, the rights of the freedmen, and the power of the President and Federal Government, reveals a struggle at the heart of Grant’s Southern policy as he sought to protect the results of the Civil War whilst hastening a close to the work or Reconstruction. Furthermore, careful study of his correspondence reveal him to be an egalitarian who, if permitted, would have been willing to manage the South with greater force and in far more absolute terms. The tension of his ideals and the dichotomy between thought and action resulted in an inconsistent approach to Southern state crises, counter-productive policy choices and ill-timed changes of course. The outcome was a Southern policy that was not only a political failure for Southern Republicans but, as revealed by a study of Grant’s 4 philosophy on the political and racial issues of the day, a personal one for the President. 5 Table of Contents Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................ 7 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 1: Ulysses S. Grant in History ...................................................................... 22 Chapter 2: Slavery, Race and War ............................................................................. 72 Chapter 3: “In the face of the enemy”: Southern Policy 1867-1869........................ 110 Chapter 4: Closing the work of Reconstruction: Grant’s First Years in Office ....... 151 Chapter 5: Amnesty, Enforcement and the Grant Administration’s Attempts to Occupy the Middle Ground ...................................................................................... 196 Chapter 6: Ballots and Banditti ................................................................................ 233 Chapter 7: Republicanism by any Means ................................................................ 259 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 289 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 313 6 Abbreviations DGW Morse, John T. ed., The Diary of Gideon Welles: Secretary of the Navy under Lincoln and Johnson (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1911) 3 Volumes DHF Diary of Hamilton Fish, Fish Papers, Library of Congress LOC Library of Congress PMUSG Grant, Ulysses S., Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1885) 2 Volumes PUSG Simon, John Y. et al, eds., The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant (Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1967-2009) 31 Volumes USG Ulysses S. Grant 7 Acknowledgments For supporting me academically, financially and emotionally, I would like to thank those individuals who have been instrumental in the completion of this thesis, over nine long - and as my supervisor warned me - tortuous years. To my family, I would like to thank them for their encouragement and financial support throughout my undergraduate and post graduate studies. Without their help, none of this would have been possible. To my wife, I would like to express gratitude for the emotional support, encouragement and understanding she has displayed over the years. I would also like to thank her for appreciating that holiday time meant study time. Shortly after starting this thesis, I began working full-time in further education. The demands of teaching, marking, preparing lessons and managing programmes frustratingly made the study of Ulysses S. Grant very much a part-time activity. The struggle of balancing this workload, particularly in the last few years where my career has progressed, has always been appreciated by all that have supported me and again, I would like to express my gratitude. To my supervisor, Professor Iwan Morgan, I would like to express sincere gratitude for the guidance, wisdom, patience and honesty he has shown to me over the years. As time has passed, and the thesis had progressed slowly towards completion, Professor Morgan has always been there to provide academic guidance above and beyond what was required, and to take a sincere interest in my personal and professional life. 8 I would like to thank the School of Advanced Study and University College London for facilitating a smooth transition between institutions. I would also like to thank the Institute for the Study of the Americas (SOAS) for funding my fieldwork in Washington D.C. Lastly, I would like to thank Dr Andrew Moran at London Metropolitan University and Professor Nathan Abrams at Bangor University for encouraging me to embark on this journey. 9 Introduction Throughout Reconstruction historiography and presidential studies in general, the significance of Ulysses S. Grant on the post-Civil War American South has been inadequately explored. Whilst celebrated as a general in countless volumes about his military career, those studies that touch upon his presidency often fall short of comprehensiveness, tending to perpetuate an image of political ineptitude, unintelligence and insignificance. In reference to this historiography, the late John Y. Simon, Executive Director of the Ulysses S. Grant Association, wrote that “military historians analyzed a far different Grant than did political historians, and the two portraits hardly seemed to show the same person”.1 The majority of academics are comfortable with the assumption that Grant was ill- suited for the role of president and once in office, was insignificant in his impact. Thomas A. Bailey in Presidential Greatness (1966) concluded that his “eight long years in blunderland are generally regarded as a national disgrace” and that even if one was to “[e]liminate those crooks for whom Grant was not directly responsible… he is entitled to a Below Average [sic] rating, a few notches better