THE LATE MEDIEVAL ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE MALTESE ISLANDS

Mario Buhagiar

Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti 2005 CONTENTS

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Abbreviations ...... • ...... •.. . .•...... x

Pre£,ce ...... •• ....•...... • .... • ...... •....• ...... •.... .Xl

List of Plates and Figures ...... •...... xv

Acknowledgement for Plates and Figures ...... xx v

Chapter 1: THE FIRST BEGINNINGS: EARLY CHRISTIAN TO EARLY MEDIEVAL ...... 1 Early Christianity ...... 2 The Byzantine Period ...... 6 The Muslim Imprint ...... • ...... • ...... 10

Chapter 2: THE RE-CHRISTIANIZATION AND LATINIZATION OF ...... 17 Domestic Architecture ...... 19 Fortifications ...... 23 '...... Ecclesiastical Architecture ...... • ...... 27 Sculpture ...... • ...... 30 The 's Treasures ...... • ...... •...... • ...... 32

Chapter 3: THE COUNTRYSIDE: CAVE-DWELLINGS AND DRYSTONE CONSTRUCTIONS ....39 The SpilI into the Countryside ...... 40 The Troglodytic Phenomenon ...... •...... 40 The CorbelIed Hut ...... 44 The Apiary Hut ...... 46 The Razzett ...... • ...... •...... 48 Water Supply and Irrigation ...... 50 The Viridarium at Is-Simblija ...... •• ...... •.....51

Chapter 4: SICULO-GREEK MONASTICISM AND ROCK-CUT CHURCHES .... .• ...... 57 The Conversion of the Muslims ...... 58 Siculo-Greek Monasticism ...... •...... 58 Abbatija tad-Dejr ...... 59 Rock-Cut Churches near the Civitas ...... •...... 63 The Rural Rock-Cut Churches ...... 68 and Comino ...... 78

vii Chapter 5: THE BUlLT CHURCHES ...... 83 The First Post-Muslim Churches ...... 84 Influences and General Characteristics ...... 8 6 Doorways, 'Melitan Mouldings', and Hood Moulds ...... 89 Windgws, Bell-cots, and Other External Features ...... 92 Internal Features ...... 96 The Mal Millieri Paintings ...... 99

Chapter 6: THE LATE MEDIEVAL TOWN HOUSE ...... 105 Buildings and Master Masons in th e Fifteenth and Earl y Sixteenth Centuries ...... 106 Popular Housing and the Urban Fabric ...... 107 The Palaces of the Nobility and the Gentry ...... 110 The Maltese Mullioned Windows ...... 123

Chapter 7: THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH ...... 13 1 The Bell -tower ...... 1 32 The Cathedral Fabric ...... 133 Side Chapels and Altars ...... 134 Graves and Funerary Monuments ...... 136 The Intarsia Choir-stalls ...... 137 Liturgical Objet s d'Art ...... •...... 1 38 The Great West Door ...... 144 The Carved, Gilt, and Painted Ceiling ...... 145 Other Furnishi ngs and Ornate Woodworks ...... 148

Chapter 8: THE MENDICANT FRIARS AND THE CLOI STERED NUNS ...... 15 3 The Benedictines and Malta ...... 154 The Ospidale di San Francesco and the Franciscan Third Order ...... 155 The Reformist Franciscans Observant and the Church of S . Maria di Gesu ...... 158 The Augustinians and their Churches ...... 159 The Dominicans and the Church of S. Maria dell a Grotta ...... 161 The Dominican Church ...... 168 The Carmelites ...... 170 The Benedictine Nuns of St Peter ...... 172 The Nuns of Sta. Scolastica ...... 174

Chapter 9: PARISH AND COUNTRYSIDE CHURCHES IN THE FIFTEENTH AND EARLY SIXTEENTH CENTURIES ...... 181 An Architectural Overview ...... 1 82 Wall Paintings ...... 184 The Founding of the First Parish Churches ...... 190 The First Parish Church of ...... 193 The Other Parish Churches ...... 195 Retables and Other Paintings ...... 200 Precious Metals ...... 206 Domestic Precious Metals and Jewell ery ...... 209

viii Chapter 10: PAINTING AND SCULPTURE: THE CATALAN AND SICILIAN CONNECTION ...2 17 The Dormition of the Virgin Panel ...... 218 The St Palll Retable ...... • ...... 2 19 The Sicilian Connection ...... 226 The Antonello da Messina Connecti on ...... 227 The Gogini Connection ...... •. ....•....• ...... 232

Late Medieval Artists. Architects and Craftsmen ...... 245

BibJiograph y ...... 25 1

Index ... •.. . .• ...... • . . . ..• . . . .•. .. . .•. .. .•....• ...... • ...... 269

ix INDEX OF PLACES AND PERSONS

Only places and persons are indexed. Churches, chapels, and religious houses are indexed under 'Church', painters, sculptors, architects, and craftsmen under 'Artist', and places of archaeological interest under' Archaeological Monuments and Sites.' Personal names are given under the family name where possible, with occasional cross references. Names are generally given in form used in the text.

