www.getmyuni.com

Distributed Object-Based Systems

Chapter 9 www.getmyuni.com Distributed ObjectBased Systems

• Topics discussed in this chapter: – CORBA is an industry-defined standard for distributed systems. – Distributed COM can be viewed as a middleware layer implemented on top of various Windows operating systems. – Globe is a research project being developed as part of a research project on large-scale wide-area distributed systems. – Comparison of CORBA, DCOM, and Globe www.getmyuni.com Overview of CORBA • CORBA: Common Object Request Broker Architecture • Background: – Developed by the Object Management Group (OMG) in response to industrial demands for objectbased middleware – Currently in version #2.4 and #3 – CORBA is a specification: different implementations of CORBA exist – Very much the work of a committee: there are over 800 members of the OMG and many of them have a say in what CORBA should look like • CORBA provides a simple distributedobject model, with specifications for many supporting services it may be here to stay (for a couple of years) www.getmyuni.com Overview of CORBA • Architecture of CORBA – The Object Request Broker (ORB) forms the core of any CORBA distributed system. – Horizontal facilities consist of general-purpose high-level services that are independent of application domains. • User interface • Information management • System management • Task management – Vertical facilities consist of high-level services that are targeted to a specific application domain such as electronic commerce, banking, manufacturing. www.getmyuni.com Overview of CORBA

The global architecture of CORBA. www.getmyuni.com Object Model • CORBA has a traditional remoteobject model in which an object residing at an object server is remote accessible through proxies • All CORBA specifications are given by means of interface descriptions, expressed in an Interface Definition Language (IDL). – An interface is a collection of methods, and objects specify which interfaces they implement. – It provides a precise syntax for expressing methods and their parameters. www.getmyuni.com Object Model • CORBA follows an interfacebased approach to objects: – Not the objects, but interfaces are the really important entities – An object may implement one or more interfaces – Interface descriptions can be stored in an interface repository, and looked up at runtime – Mappings from IDL to specific programming are part of the CORBA specification (languages include C, C++, Smalltalk, Cobol, Ada, and Java. • In DCOM and Globe, interfaces can be specified at a lower level in the form of tables, called binary interfaces. www.getmyuni.com Object Model • Object Request Broker (ORB): CORBA's object broker that connects clients, objects, and services • Proxy/Skeleton: Precompiled code that takes care of (un)marshaling invocations and results • Dynamic Invocation/Skeleton Interface (DII/DSI): To allow clients to construct invocation requests at runtime instead of calling methods at a proxy, and having the serverside reconstruct those request into regular method invocations • Object adapter: Serverside code that handles incoming invocation requests. www.getmyuni.com Object Model • Interface repository: – Database containing interface definitions and which can be queried at runtime – Whenever an interface definition is compiled, the IDL compiler assigns a repository identifier to that interface. • Implementation repository: – Database containing the implementation (code, and possibly also state) of objects. – Given an object reference, an object adaptor could contact the implementation repository to find out exactly what needs to be done. www.getmyuni.com Object Model

The general organization of a CORBA system. www.getmyuni.com Corba Services

Service Description Collection Facilities for grouping objects into lists, queue, sets, etc. Query Facilities for querying collections of objects in a declarative manner Concurrency Facilities to allow concurrent access to shared objects Transaction Flat and nested transactions on method calls over multiple objects Event Facilities for asynchronous communication through events Notification Advanced facilities for event-based asynchronous communication Externalization Facilities for marshaling and unmarshaling of objects Life cycle Facilities for creation, deletion, copying, and moving of objects Licensing Facilities for attaching a license to an object Naming Facilities for systemwide name of objects Property Facilities for associating (attribute, value) pairs with objects Trading Facilities to publish and find the services on object has to offer Persistence Facilities for persistently storing objects Relationship Facilities for expressing relationships between objects Security Mechanisms for secure channels, authorization, and auditing Time Provides the current time within specified error margins

Overview of CORBA services. www.getmyuni.com Communication Models • Object Invocation Models – Synchronous – One-way – Deferred synchronous • Event and Notification Services – An event is produced by a supplier and received by a consumer. Events are delivered through an event channel. – Drawbacks of event services: • The event might be lost. • Consumers have no way to filter events. – Filtering capabilities have been added to the notification service. www.getmyuni.com Object Invocation Models

