The Development and Validation of a Biofidelic Synthetic Eye for the Facial and Ocular Countermeasure Safety (Focus) Headform
THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A BIOFIDELIC SYNTHETIC EYE FOR THE FACIAL AND OCULAR COUNTERMEASURE SAFETY (FOCUS) HEADFORM ERIC ALLEN KENNEDY Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biomedical Engineering Stefan M. Duma, Ph.D., Chair H. Clay Gabler, Ph.D. Joel D. Stitzel, Ph.D. Michael L. Madigan, Ph.D. Ian P. Herring, D.V.M., M.S. P. Gunnar Brolinson, D.O. August 3, 2007 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: FOCUS Headform, Eye, Injury, ATD Headform, Risk Function Copyright 2007, Eric A. Kennedy THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A BIOFIDELIC SYNTHETIC EYE FOR THE FACIAL AND OCULAR COUNTERMEASURE SAFETY (FOCUS) HEADFORM Eric Allen Kennedy ABSTRACT There are over 1.9 million eye injuries per year in the United States with over 30,000 patients left blind in at least one eye as a result of trauma. Some of the most severe eye injuries can occur in automobile accidents and from sports related impacts. Eye injuries in the military environment are even more prevalent and are generally more severe than eye injuries to civilians. The rate of eye injuries has dramatically increased in warfare in recent years, rising from 2% of all casualties during World War I and World War II to over 13% of all combat injuries in Operation Desert Storm. While many of the conflict-related eye injuries are caused by shrapnel and other debris, nearly 25% of the injuries are also caused by blunt trauma from motor vehicle and helicopter crashes, falling, and direct hits from blunt objects.
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