A - Xaghra ta' Santa Duminka Catacomb, , .. 5 Arezzo, ...... _... _...... 202 Abbate, Giliberto, ...... 110 Artist Abela. Giovanni Francesco, ...75, 78,132, 158, 178n, - Antonello da Messina, ...... 134, 138, 227, 230 179n, 183 - Apap, Vincent, ...... 169 Accasina, M., ...... 227 - Arsemole, Fra Matheus, ...... 142 Agira, ...... 92 - Barbara, Nardu, ...... 134 Adriatic Coast, ...... 132 - Bartolo, Giovanni, ...... 142 Agius de Soldanis, G.P.F., ...... 32, 160 - Bassa, Fen'er, ...... 223 Ain Addamus, ...... , ...... 50 - Bellini, Giovanni, ... _.. . .• ...... 227 Ain Allien, ...... , ...... 50 - Blondeo, Petro, ...... __ .. _...... 145 , ...... 54n - Bonello, Giuseppe, ...... 139. 171 , 209 Alexander VI, Pope, ... , ...... ___ .. 158 - Bonnici Calf, Rafel, ...... 169 Alfonso V, ...... , .... _ 24,116,154,172 - Borassa, Luis, . __ . _.... _ . . . 220, 221, 224, 225 Al Himyari, .. _... _ . __ ..... , ...... _46 - Borg, Luca, ...... 134 AI-Idrisi, ...... _. _. . . __ . 18, 40, 44, 46 - Brunelleschi, ...... 235 AlIegritlo, Andrea, ...... _. . ... _.. _ 179n - Bugeja, Samuel, __ . _...... 72, 220 An-Nuwayr!, _. ___ ...... 38n - Burg, Salvo, ...... , ... 106, 156 Antonio, Gaspar, and Pietro, bell founders, ...... 132 - Burlo, Paulu, ...... • ...... 147 Antoni, ...... ___ ...... _ _ .. 232 - Buttigieg, Jlllianu, ...... , . . .•...... 233 Arabia, __ . _...... _.. 88 - Caccialepri, Nicola, ..... _ .. _...... 158 Aragon AJley, . __...... _ 124 - Calachura, Parisio, ...... 137, 138. 164 Arcadius, ...... 9 - Calachllra, Pier Antonio, ...... 137, 138, 164 Archaeological Monuments and Sites - Calleja, Gillseppe, ... _ _...... 185,218,220 - Abbatija tad-Dejr Catacombs, Rabat, .. 7.9,59-63, - Carastu, Antonio, ...... _. _.. 227 74.77,89 - Cassar, Gerolamo, ...... 182 - Baqqari Churches. . ____ ...... ___ .. _. 84-85 - Cimabue, . __ ...... 202 - Ghajn Zahra, Early Christian Cemetery, Tripoli, . 6 - Coglituri, Matteo ...... _...... • 183 - Gozo Archaeological Museum, ...... 10, 30. 38n - Curmi, Cola, ...... 141, 144-148, 156,219 - Mal Resqun Catacomb, , . __ ...... 3, 5, - de Manueli, Don Victorio, ...... 142 - Jewish Catacombs. Rabat. .. ___ .. • _. _. . _.. . 65 - de Saliba, Antonio, ...... _...... 158,227-229 - Majmuna Stone, ...... ___ .. 10 - de Saliba, Pietro, ...... _ 227-228 - Muslim Cemetery, Rabat, ...... 10 - di Bruges, Vincenzo, ...... 133 - National Museum of Archaeology, , ... 28 - di Michele, Jacopo, . ___ ...... 203 - Roman catacombs, ...... 3 - di 10 Episcopo, Matheo, ...... _...... 142 - Roman House, Rabat, ...... __ . . __...... 9 - Dimeg, Jacobo, ..... 106,112,133,156,183.199 - St Agatha Catacombs, Rabat, ...... 2, 4 - , Tommaso, ...... 182 - SI Paul Catacombs, Rabat, . _. __ ...... 3, 6 - Dumag, Jacobu , see Dimeg, Jacobo - SS. Paul-Agatha Catacombs, Rabat, . __ ...... 6 - Dumag, Georgi, ...... _.. _. 106. 156 - Salina Bay Catacombs, St Paul's Bay, .. _.. ____ 6 - Dumag, Petru, ...... 106, 156 - Ta' Cieda, San Gwann, ...... _... 193 - Dumah, Jacubu, see Dimeg, Jacobo - Tas-Silg, Early Christian deposits, ...... 5 - Farrugia, George, .. _...... 185 - Tas-Silg, Temple of Astarte, _... ___ ...... 8 - Francesco da Laurana, ...... _ ...... 235 - Tophet, site of, ...... 68 - Gafit, Lorenzo, ...... •... 144, 220

