Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11011-3 — the Poor's Struggle for Political Incorporation Federico M

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11011-3 — The Poor's Struggle for Political Incorporation Federico M. Rossi Index More Information

Index

Alfonsín, Raúl, 15, 16, 70, 76, 81, 160 territorial reincorporation, 255 Alliance UCR-FREPASO, 118, 122–25, Water War of Cochabamba, 259 126, 129, 131–32, 137, 138, Bourdieu, Pierre, 35–37, 38–39, 48 141–43, 144, 151, 160, 165, 167, Brazil, 3, 4, 9, 12, 18, 45, 62, 100, 112, 136, 172, 202 178, 221, 244, 251–53, 258, 273, 274, Aminzade, Ronald, 6, 24–25, 30, 276, 279 64, 277 CONTAG, National Confederation of assembly movement, 51, 170–71, 172, 174, Agricultural Workers, 263, 265–66, 175–76, 181, 183, 184, 185–87, 216, 268, 269–72 226 disincorporation, 263 Auyero, Javier, 7, 9, 17, 22, 24, 25, 60, 79, Economic and Social Development 82–86, 162–63, 164 Council, 270 Eldorado dos Carajás, 266 Barrios de Pie. See Neighborhoods Standing Family Allowance, 269, 271–73 Up first incorporation, 262–63, 264 basismo. See repertoire of strategies land reform, 262, 263, 264, 266–67, 271 basista empowerment, 62, 220–23 Lula, Luiz Inácio da Silva, 12, 206, multi-sectoral basista strategy, 217 267–71, 272–73 Bolivia, 3, 4, 9, 12, 49, 92, 251–53, 259, mensalão, 271 260, 264, 268, 273, 274, 276, 279, 291 Ministry of Agrarian Development, 269 cash transfer programs, 262 Ministry of Social Development, 269 coca growers’ movement, 251–53, 254, movement of landless peasants, 3, 18, 62, 258 63, 252, 253, 258, 263–70, 273 disincorporation, 254 MST, Rural Landless Workers first incorporation, 253–54, 258–59, 261 Movement, 12, 62–63, 149, 184, 206, Gas War, 259 262–73 indigenous movements, 3, 12, 252–56, Poor Peasants’ League, 63 258, 261 Rousseff, Dilma, 12, 272–73 indigenous social question, 255, 256, 257 rural social question, 264–67, 269–71 Katarist movement, 254, 257–58, 259, second incorporation, 253, 268, 273 260 Vargas, Getúlio, 12, 262 Morales, Evo, 257–58, 262 brokerage, 62, 92–94, 95, 100, 133–34, 216 second incorporation, 257, 258, 261 definition, 92

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11011-3 — The Poor's Struggle for Political Incorporation Federico M. Rossi Index More Information