than complete failure”.2 This opinion is illustrated by Grant’s positioning in presidential rankings where he typically occupies the lower end of the table. A recent survey conducted by 1 John Y. Simon, “Ulysses S. Grant One Hundred Years Later”, Illinois State Historical Society, LXXIX (Winter 1986), p.256 2 Thomas A. Bailey, Presidential Greatness (New York: Appleton-Century, 1966) pp.295-296 10 the Institute for the Study of the America’s United States Presidency Centre placed Grant at number twenty eight of the forty presidents assessed, a rare high point.3 Whilst not vilified to the same extent as James Buchanan, Grant consistently occupies the bottom end of the presidential spectrum of achievement, dismissed as the “simple soldier, inexperienced in statecraft, impervious to sound advice, and oblivious to his own blundering”.4 Grant certainly acknowledged his shortcomings as President. In his final annual message, he wrote of his “fortune, or misfortune, to be called to the office of Chief Executive without any previous political training.”5 Reflecting on his time in the White House, he admitted to mistakes and failures, but believed them to have been “errors of judgment, not of intent”.6 This statement is fundamental to this thesis as the counter-productive outcomes of Grant’s Southern policy (in the context of protecting the results of war) were predominantly the result of mismanagement or insurmountable obstacles, rather than an intention to strip away the achievements of the Civil War and Reconstruction era. The tendency to define the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant by failure or the corruption that surrounded him has perpetuated ignorance as to the more complex and arguably positive aspects of his political career. Particularly in reference to Southern affairs, a closer study of Grant during the Reconstruction era reveal him to be far more committed to the cause of civil rights in the South than many have given him credit 3 Institute for the Study of the Americas, United States Presidency Centre. UK Survey of US Presidents Results [Internet] [Accessed 29 July 2014]; Available from: http://www.community- languages.org.uk/US-presidency-survey/overall.htm 4 Eugene H. Roseboom and Alfred E. Eckles jr, A History of Presidential
Load more

Recommended publications
  • American Civil War Civil War Reconstruction
    American Civil War Civil War Reconstruction History >> Civil War Much of the Southern United States was destroyed during the Civil war. Farms and plantations were burned down and their crops destroyed. Also, many people had Confederate money which was now worthless and the local governments were in disarray. The South needed to be rebuilt. The rebuilding of the South after the Civil War is called the Reconstruction. The Reconstruction lasted from 1865 to 1877. The purpose of the Reconstruction was to help the South become a part of the Union again. Federal troops occupied much of the South during the Reconstruction to insure that laws were followed and that another uprising did not occur. A street in Charleston, SC after the war To Punish the South or Not Many people wanted the South to be punished for trying to leave the Union. Other people, however, wanted to forgive the South and let the healing of the nation begin. Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction Abraham Lincoln wanted to be lenient to the South and make it easy for southern states to rejoin the Union. He said that any southerner who took an oath to the Union would be given a pardon. He also said that if 10% of the voters in a state supported the Union, then a state could be readmitted. Under Lincoln's plan, any state that was readmitted must make slavery illegal as part of their constitution. President Johnson President Lincoln was assassinated at the end of the Civil War, however, and never had the chance to implement his Reconstruction plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Georgia Historical Society Educator Web Guide
    Georgia Historical Society Educator Web Guide Guide to the educational resources available on the GHS website Theme driven guide to: Online exhibits Biographical Materials Primary sources Classroom activities Today in Georgia History Episodes New Georgia Encyclopedia Articles Archival Collections Historical Markers Updated: July 2014 Georgia Historical Society Educator Web Guide Table of Contents Pre-Colonial Native American Cultures 1 Early European Exploration 2-3 Colonial Establishing the Colony 3-4 Trustee Georgia 5-6 Royal Georgia 7-8 Revolutionary Georgia and the American Revolution 8-10 Early Republic 10-12 Expansion and Conflict in Georgia Creek and Cherokee Removal 12-13 Technology, Agriculture, & Expansion of Slavery 14-15 Civil War, Reconstruction, and the New South Secession 15-16 Civil War 17-19 Reconstruction 19-21 New South 21-23 Rise of Modern Georgia Great Depression and the New Deal 23-24 Culture, Society, and Politics 25-26 Global Conflict World War One 26-27 World War Two 27-28 Modern Georgia Modern Civil Rights Movement 28-30 Post-World War Two Georgia 31-32 Georgia Since 1970 33-34 Pre-Colonial Chapter by Chapter Primary Sources Chapter 2 The First Peoples of Georgia Pages from the rare book Etowah Papers: Exploration of the Etowah site in Georgia. Includes images of the site and artifacts found at the site. Native American Cultures Opening America’s Archives Primary Sources Set 1 (Early Georgia) SS8H1— The development of Native American cultures and the impact of European exploration and settlement on the Native American cultures in Georgia. Illustration based on French descriptions of Florida Na- tive Americans.
