Pottery Types

SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES

SERIES V

MEDALLION PAPERS NO. XXI BY E. B. SAYLES

11V Grr.A PUEBLO

LANCASTER PRESS, INC., LANCASTER, PA. FOREWORD The proof of this Medallion has been submitted to Dr. Donald D. Brand, University of New 1\'Iexico; he has approved the use of specific type names employed herein and the use as synonyms of the general terms employed by him in "The Distribution of Pot- tery Types in Northwest Mexico," American An- thropologist, n. s., Volume 37, No. 2 (Part 1), April- June, 1935.All the pottery types described in this Medallion, both in sherds and in whole pieces, and their respective associations, have been examined by Dr. Brand and he has found no conflict between the specific terms used in this report and the more general terms used by him in -his report referred to.

111 and other investigations conducted by SURVEYSGua Pueblo during the past five years in the Southwest have resulted in the definition of various cultures and phases, descriptions of which have al- ready been published in The Medallions or are now in preparation.Of these cultural groups, two branches of the Playas Stem of the Caddoan Root have been recognized; one in Chihuahua and another to the north of this region.1 It is the purpose of this report to describe the pottery types which developed in the Chihuahua Branch; their relations have been demonstrated by archaeological associations and are traceable through the sequences of decoration, design, treatment, and form. According to the practice which has been estab- lished in describing Pueblo pottery the following series is suggested.3 The relations between the archaeology of Chihuahua and of the southwestern United States are summarized in Medallion Papers, No. XV, W. & H. S. Gladwin, 1934. 2Sayles, 1936. The Chihuahua pottery at Gua Pueblo has been used for the deter- mination of this series in connection with sherds collected in a survey of that region.The association of the pottery types described and their inter-relations were determined from the analyses of these sherds collected on the surface and in stratification from approximately two hun- dred sites in Chihuahua. The methods used are those employed by Gila Pueblo and are described in Medallion Papers, No. VII, A Method for the Designation of Southwestern Pottery Types, W. & H. S. Gladwin, 1930.

iv CONTENTS PAGE Medanos Red-on-brown i Dublan Polychrome 7 Villa Ahumada Polychrome 13 Babicora Polychrome 19 Madera Black-on-red 23 Carretas Polychrome 27 Playas Red 31 Playas Red Incised 33 Corralitos Polychrome Incised 39 Ramos Black 43 Ramos Polychrome 45 Conchos Red-on-brown 55 Map of Type Sites 62 Bibliography 65

V PLATES PACING PAGE I Medanos Red-on-brown 1 II Dublan Polychrome 7 III Villa Ahumada Polychrome 13 IV Babricora Polychrome 19 V Madera Black-on-red 23 VI Carretas Polychrome 27 VII Playas Red 31 VIIIRed Ware 35 IX Corralitos Polychrome Incised 39 X Ramos Black 43 XI, XII Ramos Polychrome followMg page45

FIGURES

PACE iA, Zigzag Lines; B, Pendant Triangles; C, Hatch- ing; D, Opposed Keys; E, Concentric Circles 3 2 Framing and Banding Lines 8 3A, Pennants; B, Tapering Triangles; C, Terraces; D, Opposed Pennants 9 4A, Keys; B, Maze; C, Checkerboard 15 5 Bowl Decorations in Bands 16 6 Human Figure in Negative 17 7 Interlocking Scrolls 28 8Frets 40 9Panel; Jar Decoration 50 10Opposed Keys 50 liDevelopment of "Club" Element 51 12 Triangle with Extended Side 51 13 Bird Figure in Negative 52 14Band of Repeated Elements; Bowl Decoration 52 15Jar (and Eccentric) Shapes 56 16Effigy Shapes 58 17 Design 60 vi PLATE I

MEDANOS RED-ON-BROWN. MEDANOS REDONBROWN1 Color:- Surfacecreamtolighttan (12 B 5; 6A9).2The zone of decoration covers a thin, chalky-grey surface (10 B 1) on which the design is painted in dull shades of red, orange, tan or maroon (7 H 12; 6 A 10). Vessel Shapes:- Jars only. Jars: Small, full-bodied, with rounded shoulder and bottom; the neck sloping gently to a slightly recurved rim.Occasionally the rim is direct.(Two flat-bottomed specimens in the collection.)Height four and one-half to six inches. 1 The names of the pottery types used in this report are those published in A Method for Designation of Cultures and their Variations, by W. and H. S. Gladwin, Medallion Papers, No. XV, Gua Pueblo, Globe, Arizona, 1934. These names, first published in the above named Medallion, were taken from this report (Medallion No. XXI) and from An Archaeo- logical Survey of Chihuahua, Mexico, by E. B. Sayles, Medallion Papers, No. XXII, Gila Pueblo, Globe, Arizona, 1936, then in preparation. Since this report went into press, Brand, 1935, has given general names to several wares in Chihuahua and specific names to several types. His general terms are used as synonyms in this report and his specific names have been used to replace thoseoriginally adopted for this report and first used by Gladwin, 1934.See page iii. 2 The terms used in describing the colors of the various pottery types are those in general use.They were determined by matching, under skylight and during a bright sun, the colors on a series of vessels of each ware with the Color Plates shown in A Dictionary of Color, Maerz and Paul, 1930.References to specific colors matched in A Dictionary of Color are given in parentheses following the general terms used. i 2 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES Treatment:- The rim is made of a flat band, sometimes with very shallow, broad indentations.The neck is either scored with lines encircling the vessel or left rough, the balance of the surface of the vessel being smoothed.One specimen has a grooved neck. Hardness:- 3.5 to 4.5.' Design:- The zone of decoration is a broad strip covering the shoulder, sometimes reaching to the rim, and commonly bordered by banding lines to which the elements are attached (see Fig. 2).On this decorated portion, the surface is a thin, greyish color, which appears to be the result of the treatment rather than the application of a slip.The surface decorated is usually dull but sometimes shows a polish (Plate i). The design is usually linear, consisting of zigzags, pendant triangles sometimes in solid color, hatching, opposed keys, panels of pendant concentric triangles with a common base, frets, and opposed tn-pointed flags.The rim is occasionally painted red or maroon in a series of dots or lines extending into the vessel. Type site:- Chihuahua C:15:2. i The hardness of the pottery wares of this Series has been determined by the scale described inStandards of Pottery Description," by Benjamin March, University of Michigan Press, February 10, 1934. All the wares of this Series are approximately similar in hardness the red and black wares being slightly harder than a range of 3.5 to 4.5. SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES 3

A. ZIGZAG LINES. by

PENDANT TRIANGLES: a, Outlined; b,c, solid colors.

a , b c HATCNING: a, Perpendicular; b, oblique; c, horizontal.

