Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42555-1 — Ted Hughes in Context Edited by Terry Gifford Index More Information

Index

Aberystwyth University archives, 352 Anderson, Nathalie, 251–52 Absalom and Achitophel (Dryden), 240 Andreae, Johann Valentin, 266 Abse, Dannie, 364 ‘Angler’s Crouch’ (Heaney), 173 ‘Accuracy’ (Hughes), 153 anima, 267 Ackroyd, Graham, 352, 362 animal imagery, 198, 263, 274–75 Adam and the Sacred Nine: A Cabbalistic Drama ‘Animula’ (Eliot), 31, 330 (Hughes), 59, 198 Anne, Princess, 243 Adamson, George, 133, 137, 338 ‘Anniversary’ (Hughes), 232 ‘Aerialist’ (Plath), 15 ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’ (Hughes), 233 Aeschylus, 58, 127 anthologising, 325–33, see also The Rattle Bag; The Oresteia, 59, 60, 61, 68, 123, 124, 125, 128, The School Bag 130, 221, 268 Anthony Hecht Papers, 349 ‘After Lorca’ (Hughes), 109 anthropological contexts ‘After Moonless Midnight’ (Hughes), 297 occult, 197–205 ‘Against Gentility’ (Alvarez), 20 overview, xvii Agamemnon (Hughes), 128 religion, 177–85 agriculture, 283–90, 298 shamanism, 187–94 Ahlberg, Soﬁa, 255 archetypes, 34, 39 Alamein to Zem Zem (Douglas), 235 archives, 347–53 Alcestis (Euripedes), 59, 60, 61, 124, 128–30 British Library, 347, 349–50 alchemy, 197, 198 Emory University, 347–50, 352, 361, 366 ‘An Alchemy’ (Hughes), xv–xvi historical record, 361 All Around the Year (Morpurgo), 288–89 other collections, 351–53 All Quiet on the Western Front (Remarque), 262 overview, 347 Allison, Drummond, 234 Smith College, 350–51 ‘Alliterative Revival’, 212 Arden, John, 55 Alvarez, Al Ariel (Plath), 14, 19, 156, 251, 350 ‘Against Gentility’, 20 Ariel’s Gift (Wagner), 202 British Library archives, 349 Aristotle, 59, 134 Eastern European poetry, 113, 119, 120 Armitage, Simon, 41, 163, 302 on Hughes and Plath, 18, 19, 341–42, 360, 363 Arnold, Matthew, 194 Hughes correspondence, 128 ‘The Arraignment’ (Morgan), 251, 359, 371 Hughes inscriptions, 341–42 The Art of Ted Hughes (Sagar), 82, 127, 371 masculinity and gender identity, 261 Artaud, Antonin, 58 Movement and New Poetry, 162, 373 The Artist and the Poet: Leonard Baskin & Ted The New Poetry, 3, 20, 373 Hughes in Conversation 1983 The Savage God, 341, 342 (documentary), 137, 339 on shamanism, 193 artists, collaboration with, 133–41, 338–40 America, 155–63, 254–55, 302 Arts for Nature, 279, 305 Amichai, Yehuda, 4, 63, 114, 127, 352 Arvon Foundation, 6, 33, 36, 146, 307, 315, 320–22 Amis, Kingsley, 5, 6 As You Like It (Shakespeare), 342