269 - Gagini, Antonello, "", ...... 158,236-238 Azzopardi, Antonio, ...... 179n - Gagini, Domenico, ...... , ...... 233-235 Azzopardi, Fra Francesco Maria, ...... 17911 - Gagini Workshop, , ...... 137,165,167 Azzopardi, Mgr. John, 150n, ...... 178n - Gaspare da Pesaro, ...... 226 - GeneI', Guerau, ...... 225, 226 - Gera, see di Michele Jacopo B - Ghiberti, ...... •...... 235. - Giordano da Messina, ...... 228 Bahrija, ...... 44 - Giotto, ...... 202, 223 ~ Balaguer Camarasa, Giovanni M., Bishop, .. 193, 194 - Giovannello da Itala, ...... 232 Balearic Islands, ...... 125 - Giovanni, Fra, ...... 167, 179n Bartolo, Angelo, ...... 150n - Giovanni di Pictro da Napoli, ...... 226 Barberi, Antonio, ...... 150n - Griggs, W., ...... 185 Barcellona, ...... 206 - Hyzler, Giuseppe, ...... 188,218,219,220 Basilicata, ...... 40, 44 - Jacobello da Messina, ...... 228 Bastions Square, Mdina, ...... 113, 116 - La Cruchi, Petro, ...... 142 , ...... , ...... 53 - Liftech, Bartolomeo, ...... 141 Beraxi, Pietro, ...... 167, 179n - Maczuni, Bartolomeo, ...... , ...... 139 Berge Sobre, Judith, ...... 242n - Manjuni, Giovanni Antonio, ...... 142 Bautier Bresc, Genevieve, ...... 221 - Master of the Bir Miftuh Altarpiece, ...... 204 Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, ...... 38n - Master of Bishop Galliana, ...... •.... 223 Bibliotheque national de , ...... 38n - Master of Rubio, ...... 224 Bingemma Ridge, ...... 69 - Master of Soriguerole, ...... 219 Birgu, ...... 25, 108, 169, 174, 179n, - Master of the Santa Maria Latina Retable, .... 161 183, 199, et passim Messina School of Antonello, ..... 145, 156, 173, Birkirkara, ...... 192, 194, 195 187,227 Bir Miftuh, ...... 90, 96, et passim Micallef, Bartolomeo, ...... 204 Bisbut, ...... 192 - Michelangelo, ...... 236 Bishop of Patti, , ...... 40 - Muscat, Nicolau, ...... 156 Bisqallin, ...... 192 - Padovano, Alessandro, see Patavino Alessandro Bissone, ...... •...... • .•...•..... 235 - Patavino, Alessandro, ...... 145-148, 220 Bohemond, ...... 76 - Perez d' Aleccio, Matteo, ...... 164 Bonello, Manfredi, ...... 179n - Perugino, ...... 188 Bonello, Paolo, ...... • ...... 179n - Pisani, Lazzaro, ...... 61, 81 n, 185 Bonello, Thomeo, ...... 179n - Pisani, Micheli, ...... 156 Bonello, Vincenzo, ...... 188, 220 - Pulsella, Giovanni Antonio, ...... 184, 190 Bondi, Giacomo, ...... • ...... 214n - Praxitiles, ...... 38n Bonnici, Jacobo, ...... 197 - Preti, Mattia, ...... 219 Bordino, Enricus, ...... 149 - Ruzzolone, Pietro, ...... 227 Bordino, Esmeralda, ...... • ...... 133 - Salibe, Giovanni, ...... 227 Bordino Family, ...... 132,186 - Salvo d'Antonio, ...... 134, 187,228-232 Borgiu, Michael, ...... 194 Scarpa, Giovanni, ...... 139-141,206 Bosio, Fra Antonio, Bishop, ...... 137, 139 - Serra, Juame, ...... 224, 226 Bottari, Salvatore, ...... 187, 227 - Serra, Pere, ...... 224, 226 Braun, Hugh, ...... 90 - Spagnolo, Girolamo, ...... 176 Bubaqra, ...... • ...... 84, 99 Van de Aa, Pieter, ...... 41 Buhagiar, Keith, ...... 82n, 129n - Vassald, Jorgi, ...... 134 Buhagiar, Mario, ...... • ...... 129n - Vineciano, Vincenzo, ...... 141 Buqana, ...... •...... 110. 136 - Xebiras, Giovanni, ...... 141 Busbisija, ...... 74 Asciak, Don Mariano, ...... 116 Buskett, ...... 40 Asia Minor, ...... • ...... 58 Athens, ...... 102n , ...... 11 c Attardu, Blasio, ...... • ...... 184 Attardu, Lysterio, ...... 184 Caffaro, Andrea, ...... 119 Attun, Xalomo, ...... 107 Cagiano de Azevedo, Michelangelo, ...... 178n Auberge d'Italie, Valletta, ...... 125 Calabria, ...... 65, 79

270 Callistus Ill, Pope, ...... , . , . , ...... 1n Convent, Rabat, Malta. Camilleri, Pietro, ...... 197 Basilica of St John Lateran, ...... 31, 32 Camogi, Anfrano, ...... •...... 143 - Cappella Palatina, Palermo, ...... 23, 32 Canchur. C, ...... 184 - Carmine Church of the Annunciation, Mdina, ... 24, Candachia, Giovanni Enrico, ...... 13 7 107 Cannaves, Mgr. Giacomo, Bishop, ...... 195 - Carmine Church of the Annunciation, Santu Cappadocia, ...... • ...... 58 Leonardu, Rabat, ...... 170-172, 184 CappeJla Sancta,Pomenica, ...... 192 - Carmine Convent, Mdina, ...... 171 Capu, Don Jacobu, ...... 154 Carmine Convent, Santu Leonardu, Rabat. ... . 77, Capuchin Bastion, , ...... 9 170·172 Capuchin Museum, Floriana, ...•. • ...... 204, 209 Caval", Rayneli, ...... 231 Cardona, Don Antonio, ...... 116 Cave of St Nicholas, see Ghar San Niklaw Carmel Street, Mdina, ...... , ...... 125 Cemetery Church of Castroreale, ...... 228 Caruana, Dr A.A., ..... , ...... 61,67,185 - Chiesa Madre di Bordinaro, Messina, ...... 236 Caruana, Petro, ...... 210 - Chiesa Madre di Termini Imerese, ...... 227 Casa IsabeJla, Mdina, ...... , ...... 118-119, 129n - Comino Church, see Return of the Holy Family from Cassar, Matteo, ...... 197 Egypt, Comino Cassar, Pachi, ...... 133 - Conventual Church of St John, Valletta, .. 182,237 Cassar, Frater GuilleJmus, ...... 170, 171 - Dominican Church, Birgu, see Annunciation of the Casteletti, Donna Paola, ...... •...... 110 Virgin, Birgu Castellan's House, Castrum Maris, ...... I 19·121 - Dominican Church, Rabat, see Virgin of the Grotto , Castrum Civitatis Malte, ...... 24, 25 Rabat Castmm Maris, Birgu, . . 20,28,32,53,86, 108, 116, - Dominican Convent, Birgu, ...... 168 119,168,169,183,191,193,200,206,237 - Dominican Convent, Rabat, ...... 168 Catagnano, Alessandro, ...... 143 - Dominican House, Birgu, see Domincan Convent, Catagnano, Mgr. Bernardo, Bishop, . , ...... l37, 139 Birgu Catalunya, ...... 88, 102n, 106, et passim - Dominican House, Rabat, see Dominican Convent, Caxaro, Manfredi, ...... 123 Rabat, Caxaro, Pietro, ...... 165 - Francicans Conventual Church, Rabat, .. 139, 155, Cataldo, Fr'ater ...... ,171 156,158,165 , ...... 102 - Francicans Conventua1 House, Rabat, Gozo, .. 158 Cauchi, John A., ...... 242n - Francicans Conventual House, Rabat, Malta, .. 158 Cathedral Museum, Gozo, ...... 204, et passim - Franciscans Observant Church, Rabat, Malta, see Cathedral Museum, Mdina, ...... 32, 132, 133, 134, Santa Maria di Gesu, Rabat 156,218,220,226,230, et passim - Franciscans Observant House, Rabat, Malta, .. 158 Cefalu, ...... , ...... , .. 19 - Gozo Castello Church, see Assumption of the Virgin, Central Mediterranean, ...... 9, 18 Gozo Castello Charles of Anjou, ...... 29 Ghar San Brankat, ...... , ...... 75, 76 Chersonesos, Harbour town, ...... ,...... 3 Ghar San Niklaw, ...... 72. 74, 75 Church (chapel, cappelJa, monastery, convent, Goar San Pietru, ...... , ... , ...... 75 cemeteries) - Goar tas-Slaleb, ...... 77, 78 - Abbey Church of , ...... 23, 32 Grotta dei Santi, Ragusa, ...... 63 - Annunciation of the Virgin, Birgu, .. 108,168-170, - Grotta dell a Solitudine, Lentini, ...... 61 179n - Grotta di Contrada Giannotta, Licata, ...... 71 - Annunciation of the Virgin, Mal Millieri, .. 88, 92, - Hlantun Church, ...... , ...... 85-86 97,99-102,188,190,205 Holy Sepulchre, ...... 58 - Assumption of the Virgin, Attard, ..... , . 182, 184 - tal -Ghar, Rabat, see Virgin of the Grotto, . Assumption of the Virgin, Birkirkara, ... 192, 206 Rabat - Assumption of the Virgin, Goargour, ...... 95 - Martorana. La, Palermo, ...... 20, 21 - Assumption of the Virgin, Gozo Castello ..... 204, - Mellieha Sanctuary of the Virgin, see Nativity of the 206, et passim Virgin, Mellieha. - Assumption of the Virgin, Ta' Ceppuna, ...... 92 - Mensija Church, see San Leonardo tal-Gebel - Augustinian Convent, GOZD, ...... 160 . Mdina Cathedral, ... 6, 14n, 27, 34, 106, 132, 184, - Augustinian Convent, Malta, .. 159-161, et passim 190, 218, 232, et passim - Augustinian House, Gozo, see Augustinian Convent, - Mdina Cathedral bell tower, ...... 106, 132-133 Gozo, - Monastero di Santa Maria de Sixena, ...... 225 - Augustinian House outside Mdina, see Augustinian - Monastero de Santes Creus, ...... 225

