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Mediated Communalism and New Politics in Six Decades of Malaysia's Elections

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Mediated Communalism and New Politics in Six Decades of Malaysia's Elections INDEX “1Malaysia”, 221 1978 general election, 19, 113, 116, 1MDB (1Malaysia Development 282 Berhad), 22, 248, 252–54, 259, outcomes, 121–26 264–65 1982 general election, 20, 282 13 May 1969 riots, 11, 15, 39–40, 48, outcomes, 140–45 60, 90–91, 102–4, 108–11, 114–15, 1986 general election, 44–45, 282 118, 154, 159, 197, 241 outcomes, 140–45 “17-Point” Election Appeals (Suqiu), 1990 general election, 16, 20, 40, 44, 172 160, 162, 177, 243, 283 1955 federal election, 29, 31–34, 59, outcomes, 145–50 65, 67–70, 73, 77, 80–81, 84, 93 1995 general election, 19–20, 44, impact and implications of, 74–76 132–33, 160, 163, 165, 190, 226, 1957 Constitution, 84 268, 282 1959 general election, 18, 29, 33, outcomes, 145–51 37–38, 79, 81, 83, 199, 282–83 1999 general election, 20, 41–42, 44, outcomes, 84–91 131–32, 140, 159–62, 165, 171–72, 1964 general election, 18, 79–83, 92, 179, 181–83, 187, 198–99, 214, 244, 95, 109, 281 247, 281–83 outcomes, 84–91 outcomes, 174–77 1969 general election, 18, 39–40, 44, 2004 general election, 20, 43–45, 200, 60, 79–80, 91–95, 97–98, 113, 206, 211, 226, 233, 247, 282 116, 126, 154, 197, 199, 202, 216, outcomes, 189–95 224–25, 252, 281, 283 2008 general election, 3, 12, 17, 20–21, 1974 general election, 19, 51, 53, 113, 43, 46, 78, 86, 121, 201–7, 210–13, 116–22, 126, 283 219–35, 240–44, 261, 269–70, 277, outcomes, 117–18 281–85 303 13 C13-PowerSharingIndex-2P.indd 303 2/9/16 3:12 pm 304 Index by-election, and, 207–13 Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, 22, 185, 253, outcomes, 195–200 259 2013 general election, 2–3, 12, 20–22, Al-Arqam, 284 43–46, 53, 86, 110, 154, 197, Ali Ahmad, 95 220–21, 230, 240, 244, 246, 249, Aliran, 152, 158, 196, 258 252, 268, 270–78 Alliance, 1, 15, 18–19, 30–33, 39, outcomes, 223–36 48–49, 56, 59–69, 73–111, 116, 126, voter profile, 238–39 134, 202, 216, 224–25, 243, 267–68, 2015, political developments in, 270–71, 285 244–47 birth of, 61–67 collapse of, 91–95 A institutional clout, 71–72 Abdul Aziz Bari, 194 Alliance Manifesto, 69 Abdul Ghani Othman, 228 Alliance Party, 14–15, 31, 47, 61, 75, Abdul Hadi Awang, 246–49, 251, 77, 88 286 “All-Malaya National Congress”, 65 Abdul Hamid, 55–56 All-Malaya Youth Congress, 73 Abdul Kadir Sheikh Fadzir, 251 All-Malay Peasants Organization, 73 Abdullah Ahmad, 122, 129, 143 All Women’s Action Society (AWAM), Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, 20, 45–46, 180 144, 156, 189–95, 198, 201–2, 208, Alternative Front, see BA 213–14, 218, 284 AmBank, 253 Abdullah Majid, 122, 129 “ambiguous mandate”, 142 Abdullah Sani bin Raja Kechil, 105 Amin Shah Omar Shah, 138 Abdul Razak Ahmad, 146 Amnesty International, 153 Abdul Razak Hussein, 48–49, 87, Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia 92, 99, 101–4, 110, 112, 116, 118, (ABIM), 128, 140, 157, 174, 180 120–22, 126–29, 134, 144, 252, Angkatan Pemuda Insaf, 73 278 Anina Saadudin, 254 Abdul Samad Ismail, 122 Annamalai, Sundaran, 259 Abdul Wahid Endut, 208 Annuar Musa, 177 ABIM (Angkatan Belia Islam Anti Corruption Agency (ACA), 192 Malaysia), 128, 140, 157, 174, 180 “anti-hopping law”, 253 absolute poverty, 134 Anwar Ibrahim, 1, 11, 16, 20, 120, 128, Abu Bakar Daud, 178 138–41, 144, 148, 150, 156–64, ACA (Anti Corruption Agency), 192 168–90, 195, 197, 200, 206–9, Adenan Satem, 259–60 213–14, 220, 222, 234, 244–52, 258, ADIL, 170 262 adversarial democracy, 9 APU (Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah), Ahmad Boestamam, 86, 105–6 147, 243 Ahmad Sebi Abu Bakar, 138 Arifin Zakaria, 1 13 C13-PowerSharingIndex-2P.indd 304 2/9/16 3:12 pm Index 305 A. Samad Said, 247 Barisan Sosialis, 90 Asian financial crisis, 19, 133, 160, BARJASA (Barisan Ra’ayat Jati 164–68, 183 Sarawak), 89 ASLI (Asian Strategy and Leadership Baru Bian, 217 Institute), 193 “Battle Royal”, 143 authoritarian corporatism, 135 BCIC (Bumiputera Commercial and authoritarianism, 143, 171 Industrial Community), 133, 136, “authoritarian leviathan”, 2, 269 163, 169, 184 Australian Broadcasting Corporation Berita Harian, 129 (ABC), 255, 265 Berjasa (Barisan Jemaah Islamiah), AWAM (All Women’s Action Society), 123–24, 143, 147, 176 180 “Bersih, Cekap dan Amanah” (Clean, Awang Hassan, 47 Efficient and Trustworthy), Azahari, A.M., 86 141 Azahar Ibrahim, 212 BERSIH movement, 21, 27, 51, 53, Azalina Othman, 253 57, 194, 221, 247, 257, 258, 260, Aziz Ishak, 87 264–65 Azlina Jalaini, 215 BERSIH 2.0, 255, 265 Azman Hashim, 138 BERSIH 4, 27, 253, 255–56 Azmi Abdul Hamid, 194 “Better Deal for All, A”, manifesto, Azmin Ali, 249, 258, 263 100 Bidayuh, 11, 42 B BMF scandal, 139 BA (Barisan Alternatif), 12, 20, 162, BN (Barisan Nasional), 1–2, 9–25, 170–87, 190, 201, 244, 247, 283 39–46, 57, 68, 80, 83, 86–89, 99, Malay swing to the, 177–78 107–8, 112–28, 132, 134, 137, Bahaman Shamsuddin, 66 140–51, 158–65, 172–91, 195–245, Bajau, 11 248–53, 258–62, 267–85 Bakun HEP Project, 168, 173 landslide electoral victory, 189–95 Baling incident, 119–20, 128 non-Malay swing to the, 178 Bangsa Malaysia (Malaysian nation), BR1M, 222 160, 251 Brunei uprising, 86 Bank Bumiputera, 139 Budi, an NGO, 173 Bank Negara, 139, 167 bumiputera, 4–7, 11–12, 16, 19, 21, Bar Council, 180, 194 39–42, 45, 96–97, 100, 111–13, 123, Barisan Alternatif, see BA 126–27, 133–34, 137–38, 141, 144, Barisan Bertindak Bahasa 151, 163–65, 169, 184, 211, 214, Kebangsaan (National Language 223, 238, 271, 277 Action Front), 99 NEP, and, 114–16 Barisan Jemaah Islamiah, see Berjasa Bumiputera Commercial and Barisan Nasional, see BN Industrial Community, see BCIC 13 C13-PowerSharingIndex-2P.indd 305 2/9/16 3:12 pm 306 Index bureaucratic authoritarianism, 2, 286 Chua Jui Meng, 229, 262 “bureaucratic capitalism”, 136 Chua Soi Lek, 195 Burhanuddin Al-Hemy, 73, 85–86, Citizen’s Declaration, 254, 258–59 283 “Citizens Health Initiative”, 172 by-election, 145–46, 187, 244–46 citizenship, 14, 29, 33, 37, 53, 62, 69, after the 2008 general election, 75–78, 84–86, 221 207–13 City Council of George Town, 46 “civilizational Islam”, 189 C civil society, 16–17, 20–21, 26, 41, 57, CAP (Consumer Association of 119, 143, 148, 161–62, 170, Penang), 152 179–80, 187, 198, 214, 219, capital controls, 166, 169, 182–85 255–56, 258 Cenpeace, 180 Clean, Efficient and Trustworthy Central Limit Order Book (CLOB), (“Bersih, Cekap dan Amanah”), 166 141 Centre for Public Policy (CPP), 193 CLOB (Central Limit Order Book), “centripetalism”, 9–10, 12, 46, 240, 166 270, 284 