index

“”, 221 1978 general election, 19, 113, 116, 1MDB (1Malaysia Development 282 Berhad), 22, 248, 252–54, 259, outcomes, 121–26 264–65 1982 general election, 20, 282 13 May 1969 riots, 11, 15, 39–40, 48, outcomes, 140–45 60, 90–91, 102–4, 108–11, 114–15, 1986 general election, 44–45, 282 118, 154, 159, 197, 241 outcomes, 140–45 “17-Point” Election Appeals (Suqiu), 1990 general election, 16, 20, 40, 44, 172 160, 162, 177, 243, 283 1955 federal election, 29, 31–34, 59, outcomes, 145–50 65, 67–70, 73, 77, 80–81, 84, 93 1995 general election, 19–20, 44, impact and implications of, 74–76 132–33, 160, 163, 165, 190, 226, 1957 Constitution, 84 268, 282 1959 general election, 18, 29, 33, outcomes, 145–51 37–38, 79, 81, 83, 199, 282–83 1999 general election, 20, 41–42, 44, outcomes, 84–91 131–32, 140, 159–62, 165, 171–72, 1964 general election, 18, 79–83, 92, 179, 181–83, 187, 198–99, 214, 244, 95, 109, 281 247, 281–83 outcomes, 84–91 outcomes, 174–77 1969 general election, 18, 39–40, 44, 2004 general election, 20, 43–45, 200, 60, 79–80, 91–95, 97–98, 113, 206, 211, 226, 233, 247, 282 116, 126, 154, 197, 199, 202, 216, outcomes, 189–95 224–25, 252, 281, 283 2008 general election, 3, 12, 17, 20–21, 1974 general election, 19, 51, 53, 113, 43, 46, 78, 86, 121, 201–7, 210–13, 116–22, 126, 283 219–35, 240–44, 261, 269–70, 277, outcomes, 117–18 281–85

303

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by-election, and, 207–13 , 22, 185, 253, outcomes, 195–200 259 2013 general election, 2–3, 12, 20–22, Al-Arqam, 284 43–46, 53, 86, 110, 154, 197, Ali Ahmad, 95 220–21, 230, 240, 244, 246, 249, Aliran, 152, 158, 196, 258 252, 268, 270–78 Alliance, 1, 15, 18–19, 30–33, 39, outcomes, 223–36 48–49, 56, 59–69, 73–111, 116, 126, voter profile, 238–39 134, 202, 216, 224–25, 243, 267–68, 2015, political developments in, 270–71, 285 244–47 birth of, 61–67 collapse of, 91–95 A institutional clout, 71–72 Abdul Aziz Bari, 194 Alliance Manifesto, 69 , 228 Alliance Party, 14–15, 31, 47, 61, 75, , 246–49, 251, 77, 88 286 “All-Malaya National Congress”, 65 Abdul Hamid, 55–56 All-Malaya Youth Congress, 73 Abdul Kadir Sheikh Fadzir, 251 All-Malay Peasants Organization, 73 Abdullah Ahmad, 122, 129, 143 All Women’s Action Society (AWAM), , 20, 45–46, 180 144, 156, 189–95, 198, 201–2, 208, Alternative Front, see BA 213–14, 218, 284 AmBank, 253 Abdullah Majid, 122, 129 “ambiguous mandate”, 142 Abdullah Sani bin Raja Kechil, 105 Amin Shah Omar Shah, 138 Abdul Razak Ahmad, 146 Amnesty International, 153 , 48–49, 87, Angkatan Belia 92, 99, 101–4, 110, 112, 116, 118, (ABIM), 128, 140, 157, 174, 180 120–22, 126–29, 134, 144, 252, Angkatan Pemuda Insaf, 73 278 Anina Saadudin, 254 Abdul Samad Ismail, 122 Annamalai, Sundaran, 259 Abdul Wahid Endut, 208 , 177 ABIM (Angkatan Belia Islam Anti Corruption Agency (ACA), 192 Malaysia), 128, 140, 157, 174, 180 “anti-hopping law”, 253 absolute poverty, 134 , 1, 11, 16, 20, 120, 128, Abu Bakar Daud, 178 138–41, 144, 148, 150, 156–64, ACA (Anti Corruption Agency), 192 168–90, 195, 197, 200, 206–9, , 259–60 213–14, 220, 222, 234, 244–52, 258, ADIL, 170 262 adversarial democracy, 9 APU (Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah), Ahmad Boestamam, 86, 105–6 147, 243 Ahmad Sebi Abu Bakar, 138 , 1

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A. Samad Said, 247 , 90 Asian financial crisis, 19, 133, 160, BARJASA (Barisan Ra’ayat Jati 164–68, 183 ), 89 ASLI (Asian Strategy and Leadership , 217 Institute), 193 “Battle Royal”, 143 authoritarian corporatism, 135 BCIC ( Commercial and authoritarianism, 143, 171 Industrial Community), 133, 136, “authoritarian leviathan”, 2, 269 163, 169, 184 Australian Broadcasting Corporation , 129 (ABC), 255, 265 Berjasa (Barisan Jemaah Islamiah), AWAM (All Women’s Action Society), 123–24, 143, 147, 176 180 “, Cekap dan Amanah” (Clean, , 47 Efficient and Trustworthy), Azahari, A.M., 86 141 Azahar Ibrahim, 212 BERSIH movement, 21, 27, 51, 53, Azalina Othman, 253 57, 194, 221, 247, 257, 258, 260, , 87 264–65 Azlina Jalaini, 215 BERSIH 2.0, 255, 265 Azman Hashim, 138 BERSIH 4, 27, 253, 255–56 Azmi Abdul Hamid, 194 “Better Deal for All, A”, manifesto, Azmin Ali, 249, 258, 263 100 Bidayuh, 11, 42 B BMF scandal, 139 BA (), 12, 20, 162, BN (), 1–2, 9–25, 170–87, 190, 201, 244, 247, 283 39–46, 57, 68, 80, 83, 86–89, 99, Malay swing to the, 177–78 107–8, 112–28, 132, 134, 137, Bahaman Shamsuddin, 66 140–51, 158–65, 172–91, 195–245, Bajau, 11 248–53, 258–62, 267–85 Bakun HEP Project, 168, 173 landslide electoral victory, 189–95 Baling incident, 119–20, 128 non-Malay swing to the, 178 (Malaysian nation), BR1M, 222 160, 251 uprising, 86 Bank Bumiputera, 139 Budi, an NGO, 173 Bank Negara, 139, 167 bumiputera, 4–7, 11–12, 16, 19, 21, Bar Council, 180, 194 39–42, 45, 96–97, 100, 111–13, 123, Barisan Alternatif, see BA 126–27, 133–34, 137–38, 141, 144, Barisan Bertindak Bahasa 151, 163–65, 169, 184, 211, 214, Kebangsaan (National Language 223, 238, 271, 277 Action Front), 99 NEP, and, 114–16 Barisan Jemaah Islamiah, see Berjasa Bumiputera Commercial and Barisan Nasional, see BN Industrial Community, see BCIC