271 - Nativity of the Virgin , Bir Miftuh, ...... 188 - St Paul 's Grotto, ...... 64 - Nati vity of the Virgin, Castrum Maris, ...... 204 - St Paul the Fin;! Hermit, , ...... 75 - Nati vity of the Virgin, Mellieha, ... 48, 7 1,72, 193 St Peter, Mdina, ...... 174-175 - Nativity of the Virgin, , 199, 203-204 St Peter, ZUlTieq, ...... [84 - Nativity of the Virgin, Siggiewi, ...... 95 St Peter Monastery, Mdina, ...... [74-175, 228 - Nativity of the Virgin , Ta' Qali, ...... 92 St Phi[ip of Agira, Zebbug, .... 92, 139,206,209 - Palermo Cathedral , ...... 38n St Sebastian. Birgu , ...... 199 - Rabat Dominic3'l.Chufch , see Virgin of the Grona, St Venera, Rabat, ...... 66 Rabat . San Bal11aba in Valderice, ...... 88 Return of the Ho[y Fami[y from Egypt, San Bai ilju, , ...... 85,93, 96,97, 103n Comino, ...... 78, 84, 97 San Cataldo, Palermo, ...... 20, 27 Saviour, Gozo Citadel, ...... 190 San Cir, ...... 84, 99, 102n, 188 Saviour, Mdina, ...... 188 San Domenico, Arezzo, ...... 202 Saviour, Zebbug, ...... 95 San Domenico, Syracuse, ...... 137 St Agatha, Rabat, .. 3 [,32,64,144, [85, 190,237, San Gorg ta' Gebel Ciantar, ...... 69, 71 et passim San Giovanni degli Eremiti, Pa[ermo, ...... 27 St Ange[o, Castrum Maris, ...... 25 - San Leonardo tal-Gebe/, ...... 76, 205 St Anne, Fort St Angelo, ...... 20, 25, 29, 32 - San Mattew tal -Maq[uba, ...... 85 St Anthony the Abbot, Birgu, ...... 108 - San Mikiel is-Sincir, ...... 86, 90, 96, 196 St Anthony the Abbot, N[antun see Nlantun Church. San Nicolo, Sciaeca, ...... 226 St Barbara, , Gozo, ...... , ...... 190 - San Nieolo d' Arena, Cat ani a, ...... 154, 155 St Barrholomew, Rab"t, ...... , . , . , .... 103n - San Pau[u di Fora, Rabat...... 191, [99 St Basil , see San Bazi [ju San Vi ncenzo a Galliano, Milan, ...... 102 St Catald, Rabat, ...... 64 Sancti Pauli de Cimiterio, Rabat, see San Paulu di St Catheri ne, Siggiewi...... 95 Fora, Rabat. St Catherine of A[exandria, Birgu, ...... 108 Santa Cecilia, Gozo, .... , ...... 86,92 St Catherine of Alexandria, Tal-Baqqari, Zurrieq, Santa Croce, Mdina, ...... 129n see Santa Katarina tal -Baqqari - Sant' Andrija ta ' Birmigga, ...... 92 - St Catherine of A[exandria, Zejtun , ..... 182, 188, - Santa Caterinia, Galmina, Lecce, ...... 102 191. [92, 197, 199 - Santa Katarina tal-Baqqari, ...... 84, el passim - St Catherine of Alexandria, Zunieq, ..... 184, 197 - Santa Katarin. tax-Xwejki, ...... 93, 103n - St Cyr, see San Cir - Santa Lucia, , ...... 87 - St Domenica, Ma[ Tanarni, ..... ,. , . , ., .... 192 Santa Lucia sui Tirone, Lentini, Sicily, ...... 71 - St Domenica, Gozo, ...... , . , . , ...... 78 Sama Margarita , Mosta...... 99 - St Domenica, Zabbar, ...... 190 Santa Maria, Castrum Maris, . .... 20, 25, 28, 86, SI Euphemia, Zebbug, ...... 95 119, 191 St Francis, Rabat, see Franciscan Conventuals Santa Maria, Zejtun, ...... 92 Church, Rabat, ...... 154 Santa Maria Antiqua, Rome, ...... 60 St George, , ...... 197,200-202 Santa Maria di Donna Manna, Mdina, ... 136, 139 St George, Rabat, Gozo, ...... 110, 206 Santa Maria di Gesti , Rabat, ...... 158,228,236, St Helen, Birkirkara, ...... 192, 193 et passim - St Honor,;, Les Alchamps, Provence, France, . 102n - Santa Mafia de Jesu de la Observancia, see Santa - SI J ulian the Confessor, , ...... 158 Maria di Gesti, Rabat - St Laurence, Birgu, .... 108, 109, 168, 199,205, Santa Mafia deW AmmiragJio, Palermo, see 206, et passim Manorana, La, Palermo, - St Leonard Cave Church, ...... 59 Santa Maria della Grolta, Rabat, see Virgin of the - St Mark the Evangelist, Rabat, ..... "., ... . 160 Grotto, Rabat - St Mary Magdalene, Rabat, ...... 64 Santa Maria dell a Speranza, Mosta, ...... 74 - St Matthew, Siggiewi, ...... 95 Santa Maria della Speranza, Rabat, ...... 64 St Matthew, Zebbug, ...... , . , . , ..... 95 Santa Maria delle Grazie, Catanzaro, Calabria, 236 St Michael, Zebbug, ...... 95 Santa Maria del Seu, Manresa, ...... 225 St Nicho[as, Birgu, ...... 108 Santa Maria della Virtl', Rabat, ...... 68, 90 St Nicho[ as Cave Church, Wied Mazmn, . 53, 78 - Santa Maria Gaudiorum, Gozo, ...... 160, 178n - St Nicho[as, Siggiewi...... 188-190, 195 Santa Maria ta ' Birmiftuh, ..... 90,92-93, 95 , 96, - St Nicho[as, Wied ir-Rum, see St Nicho[as Cave 99, 190, 192, 195-196 Church, Wied Mazrun Santa Maria tal-Baqqari, ...... 84,86 - St Panateleimon, Nerez, Macedonia, ...... 201 Santa Maria ta' Mal Xluq, ...... 90, 96, 196