Index 309

cacerolazo, 161, 162–65, 167, 170, 171, 247, 251–56, 258, 261, 262, 265, 266, 226–27 268, 270, 273, 276 Catholic Church, 16, 86–88, 94, 103, 112, definition, 8 113, 114, 118, 139, 141, 171, 179, 258, corporatist incorporation. See first 263 incorporation CBCs, Christian-based communities. See CTA, Argentine Workers Union, 23, 75, 76, stock of legacies 77–81, 87, 91, 92, 100–5, 107, 109, CC-ARI, Civic Coalition – Alliance for 111, 122, 123–26, 129, 131, 137, 142, a Republic of Equals, 58, 177, 226–27, 146, 147, 150–52, 156–60, 163, 166, 231, 245 167, 172–74, 179, 183, 185–87, 196, CCC, Classist and Combative Current, 22, 197, 198, 205–6, 214, 227, 228, 229, 23, 45, 46, 47, 53–55, 56, 61, 62, 81, 99, 245 116–17, 118, 124, 132, 138–44, 147, paritaria social, 179–80 151, 154, 158, 162, 164, 166, 171, 174, Social Constituent, 244–45 180, 185, 186, 187, 203, 219–20, 245 CTD “Aníbal Verón,” 47, 50, 58, 59, 146, aftermath, 241, 244–45 147, 159, 162, 164, 180, 181, 183, 185, filtering of members, 146, 155–56 186, 188, 196, 198, 200, 203, 209, 212, FTV-CCC territorial agreement, 107, 219, 227, 244 126, 135–38, 147, 154–55 aftermath, 241 in First National Piquetero Assembly, dissolution, 183–84, 214–17 151–53 in rural lockout, 228 in First National Piquetero Assembly, meeting with the president, 214 151–53 origins, 154–55 in rural lockout, 227–31 outside government, 174–75 in Second National Piquetero Assembly, repression on Pueyrredón Bridge, 159–60 181–83 inside government, 172–74, 180, 188 CTD “Trabajo y Dignidad,” 99, 102, 146, legitimation, 120, 125, 127, 135–38 147, 150, 151 meeting with the president, 166–67 origins, 76, 80, 97, 100, 105–9 De la Rúa, Fernando, 123, 126–33, 141, outside government, 192, 197–98, 199 142–46, 153, 155, 160–64, 167, 168, CGT, General Labor Confederation, 16, 17, 172, 173, 174, 176, 178, 234, 260 47, 54, 56, 71, 72, 73–80, 82, 89, 91, diffusion, 46, 50, 61, 62, 81, 83, 91–95, 101, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 108, 110, 111, 110, 117, 132, 161, 181, 203, 216, 221, 125, 126, 129, 135, 137, 139, 142, 149, 229, 236, 263, 266 150–51, 152, 159, 160, 166, 174, 175, beehive tactic, 50, 55, 101, 132, 158 177, 179, 190, 194, 196–97, 198, 228, definition, 92 231, 239, 246 disincorporation, 3–13, 14–17, 18–19, 20, “Che” Guevara, Ernesto, 50, 55, 62, 295 69–72, 73–74, 77, 78, 80–82, 88, 91, Collier, Ruth Berins and Collier, David, 5, 92, 95, 150, 166, 172, 209, 239, 243, 8–10, 11, 15, 25, 49, 125, 169, 236, 251–52, 253–56, 257, 258, 264, 265, 262–63, 275, 279 268, 275–76 Communist Party of Argentina, 23, 54, 77, Duhalde, Eduardo, 77, 82–83, 90, 103, 113, 80, 93, 100, 101, 107, 108, 111, 112, 115–17, 118, 119, 123, 125, 126–27, 157–58, 186, 206, 213, 227 132, 135–36, 144, 160, 168, 190–202, Communist Revolutionary Party, 23, 204, 207, 210, 211, 217, 220, 229, 231 53–55, 80, 91–92, 105–9, 111, 144, 148–49, 158, 172, 186, 199 Ecuador, 3, 4, 9, 12, 251–52 corporatism, 7, 8–10, 13–14, 15, 17, 19, Correa, Rafael, 12 70–74, 91, 133, 135, 136, 148, 177, emulation, 61, 91–94, 100, 121, 132, 138, 179, 190, 197, 200, 209, 228, 242, 246, 140, 148, 210, 264