(7'"OPPOSED KEYS.

CONCENTRIC TRIANGLES: 0, With common base.

FIG. 1. 4 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES Range:- Sparsely throughout northern Chihuahua, extending east of the Rio Grande.It is the predominant ware in certain sites in the sand dunes of northeastern Chihuahua. Remarks:- Designs are varied.On a few specimens, the design has been painted directly on a smoothed, light- colored surface and the boftom of the vessel is covered with a brown pigment.This gives the same effect as the characteristic form of decoration. Other examples have incised lines upon the neck, the incisions being filled with red paint.These incised decorations consist of zigzag lines, concentric triangles and other linear elements, encircling the vessel.

PLATEII

DUBLAN POLYCHROME. DUBLAN POLYCHROME Synonym:-- Casas Grandes Polychrome (Brand). Color.- Cream or light tan (12 D 4) surface; black and red, or greyish-brown (8 E 6; 8 J 6; 8 II 9), decoration. Shapes:- Jars; effigies (?). Jars: low, full-bodied, with rounded shoulder and bottom; curving neck, or gently sloping to a recurved rim.Height four and one-half to nine inches, the majority being less than six inches. Effigies: Animal effigy with a hood, made by the extension of half of the rim of a standard jar above and partly over the orifice.The head is modelled by appliqué work and is painted into a lifelike head por- trait.Height six inches. Treatment:- The rim of the jar is a flat band of clay which is decorated with shallow indentations.The neck is scored, grooved, or banded in narrow flattened coils which are sometimes indented. The body of the vessel is polished over the decoration.In one specimen in which the neck has been smoothed the surface of this portion of the vessel is not polished.

7 8 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES Design:- Occasionally, paint-filled incisionsencircle the vessel below the rim.Black and red paints are applied in a balanced pattern. The rim is infrequently painted red, the color extending into the vessel. The principal zone of decoration is a wide strip encircling the shoulder.This area is bordered with unevenly drawn banding lines to which the elements are usually attached, and is enclosed by an upper and lower framing line.

a b

b a FIG. 2.a, Framing lines,b, Banding lines to which the elements of design are attached.

The elements of the design consist of pennants, tn-pointed flags, tapering triangles with interlocking scrolls and bent lines added, and terraces.These are in solid colors, which are balanced and opposed. Less often the designs are linear, the zig-zag line being the main element. Some specimens show only balanced red and black dots on an unpolished neck with no incising. Type Site:- Chihuahua D :8:1. SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES 9

b A. PENNANTS: a, Red and black (balanced) colors;b, opposed, tn-pointed; r, four-pointed. aT

B. TAPERING TRIANGLES: 0, With interlocking scrolls;b, with interlocking bent lines.

C. TERRACES.

D. PENNANTS: opposed, in red and black (balanced) colors. FIG. 3. Range:- Restricted to a narrow area extending from the Santa Maria River above Galeana, to the northwest into southern New Mexico. 10 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES Remarks: - The shape of the jars, polish of the surface, and the use of balanced and opposed figures in solid colors on many of the vessels suggest relationship to the Babicora Polychrome.There are also resem- blances to the Medanos Red-on-brown in form and design elements.The principal differences from the latter type are the polishing of the surface and the use of two colors in the decoration of the ware.

PLATE III

VILLA AHUMADA POLYCHROME. a, Jar; b, Animal Effigy. VILLA AHUMADA POLYCHROME (Brand) Synonym:- Galeana Polychrome (Gladwin). Color:- Brown or tan (7 E 11; 5 A 9) surface; white or ivory (10 B 2; 10 C 2) slip on zone of decoration with designs applied in deep red or orange (7 L 9; 7 L 6; 6 K 10) and black. Some vessels are decorated only in black; others having a light cream colored surface are covered with a darker shade on the bottom below the zone ofdeco- ration, thus giving an effect similar to that of the slipped type. Vessel Shapes:- Bowls, jars, and effigies. Bowls: The sides are slightly outcurving, ending in a direct rounded rim.One specimen, with an incurved rim, has an exterior lip on a flattened rim. Three and one-quarter to seven and one-half inches in diameter. Jars: Generally similar in shape to the Medanos Red-on-brown and Dublan Polychrome (Plate iii, a). The rim is slightly recurved and is sometimes provided with a pair of opposed suspension holes, perforated horizontally.In a few specimens the rim is direct, with opposing pairs of suspension holes made in the wet clay (Plate iv, a).Less often, jars have 13 14 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES squat bodies and sharply recurved rims.There are also other eccentric forms.Height three and three- quarters to nine and one-half inches. Effigies: Human, hooded jar type, with painted arms.Height six to eight inches. Animals and birds: Low jars and bowls which bear on opposite sides heads modelled in the round, or a head on one side and a conventional tail on the other, the representation being completed by the use of paint (Plate iii, b).In the bird effigies, wings are usually represented by small horizontal projections with little attempt at naturalism.In the animal types, legs have frequently been added.Length from head to tail ranges from six to ten inches. Fish: The body is formed by an elongated vessel, tapering on one side to a broad head and on the other to the tail.Fins are suggested by the use of modelled projections, and naturalism is obtained by painting, incising, and modelling in detail.The orifice has a low, slightly outcurved rim (similar to Plate vi, a). Miscellaneous: Triangular, straight-sided vessels; long-necked bottle; three-cornered jar, and jars with two orifices. Treatment :-- Characteristic of this type is the chalky white slip applied to the zone of decoration.This frequently flakes off, carrying the decoration with it. In some vessels this white slip shows a polish, which was generally applied over the red and black decoration. SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES 15 A few specimens with a light surface color are not slipped in the zone of decoration, but are painted a dark brown on the bottom, which gives an effect similar to the conventional treatment.