272 Santa Maria tal-Mlas, ...... 93 de Falsone, Ambrosio, ...... 112 Santa Maria tal-Knejjes, ...... 193 de Falsone, Micheli, ...... 106, 112, 115 Santa Maria di Predalbes, Bareellona, ...... 223 de Falsone, Salvo, see de Fauzono, Salvo Santa Seolastica, Mdina, ...... 175-176 de Fauzone, Salvo, ...... 165 Santa Seolastiea Monastery, Mdina, ..... 175-176 de Guevara, Don Filippo, see De Guivara Don Filippo Santa Sofia, Mal Far, ...... 88 de Guivara Family, ...... 134, 193 Santa Teresa, Catanzaro, Calabria, ...... 236 de Guivara, Ferdinando, .... , ...... 136 - Sicilian rock- ~ut churches, ...... 66 de Guivara, Don Filippo, ...... 16R, 193, 199,207 - Santi Nicolo e Cataldo, Lecee, ...... 103n de Hangest, Fra Carolus, ...... 159 - Virgin, Wied Ziri, Mosta, ...... 184 de Habica Family, ...... 135 - Virgin of Hope Mosta see Santa Maria dell a de la Lieata Family, ...... 134 Speranza, Mosta de Landino Y solda, see Y solda de Landino - Virgin of Loreto, Gudja, ...... 97 de Leo, Frater lacobus, ...... 158 - Virgin of Monserrat, Birgu, ...... 200 de ManueIe, Enrico, .. .. 210 - Virgin of the Grotto, Rabat, .... 67,163-167,190 de Mello Senatore, see Senatore de Mello Chiaramonte Family, ...... 23 de Malta Guillelmus, see Guillelmus de Malta. Cicero, .. . , ...... , .. 8 de Malta Paolino, see Paolino de Malta Cirkewwa, ...... 43 de Moncada, Guglielmo Raimondo, ...... 117 Civitas, see Mdina de Mont Galldry, Fra Christophorus, ...... I S9 Comino, ...... , ...... 78, 97 de Nasis, Don Salvatore, ...... ISDn , ...... ,', ...... ,. 9 de Nava, Alfonso, ...... 150n Corradino Hill, ...... 9 de Nava Isabella, see Isabella de Nava Corso Vittorio Emmanuele, Palermo, ...... 124 de Nava, Johannes, see Johannes de Nava Cubelles, Mgr Domenico, Bishop, .... 150n, 161-163, de , Gabriel, ...... 107 172, 174 de Peregrino, Jacobus. see Jacobus de Peregrino Cuglituri, Salimbeni, ...... 147 de Peregrino, PauIus, see Paul us de Peregrino Cumbo, Giulio, ...... ,. , .. ., ...... 179n de Pirera, Marciano, ...... 209 Cumbo-Navarra, Ugolino, ...... , ...... 116 de Podio, Don Matteo, ...... 29 Curmi, Matteo, ...... , ...... , ...... 163 de Rapis, Giovanni, ...... , ...... 148 Cusman, Jacobo, ...... , ...... 107 de Rocka, Donna Chiara, ...... 122 Cutajar, Nathaniel, ...... ,.,., .... 193, 194 de Rocka, Donna Lukina, ...... 122 Czullo, known as Baldu, ...... 197 de la Sengle, Fra Claude, Grand Master...... 159 de Vaccaro, Jaeobe, ...... 209,232 de Vaugrignane, Guillaume, ...... 32 D de Voragine, Jaeobus, ...... 101 del Caretto di Montefeltro, Eleonora, . . . .. 170 del Caretto di Montefeltro, Matheo, ...... 170 Dalli, Paulo, ...... , ..... 197 Darmanin, Matteo, ...... , ..... 107 Desguanez, Antoni, ...... 116, 135, 136 Desguanez Family, ...... 135 Da Palenno, Fra Lorenzo, ...... 158 d'Alagona, Mgr. Antonio, Bishop, ...... 137, 154 Dejr il-Bniet, ...... , ., ...... 109, 136 de Aragona, Donna Margarita, ...... 170, 171, 172 Dimeg, Don Domenico, ...... 106 de Barba, Muchio, ...... 178n Dingli, ...... 18, 76, 192, 193 de Barba, Paolo, ...... , ...... 178n Diocletian, ...... , ...... 82n de Barba, Pietro, ...... 178n Dragut, Rais, ...... , ...... 178n de Beniabin, Andrea, ...... 150n Dusina, Mgr Pietro, ...... 74,97, 136, 154, 194 de 10 Buseo, Petrus, see de Iu Briseu, Petrus de Iu Briseu, Petrus, ...... 155 de Carbuni, Lancia, see Lancia de Carbuni E de Caxaro, Betta, ...... 210 de Caxar, Cesaria, ...... 210 Elle the Jew, ...... 129n de Caxaro, Nicolao, ...... 210 Enna, ...... 112 de Caxaro, Rogero, ...... 210 Enrico Pecatore, Count of Malta, .. , .... 18, 25, 119 de Chabiea Family, see de Habica Family Eolou Street, Athens, ...... 102n de Chilia, Fra Guglielmo, ...... 229 Episcopal Palace, Palermo, ...... 124 de Fabro, Michele, ...... 161 Ethiopia, ...... 58 de Falsone, Donna Agata, ... , ... , . , . , ...... 136 Eusebius of Cesarea, ...... 32

