Iiill Peasant Revolt in France and England

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Iiill Peasant Revolt in France and England Peasant Revolt in France and England: a Comparison By C. S. L. DAVIES R.OFESSOR. Mousnier's Fureurs Pay- had, after all, little contact with each other, so p sannes, published in I967, is now avail- that merely chronological coincidence is not able in English with a rather less lively in itself significant. Fortunately an excellent title? It is an attempt to broaden the contro- review from the standpoint of the three coun- versy on the nature of French peasant revolts tries concerned is available by a troika of that has raged since the publication of Boris American historians. 8 My purpose is rather to Porclmev's book in I948, by comparing attempt to see how far Professor Mousnier's revolts fix seventeenth-century France, rZussia, typology of peasant revolt is applicable to and China. 2 For Frmlce, these consist of the England. He has specifically refrained from .Croquants of Saintonge, Augoumois, and making this particular comparison because Poitou in x636 and of P~rigord in I637, the another book of the same series is to deal with Nu-Pieds of Normandy in I639, and the Ton'& England. But since that work is concerned hens of Brittany in I675. For Russia, he with the Puritan R.evolution which, con- examines peasant involvement in the dynastic sidered as a "peasant revolt" was in a sense struggles kalown as the "Time of Troubles" at the revolt that never was, I feel justified in the begimfing of the seventeenth century, most attempting the comparison although inevit- notably that led by the ex-slave Bolomikov; ably it is not possible to do more thml treat a and the revolt of Stenka Razin, a Cossack who few general themes. 4 won considerable support fi'om the peasantry Fundamental to Professor Mousnier's views of the 1Lussi0alinterior during the years I667- on French society is his concept of a "society 7x. The Chinese example is provided by the of orders" as against a "class society." Pro- revolts led by Li Tzu-cheng and Ch0aig Hsien- fessor Porclmev held that France was "ftmda- chung which in the I64o's paralysed the Ming mentally feudal," that whatever the apparent r~gime and opened the way for the Manchu conflicts between the military nobility and the conquest. royal officials the state was in essentials an Professor Mousnier is eager to stress that his instrument of the landowning class, and that own expertise is confined to France. Compari- peasant revolts, therefore, even when they sons on this inter-continental scale are useful beganas protests against royal taxation, quick- in suggesting questions to be asked. One won- ly developed into a generalized attack on ders, though, whether they are meaningful psoperty, leading to a rally by the propertied comparisons, since the circmnstances of the classes to the forces of repression. Mousnier, three societies were so very different. They on the other hand, stresses far more the divi- 1 I'Zoland Mousifier, Peasant Uprisings in Seventeenth Centmy France, Russia and China, transl. Brian Pearce, as no. I in 'The Great P,.evolutions Series', Allen & Unwin, 197 I. £4" 50 cloth, £2.75 paperback. -" Boris Porchnev [Porshnev], Les Soulhvements Populaires en France de 16"-3 ct i 648, Paris I963. The Kussian edition was published in I948 and a German translation in I954. For reviews of the controversy see Menna Prestwich in Eng. Hist. Rev., rxxxI, I966, pp. 565-72; J. H. M. Salmon, 'Venal Office and Popular Sedition in Z France', Past and Present, no. 37, x967, pp. 21-43 ; and rz. Mandrou in Rewle Historique, vol. 24~, I969, pp. -i 29-4O. For a useful survey of peasant revolts in Europe generally in the period 155o-I66o, see Henry Kamen, The h'on Century, I97I, ch. Io. M. O. Gately, A. Lloyd Moore, andJ. E. Wills, Jr, 'Seventeenth Century Peasant "Furies": some Problems of Comparative History', Past and Present, no. 5I, I97I, pp. 63-80. 41 have used some of the material I presented in an attempt to analyse English peasant revolts for French historians published in Amlales E.S.C., vol. 24, I969, pp. 24-6o. :~i~ !i~i .i~ I22 iiill 1:51~i ~; :! !ii I PEASANT REVOLT I23 sions among the privileged group.1 Fortun- their hostility was directed primarily against ately we need not now consider how far these tax-collectors.S Mousnier concedes that revolts two concepts are in fact opposed or how far could sometimes escalate into more general they merely complement each other, as far as attacks on the social order; for instance in the general structure of society is concerned. Brittany in z675. But where Porclmev sees The practical result, from the point of view of such escalation as natural, the sttrfacing of peasant movements, is that Mousnier stresses normally repressed class antagonisms, Mous- far more than Porclmev the importance of nier looks to exceptional conditions; in this "vertical" as opposed to "horizontal" loyal- case, a