379

380 Index

Ash Wednesday (Eliot), 23, 27, 190, 266 occult, 197, 204 astrology, 197, 198, 199, 201–5, 377 religion, 184 ‘At Dawn’ (Robertson), 39 on Tales from Ovid, 280 ‘At Roan Head’ (Robertson), 39 Ted Hughes: The Unauthorised Life, xvii, 302, Attar, Farid ud-Din, 216, 266 360–61, 363 Atwood, Margaret, 344 The Battle of Aughrim (Murphy), 169 ‘Aubade’ (Larkin), 6 ‘The Battle of Osfrontalis’ (Hughes), 251 Auden, W. H., 3, 19, 24, 156, 158, 234, 348 ‘Bavarian Gentians’ (Lawrence), 339 audial memory, 331–32 ‘Bawdry Embraced’ (Hughes), 19 ‘August Evening’ (Hughes), 297 Bayley, John, 118 Austin, Alfred, 243 ‘Bayonet Charge’ (Hughes), 228, 230, 233 authenticity, 77, 97, 98, 99 BBC. see British Broadcasting Corporation autobiographical writing, 88, 361–62 ‘The Bear’ (Hughes), 192, 306 ‘Autobiography of a Stone’ (Oswald), 37 Beauty and the Beast (Hughes), 56 Avesta language, 58 Beauvoir, Simone de, 262, 265 Beckett, Samuel, 4 ‘Baboons and Neanderthals’ (Hughes), 179 Becoming a Writer (Brande), 317 Bachmann, Ingeborg, 114 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 148, 372 Bacon, Francis, 26 Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, 351 Baker, Kenneth, 327, 330 Béla Bartók’s Last Years (Fassett), 158 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 261–62 Bell Jar (film), 350 Baldwin, Michael, 193 Benjamin, Walter, 79 ballads, 328 Bentley, Paul, 104 Barber, Jill, 203 Beowulf, 209, 224, 244 Bardo, 55, 56, 60 Bergam, Marija, 77 Bardo Thödol, The Tibetan Book of the Dead, 55, Best of Neighbours (Glynn Hughes), 150 189, 266 ‘The Best Workers in Europe’ (Hughes), 226 Barnsley Bed (pamphlet), 152 Betjeman, John, 99, 152, 243 Bartók, Béla, 158–59 biblical texts, 181–82 Baskin, Leonard Bideford Action Group, 298, 305 archives, 349, 352 biographers, 359–67 Cave Birds (Hughes), 60, 134, 135–36, 339 as defendant, 366–67 Crow (Hughes), 134, 135 challenges, 359–60 Flowers and Insects (Hughes), 134, 136, 139 conflict with Hughes family, 364–65 Gehenna Press, 134, 361 Feinstein, 365 ‘The Hanged Man and the Dragonfly’ focus on Plath, 363–64 (Hughes), 135, 181 historical record control, 360–61 Hughes collaboration, 26, 34, 134–37, Hughes’s attitude towards, 362–63 338–39, 342 Hughes’s autobiographical writing, 361–62 Hughes’s autobiographical writing, 361 Malcolm, 365 Moon-Whales and other Moon Poems Stevenson, 364–65 (Hughes), 134 Strachey, 365–66 Season Songs (Hughes), 136, 137 subject as defendant, 365–66 Selected Poems (Hughes), 134 Biographia Literaria (Coleridge), 65 Under the North Star (Hughes), 134, 136–37 biographical contexts Winter Pollen (Hughes), 136 archives, 347–53 Baskin, Lucretia, 136 biographers, 359–67 Bate, Jonathan overview, xvii archives, 349–50 publication history, 337–45 as biographer, 300, 360–61, 363, 366–67 Ted Hughes Myth, 370–78 Hughes and Gunn, 7 biosemiology, 275 Hughes and Shakespeare, xvi, 68 Birthday Letters (Hughes) Hughes myth, 370, 376 archives, 349, 350, 351 on Hughes’s correspondence, xviii autobiographical writing, 361 Hughes’s environmental campaigns, 302 classical literature, 123, 129, 130