Design:- Boldly executed in balanced red and black solid elements, usually opposed, and consisting of tapering triangles to which interlocking scrolls and bent lines have been added; flags with three or more points; keys.

r a LT A. KEYS: a, Stepped;b,sloping.

B. MAZE FORMED OF RED AND BLACK ELEMENTS IN REPEATED PANELS.

e I b

C. CHECKERBOARD: a, Alternating squares in solid color;b,alternating squares with dot in center of each. FIG. 4. 16 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES Many of the specimens show the use of finely drawn lines(approaching those characteristic of Ramos Polychrome); also dots, circles, and generally a more intricate use of the more simple elements. Solid colors are sometimes outlined with a fine line of a different color. The elements of the decoration are repeated in a wide strip extending from immediately below the rim to beneath the shoulder.Banding lines of balanced colors to which the elements are attached are generally used.The designs are so arranged as to form a maze that encircles the vessel.The zone of decoration is sometimes divided into panels.The band of decoration is usually enclosed by an upper and lower framing line. Vessels sometimes are decorated with checkerboard patterns, squares with a dot in the center, or balanced and opposed pennants. On bowls, the designs are in a wide band covering the shoulder, boldly treated in balanced, opposed elements, usually attached to finely drawn banding lines. The elements are repeated.

FIG. 5.BowL DecoisATIoNs IN BANDS: a, Interlocking bent lines in black and red (balanced) colors attached to banding lines;b, interlocking scrolls in black and red (balanced) colors attached to banding lines. SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES 17 A club-like figure appears in negative; this was apparently evolved from the interlocking scroll added to a tapering triangle.The human form is shown in negative painting.Serpents are modelled in low relief and painted. Type Site:-- Chihuahua E:14:5. Range:- Centers about Galeana on the Santa Maria River, and to the northwest into the Casas Grandes drain-

L,J FIG. 6.HUMAN FIGURE PAINTED IN NEGATIVE. age.Occurs sparsely along the Conchos River to the southeast, and into southern New Mexico and Ari- zona. Remarks:- The execution of the designs in finely drawn lines, the use of many elements characteristic of Ramos Polychrome, and the general sophistication suggests that this type is introductory to Ramos Polychrome. PLATE IV

BABICORA POLYCHROME. a, Jar;b, Human Effigy, Hooded Jar. BABICORA POLYCHROME (Carey)1 Color:- Dark cream to light brown or tan (13 C 8; 12 C 5) surface, decorated in dull red (7 L 1; 6 K 10) and black or greyish-brown (8 H 12).Bowls have light cream surface. Vessel Shapes:- Bowls, jars, effigies. Bowls: Hemispherical, with a slightly incurved rim which is rounded.Four and one-half to six and three-quarters inches in diameter. Jars:Generally similar in shape to the Villa Ahumada series, but smaller.In a few specimens, the rims are direct, with opposing pairs of suspension holes made in the wet clay (Plate iv, a).Height four and one-quarter to eight inches. Effigies: Animal and human hooded jar types, similar to the Dublan Polychrome.The human figure has arms and legs modelled inrelief approaching a true effigy form (Plate iv, b).Height six and one- half inches. Animals and birds: Similar to Villa Ahumada Polychrome. Miscellaneous:Eccentric shapes consist of jars with two orifices; globular jars with straight necks; jars with a sharply curved shoulder; gourd-shaped i Described by Carey, 1931; named, but not d'escribed, by Amsden, 1928. 19 20 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES jars; and squat jars with sharply incurving rims of the seed jar type. Treatment:- The surface of all vessels is highly smoothed to a self-slip, and polished over the decoration. Design:- Characterized by boldly drawn elements similar to those found in Villa Ahumada Polychrome; balanced and opposed figures painted in red and black (Plate iv, a). Type Site:- Chihuahua 1:9:11. Range:- Along the eastern slope of the Sierra Madre to the north of the Papigochic River into southern New Mexico, and east as far as the Carmen River.Ap- parently centers upon the Santa Maria River from its headwaters to Galeana; also in the Babicora Plains. Remarks:- The designs, shapes, and treatment of this type all suggest a transition from the types heretofore described into the Ramos Polychrome of this Series. The influence of Madera Black-on-red and Carretas Polychrome is evident.In many instances, the color of the surface approaches that of Carretas Poly- chrome.

PLATEV

MADERA BLACK-ON-RED. a, Jar;b, Bowl. MADERA BLACKONRED Synonym:- Chihuahua Black-on-red (Brand). Color:- Brown (7 E 11) or dull tan to deep red or orange (7 L 1; 7 L 10); decorated in jet or black which frequently erodes off leaving a white ashy surface. Vessel Shapes:- Bowls, jars, effigies. Bowls: Small and shallow with incurved rounded rim.Diameterfour and three-quarters to five and one-quarter inches; approximately two inches deep (Plate y, b). Jars:Small, full-bodied, with rounded shoulder and bottom; sloping neck and recurved rim (Plate y, a).Suspension is provided for by opposing pairs of perforated holes in the rim, or by an opposing pair of rim lugs, perforated horizontally.Height four to six inches. Eccentric jar forms consist of large vessels with well defined shoulders and rounded bottoms; squatty, with recurved and direct rims.Height six to nine inches. Effigies:One parrot effigy, of the hooded jar type, is represented.The beak is white, and the balance of the vessel is decorated in a manner similar to the standard jar.Height seven inches. 23 24 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES Miscellaneous: One flat, plate-like vessel, decorated on both surfaces; five and one-quarter inches in diameter. Treatment:- The surface is well smoothed; the color is the result of firing.In some vessels with a lighter brown surface color a red paint has been applied to the upper part of the vessel, giving the appearance of a self-slip. The decoration is painted in jet, and is polished. Design:- The zone of decoration begins below the rim and extends below the shoulder in a wide strip of repeated elements.It is usually bordered by lines to which the design elements are attached; these banding lines, in turn, are sometimes enclosed by upper and lower framing lines.Designs usually consist of solid figures of opposed tapering triangles to which interlocking scrolls have been added; zig-zag lines; keys; tri- pointed flags. The eccentric forms show the use of the same elements of design as the conventional; these components are not repeated in an encircling band, however, but are used only as elements,placed on opposite sides of the vessel. The club-like element in negative, characteristic of Ramos Polychrome, is also present. Type Site:- Chihuahua 1:9:11. Range:- Sparsely throughout the range of Babicora Poly- chrome; focus not defined. SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES 25 Remarks:- The marked difference between the surface color of this type and that of other redwares in this series suggests that this black-on-red is not closely related to the others.This is further borne out in the varia- tion in the vessel forms and in the designs of the eccentric shapes.These designs are probably intrusive. There is a closer resemblance between Babicora Poly- chrome and Villa Ahumada Polychrome than between Babicora Polychrome and Madera Black-on- red, although the two latter appear in the same area. r'