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bureaucratic authoritarianism, 2, 286 , 229, 262 “bureaucratic capitalism”, 136 , 195 Burhanuddin Al-Hemy, 73, 85–86, Citizen’s Declaration, 254, 258–59 283 “Citizens Health Initiative”, 172 by-election, 145–46, 187, 244–46 citizenship, 14, 29, 33, 37, 53, 62, 69, after the 2008 general election, 75–78, 84–86, 221 207–13 City Council of George Town, 46 “civilizational Islam”, 189 C civil society, 16–17, 20–21, 26, 41, 57, CAP (Consumer Association of 119, 143, 148, 161–62, 170, ), 152 179–80, 187, 198, 214, 219, capital controls, 166, 169, 182–85 255–56, 258 Cenpeace, 180 Clean, Efficient and Trustworthy Central Limit Order Book (CLOB), (“Bersih, Cekap dan Amanah”), 166 141 Centre for Public Policy (CPP), 193 CLOB (Central Limit Order Book), “centripetalism”, 9–10, 12, 46, 240, 166 270, 284 Coalition for People’s Democracy, see centripetalized politics, 52, 83 Gagasan Rakyat Challenge, The, book, 141, 157 coalition politics, 3, 13, 21, 83, 212, Chandra Kanagasabai, 180 219, 243, 246–47, 260–61 , 153, 158, 180 colonial power, 8 Chan, George, 217 “communalism”, 8–10, 60–63, 68, 72, Chan Keong Hon, 47 75–76, 97, 103, 111, 186, 240–41, Chan Kit Chee, 153 285 Cheng, Vincent, 152 definition, 60 , 96, 141, 178 communism, 103, 122 Chen Shui Bian, 155 Communities Liaison Committee, 77 , 245 Companies Ordinance, 86 Chia, Eric, 192, 215 “competitive authoritarianism”, 2, , relations with Malaysia, 24, 269 127–28 definition, 24–25 Chinese support, 86, 124–25, 148, 183, Condorcet winners, 51 228, 241 Confrontation, between “Chinese threat”, 72 and Malaysia, 47–50, 82, 86–88, “Chinese tsunami”, 223 95, 105 “Chinese Unity Movement”, 123 “consociation”, 15, 22, 59–61, 69, 75, Chinese vernacular education, 118, 80, 95, 111–12, 116, 162, 183 124, 148, 152, 257 consociational democracy, 8 Chinese working class, 162 “consociationalism”, 8–10, 13, 15, 76, Chin, Maria, 260 118, 160, 219, 240, 285

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consociation-plus model, 120 D “consolidated democracy”, 3, 25 “Daim’s boys”, 156 constituency delimitations, 34, 38, Daim Zaiunuddin, 137–38, 168–69, 41–46, 53, 55 188 see also gerrymandering Danaharta, 167–68 Constituency Delineation Danamodal, 167 Commission for the Federation DAP (), 12, of Malaya, 29 22–23, 41–42, 86, 91–99, 105–9, Constitutional (Amendment) Act 112, 116–19, 124–26, 141–53, 162, 1962, 37 170–71, 175–91, 196–97, 203–23, Constitutional (Amendment) Act 228–35, 239–50, 258–60, 275–76, (No. 2) of 1973, 39 283 Constitutional (Amendment) (No. 2) Darul Arqam, 160 Act of 1984, 40 Dataran , 120 Consumer Association of Penang David, V., 97 (CAP), 152 Dayaks, 42 Consumers Protection Act, 173 “deficit financing”, 115 Contested Mediated Communalism, delimitation of constituencies, 34, 38, 14, 17, 22, 267–68 41–46, 53–55 corporate equity, 115, 133–34, 184 see also gerrymandering “corporatized mediated “democracy without consensus”, 15, communalism”, 14–15, 267, 278 111 “corporatized villages”, 278 democratic “breakdowns”, 2 corruption, 48, 119, 121–22, 132, 139, “democratic socialism”, 95, 119 146, 161, 170, 175, 181, 188–94, Devaraj, Jeyakumar, 180 197, 213, 220–21, 240 Development Administration Unit Corry, W.C.S., 55 (DAU), 48 Council Negri, 88 “developmentalism”, 26–27, 179, CPP (Centre for Public Policy), 193 181 cronies, 15, 134, 136, 139, 151, 154, developmental state model, 133 168–70, 174–75, 181, 194, 214, (House of 260 Representatives), 42, 108 “crooked half-bridge” project, 190 DNU (Department of National cross-ethnic voting, 75, 197, 202–5, Unity), 114–15, 134 214 “documentary citizenship”, 53 patterns in the 2008 and 2013 Dompok, Bernard, 262 elections, 230–33 DPP (Democratic Progressive Party), and , in, 155 206–7, 233–35 , 245 see also ethnic voting patterns , 235, 246