Index 381

confessional writing, 19, 46 British Gas, 141, 304 conversational style, 232 British identity, 223, 227 healing, 31, 344 British Library Heaney on, 10 archives, 347, 349–50 Hughes and feminism, 251, 252, 254–55, 256, biographers, 361, 366 258, 259 Hughes correspondence, 4 Hughes and Plath, 19, 20, 256, 258, 259 Hughes’s environmental campaigns, 302 Hughes as correspondent, 88 Hughes’s inscriptions, 341 Hughes as literary critic, 68 Hughes’s voice, 98 Hughes myth, 370, 372, 376, 377 war poetry, 231, 232, 235 medieval literature, 215, 216 ‘Broadcasting and Poetry’ (Day-Lewis), 95 occult, 198, 200, 202 Broadus, Edmund, 239–40 Plath imagery, 300, 339 Brontë, Emily, 259 ‘A Birthday Masque’ (Hughes), 220, 244 Brook, Peter Birtwistle, Harrison, 36 Hughes and drama, 4, 57, 58–59, 60 Bishop, Nicholas, 120 Orghast, 39, 57–59, 69, 85, 128, 338 Bitter Fame: A Life of Sylvia Plath (Stevenson), Brotherhood of Ruralists, 36 167, 352, 364–65 Brown, Jack, 146, 151–53, 226 ‘The Black Rhino’ (Hughes), 246, 306 Brown, Ron, 338 Blair, Tony, 35, 151, 153 Brown, Sarah Annes, 129 ‘Blake comments on the statement used as Browning, Robert, 97 a chant on the 1959 Aldermaston March’ Buell, Lawrence, 69 (Hughes), 302–3 Bujon, Anne-Lorraine, 84, 165, 187, 331 Blake, William, 85, 266, 329, 331, 340 ‘The Bull Moses’ (Hughes), 106, 284–85 Bleek, Wilhelm, 75–76 ‘Bullfrog’ (Hughes), 161, 162 Blood Wedding (Lorca), 59, 60, 61 Burnt Diaries (Tennant), 360 Bly, Robert, 114 ‘The Burnt Fox’ (Hughes), 34, 63, 288, 371, 372, Bogan, Louise, 158 374, 375, 376 Bold, Alan, 58 Butler, Rab, 41 The Bonniest Companie (Jamie), 39 By Heart (Hughes anthology), 31, 325, 330, 331 Booth, James, 6 Byron, Lord George Gordon, 239 Booth, Philip, 158 Border Ballad, 39 cabbalism, 197, 198, 200 Borodale, Sean, 40 Caborn, Richard, 151, 153 Borroff, Marie, 213 ‘Cadenza’ (Hughes), 37 Botolph poets, 15, 16, 17, 20 Caedmon, 9 The Boundaries of the Literary Archive (Stead), 352 Calder Valley, 139–40 Bown, Jane, 338 The Calm (Hughes), 55, 56, 60, 350 Bradshaw, Winifred (Arnott), 6 Cambridge Companion to Children’s Literature, 46 Bragg, Melvyn, 300 The Cambridge Companion to Ted Hughes, Brande, Dorothea, 317 xvi, xvii Brandt, R. A., 133 Cambridge University Breton, André archives, 352 Manifeste du Surréalisme, 105, 108 burnt fox dream, 210–11, 288 ‘Plutôt la vie’, 110 entrance examination, 149 Second Manifeste du Surréalisme, 110 Hughes and Plath, 13, 14–17 surrealism, 105, 106 Hughes as literary critic, 63–64 ‘Bride and Groom Lie Hidden for Three Days’ Hughes myth, 371–73 (Hughes), 87, 268 Hughes’s studies, xvi, 3, 7, 24, 89, 210–11 Bridges, Robert, 243 Oxford and Cambridge poets, 6 Bridson, D. G., 95 Saint Botolph’s Review, 13, 14, 15, 17, 24, 156, 350 Briggs, Raymond, 338 Camlot, Jason, 96 Brinnin, John Malcolm, 156 Campbell, James, 7, 8 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 9, 93, Campbell, Joseph, 189 95, 126, 211, 318, 349 Canadian Steelhead Society, 306

382 Index

‘The Canal’s Drowning Black’ (Hughes), 295 Chen, Amy, 347 The Canterbury Tales (Chaucer), 215 Chequer (magazine), 14, 15, 16 Cantos (Pound), 158, 159 A Child’s Garden of Verses (Stevenson), 48 Cape poets, 40 ‘Child’s Park Stones’ (Plath), 351 Capriccio (Hughes), 19, 106, 198, 252, 253, 254, children 258, 361 writing by, 322–23 ‘Capturing Animals’ (Hughes), 274, 293, 318–19 writing for, xv, xvi, 45–52, 55, 56, 88 Carey, John, 66 Children’s Books in England (Darton), 48 Carlyle, Thomas, 89 Children’s Literary Competition, 34, 322 Carne-Ross, Donald, 211 Children’s Literature in Education (journal), 47 Carson, Rachel A Choice of Shakespeare’s Verse (Hughes), xvi, 28, The Edge of the Sea, 276 66, 325 Hughes and America, 158, 160, 161 Chou Wen-chung, 55 Hughes’s environmental campaigns, 276, 303 Christ, Jesus, 180–81 The Sea Around Us, 160 ‘Christabel’ (Coleridge), 65, 66 Silent Spring, 160, 276, 277, 303 Christianity Under the Sea-Wind, 139, 160 Coleridge, 65–66 ‘Caryatids (2)’ (Hughes), 16 Hughes and Eliot, 27 Casaubon, Edward, 68 Hughes and religion, 178, 180–81, 182–84 Castaneda, Carlos, 193 and Islam, 216–17 ‘The Casualty’ (Hughes), 230 occult, 199, 200 The Cat and the Cuckoo (Hughes), 137, 138–39 Cibber, Colley, 238–39 ‘Catadrome’ (Hughes), 38 Cicero, 70 The Catch: Fishing for Ted Hughes (Wormald), Cixous, Hélène, 262 xviii Clarke, Leonard, 341 Catholicism, 68, 182, 184 classical literature, 123–30, 221 ‘The Cattle-raid of Cualgne’ (Dunn Coleridge Secondary Modern School for translation), 167 Boys, 315 Causley, Charles, 322, 328 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 64 Cave Birds: An Alchemical Cave Drama (Hughes) Biographia Literaria, 65 archives, 352 ‘Christabel’, 65, 66 autobiographical writing, 362 correspondence, xviii Baskin collaboration, 60, 134, 135–36, 339 ‘The Destiny of Nations’, 65 classical literature, 129 Hughes as literary critic, 63, 65–66, 68, 69, 192 Hughes and drama, 59, 60 ‘Kubla Khan’, 65 Hughes as correspondent, 87 religion, 181 Hughes as literary critic, 64 ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’, 65 Hughes inscriptions, 342 shamanism, 192 masculinity and gender identity, 264 collaboration with artists, 133–41, 338–40 poetic self, 376 Collected Poems (Eliot), 24, 28 shamanism, 192 Collected Poems (Hughes), 45, 361 Yorkshire writings, 150 Collected Poems (Plath), 45, 342 Céline, Louis-Ferdinand, 89 Collected Poems for Children (Hughes), 45, 338 Celtic identity, 221–22 Collins, Patrick, 171 Chadwick, Nora, 188 The Colossus (Plath), 19, 26 Chanan, Noel, 137, 338, 339 Columbia University archives, 352 ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ The Coming of the Kings and Other Plays (Tennyson), 242 (Hughes), 56 Charles, Prince of Wales, 247 Commedia (Dante), 216 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 66, 209–10, 212, 213–16 Common Agricultural Policy, 303 ‘Chaucer’ (Hughes), 215 Complete Works (Shakespeare), xvi Cheek, Cris, 99 ‘Concealed Energies’ (Hughes), 322–23 The Chemical Wedding of Christian Rosencreutz The Conference of the Birds (Attar), 59, 216, 266 (Andreae), 266 confessional writing, 33, 362 Chen Hong, xviii Connemara, 167, 168–70, 171, 294