    [Show full text]
  • Daniel D. Pratt: Senator and Commissioner
    Daniel D. Pratt: Senator and Commissioner Joseph E. Holliday* The election of Daniel D. Pratt, of Logansport, to the United States Senate in January, 1869, to succeed Thomas A. Hendricks had come after a bitter internal struggle within the ranks of the Republican members of the Indiana General Assembly. The struggle was precipitated by James Hughes, of Bloomington, who hoped to win the honor, but it also uncovered a personal feud between Lieutenant Governor Will E. Cumback, an early favorite for the seat, and Governor Conrad Baker. Personal rivalries threatened party harmony, and after several caucuses were unable to reach an agreement, Pratt was presented as a compromise candidate. He had been his party’s nominee for a Senate seat in 1863, but the Republicans were then the minority party in the legislature. With a majority in 1869, however, the Republicans were able to carry his election. Pratt’s reputation in the state was not based upon office-holding ; he had held no important state office, and his only legislative experience before he went to Washington in 1869 was service in two terms of the general assembly. It was his character, his leadership in the legal profession in northern Indiana, and his loyal service as a campaigner that earned for him the esteem of many in his party. Daniel D. Pratt‘s experience in the United States Senate began with the inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant in March, 1869. Presiding over the Senate was Schuyler Colfax, another Hoosier, who had just been inaugurated vice-president of the United States. During the administration of President Andrew Johnson, the government had been subjected to severe stress and strain between the legislative and executive branches.
    [Show full text]
  • Yale Men As Writers on Law and Government
    YALE LAW JOURNAL VOL. XI NOVEMBER, 19o No. i YALE MEN AS WRITERS ON LAW AND GOVERNMENT. An American bar was not really in existence before the Revolu- tion. Great causes in which the colonists were interested were oc- casionally argued at Westminster or before the King in Council, but they were generally in the hands of English barristers. One of the first American lawyers who ever argued before the latter tribunal* was William Samuel Johnson of Connecticut (Yale, Class of 1744), a silver-tongued orator, and one of the Committee on Style, which put the constitution of the United States in its final form, but who has left no published works to perpetuate his name.t His appear- ance was in the Mohegan case, involving important landed inter- ests in Connecticut, heard at London in 1767, and he had been made, the year before, a Doctor of Civil Law by the University of Oxford. There could be no legal literature in America until our law took a shape of its own, and came to be cultivated as a science. To this Independence opened the door. $ Removing the possibility of any appel from American to English tribunals, it gave the lawyers of that day a fair field to work out an orderly system of jurisprudence, *Beardsley, Life and Times of William Samuel Johnson, 47. tHis dispatches as Colonial Agent at London for Connecticut, to its gov- ernor, which are published in the Trumbull Papersby the Massachusetts His- torical Society, show great power of observation and judgment. tSee Two Centuries' Growth of American Law, 13, 17.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Catalog
