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PROTEST ANT MISSIONS in SOUTH AMERICA Protestant Missions

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PROTEST ANT MISSIONS in SOUTH AMERICA Protestant Missions PROTEST ANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA Protestant Missions . lfl South America BY Harlan P. Beach, F. A. G. S., Canon F. P. L. Josa, Professor J. Taylor Hamilton, Rev. H. C. Tucker, Rev. C. W. Drees, D. D., Rev. I. H. La Fetra, Rev. T. B. Wood, LL.D., and Mrs. T. S. Pond NEW YORK STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS 1907. CoPYRIGHT, 1900, BY STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS PREFACE THis text-book is one of a series, prepared primarily for the use of mission study classes in colleges and other institu­ tions of higher learning, but also largely for study classes in churches and young peoples' societies. The somewhat peculiar typography and paragraph arrangement are ac­ counted for by the fact that an experience of six years has proven the desirability of some such aid to the busy student or reader. The Analytical Index at the close has likewise been found useful in the class-room, as well as to the reader who desires to learn at a glance the scope of the volume. In class work it is desirable that some of the addi­ tional readings, referred to in Appendix A., be made use of. The map and its index of mission stations will also be help­ ful to the reader and student. The great need of a comprehensive sketch of Protestant effort in South America is perfectly obvious to any one at all conversant with missionary literature. So far as we are aware, this text-book, brief though it is, contains the most complete account of Protestant missions in that continent that has yet appeared. Every effort has been made to se­ cure as trustworthy information I'S is possible. The several writers were secured because of their intimate knowledge of the lands and work which they have described. It is earnestly hoped that their efforts will result in a great quick­ ening of interest in this" Neglected Continent," on the part, not only of students, but also in the hearts of all Christians. v CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I. GEOGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL, By Harlan P. Beach, Fellow of the American Geographical Society II. BRITISH GUIANA. By Rev. Canon F. P. L. Josa 29 III. DUTCH GUIANA, OR SURINAM. By Prof. J. Taylor Hamilton 43 IV. BRAZIL. By Rev. H. C. Tucker 57 V. REPUBLICS OF THE PLATA RIVER. By Rev. C. W. Drees, D. D. 89 VI. CHILE. By Rev. I. H. La Fetra 117 VII. THE LAND OF THE INCAS. By Rev. T. B. Wood, LL. D. 141 VIII. COLOMBIA. By Mrs. T. S. Pond • 161 IX. VENEZUELA. By Mrs. T. S. Pond 175 X. SOUTH AMERICA AS A MISSION FIELD. By Rev. T. B. Wood, LL. D. 195 APPENDIX A.-Bibliography 216 APPENDIX B.-General Statistics concerning South American Countries 224 APPENDIX C.-South American Missionary Statistics for 1900 • 225 ANALYTICAL INDEX 228 MAP INDEX 238 MISSIONARY MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA vii GEOGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL I GEOGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL BY HARLAN P. BEACH Fellow of the American Geographical Society. SouTH AMERICA is so extensive that it is impossible tO' present in a brief text-book anything more than a compre• hensive view of the various parts, with a summarized sketch of the work of Protestant Missions in its several countries. In selecting material for the opening chapter, choice has been made of those facts which most affect its varied races and especially those features which make clear the environ­ ment of foreigners living and laboring on the continent. Full details concerning its lands, peoples and missions must be looked for in more extended works, a few of which are referred to in the Bibliography, found in Appendix A. I. Panoramic View of South America.-If thig continent, containing some 7,ooo,ooo square miles,-nearly one-seventh of the land surface of the globe-could pass northward beneath the eye of a beholder poised hypothetic­ ally in mid-air above its central meridian, a most varied and remarkable scene would greet his delighted vision. First he would see, as he looked southward toward the vast pear­ shaped mass, the low-lying, verdure-clad shores skirting the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic. The well-wooded expanse of the Guianas would fade out into the llanos of Venezuela and Colombia and the northern slopes of the Andes. Next would appear the Guiana highlands succeeded by the selvas, 3 PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA -exuberant expanses of tropical vegetation filling the basin of South America's "liquid equator," the largest river in the world in respect to volume and extent of drainage area. Meanwhile the backbone of the continent has raised itself aloft in the Andes of Ecuador where twelve peaks tower three