310 Index

“Evita” Movement, 23, 46, 47, 51, 56, 58, main splits, 146, 156–59, 205 61–62, 147, 156, 177, 192, 196, 198, meeting with the president, 166 200, 201, 203, 208, 211, 216, origins, 99–105, 111, 116 244, 245 aftermath, 239, 247 Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo, 225 in rural lockout, 227–28 inside government, 209–11, 220–25 historical institutionalism, 6, 25–26, 30, 34, origins, 208–9 38, 278, 279 path-dependence, 33–34, 38, 64, 277 Fernández de Kirchner, Cristina, 12, 191, process-tracing, 6, 24, 29–30, 64, 278 223–24, 226–31, 232, 243–47 FG, Broad Front, 78, 80, 101, 102, 123–26, indigenous social question. See Bolivia 135, 150, 157, 213, 219 ISI, import substitution industrialization, first incorporation, 8–13, 14–15, 45, 69, 72, 15–17, 70–71, 73–74, 253, 255, 73, 179, 190, 191, 194, 236, 243, 246, 262–63, 264–66, 267 247, 252, 255, 261, 276, 279 definition, 8, 10 Jasper, James M., 25, 26, 33, 35, 36–37 struggle for incorporation, 10, 18–19 judicialization, 88–91, 129, 142, 145, 153, Florencio Varela, 29, 53, 91, 93, 94, 97, 99, 192, 196, 197–99, 212 110–14, 117, 123, 132, 133, 138–40, definition, 88 141, 143, 147, 151, 152, 154, 163, 183, 184, 192, 195, 215, 216, 217, 220, 244 Katarist movement FPDS, Popular Front “Darío Santillán,” 23, Katarism, 252, 257 See Bolivia 46, 61, 62, 203, 219, 227, 228, 278 Kirchner, Néstor, 12, 32, 54, 163, 166, 168, aftermath, 241, 244–45 170, 185, 186, 187–88, 189, 190–213, origins, 216–17 215, 217–20, 223–25, 227, 228, 229, FRENAPO, National Front against Poverty, 231, 234, 235, 244, 259 129, 159–60, 162, 163, 166, 178 FREPASO, Front for a Country in La Matanza, 29, 53, 91, 93, 94–101, 103–5, Solidarity, 80, 102, 107, 118, 122–26, 106–9, 111–14, 117, 118, 123, 125–26, 128, 131–33, 137, 141, 142, 150, 158, 132–33, 135–38, 139, 140, 141, 160, 163, 167, 234 142–44, 147, 148, 151, 153, 154, 156, FTV, Workers’ Federation for Land, Housing 158, 164, 173, 179, 186, 219, 225, 229 and Habitat, 22, 23, 46, 47, 49, 54, 56, labor movement, 8, 9, 11–12, 16, 46, 57, 73, 58, 62, 99, 100, 106, 107, 109, 116, 118, 74, 217 120, 132, 139, 140, 147, 150, 151, 154, Levitsky, Steven, 4, 7, 17, 71, 72–76, 82, 162, 163, 164, 166, 174, 180, 183, 185, 125, 127, 134, 135, 150, 158, 188, 237 186, 187, 195, 198, 206, 211, 225 Liberation Theology, 22, 23, 44, 46, 52, aftermath, 233, 240, 245 100, 103, 113, 263 FTV-CCC territorial agreement, 107, Lucero, José Antonio, 7, 252, 253, 255, 256, 126, 135–38, 147, 154–55, 219 257, 258 in First National Piquetero Assembly, 151–53 McGuire, James, 17, 71, 72, 78, 81–82, 125 in rural lockout, 226–28 memory, 27, 29–30 in Second National Piquetero Assembly, definition, 29 159–60 Menem, Carlos, 16, 70–73, 78, 80–85, inside government, 125, 170–74, 177, 88–92, 102, 106, 110, 114–17, 118, 180, 188, 191–92, 198, 200, 201, 121, 126–28, 129, 135–36, 141, 144, 202–6, 208, 209, 219, 220, 224, 225 152, 163, 166, 176, 182, 187, 235 legitimation, 125, 127, 135–38, 141–44 Merklen, Denis, 14, 44, 52–53, 97, 99–101

