Christian Attitudes to War, Peace, and Revolution (Yoder) Syllabus, p. I

^ NDU Theology 264, Spring 1988

Catalog course description as revised: A largely chronological survey of attitudes concerning the morality of war held from early to the present, based both on historians and on original sources.

Classes Tu Thu: Section 61 9:30 62 2:45

Paper: one research paper on a person, movement, or school. Fuller description on this syllabus, p.2.

Other assignments: readings as per syllabus, class discussion, occasional snap quizzes. Final written exam.

Honesty: all sources used in papers will be acknowledged.

Attendance: More than 3 unexcused absences lead to grade reduction. Absence just before or after break counts double.

Instructor: John H. Yoder Decio 348 239-7486 Hours: TWTh 11:00 - 1:00

Texts: Bainton, Christian Attitudes to War and Peace

Holmes, War and Christian Ethics

Natural Council of Catholic : The Challenge of Peace (recommended)

Topel, The Wav to Peace

Handouts to supplement the readings will be billed at cost at the end of the semester. A NDU Theology: War/Peace/Revolution: Spring 1988 Syllabus, p. 2

DESCRIPTION OF TERM PAPER ASSIGNMENT

Procedure: topic choice handed in September 15 outline sheet, minimal bibliography handed in October IS paper handed in December 1

Topic: The War/Pcace/Revolutionary Ethics of

Subject choice: any person/movement/school of thought Alternate theme: any decisive event in American public experience: Cuban missile crisis 1962 Campus peace movement 19687-71 Hiroshima decision 1944-45 Hanoi bombing Christmas 1972 My Lai and ensuing trials Bombing Tripoli Mining Nicaraguan harbors Hijacking Achille Lauro Hijackers Any other theme of similar relevance may be negotiated at the student's initiative. Stages of accountability: 23 February: topic choice 22 March: bibliography 21 April: Paper due

Dimensions of research: reading one book by and one book about the person (or explain how the research you do is the equivalent of this) Paper Size: large enough to report the basic learnings. Probably 2000-6000 words. Presentation: Must be legible and in correct English or Spanish. If a bibliography is supplied at the back, source references need not be full in the text. Penalty for late submissions.

The kinds of Questions to ask:

--how does this person advocate/explain his/her position? --how does this person read the contemporary scene? --how does this person read the Bible? --how does this person relate theory and practice? —are his/her moral claims based: -on prudent argument about reaching goals? -in the law of God? -in the nature of things? —in the words of ? -in the integrity of the self? Can an action be right yet ineffective? Wrong yet necessary? —did he/she/they change positions over the years? —did he/she/they deal with opposing views? Fairly?

Honesty: all resources used must be acknowledged. NDU Theology 264; War/Peace/Revolution Spring 1988 Syllabus p. 3

• 5 January 1548 birth of Francisco Suarez, pioneer in application of JWT to issues of colonialism

8 1918 Woodrow Wilson announces new aims: "Fourteen Points," including "Open Covenants of peace

10 1920 Constitution of League of Nations

14 January 1988; Course introduction, procedures, requirements

15 1929 Birth of King, Jr.

18 1919 First Session, Versaille Peace Conference

19 1988 PRE-CONSTANTINIAN CHRISTIANITY

Required Readings: Bainton: 53-84 Holmes: 37-83

Guiding questions:

1. What was the central concern of the Christians of the early centuries which led them awayfrom military services?

—the moral rejection of killing? —the idolatry of the Roman state? —the lack of opportunity? -or was something else central?

2. When Christians began to accept military service, why was this? Was it a change in ethical convictions or was it something else that changed?

3. Was there any significant difference between the pacifism of the second-century Christians and that of the New Testament?

4. Did the rejection of Roman military service by pre-Constantinian Christians mean a commitment to anarchism? or to political disloyalty? or indifference to social political issues?

Related interest area not covered in class: Peace ideals in Antiquity:

Bainton: 17-32 Zampaglioni: The Idea of Peace in Antiquity: Notre Dame University Press

20 January 1783 Treaty of Paris ends the Revolutionary War NDU Theology 264. War/Peace/Revoiution: Spring 1988 Syllabus, p. 5

21 January 1988, THE CONSTANTINIAN SHIFT Required: Bainton: 85-135 Holmes: 55-91 Background: Zampaglione: Idea of Peace, 259-315 1) What are the differences between the logic of Augustine and that of Origen? What is it about Augustine's theology which makes the "just war" appropriate? 2) Out of the chronological narrative of Bainton, or the original texts in Holmes, can you derive a systematic, outline-form statement of the criteria for the just war? Try to set up such an outline. 3) Would the reasoning of the "just war" type reported from /Augustine/Aquinas be equally valid to give moral guidance to a non- Christian ruler? 4) Was the "constantinian shift" really the doing of the man Constantine himself, or is he only a symbol and symptom? 5) Was the "constantinian shift" a rapid reversal or a slow change of accent?