nobility unusually poor who, because ties. On the one hand, the lord felt obligations of their exceptional judicial privileges, united to his peasants. On the other, peasants were the roles of lord and of government agent in inclined to trust and. follow their lords. Local the eyes of the peasantry. feeling was strong, outsiders distrusted. The When they actually describe what hap- privileges of a partictdar town, of a historic pened, there is far less difference between the province, could be asserted against the cen- accounts of Porchnev and of Mousnier than tralizing tendencies of the monarchy, em- their theoretical constructs might lead us to bodied in the tax collector. "Peasant revolt" expect. By comparison, their analyses seem in a class sense was rare; so-called peasant re- somewhat mechanistic attempts to force com- volts were caused by noble incitement, or at plex social realities into predetermined theor- least comlivance, and were often in fact led by etical moulds. Several criticisms, however, nobles; the peasants delnanded no funda- can be made of Mousnier's approach in this mental change in the social structure but book. Although he is the author of a compre- mere]y the return of the good old customs; hensive questiom~aire for the use of students of and these customs were so localized, so particu- revolts, his analysis of causes is surprisingly lar, that a combination of the peasants of unsystematic; it is not always possible to dis- different provinces into a national revolt was cover, for instance, the fiscal situation in a given unlikely, even unthinkable. year, the state of the harvest, the geographical Any general exposition of Professor Mous- and social structure of the affected area, essen- nier's views is bound to over-simplify them. tial biographical information about leaders He is not dcnyhlg the existence of peasant (even La Mothe la Forest), and so on. 4 The revolts; he sees a radical difference between, evidence for involvement by individual nobles say, the Norman Nu-pieds of I639 and the as leaders stems (inevitably) from reports of initiatives of ParIements and of nobles during government agents, who were possibly in- the Frondes. Colmivance, rather than corpor- clined to underestimate the possibility of ate leadership, is what he stresses as the contri- popular initiative and to look for a scapegoat bution of the upper orders. Nobles did lead among the respectable classes. Moreover, in peasant revolts, but they tended to be excep- picking Oll the seventeenth century Mousnier tional individuals, such as La Mothe la Forest, has, possibly, selected a period peculiarly leader of the P&igord revolt of I637, rather favourable to his interpretation. By contrast than the nobility of the province as a whole. "° the social disturbances which accompanied the Nevertheless, noble imquence and the peasant's Wars of tkeligion in the sixteenth century (a respect for the social order are shown in the period curiously neglected by French social programmes of rebels and in their objectives; historians) reveal an acutely class-conscious z Peasant Uprisings, pp. 1-31 ; for a general discussionof the applicabilityof Professor Mousnier's classifica- tion see 1k. Mousnier(ed.), Probl~mesde Stratification Sociale (Actes du ColloqueInternational, 1966), Paris, 1968. "- Peasant Uprisings, ch. 4; cf. Porchnev, pp. 76-8o. 3 Cf. the similarity of aim between the peasants of Angoumois, who revolted in 1636, and the nobility of the sameregion, as shown in their cahierfor the projectedEstates-General of i649.--rz. Mousnier,J-P. Labatut, J. Durand (eds.), Probl~mes de Stratification Sociale, Deux Cahiers de ta Noblesse... 1649-51, Paris, 1965. 4 For the questionnairesee P. Deyon, 'lkecherchessur les Soul~vementsPopulaires en France de 1483 ~ 1787', Revue du Nord, xliv, 1962, pp. 281-9o. Although designedfor French revolts it is a valuable aide-m6moirefor analysis of peasant movements elsewhere. i,i'i!i I:?' THE AGRICULTURAL HISTORY REVIEW ! 7:! )~ peasantry prepared to deny landlords their immunity of England, was strikingly shown by dues and clergy their tithes} the events of the I64o s. The English CivilWar Nevertheless, Professor Mousnier's stress on though accompanied by innumerable riots and ii : q . vertical solidarities is surely right and provides demolitions of fences, saw no fully fledged a useful working hypothesis for the student of peasant rebellions, tmless the activities of the popular revolt; revolts may not always have Clubmen qualify; indeed, one of the most re- been instigated by the upper-classes, or even markable features of the Puritan P.evolution by maverick individual noblemen, but where was the failure of the English cotmtryman to they were not there were special circumstances achieve, or even by and large to demand an which need explanation. To approach the improvement in his tenurial status, in sharp problem from the other angle, of a class- contrasts to the French peasant of W89.