Index 311

MG, Guevarist Movement, 110–12, 140, MTD “Aníbal Verón,” 46, 47, 50, 147, 185, 147, 154 186, 203, 220 MIJD, Independent Movement of the aftermath, 245 Retired and Unemployed, 23, 42, 46, in Pueyrredón Bridge, 217 47, 54, 56, 58–59, 147, 148, 162, 171, in rural lockout, 227 180, 185, 186, 203 inside government, 192 aftermath, 177, 240, 245 origins, 184, 215 in Pueyrredón Bridge, 181 outside government, 219 in rural lockout, 227, 229, 231 MTD of La Juanita, 47, 57–58, 99, MIJP, Independent Movement of Retired 157, 203 and Pensioners, 90, 108–9, 116, 117, aftermath, 177, 245 129, 142, 173 in parliament, 226 origins, 146, 155–56 in rural lockout, 227, 229, 231 outside government, 174–75, 188, 198, origins, 62, 111–14 211, 212, 220, 226 MTD of Solano, 46, 51, 61, 62, 99, 147, Ministry of Federal Planning, 194, 196, 154, 203 203–4, 208, 218, 237, 238 aftermath, 241 Ministry of Human Development, 55, 211, in CTD “Aníbal Verón,” 216–17 215, 219, 225, 233 in South Coordinator, 152–53 Ministry of Labor, 14, 15, 89, 90, 115, 118, origins, 112–14 124, 125, 127, 141, 142, 148, 155, 177, MTL, Territorial Liberation Movement, 23, 178, 183, 194, 196, 198, 211, 218, 236, 45, 47, 147, 157, 162, 163, 185, 186, 247, 261 203, 206, 213, 214, 222 Ministry of Social Development, 11, 15, 55, aftermath, 240, 244 125, 131, 141, 142, 177, 194, 195, 197, in National Piquetero Block, 174, 214 206–7, 215, 218, 222–23, 224, 235–37, in rural lockout, 227 238, 247, 272 in Second National Piquetero Assembly, moderate foquismo. See repertoire of 159, 160 strategies inside government, 54, 192, 213, 219–20, Pueyrredón Bridge, 50, 181–84, 187, 189, 228 214, 217 origins, 146, 156–59 Montoneros, 44, 102, 110, 139, 150, 181, outside government, 211, 213 210 split, 213 Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo Association, MTR, Unemployed Workers’ Movement 62, 110, 111–12, 145, 147, 159, 215, “Teresa Rodríguez,” 23, 46, 47, 50–51, 216, 229 62, 99, 112, 116, 117, 127, 132, 141, MPR “Quebracho,” 47, 50, 58, 102, 109, 145, 146, 147, 153, 156, 162, 171, 185, 114, 150–51, 154, 158, 183–86, 203, 186, 187, 203, 219, 220, 246 209, 215, 216, 244 aftermath, 241, 244 in rural lockout, 227–28 failed legitimation, 138–40, 144 MPU “Quebracho,” 150 in CTD “Aníbal Verón,” 154–55 MST “Teresa Vive,” 23, 46, 47, 60, 146, in First National Piquetero 147, 159, 162, 185, 186, 203, 219, 226, Assembly, 152 231, 240, 244 in National Piquetero Block, 174–76 in rural lockout, 227–28 in rural lockout, 227 in Second National Piquetero Assembly, in Second National Piquetero Assembly, 159 159–60 origins, 149 in South Coordinator, 151, 152–53 outside government, 174–75, 188, 198, origins, 110–14 211, 213–14 outside government, 180–81, 188, 198, MTA, Argentine Workers’ Movement, 75, 211–12, 220 77–81, 92, 109, 126, 129, 147, 150, 151 splits, 146, 196

312 Index

multi-sectoral strategies. See repertoire of 194, 197, 199, 202, 205, 207, 208, 209, strategies 223, 224, 228, 234, 235, 239, 244, 246, insurrectional alliance with the right, 54, 247 55, 106, 160 PO, Workers’ Pole, 22, 23, 46, 47, 57, 58, multi-class popular front, 47, 54, 55, 132, 60, 61, 146, 147, 159, 162, 166, 171, 158, 159, 172–73, 175, 213 180, 185, 186, 203, 220, 226 state colonization, 55–56, 202–11, 220, aftermath, 240, 245 244, 269 in First National Piquetero Assembly, 152 in National Piquetero Block, 174–76 National Assembly of Employed and in parliament, 177, 245 Unemployed Workers, 57, 147, 174 in rural lockout, 227 Neighborhoods Standing Up, 23, 42, 46, 47, in Second National Piquetero Assembly, 54, 55, 58, 61, 62, 147, 162, 163, 185, 159–60 187, 200, 203, 206, 207, 208, 211, 224 meeting with the president, 166 aftermath, 240, 241, 244 origins, 148–49 and social policies, 220–23 outside government, 180–81, 188, 211, in National Piquetero Block, 174 213–14, 219 in parliament, 177, 225, 245 policing. See social question in Pueyrredón Bridge, 181 Procedural Penal Code, 145, 182 in rural lockout, 226–28 policy domain, 28, 142, 166, 177, 178, 201, inside government, 192, 198, 201, 204, 204, 234, 235, 236, 248, 260, 269 206–8, 209, 210, 219–20 definition, 116 origins, 146, 158–59, 172 piquetero policy domain, 116, 120, 124, outside government, 174, 175, 181, 188, 133, 141, 166, 168, 170, 177, 190, 192, 224, 228, 244 196, 217–20, 231, 235–36, 237 neo-corporatism. See corporatism political culture, 8, 50, 108, 233, 239, 246, neoliberalism. See disincorporation 248, 252 Neuquén People’s Movement, 58, 83–88 political operators, 121, 133–35, 139, 140, 141, 143, 155, 168, 177, 180, 194–96, OB “Tupac Amaru,” Neighboorhood 199, 201, 207, 212, 213, 218, 219, 225 Organization, 22, 23, 28, 46, 47, 203, definition, 134 245 political opportunities, 26–27, 50, 83, 110, and housing policies, 193, 199, 220 118, 121, 122–24, 132, 171, 177, 178, inside government, 192 235 origins, 173, 206 horizontal political opportunities, 27, 83, Ondetti, Gabriel, 4, 266, 267, 268, 300 94, 123–26, 176–77 vertical political opportunities, 27, 83, party incorporation 118, 123, 126–28, 137, 167, 176–77, definition, 169 219 party territorial reincorporation, 177, post-neoliberalism, 7 189, 190, 201, 231, 276 See second definition, 5 wave of incorporation Prévôt-Schapira, Marie-France, 13, 52, 53, PCA. See Communist Party of Argentina 82, 97, 101, 221, 222 PCR. See Communist Revolutionary Party PRT-ERP, Workers’ Party – People’s Perón, Juan Domingo, 11, 12, 13, 72, 103, Revolutionary Army, 44, 46, 93, 100, 125, 222 101, 110, 113, 150, 158, 181, 212 PJ, Justicialist Party (Peronist), 16, 17, 54, puebladas, 79, 81, 85, 86, 90, 91, 93, 103, 55, 56, 70, 71, 72–83, 86, 87, 94, 100, 110, 116, 122, 129, 145, 146, 161 101, 102, 103, 104, 107, 120, 122, 123, Corrientes, 81, 121, 122, 129, 163, 207 125, 127, 131, 132, 150, 154, 158, 160, Cutral-Có and Plaza Huincul, 60, 81, 165, 167, 170, 172, 176, 179, 186, 187, 83–93, 145