    Abraham Lincoln Book Shop, Inc. Catalog 183 Holiday/Winter 2020 HANDSOME BOOKS IN LEATHER GOOD HISTORY -- IDEAL AS HOLIDAY GIFTS FOR YOURSELF OR OTHERS A. Badeau, Adam. MILITARY HISTORY OF ULYSSES S. GRANT, FROM APRIL 1861 TO APRIL 1865. New York: 1881. 2nd ed.; 3 vol., illus., all maps. Later full leather; gilt titled and decorated spines; marbled endsheets. The military secretary of the Union commander tells the story of his chief; a detailed, sympathetic account. Excellent; handsome. $875.00 B. Beveridge, Albert J. ABRAHAM LINCOLN 1809-1858. Boston: 1928. 4 vols. 1st trade edition in the Publisher’s Presentation Binding of ½-tan leather w/ sp. labels; deckled edges. This work is the classic history of Lincoln’s Illinois years -- and still, perhaps, the finest. Excellent; lt. rub. only. Set of Illinois Governor Otto Kerner with his library “name” stamp in each volume. $750.00 C. Draper, William L., editor. GREAT AMERICAN LAWYERS: THE LIVES AND INFLUENCE OF JUDGES AND LAWYERS WHO HAVE ACQUIRED PERMANENT NATIONAL REPUTATION AND HAVE DEVELOPED THE JURISPRUDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Phila.: John Winston Co.,1907. #497/500 sets. 8 volumes; ¾-morocco; marbled boards/endsheets; raised bands; leather spine labels; gilt top edges; frontis.; illus. Marshall, Jay, Hamilton, Taney, Kent, Lincoln, Evarts, Patrick Henry, and a host of others have individual chapters written about them by prominent legal minds of the day. A handsome set that any lawyer would enjoy having on his/her shelf. Excellent. $325.00 D. Freeman, Douglas Southall. R. E. LEE: A BIOGRAPHY. New York, 1936. “Pulitzer Prize Edition” 4 vols., fts., illus., maps.
    [Show full text]
  • To the William Howard Taft Papers. Volume 1
    THE L I 13 R A R Y 0 F CO 0.: G R 1 ~ ~ ~ • P R I ~ ~ I I) I ~ \J T ~' PAP E R ~ J N 1) E X ~ E R IE S INDEX TO THE William Howard Taft Papers LIBRARY OF CONGRESS • PRESIDENTS' PAPERS INDEX SERIES INDEX TO THE William Ho-ward Taft Papers VOLUME 1 INTRODUCTION AND PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD SUBJECT TITLES MANUSCRIPT DIVISION • REFERENCE DEPARTMENT LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON : 1972 Library of Congress 'Cataloging in Publication Data United States. Library of Congress. Manuscript Division. Index to the William Howard Taft papers. (Its Presidents' papers index series) 1. Taft, William Howard, Pres. U.S., 1857-1930.­ Manuscripts-Indexes. I. Title. II. Series. Z6616.T18U6 016.97391'2'0924 70-608096 ISBN 0-8444-0028-9 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $24 per set. Sold in'sets only. Stock Number 3003-0010 Preface THIS INDEX to the William Howard Taft Papers is a direct result of the wish of the Congress and the President, as expressed by Public Law 85-147 approved August 16, 1957, and amended by Public Laws 87-263 approved September 21, 1961, and 88-299 approved April 27, 1964, to arrange, index, and microfilm the papers of the Presidents in the Library of Congress in order "to preserve their contents against destruction by war or other calamity," to make the Presidential Papers more "readily available for study and research," and to inspire informed patriotism. Presidents whose papers are in the Library are: George Washington James K.