Request type Failure semantics Description Synchronous At-most-once Caller blocks until a response is returned or an exception is raised One-way Best effort delivery Caller continues immediately without waiting for any response from the server Deferred At-most-once Caller continues immediately synchronous and can later block until response is delivered

Invocation models supported in CORBA. www.getmyuni.com Event and Notification Services

The logical organization of suppliers and consumers of events, following the push-style model. www.getmyuni.com Event and Notification Services

The pull-style model for event delivery in CORBA. www.getmyuni.com Communication Models

• CORBA supports the message-queuing model through the messaging service. – In callback model, A client provides an object with an interface containing callback methods which can be called by the underlying communication system to pass the result of an asynchronous invocation. – In polling model, the client is offered a collection of operations to poll its ORB for incoming result. • General Inter-ORB Protocol (GIOP) is a standard communication protocol between the client and server. • Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP) is a GIOP on top of TCP www.getmyuni.com Messaging

CORBA's callback model for asynchronous method invocation. www.getmyuni.com Messaging

CORBA'S polling model for asynchronous method invocation. www.getmyuni.com Interoperability

Message type Originator Description Request Client Contains an invocation request Reply Server Contains the response to an invocation LocateRequest Client Contains a request on the exact location of an object LocateReply Server Contains location information on an object CancelRequest Client Indicates client no longer expects a reply CloseConnection Both Indication that connection will be closed MessageError Both Contains information on an error Fragment Both Part (fragment) of a larger message

GIOP message types. www.getmyuni.com Processes

• CORBA distinguishes two types of processes: clients and servers. • An interceptor is a mechanism by which an invocation can be intercepted on its way from client to server, and adapted as necessary before letting it continue. – It is designed to allow proxies to adapt the client-side software. – Requestlevel: Allows you to modify invocation semantics (e.g., multicasting) – Messagelevel: Allows you to control messagepassing between client and server (e.g., handle reliability and fragmentation) www.getmyuni.com Clients

Logical placement of interceptors in CORBA. www.getmyuni.com Portable Object Adaptor • In CORBA, the Portable Object Adapter (POA) is a component that is responsible for making server-side code appear as CORBA objects to clients. • A servant is that part of an object that implements the methods that clients can invoke. • activate_object is a function used by a POA to build a CORBA object from a servant. – It takes a reference to a servant as input parameter and returns a CORBA object identifier as a result. – The object identifier is used as an index into the POA’s Active Object Map, which points to servants. – A CORBA object identifier is uniquely associated with a POA. www.getmyuni.com Portable Object Adaptor

Mapping of CORBA object identifiers to servants. a) The POA supports multiple servants. b) The POA supports a single servant (multiple instances of the same servant). www.getmyuni.com Portable Object Adaptor

My_servant *my_object; // Declare a reference to a C++ object CORBA::Objectid_var oid; // Declare a CORBA identifier my_object = new MyServant; // Create a new C++ object oid = poa ->activate_object (my_object); // Register C++ object as CORBA OBJECT

Changing a C++ object into a CORBA object. www.getmyuni.com Agents in CORBA • CORBA adopts a model in which agents from different kinds of systems can cooperate. • An agent system is defined as platform as a platform that allows the creation, execution, transfer, and termination of agents. • A place for an agent corresponds to a server where an agent resides. • Agent systems can be grouped into a region which represents a administrative domain. • An agent in CORBA is assumed to be constructed from a collection of classes. • Each region will have an associated finder (directory service), which allows it to find the location of the agents. www.getmyuni.com Agents

CORBA's overall model of agents, agent systems, and regions. www.getmyuni.com Naming • In CORBA, it is essential to distinguish specification- level and implementationlevel object references – Specification level: An object reference is considered to be the same as a proxy for the referenced object.  Having an object reference means you can directly invoke methods. There is no separate clienttoobject binding phase – Implementation level: When a client gets an object reference, the implementation ensures that, one way or the other, a proxy for the referenced object is placed in the client's address space. • Conclusion: Object references in CORBA used to be highly implementation dependent. Different implementations of CORBA could normally not exchange their references. www.getmyuni.com Interoperable Object References • Recognizing that object references are implementation dependent, we need a separate referencing mechanism to cross ORB boundaries • Solution: Object references passed from one ORB to another are transformed by the bridge through which they pass (different transformation schemes can be implemented). • Passing an object reference A from ORB A to ORB B circumventing the AtoB bridge may be useless if ORB B doesn't understand A. • To allow all kinds of different systems to communicate, we standardize the reference which is called Interoperable Object Reference (IOR) and passed between two different ORBs. www.getmyuni.com Object References