miles or more above the adjacent ocean. As regions further south appear the continent narrows. The Brazilian highlands on the east are less densely wooded, while the western mountain ridges make Peru an American Tibet. On its southeastern border, mainly in Bolivia, lies Titicaca, the continent's one large lake, rivalling our own Ontario in size. Passing these, one sees the Gran Chaco wilderness and the famous pampas beyond. To the eastward are the hills of Uruguay, and on the west the Andes retreat far enough from the coast to form the fertile plain of Chile. There now remain on the south only the comparatively barren wastes of so-called Patagonia, and the Scandinavian fiords cutting into the mountains of so,uthern Chile and tapering off into the bleak and stormy archipelago of which '' The Land of Fire '' is the largest. During this survey the aerial beholder has noted the regularity of the coast and the fact that no extensive bays have indented the land, nor any large islands fringed the continent, save in the extreme southwest, if the more remote Falklands and South Georgia are neglected. II. River Systems.-Returning now to examine more in detail South America's characteristic features, one is struck at the outset with its remarkable river systems to which the continent owes so much, and which when im­ proved will provide it with a ramifying network of deep waterways, thus from a commercial and missionary point of view increasing greatly its accessibility. Only three of these. systems will be described. 4 GEOGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL I. The Orinoco.-This river, third in size on the continent, takes its rise far up on the mountain slopes of southeastern Venezuela. Early in its course it sends off the Cassiquiare, which strangely enough is the connecting link between it and the Rio Negro, a t~ibutary of its powerful rival, the Amazon. Descending between the mountains and impenetrable forests of Venezuela and the Colombian llanos, it dashes over the famous cataracts of Maipures and Atures, the latter nearly five miles wide and six miles long. Below its confluence with the Apure, it traverses the llanos with a width of four miles and later rolls its milk-white flood into the Atlantic through a delta, 125 miles long. Of its I,sso miles, more than 1,4oo are navigable in two stretches. Most of its larger affiuents are likewise navigable; so that the Bogota missionary, if he so desired, could ascend it and the Meta to within sixty miles of his destination. Despite the extensive overflows of the rainy season, this river is of ex­ ceeding importance to the country's future. z. The Amazon, or Amazons.-The disputed etymologies of this name were once its striking characteristics : one theory held that it was given because early voyagers saw female warriors or Amazons on its banks ; the other ety­ mology is traced to the name given by the Indians to its de­ structive tidal bore which they called Amassona-" boat­ destroyer." To modern economists and merchants it stands preeminent among the streams of the world because of the vast extent of its navigable waters-some so,ooo miles with its tributaries, one-half of which is by steamers,-and the commercial possibilities of its enormous basin which is estimated to include more than two-thirds as many square miles as all Europe contains. Though some unsuccessful at­ tempts at colonization have been tried along its lower reaches, practically nothing has been accomplished by 'i PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA Western enterprise. Thus one notes the paradox "that this forest, the largest and densest in the world, imports from North America much of its building timber, and some of the steamers on the river have found it cheaper to consume English coal than to burn the wood which grows so abundantly on every side." From the Atlantic to the heart of Peru and Ecuador a navigable highway stands ready for the missionary, not to speak of the great tributaries which will in the future carry him to remote tribes and districts one day to be opened up by modern exploitation. 3· The Rio de Ia Plata, or River of Silver, is more properly an estuary into which flow the waters of the Uruguay, Paraguay and Parana. Unitedly they pour into the ocean a volume of water second only to the outflow of the Amazon and Congo. Though the Paraguay traverses the great marsh of Xarayes, elsewhere it passes through fertile districts abounding in excellent timber. Missionaries on board Brazilian steamers can journey up this river and its affluents to Cuyaba, 2,360 miles above Buenos Aires. Fortunately, too, they are open to the commerce of every nation. The Paraguay empties into the Parana, which de­ serves its name, meaning " kinsman of the sea." Rising about a hundred miles northwest of Rio de Janeiro, it boasts of one of the most remarkable rapids in the world, ending near the mouth of the Iguassu.
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