Index 313

definition, 79 Rossi, Federico M., 9, 10, 21, 23, 24, 41, 51, Jujuy, 79, 81, 91–93, 105 54, 72, 163, 164, 165, 167, 171, 175, Mosconi, 85, 121, 141, 144–46, 151 187, 208, 236, 251, 263 national pueblada, 120, 160, 161–65, rural lockout, 191, 224, 226–31, 232, 233, 167, 168, 174, 197, 229 243, 245, 248, 260 Santiago del Estero, 79, 81, 106, 161 rural social question. See Brazil Tartagal, 81, 85, 91, 121, 129, 141 San Francisco Solano, 53, 97, 100, 110, 112, quest for recognition, 17–19 113, 139, 150, 204 saucepan banging. See cacerolazo reincorporation movement, 5–6, 10, 20, 25, Schutz, Alfred, 43 30, 31, 116, 117, 120, 166, 251–53, second incorporation. See second wave of 255, 258, 260, 263, 267, 269, 271, incorporation 273–74, 276, 279 second wave of incorporation, 6–14, 20, 21, definition, 8, 19–21 24, 26, 30, 31, 62, 134, 145, 169, 188, repertoire of contention, 26, 32–34, 35–38, 190–91, 194, 196–97, 201, 202, 207, 39, 40, 42, 45, 48, 61–65, 79, 85, 208, 209, 217–18, 220, 223, 225, 226, 91–93, 121, 157, 163, 168, 190–91, 228, 231, 232, 233, 246–47, 251–53, 216, 229, 231 258, 260, 267, 271, 273–74, 275–79 repertoire of strategies, 6, 19, 26, 27, 33, aftermath of second incorporation, 232, 37–42, 44, 45, 58, 61–63, 64, 69, 78, 236, 248 95, 102, 105, 109, 114, 121, 140, 148, definition, 4 150, 154, 155, 160, 164–65, 168, 183, moment of legitimation, 124, 165, 166, 184, 188, 189, 191, 202, 203, 205, 211, 168 212, 229, 231, 234, 243, 257 neo-developmental model, 236, 242, 248, autonomist–introspective, 51, 114, 140 261 basismo, 13, 42, 52–54, 61, 62, 95, 101, struggle for legitimation, 10, 123, 124, 110, 118, 159, 184, 203, 220–23, 263, 145, 167 278 struggle for recognition, 18, 123, 124 definition, 38 struggle for reincorporation, 4, 17–19, moderate foquismo, 44, 48, 49–51, 95, 24, 69, 124, 128, 177, 178, 217, 233, 110, 140, 154, 159, 162, 212, 214, 217, 234, 243, 246, 247, 248, 254, 258, 259, 278 264, 278 Morenist entryism, 47, 56–57, 61, 148, Secretariat-General of the Presidency, 177, 149, 175, 203, 214 194, 195, 199–201, 205, 206, 224, 228, multi-sectoral strategies, 54, 56, 61, 170, 234, 271, 273 173, 213 Subsecretariat of Relationships with Civil NGO-ization, 42, 57, 203 Society, 234 presentialist, 60, 149 SEOM, Union of Municipal Workers and trade unionist, 6, 19, 42, 48–49, 78, 91, Employees, 79–80, 91, 105–6, 147 103, 148, 179, 193, 212, 213, 214, 253, social explosion. See puebladas 278 social policies, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 25, 62, transnational mutual influence, 62 71, 81, 88, 90, 115, 116, 125, 127, 136, witnessing, 42, 58–59, 90, 109, 129, 156, 178, 207–8, 210, 218, 220–23, 226, 158, 203, 211–12, 229 231, 236, 237, 238, 242, 248, 262, 267, resignification, 220, 221, 257 270 definition, 62 Argentina Trabaja, Program for Social Roberts, Kenneth M., 4, 7, 15, 17, 25, 44, Income with Work “Argentina 45, 74, 165, 237, 253, 302 Works,” 235 Rodríguez Saá, Adolfo, 120, 164–67, 168, Community Employment Program, 195, 170, 173, 177, 185, 186–88, 236, 245 218