The organization of an IOR with specific information for IIOP. www.getmyuni.com Interoperable Object References

• Each IOR comprise the following fields: – The repository identifier is assigned to an interface when that interface is stored in the interface repository. – The tagged profile contains the complete information to invoke an object. • There are two possible IOR bindings: – An IOR directly referring to an object is referred to direct binding. – The indirect binding request is sent to an implementation repository which acts as a registry. Indirect binding is used primarily for persistent objects. www.getmyuni.com Object References

Indirect binding in CORBA. www.getmyuni.com Naming Service • CORBA offers a naming service that allows clients to look up object references using a character-based name. A name in CORBA is a sequence of name components with the form a (id, kind)-pair where id indicates its name and kind indicates its attribute. • In most CORBA implementations, object references denote servers at specific hosts. Naming makes it easier to relocate objects www.getmyuni.com Naming Service • In the naming graph all nodes are objects. There are no restrictions to binding names to objects. CORBA allows arbitrary naming graphs • A naming context is an object that stores a table mapping name components to object references. • There is no single root. An initial context node is returned through a special call to the ORB. the naming service can operate across different ORBs interoperable naming service. www.getmyuni.com Synchronization

• The two most important services that facilitate synchronization in CORBA are its concurrency control service and its transaction service. • The two services collaborate to implement distributed and nested transactions using two-phase locking. • There are two types of objects that can be part of transaction: – A recoverable object is an object that is executed by an object server capable of participating in a two-phase commit protocol. – The transactional objects are executed by servers that do not participate in a transaction’s two-phase commit protocol. www.getmyuni.com Caching and Replication

• CORBA offers no support for generic caching and replication. • CASCADE is built to provide a generic, scalable mechanism that allows any kind of CORBA object to be cached. • CASCADE offers a caching service implemented as a large collection of object servers referred to as a Domain Caching Server (DCS). • Each DCS is an object server running on a CORBA ORB. The collection of DCSs may be spread across the Internet. www.getmyuni.com Caching and Replication

The (simplified) organization of a DCS. www.getmyuni.com Fault Tolerance • In CORBA version 3, fault tolerance is addressed. The basic approach for fault tolerance is to replicate objects into object groups. • Masking failures is achieved through replication by putting objects into object groups. Object groups are transparent to clients. They appear as normal objects. • This approach requires a separate type of object reference: Interoperable Object Group Reference (IOGR). • IOGRs have the same structure as IORs. The main difference is that they are used differently. In IORs an additional profile is used as an alternative. In IOGR, it denotes another replica. www.getmyuni.com Object Groups

A possible organization of an IOGR for an object group having a primary and backups. www.getmyuni.com Fault Tolerance • To support object groups and to handle additional failure management in the Eteral system, it is necessary to add components to CORBA: – A replication manager is responsible for creating and managing a group of replicated objects. – An interceptor intercepts and passes the invocation to a separate replicas. • Invocation are subsequently sent to the other group members using reliable, totally-ordered multicasting. www.getmyuni.com An Example Architecture

An example architecture of a fault-tolerant CORBA system. www.getmyuni.com Security • The underlying idea is to allow the client and object to be mostly unaware of all the security policies, except perhaps at binding time. The ORB does the rest. • Specific policies are passed to the ORB as (local) policy objects and are invoked when necessary. – Examples: Type of message protection, lists of trusted parties. • A replaceable security service is a service which can be specified by means of standard interfaces that hide the implementation. www.getmyuni.com Security

The general organization for secure object invocation in CORBA. www.getmyuni.com Security • Replaceable security service can be implemented in combination with two different interceptors: – The access control interceptor is a request-level interceptor that checks the access right associated with an invocation. – A secure invocation interceptor is a message-level interceptor takes care of implementing the message protection. • The secure invocation interceptor sets up a security context (security information) for the client. • A security association will be established after the client is bound to the target object. • The value object sets up the security association with a standardized interface. www.getmyuni.com Security