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E “EPU School”, 114 Economic Committee of the National ethnic bias, 44 Consultative Council, 115 ethnic conflict, 8 Economic Planning Unit (EPU), ethnic identity, 7, 284 114–15 “ethnic peace”, 9, 18, 26 economic scandals, 139 ethnic power sharing, 3–4, 8, 17, 23, Edaran Otomobil Nasional Bhd, 139, 55, 80–82, 197, 267–68 168 ethnic voting patterns, 202–5, 272–76 Edge Financial Daily, The, 253 see also cross-ethnic voting EDGE, media company, 253 Edge Weekly, The, 253 F Education Act, 148 Fan Yew Teng, 96, 108, 130, 180 “election budget”, 149 Far Eastern Economic Review, 109 Election Commission (EC), 28–29, Farrington, E.G., 55 33–42, 51–57, 60, 65, 86, 107, 142, Federal Constitution, 38, 215 148, 162, 177, 195, 202, 204, 224, Federal Council, 67 230, 236, 260, 275 federalism, 8, 61 Elections Act of 1958, 40 Federal Legislative Council, 55 Election Watch, 173 , 209, 257 “electoral authoritarianism”, 213 Federal Territory, 47 electoral democracy, 2–3, 9, 16, 18, 21, , 31, 33 25, 30, 53, 112, 239 Federation of Malaysia, 29, 86 electoral pacts, among FELDA (Federal Land Development parties, 98–99, 172, 174 Authority), 211, 236, 277–78, 286 electoral system Felda Global Ventures (FGV), 278 amendments to the, 39–40 Fernandez, Irene, 180 birth of, 33–35 Field, Karl, 135 changes to, 36–39 financial crisis, Asian, 19, 133, 160, saluran system, 40, 57 164–68, 183 “emergency rule”, 122, 129, 259 First Election of the Members of Emergency (Suspension of Local the Legislative Council of the Government Elections) Federation of Malaya, 29 (Amendments) Regulations 1965, “first-mover advantage” (FMA), 13, 47 71, 84, 89, 198 Emergency (Suspension of Local first-past-the-post (FPTP) system, 3, Government Elections) 18, 28, 29, 31, 44, 59, 68, 81, 93, Regulations 1965, 47 118, 202, 268–71 Employees’ Provident Fund, 167 rationale for the, 35–36 EPSM, 152 reforming the, 51–54 EPU (Economic Planning Unit), “fixed deposit”, political support, 107, 114–15 142, 179, 225

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Fleet Holdings, 136–37 grand coalition, 8, 11–12, 18, 59, 61, “For a Just Malaysia”, manifesto, 172, 99, 240, 251–52, 267 174 Groves, H.E., 38 Forex debacle, 139 Guardian, The, 255 Fortune magazine, 184 Gurney, Henry, 77 fragmented party system, 52 Freedom House, 2 H “frontline states”, 228, 230 Haji Ahmad Haji Hussain, 75 HAKAM, human rights body, 194 G Halimantan, 137 Gagasan Rakyat (People’s Concept), Halim Arshat, 153 24, 147, 161–62, 170, 243 Halim Saad, 188 game theory, 25–26 Halim Said, 138, 156 Gamuda, 189 Hamid Omar, 154 Ganesan, S., 209 Hamid Othman, 177 Gani Patail, 253, 255 Hamim, party, 142, 147 Gazette, 33 Harun Hashim, 153 Declaration, 221 , 103, 109, 121–22, 146 George Town, 30, 32, 36, 46–49, 56, Harussani Zakaria, 194 74, 118 Harvard University, 114 Gerak, 161–62, 170 Hashim Yeop Sani, 48 (GHB), 250 Hassan Arifin, 245 Gerakan (Parti Gerakan Rakyat), Hassan bin Mohd Noh, 48 19, 23, 91–94, 97–101, 108, 112, Hatibudi, 137 116–20, 123–25, 140, 142, 145, Hawkins, A.S.M., 55 147, 152, 176, 178, 195–96, 205–6, HINDRAF (Hindu Rights Action 217, 223, 232–34, 245, 248, Force), 194, 198, 221–22, 233, 262 261–62 Hishamuddin , 193 gerrymandering, 43, 142, 224, 240, Hishamuddin Rais, 120 277 “historical institutionalism”, 12, 286 see also constituency delimitation “horizontal solidarity”, 15, 82 , 128, 138, 144, 150 House of Representatives (Dewan , 114–15, 122, 128–29, Rakyat), 42, 108 141 Huan Cheng Guan, 262 GHB (Gerakan Harapan Baru), 250 hudud (Islamic criminal law) GLCs (government-linked legislation, 150, 246, 248–49, companies), 133, 139 280–84 Goh, G.H., 55 human rights, 16, 31, 152–53, 170, , 98 180, 194, 197 Gomez, Terence, 136–37 Huntington, S.P., 12 government contracts, 133 , 222, 227, 246