Recommended publications
  • Bibliography19802017v2.Pdf
    A LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ON THE HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE, PUBLISHED 1980–2017 An amalgamation of annual bibliographies compiled by R.J. Chamberlaine-Brothers and published in Warwickshire History since 1980, with additions from readers. Please send details of any corrections or omissions to [email protected] The earlier material in this list was compiled from the holdings of the Warwickshire County Record Office (WCRO). Warwickshire Library and Information Service (WLIS) have supplied us with information about additions to their Local Studies material from 2013. We are very grateful to WLIS for their help, especially Ms. L. Essex and her colleagues. Please visit the WLIS local studies web pages for more detailed information about the variety of sources held: www.warwickshire.gov.uk/localstudies A separate page at the end of this list gives the history of the Library collection, parts of which are over 100 years old. Copies of most of these published works are available at WCRO or through the WLIS. The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust also holds a substantial local history library searchable at http://collections.shakespeare.org.uk/. The unpublished typescripts listed below are available at WCRO. A ABBOTT, Dorothea: Librarian in the Land Army. Privately published by the author, 1984. 70pp. Illus. ABBOTT, John: Exploring Stratford-upon-Avon: Historical Strolls Around the Town. Sigma Leisure, 1997. ACKROYD, Michael J.M.: A Guide and History of the Church of Saint Editha, Amington. Privately published by the author, 2007. 91pp. Illus. ADAMS, A.F.: see RYLATT, M., and A.F. Adams: A Harvest of History. The Life and Work of J.B.
    [Show full text]
  • The Poor in England Steven King Is Reader in History at Contribution to the Historiography of Poverty, Combining As It Oxford Brookes University
    king&t jkt 6/2/03 2:57 PM Page 1 Alannah Tomkins is Lecturer in History at ‘Each chapter is fluently written and deeply immersed in the University of Keele. primary sources. The work as a whole makes an original The poor in England Steven King is Reader in History at contribution to the historiography of poverty, combining as it Oxford Brookes University. does a high degree of scholarship with intellectual innovation.’ The poor Professor Anne Borsay, University of Wales, Swansea This fascinating collection of studies investigates English poverty in England between 1700 and 1850 and the ways in which the poor made ends meet. The phrase ‘economy of makeshifts’ has often been used to summarise the patchy, disparate and sometimes failing 1700–1850 strategies of the poor for material survival. Incomes or benefits derived through the ‘economy’ ranged from wages supported by under-employment via petty crime through to charity; however, An economy of makeshifts until now, discussions of this array of makeshifts usually fall short of answering vital questions about how and when the poor secured access to them. This book represents the single most significant attempt in print to supply the English ‘economy of makeshifts’ with a solid, empirical basis and to advance the concept of makeshifts from a vague but convenient label to a more precise yet inclusive definition. 1700–1850 Individual chapters written by some of the leading, emerging historians of welfare examine how advantages gained from access to common land, mobilisation of kinship support, crime, and other marginal resources could prop up struggling households.