The role of security interceptors in CORBA. www.getmyuni.comCOM: Component Object Model Technologies • Microsoft COM (Component Object Model) technology in the Microsoft Windows-family of Operating Systems enables software components to communicate. • COM is used by developers to create re-usable software components, link components together to build applications, and take advantage of Windows services. • The family of COM technologies includes COM+, Distributed COM (DCOM) and ActiveX® Controls. • For new development, Microsoft recommends .NET as a preferred technology because of its powerful managed runtime environment and services. www.getmyuni.com How are COM and .NET related? • COM and .NET are complimentary development technologies. • COM and .NET applications and components can use functionality from each system. This protects your existing investments in COM applications while allowing you to take advantage of .NET at a controlled pace. • COM and .NET can achieve similar results. The .NET Framework provides developers with a significant number of benefits including a more robust, evidence- based security model, automatic memory management and native Web services support. www.getmyuni.com What is COM+? • COM+ is the name of the COM-based services and technologies first released in Windows 2000. – COM+ brought together the technology of COM components and the application host of Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS). • COM+ automatically handles difficult programming tasks such as resource pooling, disconnected applications, event publication and subscription and distributed transactions. • COM+ infrastructure also provides services to .NET developers and applications through the System.EnterpriseServices namespace of the .NET Framework. www.getmyuni.com Distributed COM • DCOM: Distributed Component Object Model – Microsoft's solution to establishing interprocess communication, possibly across machine boundaries. – DCOM uses the RPC mechanism to transparently send and receive information between COM components (i.e., clients and servers) on the same network. – Supports a primitive notion of distributed objects – Evolved from early Windows versions to current NT- based systems (including Windows 2000/XP) – Comparable to CORBA's object request broker (Microsoft’s CORBA). www.getmyuni.com DCOM Overview • DCOM is related to many things that have been introduced by Microsoft in the past couple of years: – DCOM: Adds facilities to communicate across process and machine boundaries. – SCM: Service Control Manager, responsible for activating objects (cf., to CORBA's implementation repository). – Proxy marshaler: handles the way that object references are passed between different machines. www.getmyuni.com Overview of DCOM

The general organization of ActiveX, OLE, and COM. www.getmyuni.com COM Object Model • An interface is a collection of semantically related operations • Each interface is typed, and therefore has a globally unique interface identifier • A client always requests an implementation of an interface: – Locate a class that implements the interface – Instantiate that class, i.e., create an object – Throw the object away when the client is done • Note: COM+ is effectively COM plus services that were previously available in an adhoc fashion www.getmyuni.com Object Model

The difference between language-defined and binary interfaces. www.getmyuni.com Tape Library and Registry

The overall architecture of DCOM. www.getmyuni.com DCOM Services

CORBA Service DCOM/COM+ Service Windows 2000 Service Collection ActiveX Data Objects - Query None - Concurrency Thread concurrency - Transaction COM+ Automatic Transactions Distributed Transaction Coordinator Event COM+ Events - Notification COM+ Events - Externalization Marshaling utilities - Life cycle Class factories, JIT activation - Licensing Special class factories - Naming Monikers Active Directory Property None Active Directory Trading None Active Directory Persistence Structured storage Database access Relationship None Database access Security Authorization SSL, Kerberos Time None None Overview of DCOM services in comparison to CORBA services. www.getmyuni.com Communication Models • Object invocations: Synchronous remotemethod calls with atmostonce semantics. Asynchronous invocations are supported through a polling model, as in CORBA. • Event communication: Similar to CORBA's pushstyle model: • Messaging: Completely analogous to CORBA messaging. • Observation: Objects are referenced by means of a local interface pointer. The question is how such pointers can be passed between different machines: • Question: Where does the proxy marshaler come from? Do we always need it? www.getmyuni.com Events