Coalition for People’s Democracy, see centripetalized politics, 52, 83 Gagasan Rakyat Challenge, The, book, 141, 157 coalition politics, 3, 13, 21, 83, 212, Chandra Kanagasabai, 180 219, 243, 246–47, 260–61 Chandra Muzaffar, 153, 158, 180 colonial power, 8 Chan, George, 217 “communalism”, 8–10, 60–63, 68, 72, Chan Keong Hon, 47 75–76, 97, 103, 111, 186, 240–41, Chan Kit Chee, 153 285 Cheng, Vincent, 152 definition, 60 Chen Man Hin, 96, 141, 178 communism, 103, 122 Chen Shui Bian, 155 Communities Liaison Committee, 77 Chew Mei Fun, 245 Companies Ordinance, 86 Chia, Eric, 192, 215 “competitive authoritarianism”, 2, China, relations with Malaysia, 24, 269 127–28 definition, 24–25 Chinese support, 86, 124–25, 148, 183, Condorcet winners, 51 228, 241 Confrontation, between Indonesia “Chinese threat”, 72 and Malaysia, 47–50, 82, 86–88, “Chinese tsunami”, 223 95, 105 “Chinese Unity Movement”, 123 “consociation”, 15, 22, 59–61, 69, 75, Chinese vernacular education, 118, 80, 95, 111–12, 116, 162, 183 124, 148, 152, 257 consociational democracy, 8 Chinese working class, 162 “consociationalism”, 8–10, 13, 15, 76, Chin, Maria, 260 118, 160, 219, 240, 285 13 C13-PowerSharingIndex-2P.indd 306 2/9/16 3:12 pm Index 307 consociation-plus model, 120 D “consolidated democracy”, 3, 25 “Daim’s boys”, 156 constituency delimitations, 34, 38, Daim Zaiunuddin, 137–38, 168–69, 41–46, 53, 55 188 see also gerrymandering Danaharta, 167–68 Constituency Delineation Danamodal, 167 Commission for the Federation DAP (Democratic Action Party), 12, of Malaya, 29 22–23, 41–42, 86, 91–99, 105–9, Constitutional (Amendment) Act 112, 116–19, 124–26, 141–53, 162, 1962, 37 170–71, 175–91, 196–97, 203–23, Constitutional (Amendment) Act 228–35, 239–50, 258–60, 275–76, (No. 2) of 1973, 39 283 Constitutional (Amendment) (No. 2) Darul Arqam, 160 Act of 1984, 40 Dataran Merdeka, 120 Consumer Association of Penang David, V., 97 (CAP), 152 Dayaks, 42 Consumers Protection Act, 173 “deficit financing”, 115 Contested Mediated Communalism, delimitation of constituencies, 34, 38, 14, 17, 22, 267–68 41–46, 53–55 corporate equity, 115, 133–34, 184 see also gerrymandering “corporatized mediated “democracy without consensus”, 15, communalism”, 14–15, 267, 278 111 “corporatized villages”, 278 democratic “breakdowns”, 2 corruption, 48, 119, 121–22, 132, 139, “democratic socialism”, 95, 119 146, 161, 170, 175, 181, 188–94, Devaraj, Jeyakumar, 180 197, 213, 220–21, 240 Development Administration Unit Corry, W.C.S., 55 (DAU), 48 Council Negri, 88 “developmentalism”, 26–27, 179, CPP (Centre for Public Policy), 193 181 cronies, 15, 134, 136, 139, 151, 154, developmental state model, 133 168–70, 174–75, 181, 194, 214, Dewan Rakyat (House of 260 Representatives), 42, 108 “crooked half-bridge” project, 190 DNU (Department of National cross-ethnic voting, 75, 197, 202–5, Unity), 114–15, 134 214 “documentary citizenship”, 53 patterns in the 2008 and 2013 Dompok, Bernard, 262 elections, 230–33 DPP (Democratic Progressive Party), Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, in, 155 206–7, 233–35 Dyana Sofya Mohd Daud, 245 see also ethnic voting patterns Dzulkefly Ahmad, 235, 246 13 C13-PowerSharingIndex-2P.indd 307 2/9/16 3:12 pm 308 Index E “EPU School”, 114 Economic Committee of the National ethnic bias, 44
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