    [Show full text]
  • A University Microfilms International
    INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Ingersoll: the ^Aristocrat As Copperhead
    Charles Ingersoll: The ^Aristocrat as Copperhead HE INGERSOLL FAMILY is one of America's oldest. The first Ingersoll came to America in 1629, just nine years after the T^Mayflower. The first Philadelphia Ingersoll was Jared Inger- soll, who came to the city in 1771 as presiding judge of the King's vice-admiralty court. Previously, he had been the King's colonial agent and stamp master in Connecticut. During the Revolution, Jared remained loyal to the Crown. He stayed in Philadelphia for the first two years of the war, but in 1777, when he and other Tories were forced to leave, he returned to Connecticut, where he lived quietly until his death in 1781.1 Jared's son, Jared, Jr., was the first prominent Philadelphia Inger- soll. He came to Philadelphia with his father in 1771, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1778. Unlike his father, Jared, Jr., wholeheartedly supported the Revolution. Subsequently, he was a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, a member of the city council, city solicitor, attorney general of Pennsylvania, and United States District Attorney. Politically, he was an ardent Fed- eralist, but politics and affairs of state were never his prime interest; his real interest was the law, and most of his time and energy was devoted to his legal practice.2 Jared, Jr.'s, son, Charles Jared Ingersoll, was probably the most interesting of the Philadelphia Ingersolls. Like his father, grand- father, and most of the succeeding generations of Ingersolls, Charles Jared was a lawyer. He began a practice in Philadelphia in 1802, but devoted much of his time to politics.
    [Show full text]
  • “Sunset” Cox and the Etheridge Conspiracy of 1863
    Power Grab: “Sunset” Cox and the Etheridge Conspiracy of 1863 By Fergus M. Bordewich The National Capital Washington DC, winter 1863-64, just after "Freedom" had been installed Shortly after noon on the afternoon of December 2, 1863 workmen hoisted the classical head of a goddess over the scree of construction detritus, blocks of marble, and thousands of expectant, freezing citizens three hundred feet to the top of the Capitol’s dome, and lowered it onto the shoulders of the cast-iron effigy of Freedom. Her figure, it was hoped, would gaze forever over the Federal City with its multitudes of battle-worn soldiers, ragged contrabands, government clerks, and harried politicians, and beyond them toward a nation soon to be triumphantly reunited by the armies of the Union. Cannon boomed and onlookers huzzahed as the head settled into place. Beneath the magnificent new dome, however, all was not well. In the marble halls below, a parliamentary coup was afoot that threatened to unravel the coalition that had steered the nation through almost three stormy years of war. Wrote an anxious Rep. Henry Dawes of Massachusetts, “I can think of nothing but a Bull Run so disastrous to our cause as that they might hear in Richmond and abroad that our own House of Representatives was in a state of revolution.” In keeping with the laws of the time, the new Thirty-Eighth Congress that had been elected in 1862 was only now, more than a year later, being seated. Anti-administration House Democrats had made substantial and worrisome gains, gaining twenty-seven seats in the House of Representatives.
    [Show full text]
  • The Crime Against Kansas. the Apologies for The
    THE CHIME AGAINST KANSAS. THE APOLOGIES FOR THE CRIME, THE TRUE REMEDY. SPEECH OF HON. CHARLES SUMNER, IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES, 19th and 20th May, 1856. BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY JOHN P. JEWETT & COMPANY. CLEYELAND, OHIO: . JEWETT, PROCTOR & WORTHINGTON. NEW YOKE: SHELDON, BLAEEMAN & CO. 1856. /? (^ /Lo.