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Hussein Onn, 121–23, 128–29, 131, Ishak Ismail, 138 153 Islam, and conversions, 193, 215 Hyundai, 133 “Islam Hadhari”, 189–90, 284 Islamic criminal law, see hudud I Islamic Party of Malaysia, see PAS Iban, 11, 42, 100, 208, 211 Islamic rights, 97 , 128, 153 Islamic Society of North America, ICA (Industrial Coordination Act), 187 123, 129, 163, 184 “Islamic state”, 141, 147, 171, 175, , 178 183, 188, 190, 248, 280, 284 Ikatan (Parti Ikatan Bangsa Malaysia), Islamization, 181, 277, 281–84, 286 251 , 66, 73, 104, illegal immigration, 53 110, 128, 156 IMF (International Monetary Fund), Ismail Panjang Aris, 47 167, 169, 185 Ismail Safian, 208 IMP (Independence Malaya Party), 14, 30, 61–65, 68, 77, 79 J Imtiaz Malik, 194 Jamal Md Yunos, 257 “increasing returns”, notion of, 13, , 244 15–16, 20, 112, 140, 151, 164, 213, “Japan Incorporated”, 136 220 Jennings, Ivor, 55 indelible ink, 53–54 JIM (Jemaah Islah Malaysia), 174, 180 Independent Police Complaints and “Joint Manifesto”, 172, 183 Misconduct Commission, 192 Jomo, K.S., 136–37, 158, 180 “indigenous” community, 76 Joy, Lina, 215 indigenous people (Orang Asli), 67, Judiciary, assault on, 144 173, 238 Justice and Peace Commission of Indonesia, confrontation with , 152 Malaysia, 47–48, 50, 82, 86–88, 95, 105 K Industrial Coordination Act (ICA), Kadazan-Dusun, 11 123, 129, 163, 184 “ Move”, 245, 249 Industrial Investment Act, 184 Kamalanathan, P., 211 inflation, 118, 163, 166 Kamar Ainiah Kamaruzaman, 194 “inter-communal directorate”, 61, 92 Kamaruddin Jaafar, 250 Inter Faith Council, 194 Kassim Ahmad, 107, 119 International Monetary Fund (IMF), crisis, 121, 124, 141 167, 169, 185 Kesatuan Melayu Muda, 73 Iranian Revolution, 141 (Malay supremacy), ISA (Internal Security Act), 21, 143, 19, 112, 120, 126, 143, 164, 193, 152–53, 160, 170, 174, 194, 265 220

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Khairuddin Abu Hassan, 252, 254, , 87, 90–91 265 , 140–41 , 195 , 66 , 249 , 228, 241–42, 258, 260 Khalid Samad, 246, 250 , 90 Khaw Khai Boh, 101 , 87, 119, 140, 147 , 74, 101 Lim Chong Yew, 97 “King Ghaz”, 129 Lim Fong Seng, 153 KITA, 250 , 170, 175, 246 KLSE (Kuala Lumpur Stock Lim Kean Siew, 86 Exchange), 166–67 , 123 “KMT Inc.”, 135 , 41, 96, 98, 109, 147, KMT (), 135, 155 150, 153, 171–78, 228, 245, 258 , 150, 262 Lim Mah Hui, 120 Kok, Teresa, 206, 234 Lim, P.G., 158 Konsortium Perkapalan, 167 Lim Si Pin, 195 Krishna, T. Ananda, 138 Lim Swee Aun, 101 Krugman, Paul, 184–85 Lim Teck Ghee, 158, 193 Kua Kia Soong, 153, 180 Lim, T.K., 138 Kuala Lumpur, federal territory of, Lingam, V.K., 194 39–40 , 258 Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Liow Tiong Hai, 258 169 Local Authorities Elections Kuala Lumpur Municipal Council, Ordinance, 30 47, 61 Local Authorities (Temporary Kuala Lumpur municipal election, Provisions) Act, 50 30–31, 61, 63, 79 local elections, demise of, 46–50 Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange Local Government Act of 1960, 46 (KLSE), 166–67 Local Government Act of 1976, 50 KUBB (Koperasi Usaha Bersatu), 137 Local Government Tribunal, 50 Declaration, 221 Loke, Anthony, 260 “Look East Policy”, 136 L Lyttelton, Oliver, 67 Labour Party, 15, 30, 31, 62–64, 70, 73–75, 80, 82, 86, 91, 97, 106, 109 M land concessions, 122 1Malaysia Development Berhad “Late Mahathirism”, 145–46 (1MDB), 22, 248, 252–54, 259, Lau, Robert, 211 264–65 Lee, Alex, 123 MacDonald, Malcolm, 77 Lee, H.S., 62, 64, 66, 73 MacGillivray, Donald, 55, 67, 77 Lee Kim Yew, 138 MacIntyre, S. Cheelvashingam, 75

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Mahathirism, 145–46, 182–83, 190 Malaysia , 14, 16, 19–20, 23, China, relations with, 127–28 101, 103, 110, 113, 116, 120, 122, confrontation with Indonesia, 124, 127–70, 174, 183–94, 201, 47–48, 50, 82, 86–88, 95, 105 213, 215, 252–54, 257–58, 280–81, “Developed Country”, as, 149 284 early elections in, 30–31 “grand vision”, 150, 168 economy, 182 heart attack, 147 electoral coalitions in, 24 “Late Mahathirism”, 145–46 GDP, 163, 167 , 245 independence, 14, 18, 28, 31, 36, MAIKA Holdings, 139 51, 54, 59, 65, 69, 72, 77, 80–81, major political events 1986–88, 143, 174, 224, 250, 267 152–54 political parties in, 23 malapportionment, 18, 36, 43, 51, 54, population and communities, 4–7, 56–57, 186, 225, 228, 271 53 Malay Malaysia Act 1963, 38 “definitive race”, as, 141 Malaysia Chronicle, 253 dominance, 44–45, 76, 143, 161, 175 , 221, 250 middle class, 116, 134, 162–65, 174, “Malaysia Incorporated” concept, 184 136–37, 144, 155 national language, 86, 99 Malaysian Airlines System (MAS), privileges, 85–86 139, 168, 188 rights, 97, 284 Association, see supremacy, 19, 112, 120, 126, 143, MCA 164, 193, 220 Malaysian Constitution, 96, 99 swing to the Barisan Alternatif, Malaysian Indian Congress, see MIC 177–78 Malaysian Industrial Authority see also Malay vote (MIDA), 129 (MCP), Malaysian Insider, 253 72–73, 91, 128 Malaysian International Shipping Malayan Constitution, 29 Corporation (MISC), 139, 167 Malayan Federation, 29 “”, 95–98, 108, 125 Malayan National Conference, 77 Malaysian middle class, 68, 101, 115, Malayan Parliament, 33 165, 170, 180, 198, 235, 256, 269, Malayan Trades Union Congress, 75 278 Malay bumiputera, 4–7 Malaysian Mining Corporation, 189 Malay Dilemma, The, book, 141, 157 Malaysian nation (Bangsa Malaysia), Malay-first politics, 113, 134 160, 251 Society, 120 Malaysian Solidarity National Malay National Front, 73 Conference, 95 Malay Nationalist Party, 85 Malaysian Students Council, 173