273 F Gozo Citadel •.... 25,26, 38n, 93,108-110,122-123 , 160,191. et passim Falca, Antonio, ...... 209 Gozo Folklore Museum, ...... 123 Falcsuni, Micheli, see de FaIsane Micheli Grand Harbour. .. 9, 25, 28, 108, 119, 168 • 191, 232 Falsone, Andrea, ...... 209 Great Fault, the, ...... 48,72, 191 Falsone, Ambrogio, ...... , ...... 143 Greeks' Gate, Mdina, ...... 21,23,25 Falsone Family, ...... " ... ,' , ., ... 135, 139, 186 Gregory the Great, Pope, ...... 9 FaIsone Dianora, • ...... 209 Grugni Family •...... 134 Falsone, Matteo, ....•...... 116 Gudja, ...... 3,31 Falsane, Ylagia, ...... 209 Guillelmus de Malta, ...... • ...... 26, 122 Farrugia, Carmel, ...... I 18 Ferdinand the Catholic, ...... 145 Fiorini,Stanley, ...... 129n, 149n, 150n, 179n H R~~~ ...... 9 Fort St Angelo, Birgu, see Castrum Maris, Birgu Hakim, Jacobo, ...... 158, 172,209 Fosse Street, Gozo Citadel •...... 109 Hakim, Mariano, ...... 158 Franciscan Tertiaries, see Third Order of St Francis Mal Bajjada, ...... 65 Frederick n, ...... 119, 154 Hal Far, ...... 88 Frederick IV, ...... 170 Mal Kbir ...... 154, 183 Freno,Salvaturi, ...... 156 Mal Millieri, ...... 3 I, 88, 97, 99- 102 Mal Xluq, ...... 90, 95 Hauran, ...... 88 G Haxixe, Giovanni, ...... 209 Hellul, Don Pietro, ...... 184 Galatina, ...... 102 Hemsija ...... •...... , 136 Gallarino G., ...... 53 Henry VI, Swabian Emperor, ...... 40 Galleria Nazionale di Palazzo Abatelis, Mlantun...... 85 Palenno, ...... 201,226 Mofra ta ' Ghar, 11-, ...... 76 GargalIo, Fra Tommaso, Bishop, ...... ,. 173, 176 Holy Cross Street, Mdina, ...... 125 Gatto, Francesco, ...... I 10, Ill, 116, 129n, 136 Honorius, ...... 9 Gatto. l mperia, ...... 116 Hospitale Sancti Petri, Mdina, ...... 173 Gatto-Murina Street, Mdina, ...... I11 HSBC Bank, Rabat...... 178n Gatl-Desguanez Family, ...... 135, 136 Gebel Ciantar, ...... 69 , ...... 18 I Gerba, .. 18 Gewwa r-Rokka, see La Rocca. Ibn al-Athlr, ...... • ...... 38n GFmdira Valley...... •...... 74 lhn Hauqal, ...... 46 Ghajn Klieb, ...... 108 Id-Dwejra, ...... 69 Ghajn Tuffieha, ...... •.... 48 Ilarius, Bishop of Malta, ...... 154, 199 Gr"Un Qajjed...... •...... •...... 67 lnguanel. Street, Mdina, ...... 118 Ghf\jn Xejba •...... 190 lsabella de Nava, ...... 156, ]64 Gharb, ...... 48, 233 Ghar Assarifi, ...... 54n Ghar Dalam, ...... 54n J Ghar il -Kbir...... 40,42 Ghar Qasrana, ... . •...... •...... 69 Jaccarini, Carol C., ...... 54n Gnar Scioaib, ...... 54n Jacobus de Peregrino, ...... 170 Ghar ta' Baldu, ...... •.... 55n laner, Don Bemardus, ...... 138 Ghar Manzira...... 78 Janer. Frater Benedictus, ...... 155 Ghargnur, ...... 95 Johannes de Nava •...... 155, 156, 158, 164, 165 Gllien Ingraw, ...... 72 Johns, Jeremy...... 58 Gollcher, Captain Glaf, ...... 116 Julia Augusta, ...... 26 Gozo, .... 9, 15n, 18,25,28,40,43,48,78,86,122, Julius n, Pope, ...... 236 160, et passim Gozo , see Gozo Citadel.