314 Index

social policies (cont.) 106, 107, 109, 113, 114, 127, 137, 141, Labor Emergency Program, 178, 195 142, 147, 152, 158, 160 Manos a la Obra, Plan for Local Development and Social Economy Tarrow, Sidney, 6, 25–27, 83, 243 “Let’s Get to Work,” 220, 235 territorial reincorporation. See second wave PJJHD, Unemployed Heads of Household of incorporation Program, 170–71, 173, 178–79, 180–81, territorialization of politics, 13, 82, 127, 183, 188, 195, 199, 218, 220, 240 134, 235, 253 Plan for Buenos Aires Neighborhoods, 83 definition, 13 Plan Trabajar, Work Program, 89–90, ethnized socio-political struggles, 262 92, 107, 127–28 space for protected contention, 87, 94, Rooting Program, 172, 180, 195 103, 110, 113, 118 “social question”, 7, 11, 12, 19, 69–70, 81, territorial cleavage, 13, 15, 253, 254, 261 82, 88, 90, 114, 218, 235, 236–37, 248, Territorial Promoters for Social Change, 252, 256, 267, 269, 273, 277 207 Argentine Dialogue Board, 170, 172–74, Tilly, Charles, 6, 25–26, 30, 33, 35–38, 43, 179, 180 64, 65, 279 Council for Social Emergency, 136 town revolts. See puebladas “piquetero social question”, 12, 70, 114, 115, 116, 118–19, 120, 128, 135, 141, UCR, Radical Civic Union, 16, 70, 81, 87, 144, 218, 235 108, 118, 122–25, 127, 128, 131, 133, policing, 7, 11, 25, 144–46, 195, 267 143, 158, 166–68, 170, 177, 184, Sorel, Georges, 48–49 187–88 space for protected contention. See urban land occupations. See CBCs, territorialization of politics Christian-based communities definition, 87 Uruguay, 4, 229 state incorporation, 166, 169, 174 UTD of Mosconi, 46, 47, 49, 62, 92, 129, definition, 169 141–42, 146, 147, 149, 151, 162, 166, state territorial reincorporation, 168, 187, 203 177, 190 See second wave of aftermath, 240, 245 incorporation in Second National Piquetero Assembly, stock of legacies, 26, 33, 37, 39, 42–45, 63, 159, 160 64, 97, 108, 118, 154, 184, 210, 247, legitimation, 120, 125, 126, 144–46 257, 263, 278, 279 origins, 106, 109 See puebladas in armed struggle, 44, 54, 110, 113, 150, 279 Mosconi and Tartagal CBCs, Christian-based communities, 14, outside government, 181, 193, 200, 212 44–45, 53, 62, 77, 78, 93–94, 97, 100–4, 106, 108, 113, 136, 156–57, Venezuela, 4, 9, 206, 251, 252, 268 160, 204, 257, 263, 278 definition, 42 World Bank, 62, 89, 127, 220–21, 266 trade unionism, 48–49, 97, 105, 148, 214, 253, 263 Yashar, Deborah, 9, 252–57 Svampa, Maristella and Pereyra, Sebastián, YPF, Treasury Petroleum Fields, 83–86, 92, 22, 53, 81, 86, 90, 91, 92, 103, 104, 106, 144, 147, 193, 240