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Malaysian Youth Islamic Movement, “mega projects”, 168, 175, 189, 192 see ABIM Megat Ayub, 177 “ only” approach, 71 Melanau, 11 Malay vote , 157 analysing the, 276–79 Menteri Besar Conference, 65 Islam, and, 280–85 Merdeka Stadium, 153 see also Malay Merdeka University, 99, 121 124–25, Malay Welfare Fund, 64 129, 148 Malek Merican, 144, 157 Merthyr Commission, 29, 31, 34–37, malfeasance, 154, 253, 255 55, 65–66, 68 Malik, B., 55 MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress), 14, Manickavasagam, V., 101 23, 30–31, 62, 65–66, 70–71, 80–82, Manikumar, S., 209 91, 99, 101, 104, 117, 125, 127, , 210 136–42, 145, 147, 176, 195–96, 199, “manufactured majorities”, 29, 224, 205, 209, 211, 217, 223, 232–33, 270 248, 262–63 Maoist “mass struggle”, 106 MIDA (Malaysian Industrial Mao Tse Tung, 118 Authority), 129 “Marxist Conspiracy”, 152 “mild crisis”, 182 MAS (Malaysian Airlines System), “minimal winning coalition”, 11 139, 168, 188 Ministry of Technology, Research and Mat (Mohamad) Sabu, 246, 250, 258 Local Government, 48 Maxwell, George, 77 minority rights, 197 May 13 Tragedy: A Report, The, 102 Mirzan Mahathir, 138, 156, 167, 188 MCA (Malaysian Chinese MISC (Malaysian International Association), 14, 23, 30–31, 41, Shipping Corp), 139, 167 62–66, 70–74, 78–82, 87, 90–91, mixed voting system, 51 95, 99–104, 109, 117, 121, 123–27, Mohamad , 122–23, 142, 136–42, 145–46, 152–54, 158, 176, 282–83 178, 195, 199, 205–6, 209, 217, Mohamad (Mat) Sabu, 246, 250, 258 223, 228, 232–34, 242, 245, 248, Mohamed Apandi, 255 257–58, 261–62, 275, 277 Mohamed Dzaiddin Abdullah, 192 MCP (Malayan Communist Party), , 122–23 72–73, 91, 128 Mohamed , 154 McKnell, William, 55–56 Mohamed Sopiee, 73 mediated communalism, 10–23, Mohamed Yunos Sulaiman, 146 45–46, 55, 59–60, 64, 68–71, 75–76, Mohammad Hatta Ramli, 250 80–83, 95, 101, 104, 111–13, 127, , 257 151, 160, 162, 181–84, 214, 219, , 210, 217 243, 247, 251–52, 262, 267–70, Mokhtar Al-Bhukary, 189 278, 285 , 138, 156

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money politics, 12, 14, 19–21, 27, 87, National Economic Consultative 132–34, 137–38, 151, 156, 179, Council (NECC), 148, 158 188, 193, 211, 213, 221, 260, 268, National Front, see BN 270 National Justice Party, see PKN Morais, Kevin, 265 national language, 86, 99 “mother tongue” education, 124 National Language Act, 100 Movement for a Just World, 180 National Language Action Front MPHB (Multi Purpose Holdings (Barisan Bertindak Bahasa Bhd), 139, 154 Kebangsaan), 99 , 250 National Language Bill, 99 , 22, 202, 253–58, National Operations Council, 118 286 National Operations Council Report, Mujahid , 250, 282 102–3 , 254, 258 National Party of Sarawak, see , 103, 131, 141–44, 146, PANAS 154, 157 National Principles (Rukunegara), Muslim bumiputera, 277 114, 121 Muslim League, 64 National Silat Federation, 257 Muslim-Melanau bumiputera, 42 National Trust Party, see PAN Muslim Pilgrimage Fund (Tabung National Union of Journalists (NUJ), Haji), 167 152 “Muslim Unity Movement”, see APU National Union of Muslim Students, Muslim Youth Movement of 120 Malaysia, 194 NDP (New Development Policy), 149, , 121 160, 163–64, 184 NECC (National Economic N Consultative Council), 148, 158 Nahappan, Athi, 47, 57 NEP (New Economic Policy), 14–16, Nahappan Commission, 48–50, 57 19, 39, 48, 97–98, 112–13, 118, Nair, Devan, 88, 96 120–23, 126–27, 133–36, 148–49, , 14, 21–22, 87, 105, 154, 154, 157, 160, 162–64, 169, 184, 156, 178, 185, 192–93, 202, 193 208–10, 218, 221–23, 241, 246, bumiputera, and, 114–16 252–55, 257–59, 262, 264, 284, nepotism, 119, 169–71, 174, 181, 194 286 new politics, 16–17, 20, 22, 26–27, 46, “National Alliance Organization”, 66 160, 162, 169–74, 197, 214–15, 261, National Archives, 103–4 268, 270, 285 National Convention Party, 87 Bersih 4, and, 255–56 National Council, 66, 71 “new rich”, 134 National Economic Action Council, , 109, 122, 129, 157 169 New Villages, 47