PLATE VI

CARRETAS POLYCHROME. a, Fish Effigy; b, Bowl. CARRETAS POLYCHROME1 Synonym:- Nacozari Polychrome (Gladwin). Color:- The surface is light yellowish-brown (5 A 11) to deep orange (5 C 11), decorated in maroon or reddish-brown (7 L 5) and dull black; the black usually shows a slaggy surface and occasionally appears to be glazed. Vessel Shapes:- Bowls, jars, effigies. Bowls: Shallow with incurved rim and rounded lip (Plate VI, b).Two specimens have fiat, incurved rims with exterior and inner lips.Diameter seven and one-quarter to nine inches.Four to five and one- half inches iii depth. Jars: Small, with rounded shoulders and bottom, a sloping upper body, and direct rim.Opposing pairs of perforated suspension holes, made in the wet clay, are placed in the rim.Height five to six inches. Brand, 1935, names a pottery type, Huerigos Polychrome, characterized by a white slip on about twenty-five per cent, of the sherds, but which is identical otherwise with Carretas Polychrome. An analysis of sherds from a large number of sites in northwest Chihuahua indicates that this white slipped type is later than that not so slipped.The term Huerigos Polychrome is, therefore, retained to describe that type characterized by a white slip. Types represented by Carretas and Huerigos Polychromes have been described briefly as "Peripheral Casas Grandes" by Amsden, 1928, and Sauer and Brand, 1930. 27 28 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES Less frequent forms are: a squat jar with incurving rim; low globular jar with a slightly outcurved rim; and a large jar with eccentric decoration.The latter has a banded neck, incised in zigzagging lines and painted black and red as in Dublan Polychrome; the rest of the decoration conforms to that of typical Carretas jars.The height of this jar is nine inches. Opposing rim lugs, perforated horizontally, are rare. Effigy: Fish effigy similar in form to that described in the Villa Ahumada Polychrome (Plate VI, a).Length from head to tail, nine inches; height, four and one-quarter inches. Treatment:- The surface is self-slipped and is polished over the decoration. Design:- The zone of decoration occupies a broadstrip which encircles the vessel, beginning below the rim

FIG.7.INTERLOCKING ScRoLLs; attached to tapering triangle and to tapering triangle of which a tn-pointed pennant is a part; in black and red, balanced, colors. The elements of the design are attached to banding lines.

and extending below the shoulder.This is bordered by firmly drawn lines to which the elements are usually attached.These are commonly balanced and opposed, boldly executed in a manner similar to those SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES 29 of the Babicora and Villa Ahumada Polychromes, and consist of pendant solid triangles, to the apex of which linear interlocking elements are attached, such as keys, and tn-pointed flags.The most characteristic element is a tapering triangle with scroll and tri- pointed flag attached. Type Site:- Chihuahua D: 5:1. Range:- Extreme northwestern part of Chihuahua, northeastern Sonora, and southern Arizona and New Mex- ico. Remarks:- Vessel shapes and designs closely resemble Babi- cora Polychrome.The orange surface color also frequently grades into that of the brown of the Babicora Polychrome. PLATE VII

PLAYAS RED. Jar with Blackened Rim. PLAYAS RED Synonym:- Chihuahua Redware (Kidder). Color:- Brilliant reddish-brown, or orange (7 A 10; 6 A 11; 7 L 11; SL 12; 5K 12). Vessel Shapes:- Bowls, jars, effigies, eccentric shapes. Bowls: The characteristic form is that with a full body, rather shallow, with a rounded incurved rim. Straight rims, and incurving rims, approaching the form of seed jars also occur.Diameter two and one- quarter to seven and one-half inches. Jars: Full bodied with a gently sloping neck, ending in a recurved rim similar to the vessel shown in Plate x, a.These are provided with opposing pairs of perforated suspension holes made in the wet clay, or an opposed pair of suspension Jugs, perforated horizontally, and placed either on the rim or directly below it.Double jars, connected by a hollow bar and arching handle, similar in form to the Cor- ralitos Polychrome, Incised, shown in Plate ix, also occur.Height three and one-half to six inches. Effigies: Human effigy of the hooded jar type described in the Dublan Polychrome.One full- bodied jar has opposing human heads, modelled in low relief on plaques beneath the rim.Opposing 31 32 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES loop handles are shaped in the form of an arm, the hand grasping the rim. Bird and Animal Effigies:Similar to those described in Babicora Polychrome. Miscellaneous:Shallow, square and L-shaped bowls with straight sides;full-bodied, deep bowl, with a high arching round handle; "egg cup." Treatment:- The surface of the vessel is self-slipped, and the color is the result of the firing.Sometimes, however, a red slip has been applied overthe whole vessel, ex- cepting the bottom.In these instances, the surface color and treatment resemble the self-slipped types. The surface varies from dull to a high polish with a luster.In the pieces more highly polished, the rim is frequently black or dark greyish-brown, as in Ramos Black. Type Site:- Chihuahua D :8:1. Range:- Widely distributed over the northern part of Chi- huahua,includingthe Conchos Riverdrainage. Most frequent occurrence in the northwestern portion of the state along the Casas Grandes and Santa Maria Rivers, and less frequently to the northwest from this area across the International Boundary. Remarks:- A number of pieces of plain ware are also probably identical with this red ware.They are carelessly made, have a gritty surface, and range in color SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES 33 from grey to brown.These consist of small, narrow-necked jars, four to six inches in height.Simi- lar to these in treatment are hemispherical bowls with the entire exterior covered with cones of clay. The greater number of the plain vessels are self- slipped, ranging in color from grey to brown.They probably represent undecorated pieces of the other types described. PLATE VIII