Event processing in DCOM. www.getmyuni.com Clients

Passing an object reference in DCOM with custom marshaling. www.getmyuni.com Naming: Monikers • Observation: DCOM can handle only objects as temporary instances of a class. To accommodate objects that can outlive their client, something else is needed. • Moniker: A name that uniquely identifies a Microsoft's COM (persistent) object similar to a directory path name. – A moniker associates data (e.g., a file), with an application or program. – Monikers can be stored. – A moniker can contain a binding protocol, specifying how the associated program should be ‘launched’ with respect to the data. www.getmyuni.com Monikers

Step Performer Description

1 Client Calls BindMoniker at moniker Looks up associated CLSID and instructs SCM 2 Moniker to create object 3 SCM Loads class object Creates object and returns interface pointer to 4 Class object moniker 5 Moniker Instructs object to load previously stored state

6 Object Loads its state from file

7 Moniker Returns interface pointer of object to client

Binding to a DCOM object by means of file moniker. www.getmyuni.com Monikers

Moniker type Description File moniker Reference to an object constructed from a file URL moniker Reference to an object constructed from a URL Class moniker Reference to a class object Composite moniker Reference to a composition of monikers Item moniker Reference to a moniker in a composition Pointer moniker Reference to an object in a remote process

DCOM-defined moniker types. www.getmyuni.com Active Directory • Essence: Active Directory is a hierarchical collection of network resources that can contain users, computers, printers, and other Active Directories. • Basics: Associate a directory service (called domain controller) with each domain; look up the controller using a normal DNS query. • Note: Controller is implemented as an LDAP server. www.getmyuni.com Active Directory

The general organization of Active Directory. www.getmyuni.com Fault Tolerance • Automatic transactions: Each class object (from which objects are created), has a transaction attribute that determines how its objects behave as part of a transaction. • Note: Transactions are essentially executed at the level of a method invocation. www.getmyuni.com Fault Tolerance

Attribute value Description REQUIRES_NEW A new transaction is always started at each invocation REQUIRED A new transaction is started if not already done so SUPPORTED Join a transaction only if caller is already part of one NOT_SUPPORTED Never join a transaction DISABLED Never join a transaction, even if told to do so

Transaction attribute values for DCOM objects. www.getmyuni.com Security • Declarative security: Register per object what the system should enforce with respect to authentication. Authentication is associated with users and user groups. There are different authentication levels. • Delegation: A server can impersonate a client depending on a level. • Note: There is also support for programmatic security by which security levels can be set by an application, as well as the required security services (see book). www.getmyuni.com Declarative Security

Authentication level Description NONE No authentication is required CONNECT Authenticate client when first connected to server CALL Authenticate client at each invocation PACKET Authenticate all data packets PACKET_INTEGRITY Authenticate data packets and do integrity check PACKET_PRIVACY Authenticate, integrity-check, and encrypt data packets

Authentication levels in DCOM. www.getmyuni.com Declarative Security

Impersonation level Description

ANONYMOUS The client is completely anonymous to the server The server knows the client and can do access control IDENTIFY checks

IMPERSONATE The server can invoke local objects on behalf of the client

DELEGATE The server can invoke remote objects on behalf of the client

Impersonation levels in DCOM. www.getmyuni.com Programmatic Security

Service Description NONE No authentication DCE_PRIVATE DCE authentication based on shared keys DCE_PUBLIC DEC authentication based on public keys WINNT Windows NT security GSS_KERBEROS Kerberos authentication (a) Service Description NONE No authorization NAME Authorization based on the client's identity DCE Authorization using DEC Privilege Attribute Certificates (PACs) (b)

a) Default authentication services supported in DCOM. b) Default authorization services supported in DCOM. www.getmyuni.com Introducing the Microsoft .NET • .NET (dot-net) is the name Microsoft gives to its general vision of the future of computing, the view being of a world in which many applications run in a distributed manner across the Internet. • We can identify a number of different motivations driving this vision. – Object-oriented programming – Compiled once and run everywhere. – Service-oriented application • .NET is Microsoft JVM? • .NET has been built upon open standard technologies like XML and SOAP and is towards more open standards rather than Microsoft its proprietary tendencies. www.getmyuni.com Introducing the Microsoft .NET