^-, - ^'^<^'^^ THE CRIME AGAIKST KANSAS. THE APOLOaiES FOK THE CRIME. THE TRUE REMEDY. SPEECH OF HON. CHARLES SUMNEE, IN T H S SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES, 19th and 20th May, 1856. BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY JOHN P. JEWETT & COMPANY. CLEVELAND, OHIO: JEWETT, PROCTOR, & WORTHINGTON. NEW YORK : SHELDON, BLAKEMAN & CO 1856. In the Senate, 13th March, 1856, Mr, Douglas, from the Committee on Territories, presented and read a very long Report on affairs in Kansas. Mr. CoLLAMER also presented and read a Minority Report. As soon as the reading was completed, Mr. Sumner took the floor, and made the following remarks : ]Mr. Somner. In those two reports, the whole subject is presented character- istically on both sides. In the report of the majority, the true issue is smoth- ered ; in that of the minority, the true issue stands forth as a pillar of fire to guide the country. The first report proceeds from four senators ; but against it I put, fearlessly, the report signed by a single senator [Mr. Collamer], to whom I offer my thanks for this service. Let the two go abroad together. Error is harmless, while reason is left free to combat it. I have no desire to precipitate the debate on this important question, under which the country already shakes from side to side, and which threatens to scatter from its folds civil war.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading Practice Quiz List Report Page 1 Accelerated Reader®: Thursday, 05/20/10, 09:41 AM
    Reading Practice Quiz List Report Page 1 Accelerated Reader®: Thursday, 05/20/10, 09:41 AM Holden Elementary School Reading Practice Quizzes Int. Book Point Fiction/ Quiz No. Title Author Level Level Value Language Nonfiction 661 The 18th Emergency Betsy Byars MG 4.1 3.0 English Fiction 7351 20,000 Baseball Cards Under the Sea Jon Buller LG 2.6 0.5 English Fiction 11592 2095 Jon Scieszka MG 4.8 2.0 English Fiction 6201 213 Valentines Barbara Cohen LG 3.1 2.0 English Fiction 30629 26 Fairmount Avenue Tomie De Paola LG 4.4 1.0 English Nonfiction 166 4B Goes Wild Jamie Gilson MG 5.2 5.0 English Fiction 9001 The 500 Hats of Bartholomew CubbinsDr. Seuss LG 3.9 1.0 English Fiction 413 The 89th Kitten Eleanor Nilsson MG 4.3 2.0 English Fiction 11151 Abe Lincoln's Hat Martha Brenner LG 2.6 0.5 English Nonfiction 61248 Abe Lincoln: The Boy Who Loved BooksKay Winters LG 3.6 0.5 English Nonfiction 101 Abel's Island William Steig MG 6.2 3.0 English Fiction 13701 Abigail Adams: Girl of Colonial Days Jean Brown Wagoner MG 4.2 3.0 English Nonfiction 9751 Abiyoyo Pete Seeger LG 2.8 0.5 English Fiction 907 Abraham Lincoln Ingri & Edgar d'Aulaire 4.0 1.0 English 31812 Abraham Lincoln (Pebble Books) Lola M. Schaefer LG 1.5 0.5 English Nonfiction 102785 Abraham Lincoln: Sixteenth President Mike Venezia LG 5.9 0.5 English Nonfiction 6001 Ace: The Very Important Pig Dick King-Smith LG 5.0 3.0 English Fiction 102 Across Five Aprils Irene Hunt MG 8.9 11.0 English Fiction 7201 Across the Stream Mirra Ginsburg LG 1.2 0.5 English Fiction 17602 Across the Wide and Lonesome Prairie:Kristiana The Oregon Gregory Trail Diary..
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Sumner (1811–1874)
    Charles Sumner (1811–1874) Charles Sumner, a U.S. senator from ith his large head, thick hair and muttonchops, and Massachusetts and a passionate aboli- broad torso, abolitionist Charles Sumner presented tionist, was born in Boston. After law school he spent time in Washington, D.C., where a powerful image. This likeness of Sumner by Walter he met with Chief Justice John Marshall and Ingalls resembles in several regards an 1860 “Impe- listened to Henry Clay debate in the Senate rial” photograph (24 x 20 inches) by Mathew Brady. Chamber. Unimpressed with the politics of The photograph, like the painting, shows Sumner facing left. His body Washington, he returned to Massachusetts, W where he practiced law, lectured at Har- is at a three-quarter angle so that the torso opens up, revealing an expanse vard Law School, and published in the of white waistcoat, watch fob, and folding eyeglasses suspended from American Jurist. Following a three-year study tour of Europe, Sumner resumed his a slender cord or chain. However, Ingalls repositioned the head into law practice with little enthusiasm. Then, profile and also placed the disproportionately short left thigh parallel in 1845, he was invited to make a public to the picture plane. The conflict of the planar head and thigh with the Independence Day speech in Boston. This event was a turning point in his career, angled torso is awkward and distracting. The profile head (with less and he soon became widely known as unruly hair than in the photograph) is, however, calm and pensive, and an eloquent orator.
    [Show full text]