b RED WARE. a, Mimbres Corrugated; b, Playas Red, Incised. PLAYAS RED, INCISED Color:- Dull brownish-red or tan (7 E 11), decorated in bright red or brownish-red (7 L 9). Vessel Shapes:- Jars, effigies. Jars: Small, squat, with a full body, sloping neck, and recurved rim.Opposing pairs of suspension holes, made in wet clay, are placed on the rim in some instances (Plate viii, b); in others, an opposed pair of rim lugs, perforated horizontally.Height three and one-half to seven inches. Effigy:Fish effigy similar to that described in Carretas Polychrome.Length from head to tail, six and one-half inches. Treatment:- The surface of the vessel is self-slipped.On this the red decoration is applied and polished over. Design:- A zone of decoration extends from the rim to the shoulder.This is covered with a series of incised lines entirely encircling the vessel.A painted red band covers the inner surface of the rim, extending into the vessel.Another broad band painted in red encircles the vessel beneath the incised lines, frequently reaching well below the shoulder.Varia- 35 36 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES tions in incising consist of zigzag lines between bordering incised lines; hatching; checkerboard of alternate squares of incised lines and red slip; and other linear incised elements used with red slip.No scrolls, steps, or keys appear in these designs. Type Site:- Chihuahua D :8:1. Range:- Localized in the Casas Grandes drainage about the town of Casas Grandes, extending to the southeast into the Santa Maria valley. Remarks:- Other vessels similar to this red ware are incised but not painted.Decoration consists of encircling lines; bands of indented marks; triangles; and other linear designs.These are usually confined to the neck but sometimes cover the whole body. A great many plain and red ware vessels, and a high percentage of the sherds, in the earlier phases, are corrugated.The treatment of the corrugations, with the coils rubbed smooth, is suggestive of the Mimbres Classic Wares characterized by texturing of this nature.(Plate viii, a.) The high frequency of this type of ware in the early Chihuahua series and its replacement in later phases by the characteristic Chihuahua treatment by incising, with only rare occurrences of corrugations, indicates that corrugated wares in Chihuahua repre- sents origin outside of the pottery series described in this Medallion.This originisindicatedin the SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES 37 Mogollon Branch, now recognized in the Mimbres Phase. Corrugated wares found in Chihuahua are, therefore, not included in this series, but reference is made to reports covering their descriptions.Cosgrove, 1932; Bradfield, 1929; Haury, 1936a. PLATE IX

CORRALITOS POLYCHROME INCISED. Sniall Jars connected by a Hollow Bar and Arching Handle. CORRALITOS POLYCHROME INCISED Color.- Dull brownish-red or tan (7 H 9); decorated in black or dark grey, outlined with incised lines and with red or brownish-red (6 B 11). Vessel Shapes:- Jars, effigies. Jars: Similar to Playas Red, Incised.Double jars, connected by a hollow bar and arching handle (Plate ix) are rather common.Height three and one-half to seven inches. Effigies: Fish effigies similar to that described in Carretas Polychrome.Length from head to tail, six and one-half to nine and one-half inches. Treatment:- The surface of the vessel is self-slipped.On this the black and red decorations are applied, the black being outlined by incising.The decoration is often carelessly done. Design:- The designs are linear; red and black elements, balanced and opposed. A zone of decoration begins directly beneath the rim and extends to the shoulder, entirely encircling the vessel.This is filled with repeated elements consisting of scrolls, solid triangles, steps, keys, zigzags, and pennants, usually attached to bordering lines enclosed by upper and lower fram- 39 40 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES ing lines.Spaces not filled with the principal elements are frequently covered with incised hatching. The rim is usually incised or indented, and carries a band of red paint extending slightly into the vessel. Another red band encircles the vessel below the zone of decoration and usually extends well beneath the shoulder. The decoration of effigies is similar to that on jars. L1L1L1 L-,L1

1-JI'b FIG. 8.FRETS: a, Interlocking bent lines attached to banding lines; b, panel, painted in negative. Variations in decoration consist of the omission of all incising; the use of a black band instead of a red on the rim; the outlining by incising of the red painted areas instead of the black.In some specimens, the neck of the vessel has a roughened surface, with no decoration except in a band encircling the shoulder.One specimen, with a black band around the rim, lacks all red decoration, but otherwise conforms to the conventional type. Type Site:- Chihuahua D:8:1. Range:- Occurs sparsely in the region in which Playas Red, Incised is found. SOME SOUTHWEST.ERN POTTERY TYPES 41 Remarks:- The paste, which shows coarse tempering mate- rial, the flaking of the surface of the vessel, the slip- shod manner of treatment, and the designs,are all highly suggestive of El Paso Polychrome.1 This ware has been described by Kidderas Chi- huahua Redware. 1 Stallings, 1931. PLATEX

RAIros BLACK. a, Jar; b, Bowl. RAMOS BLACK Synonym:- Chihuahua Polished Blackware (Kidder). Color:- Dark grey (8 C 7) to jet or black surface, highly polished and lustrous.The interior of some of the vessels are dark grey. Vessel Shapes:- Bowls, jars, effigies. Bowls: Similar in shape to the Playas Red.One example shows a rectangular rim.Diameters range from three and three-quarters to nine inches; depths, one and three-quarters to four inches. Jars: Similar in shape to the Playas Red.Occa- sional forms are the double-lobed (two storied) jar; a pair of standard jars connected by a hollow bar and arching handle; and a globular-bodied jar with two orifices.Also jars of the conventional form decorated with knobs or vertical fiutings.One specimen is in the form of a jar withïn a bowl.Height two and three-quarters to nine inches. Effigy: Kidder describes a bird effigy similar in form to that described in Babicora Polychrome. Treatment:- The surface is highly polished, frequently showing polishing strokes, and is usually lustrous.It is self-slipped but in some examples a black pigment 43 44 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES was applied to all but a part of the bottom, which was left a dark grey.The surface of these slipped specimens appears identical with the conventional form. Type Site:- Chihuahua A:16:3. Range:- Centers about the town of Casas Grandes with infrequent occurrences to the southeast in the Santa Maria valley, in the Babicora plain, and to the north across the International Boundary. Remarks:- The forms are generally identical with the Playas Red.This black ware also resembles Playas Red in the compact paste, surface polish, and self-slip.In this ware, however, there is not the variety of the eccentric forms which are found in the red ware.The primary difference between the two wares is the color, that of the black ware having been obtained by the use of a smothered fire. RAMOS POLYCHROME Synonym:- ChihuahuaPainted Wares(Kidder);Casas Grandes Polychrome (Brand). Color:- Surface mellow old ivory shade (13 J 9; 12 C 5), ranging from almost pure white to brown (12 B 2), decorated in rich scarlet (6 L 12; 8 H 6) to maroon (7 L 11), and black or dark grey (8 A 9).The black has a rusty tinge on some specimens and is glazed on others. Vessel Shapes:- Bowls, jars, effigies, bottles (vases), and eccentric forms. Bowls: Shallow, incurving to a rounded rim, or outcurving to a rounded rim.Diameter two to eight inches; depth, three-quarters to three and three- quarters inches. Jars: The characteristic form has a high, gently sloping upper body, rounded shoulder, and full round bottom.The point of greatest diameter is set very low.The rim is slightly recurved, ending in a plain rounded lip (Plate xi, a).Pairs of opposed perf ora- tions, made in the wet clay on the rim, or a pair of opposed rim lugs, perforated horizontally, are provided for suspension.Some examples have slightly bulging sides; a full rounded body with short neck 45 PLATE XI