274 K Marfa Ridge, ...... 74 Marsa, ...... •.• ...... 3,92, 13 Kahya, Kaid of Maita, ...... 10 Marsascala, ...... 192 Kalafrana, ...... • ...... 84 , ...... 8, 192 Kaikara, ...... •...... 5 M=~.. ..~ Ketib, Ximxom, ... . . • ...... 210 Matmata, ...... 40, 54n, Kerceln, ...... 48 Mdina, passim throughout the text King Ferdinand'l'\IJey, ...... 11 8 Melite, city of, ...... 2, 3, 10, 199 Kircher, Athanasius, ...... 41 MelJieha, ...... 48, 71. 192, 200 Knights HospitalJer, see Knights of St John. Mercieca, Fra Gionanni Antonio, ...... 228 Knights of St John, ..... 26, 29, 32 ,49, 53, 106, 108, Messina, ...... 32, 147 116, 11 9,123, 136, 144, 157, 158, 182,203,208 Messina, Aldo, ...... , ...... 61 Mgieban, ...... •.... 48 Mesquita Street, Mdina, ...... 11 6 MicaIJef, Don Pancratius, ...... 134 L Milan, ...... 102 Milite Bernardo Street, Gozo Citadel, ... 26, 109, 123 La Rocca, Mdi na, ...... •...... Mi ll Street, AUard, ...... II 24,25, 108, 11 3, 175 Monreale, ...... 50 Lancia de Carbuni, ...... •.•.•...... 154 Monroy, Don Gonsalvo, ...... 116 Landolino Fam il y, ...... 178n Monterosso Almo, Rausa, ...... 63 Latnija, il·, ...... 43, 54n Mosta, ...... 48, 184 Lauria, Ruggi ero, see Ruggiero Lauria. Mqabba, ...•...... 23, 85 Lecce, ...... l03n Mtanleb, ...... , .• . • .• ...... 44 Lentini, ...... 6 1,71 Mtarfa, ...... , ...... 87 Les Alychamps, Aries, ...... 102n Murray, Margaret, ...... 84 Lesina, ...... , ...... 5 Musee de Cluny, ...... 32 Libya, ...... •. .. • ...... 6 Musea Comunale, Termini lmerese, ...... 130n Lieata, ...... 71 Museo Nazionale di Palazzo Bellomo, Syracuse, . 220 Licata, Frankino, ...... 210 Museu Episcopal, Vie, Barcellona, ...... 206 Lions Club, , ...... 214n Museu Nacional d' Art de Catalunya, ...... 219 La Steri, see Palazzo Chiaramon te, Palermo Lombardo, Don Gi li o, ...... 197 Lombardy, ...... 235 N Ludolph of Saxony, ...... 201 Lunijata Valley, Rabat, see Wied Liemu, Rabat Luttrell Anthony T., ...... 178n, 190, 231 Nahhalija, ...... 48 , ...... •...... 125 , ...... 235 National Museum of Fine Arts, Valleua, ...... 61 Naxxar, ...... 93, 106 Naxxar Parish Church Museum, ...... 204 M Near East, ...... 50 Nerez, Macedonia, ...... 20 I Macedonia, ...... •.•.• . • ...... 20 I Nile Delta, ...... 58 Madonna tal·Ghar Valley, ...... •...... 48 Norman House, see Palazzo Falsane Madrid, ...... , . • ...... 32 North Africa, ...... 11 , 12, 18,46,88 Magazines Street, Mdina, ....•...... 125 North Street, Birgu, ...... 121 Maimuna, ...... 10 Maio of Bari, ...... 32, 38n Main Gate, Mdina, ...... 27, 129n, 160, 178n Malatesta, Margarita, ...... 150n o Malf, see Hakim, Jacobo Mamo, Don Gregorio, ...... , . • . •...... 154 OspedaJe di San Francesco, Rabat , see Santa Spirito Manduca, Andrea, ...... •. • ...... 143, 209 Hospital, Rabat, 154 Manduca Family, ...... , . , ., ...... 135 Our Saviour Street, Mdina, ...... 11 3, 116 Mangiani, Geronim o, ...... , ... 236 Mangion, Anthony, ...... 214n

275 p Ramla Bay, Gozo, ...... 160, 178n Rhodes, ...... , ...... 158 Robert Guiscard, ...... 76 Palazzo Bellomo, Syracuse, ...... , ...... Ill, 129n Rocea, La, Mdina, see La Rocea. Palazzo Chiaramonte, Palermo, ...... 119,121 Roger King of Sicily, ...... 10, 18,40,58 Palazzo Ciampoli, Taormina, ...... 111 n, Palazzo Corvaia, Taormina, ...... , ..... 129n Roger de Hautville, Count of Sicily, .... 18,76, 144 Rome, ...... 6 Palazzo Desguanez, ...... 116-118 Royas, Fra Martino, Bishop, ...... 176 Palazzo Falsone, Mdina, . 23, 106, 112-116, 118, 175 Ruggiero Lauria, ...... 26 Palazzo Gatto-Murina, ...... 110-112, 115 PaIazzo Inguanez, see Palazzo Desguanez PaIazzo MontaIto, Syracuse, ...... 23 Palazzo Policarini, Enna, ...... 11 2 s Palazzo Santa Sofia, Mdina, ...... 21 Palmer, Archbishop William, ...... 32 Saint (San, San!', Santo, S.) see also Church Palermo, ...... 20, 23, 32, 58,133,143 - Agrippina di Nineo, ...... 214n Pantalleria, ...... 59 - Anthony the Abbot, ...... 190 Paolino de Malta, ...... , ...... 154 - Augustine, ...... 160 Papalla, Nicolo, ...... , .... 155 - Catald, ...... 65, 75, 102 Pasqualino, see Bisqallin - Cyriaca, ...... 82n Paulus de Peregrino, . , . .... , . , ...... 154 - Brancato of Taormina, .. , ...... 76 Peire Yidal, ...... ,.,. , ., ...... 18, 119 - Louis of France, ...... 32 Periconus, Frater, ...... 170 - Jerome, ...... 32 Persia, ...... , ., .... 50 - Leonard, ...... 76, 102, 190 Pescatore, Enrico, see EnrieD Pecatare - Margaret of Antioch, ...... 214n PiITi, Raceo, ...... , ...... 59 - Nicholas, ...... 102 Poeta, Nicholaus, ...... ,. , ...... , ., . , .. ... 122 - Nicholas of Bari, see Nicholas Portalrubro, Mgr., ...... ,. , ...... 139 - Nicolas of Myra, see Nicholas Portelli, Petro, ...... , . , ...... 48 - Pancratius, see Brancato of Taormina Provence, ...... , . , . , ...... 102n - Peter, ...... 75, 132 Puglia, ...... 44, 102 - Rossinianus, ...... 160 Pullicino, Can Paolo, ...... ,. , ...... 219,220 - Victor of Marseilles, ...... 32 Puzallo, ...... ,.,.,...... 184 - Yictor of Milan, ...... 32 St Paul's Bay, ...... 3 St Peter Street, Mdina, ...... 124, 171 Q Salentino Peninsula, ...... 102 Saliba, Jacabo, ...... 184 Saguna, Nardu, ...... 232 Qasr Habashi, Tunisia, ...... , ...... 10 San Gwann, ...... 76 Qattara, 11 -, ...... •...... 55n San Leonardo, see Santu Leonardu, Rabat Qormi, ...... 93, 193 Santu Leonardu, Rabat, ...... 77, 170 , ...... 154 Santa Sofia Street, Mdina, ...... 124, 125 Quarters Street, ...... 109 Santo Spirito Hospital, Rabat, ...... 154, 156 Quentin d'Autun, Abbe Jean, ..... 44,121,159,174 Sannat, ...... 190 Saqqajja, ...... 160, 178n Sarrazin, Raoul, ...... 32 R Selmun, ...... 48 Senatore de Mello, Bishop, ...... 178n Rabat, Gozo, ...... 10, 25 Senglea, ...... 15 8 Rabat, Malta, ..... 2, 4, 9, 11,40, 51, 68, 69, 76, 106, Scicluna, Hannibal, ...... 48 108, et passim Sicily, .. 10, 11, 12, 18,27,34,40,41,46,50,58,59, Raficano, Don Jacobus, ...... 106 75,76,88,89,92, 132, 133, 156 Ragusa, ...... 63 Siggiewi, ...... 68,90,95,154,183, 188 Ranal Antun, ...... 85 Sillato, Bartolomeo, ...... 134 Ranal Niklusi, see Hal Kbir Sillato, Luca, ...... 178n, 180n Rahal Zuchar, ...... 40 Simblija, ls-, ...... • ...... 51-54. Rahel, widow of Xalomo Attun, ...... 107 Sinam, Pasha, ...... 178n