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new voters, 238–39 P Ng Kam Poh, 101 Pairin, Joseph, 150 NGOs (non-governmental , 24, 247, 250–51, organizations), 26, 152, 157, 161, 259, 261 169–74, 179–80, 193–94, 247, , see PR 257 Pak Lah, see Abdullah Ahmad Nik Abdul Aziz, 249, 286 Badawi Ninth Malaysia Plan, 193 Palanivel, G., 263 Nizar Jamaluddin, 208–9 PANAS (Parti Negara Sarawak), 89 NOC (National Operations Council) Pan Electric Industries, 139 Report, 102–3 Pan-Malaya Islamic Party, see PMIP non-bumiputera, 11–12, 96, 111, 126, Pan-Malayan Islamic Association, 65 151, 211 Pan-Malayan Labour Party, 73 “non-communal” parties, 112 PAN (Parti Amanah Negara), 242, “non-communal” politics, 62 250, 258–59, 282, 286 , 259 “paper organizations”, 73 Normala Sudirman, 212 PAP (People’s Action Party), 87–92, NPLs (non-performing loans), 167 95–96, 106, 108, 129 NUJ (National Union of Journalists), “Parliamentary Left”, 73–74, 79 152 Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Nurul Izzah, 206–7, 234–35, 260 150, 160, 176, 259 Parti Bersatu Bumiputera (PBB), 21, O 23, 42, 150, 176, 217 Official Secrets Act (OSA), 144, 152 Parti Bersatu (PBS), 23, 145, “old guard”, 121, 143 147, 150, 160, 176–77, 179 one-man-one-vote principle, 41, 53 Parti Cinta Malaysia, 262 , 50, 107 “participatory democracy”, 2, 27, 170, , 200, 245 174, 214 Ong Tee Kiat, 146 Parti Gerakan Rakyat, see Gerakan , 66 Parti Ikatan Bangsa Malaysia, see , 31, 61–65, 68–69, 72–73, Ikatan 77, 86 Parti Keadilan Nasional (PKN), Operasi Lalang (Operation Weeding 160–62, 170–71, 176–80, 184, Out), 143–44, 152, 174 190–91 “Operation Cold Store”, 89–90, 106, Parti Negara (PN), 31, 33, 59, 65, 129 68–69, 72–75, 77, 79, 84–86, 92 , 152 organizational weakness, 72–73 Opposition Front, 1, 43 Parti Negara Sarawak (PANAS), 89 Orang Asli (indigenous people), 67, Parti Pertubuhan Pekerja-Pekerja 173, 238 Malaysia (Worker’s Party), 250 Orang Ulu, 11 Parti Rakyat, 80, 86, 90–91, 97–98, 106

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Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM), 147, PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah), 23, 145, 170, 176, 184, 190 147, 150, 160, 176–77, 179 Parti Sosialis Malaysia (PSM), 180, Peaceful Assembly Act, 256 250, 258 Pekemas (Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Parti Sosialis Rakyat Malaysia Malaysia), 51, 117, 119, 125 (PSRM), 15, 117, 119, 128, 146–47, Pemantau, 173 162 Penang Labour Party, 64, 73 Party Bumiputera, 100, 107 Penang University, 99 “party capitalism”, 14–17, 19, 21–22, Peninsular Malays Union (PMU), 65 127, 132, 150–51, 154–55, 162, 164, “People are the Boss”, 172 181, 183, 187–88, 214, 218, 268–69, People’s Action Party (PAP), 87–92, 278 95–96, 106, 108, 129 crisis, in, 165–69 People’s Alliance, see PR uses and perils of, 135–39 “people’s budget”, 172, 175 party-driven businesses, 135 People’s Concept (Gagasan Rakyat), Party Pekemas (People’s Justice 24, 147, 161–62, 170, 243 Party), 51, 117, 119, 125 People’s Justice Party, see PKR Party Pesaka, 89, 92–93, 100, 107, People’s Pact, see PR 257 People’s Progressive Party, see PPP “party-state”, 136, 139 “People’s Tribunal”, 53 PAS (Islamic Party of Malaysia), “ Coup”, 87, 105, 208, 210 10, 12, 19–25, 31, 41–44, 78, Perak Progressive Party, 31, 70, 74 85–88, 92–98, 105, 112–13, 116–17, Persatuan Persetiaan Melayu 120–24, 141–42, 145, 147, 149–53, (Union of Malay Patriots), 65 162, 170–71, 175–83, 187–91, Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Perak, 31 196–97, 203–23, 227–35, 241–51, 256, 259–63, 280–84, 286 Pertubuhan Melayu, 31 PasMa (Persatuan Ummah Sejahtera Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Bhd Malaysia), 247, 250 (Proton), 167 PAS Muktamar, 246, 248 Perwaja Holdings Bhd, 156 PAS Syurah Council, 248 Perwaja Steel, 192 “path dependence”, 12–13, 17, 20–21, Perwaja steel mill, 136, 139 26, 64, 71, 78, 80, 89, 99, 111, 118, , 167, 185 148, 161, 165, 180, 183, 198, 200, Petronas Twin Towers, 185 205, 207, 212–13, 220, 226, 228, Phahrolrazi Mohd Zawawi, 247, 250 230, 233, 240, 243, 260, 269–70, “phantom voters”, 53 285 “picking winners”, concept of, 133 PBB (Parti Bersatu Bumiputera), 21, Pierson, Paul, 13 23, 42, 150, 176, 217 PKN (Parti Keadilan Nasional), PBDS (Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak), 160–62, 170–71, 176–80, 184, 150, 160, 176, 259 190–91