• .NET Infrastructure – .NET Framework: The .NET framework is a programming environment – Web Services: .NET provides a standard syntax for input and output language that is defined for sites providing 'web services'. – .NET Servers: Severs that work with .NET such as SQL Server 2000 is described as '.NET enabled'. • .NET implementation – Windows: Microsoft .NET – Linux: Mono, DotGNU www.getmyuni.com Introducing the Microsoft .NET Framework • At the development end of the .NET vision is the .NET Framework (Microsoft JDK?) that contains: – The Common Language Runtime, – The .NET Framework Classes, and – higher-level features like ASP.NET and WinForms for developing desktop applications. • The Common Language Runtime (CLR) (Microsoft JRE?) manages the execution of code compiled for the .NET platform. The CLR has two features: – Its specification has been opened up so that it can be ported to non-Windows platforms. – Any number of different languages can be used to manipulate the .NET framework classes, and the CLR will support them. www.getmyuni.com Globe • Experimental widearea system currently being developed at Vrije Universiteit

• Unique for its focus on scalability by means of truly distributed objects

• Prototype version up and running across multiple machines distributed in NL and across Europe and the US. www.getmyuni.com Object Model • Essence: A Globe object is a physically distributed shared object: the object's state may be physically distributed across several machines • Local object: A nondistributed object residing a single address space, often representing a distributed shared object • Contact point: A point where clients can contact the distributed object; each contact point is described through a contact address • Observation: Globe attempts to separate functionality from distribution by distinguishing different local subobjects: www.getmyuni.com Globe Object Model

The organization of a Globe distributed shared object. www.getmyuni.com Globe - Object Model • Semantics subobject: Contains the methods that implement the functionality of the distributed shared object • Communication subobject: Provides a (relatively simple), networkindependent interface for communication between local objects • Replication subobject: Contains the implementation of an objectspecific consistency protocol that controls exactly when a method on the semantics subobject may be invoked • Control subobject: Connects the userdefined interfaces of the semantics subobject to the generic, predefined interfaces of the replication subobject www.getmyuni.com Globe Object Model

The general organization of a local object for distributed shared objects in Globe. www.getmyuni.com Globe Object Model

Document Interface Method Description AddElement Add an element to the current set of elements DeleteElement Remove an element from the Web document AllElements Return a list of the elements currently in the document SetRoot Set the root element GetRoot Return a reference to the root element

Content Interface Method Description GetCotent Return the content of an element as an array of bytes PutContent Replace the content of an element with a given array of bytes PutAllContent Replace the content of an entire document

Interfaces implemented by the semantics subobject of a GlobeDoc object. www.getmyuni.com Globe Object Model

Property Interface Method Description GetProperties Return the list of (attribute, value)-pairs of an element SetProperties Provide a list of (attribute, value)-pairs for an element

Lock Interface Method Description CheckOutElements Check out a series of elements that require modification CheckInElements Check in a series of modified elements GetCheckedElements Get a list of elements that are currently checked out

Interfaces implemented by the semantics subobject of a GlobeDoc Object. www.getmyuni.com Process-to-Object Binding

Binding a process to an object in Globe. www.getmyuni.com Globe Services Service Possible Implementation in Globe Available Collection Separate object that holds references to other objects No Concurrency Each object implements its own concurrency control strategy No Transaction Separate object representing a transaction manager No Event/Notification Separate object per group of events (as in DCOM) No Externalization Each object implements its own marshaling routines Yes Life cycle Separate class objects combined with per-object implementations Yes Licensing Implemented by each object separately No Naming Separate service, implemented by a collection of naming objects Yes Property/Trading Separate service, implemented by a collection of directory objects No Persistence Implemented on a per-object basis Yes Security Implemented per object, combined with (local) security services Yes Replication Implemented on a per-object basis Yes Fault tolerance Implemented per object combined with fault-tolerant services Yes

Overview of possible Globe implementations of typical distributes-systems services. www.getmyuni.com Communication

Invoking an object in Globe that uses active replication. www.getmyuni.com Globe Server

Method Description Bind Lets the server bind to a given object, unless it is already bound AddBinding Lets the server bind to an object, even if it is already bound CreateLR Lets the server create a local object for a new distributed object RemoveLR Lets the server remove a local object of a given object UnbindDSO Lets the server remove all local objects of a given object ListAll Returns a list of all local objects ListDSO Returns a list of all local objects for a given objects StatLR Get the status of a specific local object