RAMOS POLYCHROME. PLATEXI!

o b

RAMOS POLYCHROME. a, Human Effigy, Hooded Jar;b, Bird Effigy, Hooded Jar;c, Human Effigy Jar; d, Human Effigy Bowl. 48 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES and recurved rim; or a direct rim.Eccentric forms are the low, broad types, with a sharply turned shoulder and wide recurved rim; these are decorated with designs showing strong Salado influence.1 Height four and one-half to eleven inches. Effigies: Human, (a) Hooded jar types, ranging from five to nine and one-quarter inches in height (Plate xii, a). Hooded jar types, with modelled arms and legs. Similar to the hooded type, but the features are modelled and painted on an extension of a portion of the rim; without the hood. Heads painted on the body of a vessel with only a portion of the features modelled. True effigies: The vessel is formed by a squarish human figure, shaped with a heavy sort of realism, with thighs hollowçd.The lower legs and arms are modelled.Details are brought out by incising and painting.The figures are made with a real- istic portrayal of breasts, nipples, and genitals, and show a variety of positions, of which a squatting form resting on one knee and a sitting position with legs extended are most frequent (Plate xii, c).The face is usually decorated to suggest tattooing, and the arms and legs are covered with lines or solid colors.The body is decorated with bands or panels containing the elements found on standard jars.Many of the examples have small objects in their arms, such as mini- ature bowls, infants, "cigarettes," and depict sundry activities. i Some Southwestern Pottery Types, Series I, page 8. SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES 49 (f) Effigies in an extended position on the back, the vessel forming the body, with the head and legs modelled in the round, and the arms modelled in relief (Plate xii, d). Animal and bird:(a) Hooded jar type (Plate xii, b). (b) Vessels with modelled heads on opposite sides; or with modelled head and tail similar to the Villa Ahumada Polychrome, the animals usually provided with legs. Small animals and frogs, generally in an opposed pair, on the rims of vessels. Fish effigies similar to the Carretas Polychrome type. Miscellaneous: Water bottles (vases), with long necks and small orifices; double lobed vessel (two storied) with a rounded handle attached at the shoulder of each lobe; tube-like vessels; bare-foot- shaped forms. Treatment:- A light colored, compact paste with little temper- ingiscommonly used.The surfaceishighly smoothed and rubbed to a self-slip.The design is symetrically executed in finely drawn lines and is usually polished over the decoration.Occasionally the designs are drawn in dull paint.Sometimes the black paint is glazed. Design:- The designs consist of a high elaboration of those found on the Villa Ahumada and Babicora Poly- chromes, to which have been added new elements. 50 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES The zone of decoration occupies most of the exterior of the vessel, beginning below the rim and extending well beneath the shoulder.Balanced bordering lines to which the elements of the designare attached are used.The zone of decoration is ordinarily enclosed by an upper and lower framing line in balancedcolors.

FIG. 9.PANEL ENCLOSED BY FRAMING LINES IN RED AND BLACI, BALANCED, CoLoRs.The elements of the design are attached to banding lines and Consist of interlocking stepped keys in balanced colors.The remainder of the design isfilled with tapering triangles, some balanced and opposed.Characterized by precise execu tion of finely drawn elements.

Repeated elements occupy a wide strip entirelyen- circling the vessel and are usually executed in panels. The principal elements are opposed keys, usually with sloping steps and not infrequently attachedto the same stem; scrolls; club-shaped designs innega-

FIG. 10.OPPOSED KEYS, stepped, in red and black, balanced, colors attached to the same stern.The red element is enclosed by a finely drawn line in black, the whole precisely eaecuted. SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES 51 tive; tapering triangles; triangles to which scrolls, tn-pointed flags and other linear elements have been added; mazes and frets; pennants; flags; concentric circles; all of which are best described by reference to the Plates.These elements may be hatched, cross-

d e FIG. 11. DEVELOPMENT OF CLUB" ELEMENT FROM TAPERING TRIANGLES: a, Bent line attached to one side of triangle; other side extended by a line, enclosing the triangle, and attached to the banding line;b, attached bent lines elaborated to an interlocking element; e, formation of theclub ";d, specialization of the club " element; e, a suggestion of animation in the use of a circle enclosing a dot. hatched, filled with dots, or merely outlined, but are ordinarily painted in solid colors. A fine line of a

FIG. 12.TRIANGLE WITH EXTENSION OF ONE SIDE, to which has been added an elaborated scroll. 52 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES different color usually outlines them. The elements are used as balanced and opposed components. The serpent is often modelled in low relief, and painted (Plate xi, b); birds, animals and human figures are painted, sometimes in negative.The plumed serpent is also used.