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PKR (Parti Keadilan Rakyat), 20–23, Printing and Publishing Act, 144, 105, 128, 180, 184, 188, 190, 153 195–97, 200, 203–6, 209–12, private colleges, 164 214–17, 228–34, 241, 245, 247, privatization policies, 124, 184 249–51, 259–63, 283 PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia), 147, “plural societies”, 8–9, 55 170, 176, 184, 190 PMIP (Pan-Malaya Islamic Party), 15, Problems of Racial Economic Imbalance 19, 31, 37, 59, 65, 69–70, 73–74, and National Unity (1970), 78–88, 92, 94, 97, 99, 101, 104–5, document, 115 108 procedural democracy, 2, 18, 28, 30, PMU (Peninsular Malays Union), 65 59–60 PN (Parti Negara), 31, 33, 59, 65, proportional representation system, 68–69, 72–75, 77, 79, 84–86, 92 52 organizational weakness, 72–73 “prosperity for all”, slogan, 190 poison pen letter (surat layang), 154 “protection pacts”, 269 Police Act, 153 Proton (Perusahaan Otomobil “political decay”, notion of, 13 Nasional Bhd), 167 “political development”, notion of, PR (Pakatan Rakyat), 1–2, 9–10, 12, 12 17, 20–24, 46, 68, 86, 92, 197–98, “political goods”, 17, 27, 197, 216 200–202, 205–48, 256, 260–61, political hegemony, 137 270–83, 286 political patronage, 134 reconstituting, 248–51 “political surrender”, 118 PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia), 180, “political tsunami”, 46, 196, 208 250, 258 politics of compromise and PSRM (Partai Sosialis Rakyat moderation, 71 Malaysia), 15, 117, 119, 128, Politweet (Malaysia), 236, 242, 265 146–47, 162 Population and Census report 2010, Pua, Tony, 212, 245 4–7 Purcell, Victor, 64 “pork barrel politics”, 14, 132 Pusat Komunikasi Masyarakat, 180 postal voting, 32, 239 Putnam, Robert, 10 PPP (People’s Progressive Party), 23, , 185 31, 48, 74–75, 82–88, 92–98, 108, 116–18, 125 Q preferential economic policies, quota system, in education, 115 132–33 “preferential voting”, 52 R Prime Minister’s Department, 48, “Racial Nemesis, The”, 100 141 “racial polarization”, 125–26 primordialism, 8, 25 racial riots, see 13 May 1969 riots

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Radical Party, 30, 64 S Radio Malaya, 32, 68 S46 (Semangat 46), 145–50, 154, Rae, Douglas, 29 159–61, 252 , 257 Sabah , 260, 263 “fixed deposit”, as, 107, 179 Rahim Thambi Chik, 175 state election, 107 “Rainbow Coalition”, 169 Sabah Alliance, 89, 93, 107, 116, 121, , 234 140 Ramanathan, D.S., 47, 49, 56 Sabah Chinese Association (SCA), 89, Ramasamy, P., 260 92–94, 107–8 Rashid Hussain, 138 , 229, 246, 250 “Razak boys”, 122 Samad Said, 129 Razali Ismail, 207 Sambanthan, V.T., 76, 92, 101 re-delineation exercise, 148, 190 Samsung, 133 red shirts rally, 257–58 Santiago, Charles A., 239 Movement, 16, 20, 125, , 258 SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party), 176, 132, 134, 140, 151, 160–64, 170, 261 174, 177, 181–83, 190, 213–14, Sarawak 252, 269 “fixed deposit”, as, 107, 179 Registrar of Societies, 153, 201 state election, 20, 89, 212, 217, Registration of Electors Ordinance, 259–60, 264 31 Sarawak Alliance, 89, 107 Reid Constitutional Commission, Sarawak Alternative Front (SAF), 28–29, 31, 34, 36–37, 54–56 184 Reid, William, 55 “Sarawak for the Sarawakians”, Renong group, 137–38, 188 119 rent-seeking, 134–37, 150 Sarawak National Party (SNAP), 89, “return to normalcy”, 114 92–94, 98, 107, 117, 119, 124, 140, Ringgit depreciation, 166 150, 176 riots, see 13 May 1969 riots Sarawak Report, 253 Royal Commission of Inquiry, 53, 57, Sarawak United Peoples Party 192, 194 (SUPP), 23, 89, 92–94, 98, 107, “Royal Commission of Inquiry on 150, 176, 211, 217 Local Authorities”, 47 , 66 Rukunegara (National Principles), “satisficing” solutions, 13, 26 114, 121 SCA (Sabah Chinese Association), 89, “rural middle class”, 278 92–94, 107–8 rural–urban divide, 236–37 “schools of thought”, 114 “rural weightage”, 36–37, 39, 41, 51 secret societies, 103

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Security Measures (Special Offences) , 180 Act, 265 SMEs (small and medium-sized Sedition Act, 118, 141 enterprises), 175 , 217 Smith Report, 29, 31 Seenivasagam, D.R., 75, 86 Smith, T.E., 55 Seenivasagam, S.P., 86, 108 snap election, 87, 121, 123, 192 Selangor Dam, 173 SNAP (Sarawak National Party), 89, Selangor Pakistan Association, 65 92–94, 98, 107, 117, 119, 124, 140, self-government, 28, 30, 36 150, 176 Semangat 46 (S46), 145–50, 154, social contract, 143 159–61, 252 Socialist Front (SF), 18, 48–49, 56, “sensitive issues”, 39, 118, 141 79–86, 88, 91–92, 105, 243 , 101 Socialist International, 108 “Setapak Declaration”, 96 Socialist Party of Malaysia, see PSM SF (Socialist Front), 18, 48–49, 56, Social Justice Party, see Pekemas 79–86, 88, 91–92, 105, 243 social media, impact of, 179–80 Shad Saleem Faruqi, 194 Societies Act, 254 Shahnon Ahmad, 180 sodomy, 1, 160, 184 Shahrir Samad, 146, 158 “Soviet connections”, 122 , 206, 234 Spirit of 46, see S46 Shamsuddin Abdul Kadir, 138 Star, The, daily, 153 shariah-based penal code, see hudud “state capitalism”, 136 Sheikh Azmi Ahmad, 194 “state capitalists”, 103 Sheikh Omar, 247 “stolen elections”, 224 Shit, book, 180 Straits Chinese British Association, 65 Sim Kok Chye, 106 Straits Times, 107, 109, 129 Sin Chew Jit Poh, daily, 153 Suaram (), Singapore 180 ethnic–political balance, 38 Subramanian, S., 263 racial riots in, 90, 95 Suhaimi Baba, 109, 128 state election, 87–90 Sulaiman Abdullah, 194 Singapore Alliance, 87, 90 Sultan Raja Azlan Shah, 209 Singapore Institute of International Sunday Star, The, weekly, 153 Affairs, 143 SUPP (Sarawak United Peoples Singapore Standard, 71 Party), 23, 89, 92–94, 98, 107, 150, Singapore University Socialist Club, 176, 211, 217 129 Supreme Court, 33 Singh, Karpal, 96, 153, 178, 244, 248 surat layang (poison pen letter), 154 Singh Nijar, Gurdial, 120 “Syariah and Current Issues, The”, Singh, Ramkarpal, 245, 262 forum, 194

