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Economic Value of the Pacific Ocean to the Pacific Island Countries And

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Economic Value of the Pacific Ocean to the Pacific Island Countries And Economic value of the Pacific Ocean to the Pacific Island Countries and Territories Henrike Seidel & Padma N. Lal IUCN Oceania July 2010 corresponding author, [email protected] IUCN Oceania 2 | IUCN Oceania Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 List of Boxes ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Executive summary ......................................................................................................................................... 7 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 14 2. Pacific Ocean and Pacific Island economies .................................................................................. 18 3. Methodology ............................................................................................................................................. 20 4. Importance of Pacific Ocean-based activities to PICT economies ........................................ 22 4.1 Tourism & recreational activities ................................................................................................................ 24 4.2 Fishing sector ....................................................................................................................................................... 30 4.2.1 Oceanic tuna fishing ....................................................................................................................................... 30 4.2.2 Coastal fishing .................................................................................................................................................. 34 4.2.2.1 Coastal fishing and mariculture ....................................................................................................... 35 4.2.2.2 Coastal subsistence fishing ................................................................................................................ 41 4.3 Shipping .................................................................................................................................................................. 44 4.4 Mining in marine waters ................................................................................................................................. 46 4.4.1 Coastal mining ............................................................................................................................................ 46 4.4.2 Seabed mining ............................................................................................................................................. 48 5. Total Economic Value of Pacific Ocean sub-ecosystems ........................................................... 50 5.1 Coastal sub-ecosystems ................................................................................................................................... 51 6. Implications of business as usual ..................................................................................................... 57 6.2 Management implications of ‘business as usual’ ................................................................................. 57 6.2 Cost implications of ‘business as usual’ practices ............................................................................... 59 6.2.1 Habitat destruction, overfishing and exploitation ..................................................................... 60 6.2.2 Pollution ...................................................................................................................................................... 61 6.2.3 Climate change & sea level rise.......................................................................................................... 62 6.2.4 Other livelihood costs under ‘business as usual’ ........................................................................ 64 3 | IUCN Oceania 7. Governance of the Pacific Ocean – PICTs and beyond ............................................................... 65 References ....................................................................................................................................................... 69 Appendices ...................................................................................................................................................... 73 Appendix I: Tourist arrivals to PICT between 1990 and 2008 ............................................................... 73 Appendix II: Merchant shipping and fleet in the PICTs ............................................................................. 74 Appendix III: Ratification status of MEAs in PICs ....................................................................................... 75 Appendix IV: Ratification status of environmental conventions in PICs .......................................... 75 4 | IUCN Oceania List of Figures Figure 1. The PICTs and their Exclusive Economic Zones ........................................................................................... 14 Figure 2. Connectivity between ocean health and economic wealth ....................................................................... 16 Figure 3. Ocean and coastal uses within the PICT region ............................................................................................. 23 Figure 4. Ocean-based activities can be dependent or independent of ocean health ........................................ 23 Figure 5. International tourism expenditure ...................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 6. Annual total and per unit population tourist arrivals .................................................................................. 27 Figure 7. Changes in subsistence catch levels between 1990 until 2007 ............................................................... 43 Figure 8. Port charges in selected PIC................................................................................................................................... 45 List of Tables Table I. PICTs and their geographical properties ............................................................................................................. 18 Table II. PICTs, populations, and economies ...................................................................................................................... 19 Table III. GVP of ocean-based sub-sectors to PICTs ........................................................................................................ 23 Table IV. Economic scale and contribution of the tourism industry to PICT (in 2008 constant prices) .. 25 Table V. Visitor arrivals to SPTO member countries between 1990 and 2008 ................................................... 28 Table VI. Industry and economy employment and economic contribution .......................................................... 29 Table VII. Economic contribution from fishing sector ................................................................................................... 30 Table VIII. Offshore tuna fishing production and catch values in 2007 ................................................................. 32 Table IX. Access fees received in PICTs in 2007 ............................................................................................................... 33 Table X. Coastal commercial fishing production & mariculture ................................................................................. 37 Table XI. Subsistence fishing in the PICT ............................................................................................................................. 42 Table XII. Trading routes and shipping companies in the PIC region ...................................................................... 44 Table XIII. Diversity in economic value of goods and services supported by mangroves .............................. 50 Table XIV. Coral reef and mangrove areas in PICTs ................................................................................................. 51 Table XV. Ecosystem goods and services (in NPV) of coral reefs in PICT ............................................................. 53 Table XVI. Nominal Values of Ecosystem goods and services of mangroves in PICT ...................................... 54 Table XVII. Net benefits of coral reef related tourism in PICTs .................................................................................. 56 List of Boxes Box 1. Marine aquarium trade in PICTs ................................................................................................................................ 39 Box 2. Annual per capita fish consumption in PICT ........................................................................................................ 41 Box 3. Subsistence contribution of total coastal fishing production
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