    [Show full text]
  • Northamptonshire Past and Present, No 64
    JOURNAL OF THE NORTHAMPTONSHIRE RECORD SOCIETY WOOTTON HALL PARK, NORTHAMPTON NN4 8BQ ORTHAMPTONSHIRE CONTENTS AST AND RESENT Page NP P Number 64 (2011) 64 Number Notes and News … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 3 Eton’s First ‘Poor Scholars’: William and Thomas Stokes of Warmington, Northamptonshire (c.1425-1495) … … … … … … … … … 5 Alan Rogers Sir Christopher Hatton … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 22 Malcolm Deacon One Thing Leads to Another: Some Explorations Occasioned by Extracts from the Diaries of Anna Margaretta de Hochepied-Larpent … … … … 34 Tony Horner Enclosure, Agricultural Change and the Remaking of the Local Landscape: the Case of Lilford (Northamptonshire) … … … … 45 Briony McDonagh The Impact of the Grand Junction Canal on Four Northamptonshire Villages 1793-1850 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 53 Margaret Hawkins On the Verge of Civil War: The Swing Riots 1830-1832 … … … … … … … 68 Sylvia Thompson The Roman Catholic Congregation in Mid-nineteenth-century Northampton … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 81 Margaret Osborne Labourers and Allotments in Nineteenth-century Northamptonshire (Part 1) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 89 R. L. Greenall Obituary Notices … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 98 Index … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 103 Cover illustration: Portrait of Sir Christopher Hatton as Lord Chancellor and Knight of the Garter, a copy of a somewhat mysterious original. Described as ‘in the manner of Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger’ it was presumably painted between Hatton’s accession to the Garter in 1588 and his death in 1591. The location and ownership of the original are unknown, and it was previously unrecorded by the National Portrait Gallery. It Number 64 2011 £3.50 may possibly be connected with a portrait of Hatton, formerly in the possession of Northamptonshire Record Society the Drake family at Shardeloes, Amersham, sold at Christie’s on 26 July 1957 (Lot 123) and again at Sotheby’s on 4 July 2002.
    [Show full text]
  • Imagining Insurrection in Seventeenth-Century England
    University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap This paper is made available online in accordance with publisher policies. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item and our policy information available from the repository home page for further information. To see the final version of this paper please visit the publisher’s website. Access to the published version may require a subscription. Author(s): Steve Hindle Article Title: Imagining Insurrection in Seventeenth-Century England: Representations of the Midland Rising of 1607 Year of publication: 2008 Link to published version: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1093/hwj/dbn029 Publisher statement: This is a pre-copy-editing, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in History Workshop Journal following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version [Hindle, S. (2008). iImagining Insurrection in Seventeenth-Century England: Representations of the Midland Rising of 1607. History Workshop Journal, 66, 1, pp. 21-61.] is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1093/hwj/dbn029 Imagining Insurrection in Seventeenth-Century England: Representations of the Midland Rising of 1607* STEVE HINDLE University of Warwick In early June 1607, Gilbert Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, reported that a crowd of approximately one thousand men and women had begun ‘busily digging’ in enclosures at Newton, three miles north of Kettering in Northamptonshire.1 Although Shrewsbury personally regarded these ‘diggers’ as a ‘tumultuous rable’, he noted that they called themselves—in what may well be one of the earliest uses of that resonant term— ‘levellers’.2 Their objectives, like those of many enclosure rioters, were to bury the hedges and destroy the fences of a local landlord, in this case those recently erected by Thomas Tresham.
    [Show full text]
  • The Parents of Isobel Tressam Mays
    The Parents of Isobel Tressam Mays My 11th Great-Grandmother – by David Arthur, and the 3rd Great Grandmother of Lucy Mays, wife of John Ellis (Bear Story) Isobel Tressam Wife of WILLIAM MAYS married on month day 1573, at age 18 ---------------------- Isobel MAYS (born TRESSAM), 1555 - 1598 Isobel MAYS (born TRESSAM) was born in 1555, to Sir Thomas Tresham and Muriel Tresham (born Throckmorton). Sir Thomas Tresham was born in 1543, in Rushton, Northamptonshire, England. Muriel Throckmorton was born in 1547, in Warwickshire, England. Isobel Tresham had 9 siblings: Henry Tresham, Lewis TRESHAM and 7 other siblings. Isobel married WILLIAM MAYS on month day 1573, at age 18. WILLIAM was born in 1553, in London, Middlesex, England. They had one son: William Mays. Isobel passed away in 1598, at age 43 -------------------------------------------- Father of Isobel MAYS (born TRESSAM), 1555 - 1598 Sir Thomas Tresham (1543–1605), gentleman and recusant, was the son of John Tresham (c.1520–1546) and Eleanor (d. 1546), daughter of Anthony Catesby of Whiston. Born in September 1543, Thomas became heir to the Northamptonshire estates of his grandfather, Sir Thomas Tresham (d. 1559). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Tresham_(died_1605) Thomas Tresham (died 1605) Sir Thomas Tresham (1543 – 11 September 1605) was a prominent recusant Catholic landowner in Elizabethan Northamptonshire. He died two years after the accession of James VI and I. Rushton Triangular Lodge. Life Tresham was brought up in the Throckmorton household. He inheritrd large estates at the age of 15, from his grandfather and namesake Thomas Tresham I, establishing him as a member of the Catholic elite.