26 and 28 January 1988, THE "JUST WAR" SYSTEM Handout: Conspectus of "Just War" Criteria Holmes: 92-136 1) Test each of the criteria by asking whether you would affirm the lightness of someone's making war against you, if the criteria were met. 2) Test them by asking whether you agree that you own recourse to violence needs to meet each of these requirements.

2 February 1932, First World Disarmament Conference Convenes at Geneva

2 February 1988, The Catholic Theological understanding of how the JW system works: No Class; Write a critical response to the "conspectus." Are its concepts clear? applicable? NDU Theology 264: War/Peace/Revolution: Spring 1988 Syllabus, p. 6 4 February 1988: THE AND "HOLY WAR": Holmes: 88-91 Bainton: 109-116,44-52

9 February 1988: THE PROTESTANT :

Holmes: 140-184 Bainton: 136-151

11 February 1988: MODERN NATIONALISM, "REALISM," AND "TOTAL WAR": Bainton: 122-27 Holmes: 284-290

Questions covering all of the above

1. Which elements of the JWT are reaffirmed, and which are modified, in the course of the transition from the Middle Ages to the protestant Reformation?

2. What is the ordinary meaning of the notion that war becomes "total"? 16 February: MEDIEVAL PEACE CONCERN Compare, contrast interrelate three areas:

A. Classical Background of Renaissance Peace Concern Zampaglione: Idea of Peace, 16-184

B. The peace vision of catholic humanism

C. The Pacifism of medieval minorities

Holmes: 177-84, 11-32 Bainton review: 17-32,101-35

18 February: PACIFISM IN THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

Holmes: 185-190 Bainton: 152-57 1. How does the nonviolence of the "Anabaptists" correlate with other aspects of their practice:

—their position on Church-State Relations; —their views on baptism?

2. Did the nonviolence of the "Anabaptists" correlate with a different way of reading the Bible? 17 February 1929: US Senate ratifies Kellogg-Briand pact renouncing use of war as an instrument of national policy, except for defense against aggression. NDU THEOLOGY 264: War/Peace/Rcvolution: (Yoder) Spring 1988 Syllabus, p. 7

23 February: Battle of Buena Vista; decisive in the Mexican-American War, i propels/Zachary Taylor info Gen.

The US presidency

23 February 1988: AND QUAKERS IN BRITAIN

Bainton: 152-165

23 February 1988: Topic choice due

25 February: QUAKERISM IN EARLY AMERICA

Bainton: Chapter 10 Recommended from reserve: Brock: Pacifism in the U.S., 21-158 Mayer, 93-99 Lynd, 3-25 NDU Theology 264: War/Peace/Revolution: Spring 1988 Syllabus, p.8

1 March 1988 Midterm written test 3 March 1894 Gladstone resigns as Prime Minister of United Kingdom to protest the arms race

3 March 1988 Varieties of Nineteenth Century Pacifism Bainton: 190-95

Recommended from reserve: Brock: Pacifism in the U.S. Part Three (also separately published as Pacifism in Ante Bellum America)

Individuals worthy of further study:

Alexander Campbell Adin Ballou R.W. Emerson W.L. Garrison William James H. Thoreau Leo Tolstoy John Greenleaf Whittier John Woolman

A. Non resistance: Garrison, Ballou B. : Campbell C. Leo Tolstoy w NDU Theology 264: War/Peace/Revolution: Spring 1988 Syllabus p.9 8 March 1988 Liberal Protestant Pacifism and Reinhold Niebuhr A. LIBERAL PROTESTANT PACIFISM Bainton: 190-220 Biographies: Nat Hentoff: Peace Agitator: The Story of A.J. Muste Other personages: Toyohiko Kagawa Jane Addams Harry Emerson Fosdick Kirby Page Walter Rauschenbusch

Questions: What assumptions does "liberal protestantism" make about the nature of man? of social organization? of the sources of social evils?

What are the roots of this theology in the experience of American protestantism? In the experience of American society?

What was going on in American Catholicism during this period?

B. REINHOLD NIEBUHR AND "REALISM"

Bainton: 219-228 Holmes: 301-314

Questions:

Does the Niebuhrian critique apply equally to all kinds of pacifism (Early Church, Radical Protestant, liberal Protestant, "just war pacifist") or does it undercut some types more than others?

Would the Niebuhrian critique be equally cogent for someone who had not, like Niebuhr, passed by way of liberal pacifism himself? What are the elements of his position which Reinhold Niebuhr continues to hold in common with the liberal "social " pacifism, in contrast with traditional protestantism?

With what does Niebuhr's critique replace pacifist optimism? —with a "just war" stance with clear criteria? —with "playing by ear" in politics? -with some ideological loyalty (e.g. the defense of "justice" or "democracy?") How would a Niebuhrian position have applied to post-WWII developments like ^k nuclear arms, Viet Nam? NDU Theology 264: War/Peace/Revolution: Spring 1988 Syllabus p. 10

9 March 1945 Fire Bombing of Tokyo 334 planes 2,000 tons of napalm 85,000 dead, 40,000 wounded 1,000,000 homeless

10 March 1988 Old Testament Topel pp. 1-68 The Challenge of Peace 9-13 Bring Bibles to Class

What is, on the basis of your own observation, the dominant American understanding of justice and how religion relates to it? Compare/contrast with Topel's argument (20-32) that the laws of the Old Testament deal more with justice and liberty than they do with religious ritual.