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Syed Albar Jabar, 95 Thuraisingham, E.E.C., 72 Syed Hussein Alatas, 97–98, 158 Tian Chua, 180, 260 Syed Hussin Ali, 120, 128 Timedotcom, 188 , 66, 99, 108 Ting Pik Khiing, 138 tin market, 139 T Tiong Thai King, 217 Tabung Haji (Muslim Pilgrimage TOL (Temporary Occupational Fund), 167 Licensed), 209 Taib Mahmud, 260 Tong Kooi Ong, 138 Taiwan, under KMT, 135 Transfer of Functions Order, 47 Tajuddin Ramli, 138, 156, 168, 188 “trickle-down effect”, 115, 151 Tamil Murasu, 71 “trustee”, of corporate assets, 138 , 51, 86, 97–98, 119 , 246 Tan Chee Yioun, Vincent, 138 , 15, 31, 61–62, , 62, 64, 66, 72, 66–68, 71–73, 76–78, 87, 91–92, 95, 76–77 98–103, 108, 121, 131, 134, 153–54, , film, 103, 128 159, 251 Tan Han Swee, 98 Tunku Abdul Rahman College, 99 , 139 turnover political systems, 3, 21 Tan Peng Khoon, 47 twin coalition party system, 200–202, Tan Phock Kim, 97 212, 220 , 91, 101, 115 two-party system, 3, 74, 83, 197, Tan Tiong Hong, 66, 123 199–201, 210, 212–13 Tan Wah Piow, 152 “two turnover test”, 3 “technocrats”, 144, 164 Teh Kim Poo, 239 U Telekom Malaysia, 139 UDP (United Democratic Party), 82, Templer, Gerald, 77 87, 92, 95, 97 Temporary Occupational Licensed Ulama Council, 246 (TOL), 209 “Ulster Model”, 106 Tenaganita, 180 “ultras”, 95, 104, 131 Tengku Mahmud Mansor, 178 UMCO (United Malayan Chinese , 16, 103, Organisation), 91–92 110, 128, 141–47, 153–54, 193, UMNO (United Malays National 201 Organisation), 10–25, 30–31, Tengku Shamsul Bahrin, 120 36–45, 56, 61–66, 70, 74, 76, 78, Teras, Malay-advocacy group, 194 80, 82, 87, 90–91, 95–104, 108–71, Selatan, 36 175–89, 193–98, 202–18, 228–35, tertiary education, 164 241–45, 248–62, 268, 273–86 “The Bargain”, politics of, 14, 76 in crisis, 144–46, 252–55

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“UMNO 46”, 154 USNO (United Sabah National “UMNO Baru”, 23, 144, 146, 153–54, Organisation), 89, 92–94, 107–8 159 UMNO elections, 140 V “UMNO Malaysia”, 153 Veerappen, V., 97 UMNO–MCA Alliance, 62, 64–65, 74, Vellu, Samy, 140 78 vernacular education, Chinese, 118, “UMNO Political Fund”, 138, 156 124, 148, 152, 257 UMNOputras, 181 “vertical mobilization”, 15, 82 UMNO Youth, 66, 144, 169, 193 “Vision, Justice and Efficiency”, Ungku Aziz, 158 slogan, 149 Union of Malay Patriots (Persatuan “Vision Team”, 150 Persetiaan Melayu), 65 United Malayan Chinese W Organisation (UMCO), 91–92 WAC (Women’s Agenda for Change), United Chinese School Committees 172, 179 Association, 124 Wain, Barry, 137, 139, 155 United Chinese Schools Teachers Wall Street Journal, The, 255 Federation (Jiao Zong), 72 , 170, 179, United Chinese School Teachers 190, 207, 245–49, 251, 263 Association (Dong Jiao Zong), Wan Azmi Wan Hamzah, 138, 156 124, 129, 152–53 Wang Gungwu, 97 United Democratic Party (UDP), 82, Wan Mohammad Khairil Anuar Wan 87, 92, 95, 97 Ahmad, 259 United Traditional Bumiputera Party, Wan Mohktar Ahmad, 144 see PBB Watan, weekly, 153 “unity talks”, 210, 249 (Vision 2020), 149, 160, Universiti Kebangsaan (National 163 University), 99, 119 WCI (Women’s Candidacy Initiative), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 99, 1 179–80 19–20 Welsh, Bridget, 260 University Colleges Act, 120, 129, Westminster-styled institutions, 28, 54 173 White Paper, 88 , 119–20, 128 White Rajahs, 89 UNKO (United National Kadazan Women’s Agenda for Change (WAC), Organisation), 89 172, 179 UPKO (United Pasokmomogun , 211 Kadazandusun Murut Wong Kam Hoong, 186 Organisation), 23, 107, 176, 262 Worker’s Party (Parti Pertubuhan urban–rural divide, 236–37 Pekerja-Pekerja Malaysia), 250

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World War II, 155 youth vote, 222, 239 Wyathamoorthy, P., 262 Yusof Rawa, 101 Yusri Mohamad, 194 Y Yang di-Pertuan Agong, 33, 36, 100, Z 129 , 194, 211, 262 Yaya Ahmad, 138 Zainur Zakariah, 180, 194 Yeoh, Hannah, 260 Zaitun Kassim, 180 Yong, S.M., 66 , 209–10 Young Turks, 98, 103, 106, 121, 123, Zulkifli Mohd Noor, 186 129, 140, 252

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