    [Show full text]
  • Court Patronage and Corruption in Early Stuart England
    COURT PATRONAGE AND CORRUPTION IN EARLY STUART ENGLAND COURT PATRONAGE AND CORRUPTION IN EARLY STUART ENGLAND Linda Levy Peck London First published in 1990 by the Academic Division of Unwin Hyman Ltd. First published in paperback in 1993 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 © 1990, 1993 Linda Levy Peck All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Peck, Linda Levy Court patronage and corruption in early Stuart England. 1. Great Britain. Government. Patronage. History I. Title 354.420009 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Peck, Linda Levy. Court patronage and corruption in early Stuart England/Linda Levy Peck. p. cm. Originally published: Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Great Britain—Politics and government—1603–1649. 2. Great Britain—Court and courtiers—History—17th century. 3. Patronage, Political—Great Britain—History—17th century. 4. Political corruption—Great Britain—History—17th century. 5. England— Social conditions—17th century. I. Title. DA390.P43 1993 306.2′094l′09032–dc20 92–46114
    [Show full text]
  • Download Thesis
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Post Reformation Catholicism in the Midlands of England Verner, Laura Anne Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 23. Sep. 2021 Abstract of a thesis entitled Post-Reformation Catholicism in the Midlands of England Submitted by Laura Anne Verner for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Hong Kong and King’s College London in August 2015 This dissertation examines the Catholic community of the Midlands counties during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603).
    [Show full text]
  • 1610 Northants, Analysis of Prosecutions for Depopulation …
    Prosecutions for Depopulation in Northamptonshire following the Inquisition of 1607 Preamble: The Midland Rising of 16071 In early June 1607 a crowd of about one thousand gathered at Newton, near Geddington, to destroy hedges and fences recently erected by Thomas Tresham. The protesters, ‘fellows who term themselves levellers’ were, allegedly, armed not only with stones but also with bows and arrows, pikes and long bills. Despite the fact that disorder had been brewing for several weeks since the Mayday festivities, and that early warning of exactly such troubles as these had already been flagged up by the Oxfordshire anti-enclosure rising of 15962, the county militia under Lord Lieutenant Thomas Cecil, Earl of Exeter, was surprisingly ill-prepared; local gentry were therefore obliged to assemble a makeshift defence force from their own household servants and clients. This private army was commanded by Sir Edward Montagu of Boughton, deputy lieutenant of the county, and Sir Anthony Mildmay of Apethorpe, a grizzled veteran of the campaign against the Northern Rising back in 1569. By 8th June, Montagu had hanged two of the rebel leaders. The rioting at Newton was the culmination of almost six weeks of disorder across Leicestershire, Northamptonshire and Warwickshire, now collectively termed the Midland Rising. The long-term context of this rebellion was high population growth, consequent land scarcity, and inflation driven by poor harvests. The growing problem of poverty created by these pressures was compounded in 1593 when the Tudor regime relaxed its restrictive laws against enclosure of the open fields and common lands on which the livelihood of the landless poor depended.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Not by Bread Only'? Common Right, Parish
    2 ‘Not by bread only’? Common right, parish relief and endowed charity in a forest economy, c. 1600–1800 Steve Hindle The poor in England ‘Not by bread only’? Overview On 21 June 1607, Robert Wilkinson preached a sermon before commissioners assembled at Northampton to try the participants in the Midland Rising, a series of anti-enclosure protests involving as many as one thousand participants, which had spread throug- hout Leicestershire, Northamptonshire and Warwickshire during the spring and summer of that year. The rising had culminated on 8 June in a bloody pitched battle at the village of Newton in Geddington Woods, part of Rockingham Forest in Northampton- shire, in which some forty or fifty rebels were massacred by a gentry force under Sir Edward Montagu.1 For Wilkinson, the rising was symptomatic of ‘tempestuous and troublesome times’ during which the ‘excessive covetousnesse of some’ had ‘caused extreme want to other, and that want, not well digested, hath riotted to the hazard of all’. Depopulating enclosure had deprived the poor of their living, Wilkinson noted, and ‘in case of extreme hunger men will not be perswaded but they will have bread’.2 As might be expected of a court preacher speaking in the presence of judges and law-officers of the crown, Wilkinson em- phasised his horror that ‘mechanicall men are come to beard magistrates’. ‘It is horrible indeed’, he argued, that ‘even theSteve vile Hindle ... - 9781526137869 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 10/02/2021 12:18:09AM via free access 39 40 The poor in England presume against the honourable’.