After gaining an overview of Topel's description, test one of the segments more critically. Read carefully the portion of the Old Testament to which he refers in order to test whether you think he has summarized it objectively. Choose one of the following:

A) Compare topel 1-5 with chapters 1-15 of Exodus.

B) Compare I Samuel 8:12 with Topel 13-15. How can there be two different meanings of kingship in the accounts of the beginnings of royal government in Israel? Are they both "right" or does one of them win out in the end?

C) Compare Topel 47-68 with the prophetic writings whi h he cites. When the prophets of Israel called for justice, what or whom did they denounce? What caused the evils they named? NDU Theology 264: War/Peace/Revolution: Spring 1988 Syllabus p.12

22 March 1988 Bibliography due

22 March 1988 JESUS AS SOCIAL LEADER

Read Gospel according to St. Luke straight through as a narrative.

What kind of political impact do you see: Bring Bibles to Class.

—in the expectations expressed in chapter 1? —in the expectations expressed by ? —in Jesus' first sermon, chapter 4? —in the events and discourses of chapters 5-18? —in the Passion account, chapters 19-23? Read Topel, Chap. VII, pp. 88-101 and Sider handout.

24 March 1988 JESUS AS TEACHER AND MODEL Bring Bibles to class.

A) As Teacher: Read Matt. 4-7 and Luke 4-7 for their moral teaching.

What is new in the ethical position taught here? —new to you personally? —new in contrast to Jewish traditions? —new in contrast to Gentile common sense? —new in the reasons given for it?

Read and compare Topel Chap. ÌX, 119-131.

B) As Model: Read Topel, Chap. VIII, 102-118.

Read a selection of the texts on "The Death of Christ in the Life of His Followers," handout labelled "Peace Theology Miscellany #10. NDU Theology 264: War/Peace/Revolution: Spring 1988 Syllabus p. 13

29 March 1988 THE RISE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Suarez: Holmes 199-225

Grotius: Holmes 226-238

Treaties: handout

31 The accountability of the individual Lieber: handout

Nuremberg

Selective Objection

31 March 1924 Vykom

4 April 1968 Martin Luther King Jr. Assassinated

5 April 1968 Gandhi - handout

6 April 1919 Gandhi's first national satgagraha action

7 April 1988 From Gandhi to Ring and onward NDU Theology 264: War/Peace/Revolution: Spring 1988 Syllabus p. 14

9 April 1865 Appomattox Court House 12 April 1988 Non Violence in National Defense Handouts Sharp, Sider 13 April 1919 Massacre of Tallianwalla Bagh, Amritsar 14 April 1988 VARIETIES OF CATHOLIC PACIFISM A) Gandhi-like activism cf. Hope/Young, Struggle for Humanity Boots handout Danilo Dolci Lanza del Vasto Cesar Chavez Daniel and Philip Berrigan, "Plowshares" B) Spirituality Thomas Merton McCarthy (handout) James Douglas, ground zero community C) Moral Theology Johannes Ude Franz TágerstMtter John McKenzie (handout) D) Life Style Dorothy Day, Catholic Worker E) Liberation Helder Cámara Hildegard Mayr, Jean Goss, and the February revolution Adolfo Perez Esquivel, Christ in a Poncho 15 April 1856 Treaty of Paris; first international agreement on the rules of war NDU Theology 264: War/Peace/Revolution: Spring 1988 Syllabus p.15

19 April 1988 The Bishops' Letter

A. Backgrounds Vatican I Fahey handout B. Sources

The Challenge of Peace. National Catholic Bishops' Conference, 1983. (Reserve)

Also available within other publications: Philip Murnion (ed.), Catholics and Nuclear War, pp. 247ff. John Pawlofski and Donald Senior (eds.), Biblical and Theological Reflectives. pp. 183ff. C. Read at least paragraphs 7-13, 71-84, 101-121, 162-194, 307-318 and be ready to write on one of these questions:

1) How does The Challenge of Peace deal with pacifism as a Christian option? 2) Which of the criteria of the JWT does the text: a)ignore? b) name without applying them critically? c) apply in such a way as to identify real moral problems in nuclear war capacity?

3) What authority do the bishops claim for their teaching9 4) Under what conditions do the bishops accept nuclear deterrence? 5) Under what circumstances do the bishops direcdy advocate selective conscientious objection?

19 April 1988 TBA:More on the Bishops letter

21 April 1988 Papers Due

21-26 April 1988 More on Bishops' letter

28 April 1988 Wrap up: lessons from papers

3 May 1988 Tuesday 10:30 AM Final exam section 61 5 May 1988 Thursday 10:30 AM m Final exam section 62