Operations on a Globe object server. www.getmyuni.com Object References • Observation: Globe's contact addresses correspond to CORBA's object references • Essence: Globe uses locationindependent object handles which are to be resolved to contact addresses (which describes where and how an object can be contacted). • Associated with a contact point of the distributed object. • Specifies (for example) a transportlevel network address to which the object will listen • Contains an implementation handle, specifying exactly what the client should implement if it wants to communicate through the contact point. www.getmyuni.com Object References and Contact Addresses (1)

Field Description Protocol identifier A constant representing a (known) protocol Protocol address A protocol-specific address Implementation handle Reference to a file in a class repository

The representation of a protocol layer in a stacked contact address. www.getmyuni.com Object References and Contact Addresses (2)

Field Description Implementation handle Reference to a file in a class repository Initialization string String that is used to initialize an implementation

The representation of an instance contact address. www.getmyuni.com Naming Objects • Observation: Objects in Globe have their own object specific implementations; there is no ``standard'' proxy that is implemented for all clients • Observation: Globe separates naming from locating objects (as described in Chapter 04). The current naming service is based on DNS, using TXT records for storing object handles • Observation: The location service is implemented as a generic, hierarchical tree, similar to the approach explained in Chapter 04. www.getmyuni.com Globe Naming Service

Iterative DNS-based name resolution in Globe. www.getmyuni.com Caching and Replication • Observation: Here's where Globe differs from many other systems: – The organization of a local object is such that replication is inherently part of each distributed shared object – All replication subobjects have the same interface: – This approach allows to implement any object- specific caching/replication strategy www.getmyuni.com Replication (1)

Method Description Start Indicate that a new method invocation has been locally requested Send Pass the marshaled invocation request to the replication subobject Invoked Indicate that the invocation on the semantics object has completed

The interface of the replication subobject as made available to the control subobject. www.getmyuni.com Replication (2)

The behavior of the control subobject as a finite state machine. www.getmyuni.com Examples of Replication in Globe (1)

Read method State Action to take Method call Next state START None Start INVOKE INVOKE Invoke local method Invoked RETURN RETURN Return results to caller None START

Modify method State Action to take Method call Next state START None Start SEND SEND Pass marshaled invocations Send INVOKE INVOKE invoke local method Invoked RETURN RETURN Return results to caller None START

State transitions and actions for active replication. www.getmyuni.com Examples of Replication in Globe (2) Read method State Action to take Method call Next state START None Start INVOKE INVOKE Invoke local method Invoked RETURN RETURN Return results to caller None START

Modify method at backup replica State Action to take Method call Next state START None Start SEND SEND Pass marshaled invocation Send RETURN RETURN Return results to caller None START

Modify method at primary replica State Action to take Method call Next state START none Start INVOKE INVOKE invoke local method Invoked RETURN RETURN Return results to caller None START

State transitions and actions with primary-backup replication. www.getmyuni.com Security

• Essence: Additional security subobject checks for authorized communication, invocation, and parameter values. Globe can be integrated with existing security services: www.getmyuni.com Security (1)

The position of a security subobject in a Globe local object. www.getmyuni.com Security (2)

Using Kerberos to establish secure distributed shared objects. www.getmyuni.com Comparison

Issue CORBA DCOM Globe Design goals Interoperability Functionality Scalability Object model Remote objects Remote objects Distributed objects Services Many of its own From environment Few Interfaces IDL based Binary Binary Sync. communication Yes Yes Yes Async. communication Yes Yes No Callbacks Yes Yes No Events Yes Yes No Messaging Yes Yes No Object server Flexible (POA) Hard-coded Object dependent Directory service Yes Yes No Trading service yes No No

Continued …

Comparison of CORBA, DCOM, and Globe. www.getmyuni.com Comparison

Issue CORBA DCOM Globe Naming service Yes Yes Yes Location service No No Yes Object reference Object's location Interface pointer True identifier Synchronization Transactions Transactions Only intra-object Replication support Separate server None Separate subobject Transactions Yes Yes No Fault tolerance By replication By transactions By replication Recovery support Yes By transactions No Security Various mechanisms Various mechanisms More work needed

Comparison of CORBA, DCOM, and Globe.