    [Show full text]
  • Enclosure in North Buckinghamshire, 1500-1750
    Enclosure in North Buckinghamshire, 15OO-1750 By MICHAEL REED T IS BECOMINGincreasingly apparent that We can, however, look at these figures the Parliamentary enclosure, even at its most other way round, and say that in Cottesloe I intensive, as in such counties as Oxford- Hundred 42.3 per cent was enclosed without shire, Leicestershire and Northampton- an Act of Parliament, 51.6 per cent of shire, was, for many individual parishes and Aylesbury Hundred and 73 per cent of villages, but the last phase of a very Ashendon Hundred, and much of this protracted process, a process which had been enclosure had already taken place before the going on at least since the twelfth century. 1 opening decades of the eighteenth century This is as true for north Buckinghamshire as and the beginnings of the Parliamentary it is for any other part of the country. To enclosure movement. It is this, clearly very study only halfofa county may perhaps call extensive, enclosure which is marked on for a word of explanation. The topography Fig I (see page 144) and which forms the of Buckinghamshire south of the Chiltern subject of this paper. scarp differs so markedly from that of the north of the county that it has imposed its own terms upon the evolution of agricul- I tural practices. Enclosure of open fields in Enclosure from common arable, meadow, the Chilterns and the Thames valley is at pasture and woodland and from royal Forest once more piecemeal, more protracted and can be documented from the end of the far less well-documented than it is in the twelfth century, but it is only at the end of the north of the county.-" fifteenth century that the social and econ- Recent research has shown that only 35 per omic problems which enclosure could create cent of Buckinghamshire as a whole depopulation and desertion of villages, remained to be enclosed by private Act of decay of tillage, unemployment, poverty Parliament in the eighteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Coriolanus and the History of Religious Reform Peter Iver Kaufman University of Richmond, [email protected]
    University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book Jepson School of Leadership Studies chapters and other publications 6-2006 English Calvinism and the crowd: Coriolanus and the history of religious reform Peter Iver Kaufman University of Richmond, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/jepson-faculty-publications Part of the Christianity Commons, History of Religion Commons, and the Literature in English, British Isles Commons Recommended Citation Kaufman, Peter Iver. "English Calvinism and the Crowd: Coriolanus and the History of Religious Reform." Church History, 75, no.2 (June 2006): pp 314-342. doi:10.1017/S0009640700111333. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Jepson School of Leadership Studies at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. English Calvinism and the Crowd: Coriolanus and the History of Religious Reform PETER IVER KAUFMAN Late Tudor London comes alive when Stephen Greenblatt's ac­ claimed biography of William Shakespeare, shadowing its subject, takes to the streets. "The unprecedented concentration of bodies jos­ tling ... crossing and recrossing the great bridge, pressing into tav­ erns and theaters and churches/' Greenblatt suggests, is a "key to the whole spectacle" of crowds in the playwright's histories and trage­ dies. To be sure, his little excursions in London left their mark on his scripts, yet he scrupulously sifted his literary sources from which he drew characters and crises onto the stage.
    [Show full text]