276 Slampa. see Curmi. Matteo Villiers de 1'Isle Adarn, Philippe, Sousse, Tunisia, ...... 10 Grand Master, ...... 113, lIS, 158, 237 South Africa, ...... ,., ...... 44 Villegaignon Street, Mdina, ...... 24, Ill, 112, 115, South , ...... , ...... 46.76, 102 117,125 , ...... 12 Subtilis, Davide, ...... 226 Syracuse, ...... 23, 32, 58, I I I, 133 w Syria, ...... • ...... 58, 88 Ward Perkins, John, ...... , ...... 92, Ill, ta' San Gorg, ...... 71 T Wettinger, Godfrey, ...... •...... 15n, 129n Wied il-Ghasel, ...... 74 Ta' Baldu ...... " ...... 18-19,54 Wied I=Iazrun, ...... 51 Ta' Giampula, .. , ...... •...... 68 Wied Liemu, ...... 170, 179n, 184 Ta' Ceppuna, . .. , ...... •...... 92 Wied Piskru, ...... 48 Ta' Qali, ...... 92 Wied ir-Rum...... 55n, 78 Ta' Zuta, ...... 69 Wied Ziri, ...... 184 Tabuni, Isolda, ...... 164 Wignacourt Collegiate Museum, Rabat, ...... 30 Tabuni, Paolo, ...... 164 William I of Sicily, ...... 38n Tabuni, Don Renaldo, ...... , ...... 199 Tal Baqqari, ...... 84, 95 Tal Gharghar, ...... 192, 193 x Tal Hlas ...... • ...... 93 Tal Maqluba, ...... 85 Xaghra, Gozo, ...... 178n Tal Merola, Mtahleb, ...... 44 Xeberasi, Francesco, ...... 150n Tax Xwejki ...... •...... 93 , Gozo, ...... 10, 86, 92 Taormina, ...... 75, Ill, Bay. Gozo, ...... •...... 30,78 Taranto, ...... •...... 65, 102 Tartarni, ...... •...... 192,193 Telesino, Alberto, ...... •.•...... 38n y Termini !merese, ...... 50, 130n Theodosius the Great, ...... 8 Tortello, ...... " " ... " " ...... 132 Ylarius, Bishop of Malta, see I1arius, Bishop of Malta Trump, David, ...... 193 Ysolda de Landino, ...... 154 v z

Vaccaro, Paolo, ...... •...... 232 Zafarana, Johannes, ...... • ...... 58 Vagnolo, Antonio, ...... 133, 134 Zammit, Charles George, ...... 215n Val d'Erice, ...... 88 Zammit, Francisco, ...... 210 Val di Fiemme, , ...... • ... 19, 134 Zammit, Fra Giuseppe • ...... 160 Val di Nato, ...... 58 Zammit, Themistoc1es, ...... 38n, 86, 128 Valletta, ...... 123 Zeberase, Antonio, ...... •...... 150n Vassallo, Don Jacobo, ...... 106 Zebbiegh, ...... 69 Vassallo, Mgr. Vincenzo ...... 178n Zebbug, ...... 92, 106, 193 Veil a, Agata, ...... 106 Zejtun, ...... 23, 93, 132, 182, 192 Vella, Paola, ...... 164 Zenka Street, Gozo Citadel, ...... 109 Vella, Randino, ...... 164 Zurchi, Fra Pietro, ...... 137, 138, 163, 164 Venice, ...... 19, 132,134 Zurrieq...... 84, 92, 93, 188 Verdala Palace, Boschetto, ...... 243 Zurrieq-Qrendi Road, ... "" ...... 125 Verdalle, Fra Hughes de Loubenx, Grand Master, .. 48 Via M. Bonello, Palermo, ...... 124 Vic, Barcellona, ...... 206 Victor and Nicolaus, Venetian bell founders, ..... 132 Vidal, Peire, see Peire Vidal

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