FIG.13.BIRD PAINTED IN NEGATIVE AND SLIGHTLY CONVENTIONALIZED. Bowls are usually decorated boldly but finely in patterns resembling the Villa Ahumada and Babicora Polychromes.Red and black in simple triangles, scrolls, flags and pennants are used as balanced or opposed figures on the exterior of the vessels.They

FIG. 14.BAND OF REPEATED ELEMENTS IN RED AND BLACK (BALANCED AND OPPOSED). Tapering triangles are attached to the banding lines, enclosed byframing lines of balanced colors.Opposed stepped keys in balanced colors, and interlocking bent lines, also in balanced colors, form a maze. are often decorated in theinterior in a similar manner, the decoration occupyingthe entire surface. Some jars are decorated only in black on awhite surface; others in black or brown, on a lighterbrown SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES 53 surface.These rare types show the same design elements as the polychrome. A few large squat jars, with sharply turned shoulders show strong Salado1 influence.These are decorated in black on a light colored surface (rarely on a white slipped surface)in repeated elements of clubs, keys, dots, scrolls, triangles, in balanced solids and hatches usually in a zigzag band encircling the vessel.The band of decoration is sometimes broken. Red paint covers that part of the vessel outside the pattern; bottoms are left unpainted.The treatment of these jars conforms to that of the Ramos Poly- chrome.Bowls showing this same influence are deep, hemispherical, with direct or sharply recurved rims. They are similarly decorated on the exterior.The interior is usually entirely covered with similar elements of design, but without the use of red paint. All of the eccentric forms showing Salado influence are characterized by the predominating use of red in solid masses on the exterior of the vessels. Other jars, of similar form to those just described, are decorated with a wide band of red encircling the neck, the body of the vessel being covered with designs not true to form. Type Site:-- Chihuahua A:16:3. Range:- Ramos is the most widely distributed of the polychrome wares of this series, being found as far south as the Conchos River, to the east of the Rio Grande, Gladwin, 1930b. 54 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES up this stream as far, occasionally, as the Pecos ruin in northeastern New Mexico, and to the northwest sparsely into central Arizona.The focus is in the Casas Grandes valley in the vicinity of the town of Casas Grandes. Remarks:- Ramos Polychrome is the classic type of the Chi- huahua series, in which forms, designs and treatment were all carried to their highest development in excel- lence of execution and in variety. CONCHOS REDONBROWN' As yet defined only by sherds, this is a heavy red- on-brown ware. A puddled surface usually shows a greyish wash (probably natural as a result of finish- ing the vessel). The decoration consists of broad lines drawn in a thin dull red paint, carelessly applied on a brownish- buff surface. The persistent occurrence of this ware in association with that having a green glaze of Spanish origin and also in sites showing other European contacts, indicates that it belongs to the historical horizon. There is not enough information from sherds alone representing this type to describe it in detail.Its occurrence is noted here as this Pottery Series is an integral part of An Archaeological Survey of Chi- huahua, Mexico, Medallion No. XXII, and the rec- ord would be incomplete without mention of it. Conchos Red-on-brown sherds have been collected by Gila Pueblo from eight sites in Chihuahua and from thirteen sites in Texas contiguous to this region. 'Brand, 1935, names a pottery type, Carmen Red-on-grey, that has been recognized only in sherds, no complete vessels being known.This red-on-grey ware is found in a limited area, centering in that region in which Conchos Red-on-brown overlaps with Medanos Red-on-brown. The wares associated with Carmen Red-on-grey indicatethatitis later than Medanos Red-on-brown and earlier than Conchos Red-on- brown.It may be introductory to the latter.

55 56 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES

The vessel shapes of the Chihuahua series may be classed as: Handled, and paired, jars. Jar, with bowl-shaped bottom. " Egg cup " vessel. Straight-sided vessel. Vase, with long neck and small orifice. Seed jar. Jar. The Chihuahua jar shape is outstanding in its development from a globular prototype in the late Mogollon series (Aafter Haury, 1936a), to a distinctive type highly specialized in the later Chihuahua horizons. In the earliest Chihuahua types, the influence of Mimbres corrugating (Bafter Cosgrove, 1932), as well as the use of lugs, and the seed jar, can be defined. A late influence on vessel shape may be attributed to the Salado (Cafter vessels in the Gua Pueblo collections).The eccentric form of the Salado shapes, as well as other eccentric jar shapes that appear in earlier types, does not appear to have modified greatly the shape that is peculiar to Chihuahua.This jar shape is characterized by its gently sloping upper body, rounded shoulder, and full round bottom; the point of greatest diameter is set very low. For a definition of the Phases shown in this and Figs. 16 and 17, see Sayles, 1936. The red (and black) wares are: Playas Red, Playas Red, Incised, Ramos Black. For bowl shapes, see Fig. 17. JAR (8c ECCENTRIC) SHAPES RED (e BLACK) WARES RAMOS POLYCHROME INCISE D ¿s 0 CORRAUTOS POLYCHROME INCISED

CARRETAS - ViLLA a AHUMADA POLYCHROME I

\ç I r ' O \\\ " 4 (1 R q0 N. BABICORA POLYbHROME "N I N w

I N i MADERA BLACK-ON-RED \ \ "' \ ¡ 'N\ \ ( / N\N \ y j - - /\ - N ( DUBLAN POLYCHROME t Ç3 ¿J MEDANOS RED-ON-BRWN-.. \ A ö B -Q I Ö' oO O ED(113 Fio. 15. 58 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES

EFFiGY SHAPES Various forms of effigy vessels make up a large percentage of the Chihuahua types.These are: Fish, Serpent. The distinctive effigy form of the Chihuahua series is that which may have evolved from a sort of collared jar (3).In this form are found: (4) animals, birds, and humans. (5) Animals and birds are also represented with the head and tail applied on the opposite sides of a vessel, legs seldom being shown. Conventionalization is highly developed in the latest types.Entire small figures are sometimes used to decorate vessels. True effigies, of human form, are also present in the more highly developed pottery types, and, in the later horizons, are specialized in their treatment. Both the Mimbres series (Aafter Cosgrove, 1932) and the Salado (Bafter vessels in the Gua Pueblo collections)are characterized by effigies, but less elaborate than in the Chihuahua series. Life forms in decoration, characteristic of the late Mimbres pottery, may have contributed greatly to the development in Chihuahuaof various effigy forms. EFFIGY SHAPES RED WARES RAMOS POLYCHROME

CARRETAS POLYC H ROME C OR R A L t TOS POLYCHROM E INCISED 0 VILLA AHUMADA POLYCHROME MA DERA BLACK-ON--IED INCISED r '1

U) b w " U) \ \ t BABCORA POLYCHROME "X \\%' "/----, m

DUBLAN POLYCHROME - o -

A 4 5 B

FIG. 16. 60 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES

DESIGN

The basic elements of designs in the Chihuahua pottery seriesare all to be found in the later horizons of the Mogollon Culture (Haury, 1936b).Examples of these are shown in Aafter Haury, 1936a. InChihuahua,acharacteristicpotterydevelopment,traceable through the various wares, took place.The rudimentary designs of the Mogollon series in red-on-brown are to be found on Medanos Red-on- brown and Dublan Polychrome.In the latter and in the types that followed, Mimbres influenceisrecognized (Bafter Cosgrove, 1932, and vessels in the Gila Pueblo collections).Curvilinear elements from this source, as well as interlocking designs, life forms, themaze, the fine- ness of line execution, and the method of decorating the exterior of bowls and jars in. bands of repeated elements, attached to bordering lines, are all definable (See Cosgrove, 1932, Bradfield, 1929).Balanced solids and hachure in Mimbres designs are incorporated into the polychrome wares of the Chihuahua series. Later increments to the Chihuahua patterns are from the Salado (C).These represent a further development of the maze, and the use of solids not characteristic of the Chihuahua series. As evidence of the origin of the Chihuahua series in a Mogollon tradition, in addition to rectilinear designs of the earliest wares, and decoration in red-on-brown, are: the red wares, later developed in Chi- huahua into black wares, the use of a slip or a self-slip, polishing, and texturing, all of which are characteristic of the Mogollon series. In the Chihuahua series, texturing of the surface by incising, goug- ing, etc. is highly developed; this process, which is likewise characteristic of the Mimbres wares, was carried to a high degree of perfection.The smoothed corrugations of the Mimbres wares, however, die out in the Chihuahua series, and only the earlier types are marked by corrugating. CORRALITOS POLYCHROM INCISED

DUBLAN POLYCHROME 62 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES

Medanos Red-on-brown; Chihuahua C:15:2. Dublan Polychrome; Chihuahua D:8:1. Villa Ahumada Polychrome; Chihuahua E:14:5. Babicora Polychrome; Chihuahua 1:9:11. Madera Black-on-red; Chihuahua 1:9:11. Carretas Polychrome; Chihuahua D:5:1. Playas Red; Chihuahua D:8:l. Playas Red, Incised; Chihuahua D:8:l. Ramos Black; Chihuahua A:l6:3. Corralitos Polychrome, Incised; Chihuahua D: 8:1. Ramos Polychrome; Chihuahua A:16:3. Conchos Red-on-brown; Chihuahua TJ:5:2. 109 108 07 06 lOS 104

52 2 OUTLINE MAP OP CHIHUAHUA

SHOWING LOCATION OF TYPE SITES LAKE J AT WHICH THE VARIOUS WARES MAN DE5CRIBED ARE FOUND LAKE IO 00 504050 5ANTA 3' - 51 MARIA E F MIL5

28 28 V

27 27 X IN

26 26 /

09 lOS 107 lOS 05 - 04

MAP op TYPE SITES.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BRADFIELD, W. 1929.Cameron Creek Village. A Site in the Mimbres Area in Grant County, New Mexico.The School of American Research.Santa Fe, 1931. BRAND, D. D. 1935.The Distribution of Pottery Types in Northwest Mexico.American Anthropologist, n.s., Volume 37, No. 2 (Part 1), AprilJune 1935.Menasha, 1935. CAREY, H. A. 1931.An Analysis of the Northwestern Chihuahua Cul- ture.American Anthropologist,n,s.Vol.33.Me- nasha, 1931. COSGROVE, H. S. & C. B. 1932.The Swarts Ruin. A Typical Mimbres Sitein Southwestern New Mexico.Vol. XV, No. 1.Papers of .the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology.Harvard University.Cambridge, 1932. GLADWIN, W. & H. S. 1930a.A Method for the Designation of Southwestern Pot- tery Types.Medallion Papers, No. VII.Gua Pueblo, Globe, Arizona, 1930. 1930b.Some Southwestern Pottery Types, Series I.Me- dallion Papers, No. VIII.Gila Pueblo, Globe, Ari- zona 1930. 4 1934. A Method for Designation of Cultures and their Variations.Medallion Papers, No. XV.Gilá Pueblo, Globe, Arizona, 1934. HAURY, E. W. 1936a.Some SouthwesternPottery Types,SeriesIV. Medallion Papers, No. XIX. Gua Pueblo, Globe, Ari- zona, 1936. 65 66 SOME SOUTHWESTERN POTTERY TYPES

1936b.The Mogollon Culture of Southwestern New Mex- ico.Medallion Papers, No. XX. Gua Pueblo, Globe, Arizona, 1936. KIDDER, A. V. 1916.The Pottery of the Casas Grandes District, Chi- huahua.Holmes Anniversary Volume, Anthropological Essays.Washington, 1916.. MAERZ, A., AND PAUL, M. R. 1930. A Dictionary of Color.McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.New York, 1930. MARCH, B. 1934.Standards of Pottery Description.Occasional Con- tributions from the Museum of Anthropology of the University of Michigan No. 3, University of Michigan Press.Ann Arbor, February 10, 1934. NOGUERA, E. 1930.Ruinas Arqueologicas del Norte de Mexico.Casas Grandes(Chihuahua), Le Quemada, Chaichichuites (Zacatecas).Publicaciones de la Secretaria de Edu- cacion Publica.Talleres Graficos de la Nacion.Mex- ico, D. F., 1930. ROBLES, C. A. 1929.La Region Arqueologica de Casas Grandes, Chi- huahua.Imprenta NunezRep. Salvador 26. Mex- ico, D. F., 1929. SAYLES, E. B. 1936. An Archaeological Survey of Chihuahua, Mexico. Medallion Papers, No. XXII.Gila Pueblo, Globe, Ari- zona, 1936. STALLINGS, W. S., Jn. 1931.El Paso Polychrome.Technical Series, Bulletin 3. Archaeological Survey, Laboratory of Anthropology. Santa Fe, 1931.