Index 383

Conquest, Robert, 5–6, 162, 373 religion, 177, 178, 179, 181 conservationism, 277, 303, 304, 306, 308 surrealism, 103, 104, 109–10 Cook, Ian, 298, 307 Yorkshire writings, 150 Cook, Peter, 137 ‘Crow Blacker Than Ever’ (Hughes), 181 Cooke, Barrie, 14, 86, 165, 167, 168, 171–73, ‘Crow Goes Hunting’ (Hughes), 110 297, 338 ‘Crow Hill’ (Hughes), 274, 284 Corcoran, Neil, 224 ‘Crow Improvises’ (Hughes), 109–10 ‘Cormorants’ (Hughes), 341 ‘Crow Paints Himself into a Chinese Mural’ Cornford, Francis, 188 (Hughes), 56 Cornish, Ted, 6 ‘Crow Wakes’ (Hughes), 192 Corpus (Symmons Roberts), 40 ‘Crow’s Account of St George’ (Hughes), 222 Council for the Protection of Rural England, 308 ‘Crow’s Playmates’ (Hughes), 348 countryside, 140, 280, 289–90, 303–4, 307–8 ‘Crow’s Song about England’ (Hughes), 222 Countryside Commission, 304 crucifixion, 180–81 Countryside Movement, 290, 307 Csokits, János, 77, 114, 341, 348 ‘Couples under Cover’ (Hughes), 287 Cuala Press, 340 Cowper, William, 241 cummings, e. e., 158 craft presses, 340–41 Morrigu Press, 340–41 ‘Dad’s Music’ (Hughes), 231 Rainbow Press, 340 Dada, 104, 110 craft, and technique, 316–17, 319 ‘Daddy’ (Plath), 20, 350 ‘Crag Jack’s Apostasy’ (Hughes), 166 ‘Daffodils’ (Hughes), 129 Crane, Stephen, 75 Daily Mirror Children’s Literary Competition, Creation Tales (Hughes), 179 34, 322 creative writing, 315–23 Dalí, Salvador, 104 Arvon Foundation, 320–22 A Dancer to God (Hughes), 29, 63, 68 courses, 315 Dante Alighieri, 26, 210, 216 craft and technique, 316–17 Dart (Oswald), 38 Hughes’s approach, 317–18 Darton, J. Harvey, 48 Hughes’sinfluence, 315–16 Darwinism, 161, 162, 164 Hughes’s political intervention, 323 Davie, Donald, 7 Poetry in the Making (Hughes), 318–20 Day-Lewis, Cecil, 95, 124, 233, 234, 243 writing by children, 322–23 ‘Dear Sir’ (Hughes), 262 Creedy, River, 307 Death of a Naturalist (Heaney), 9 Crime and Punishment (Dostoevsky), 349 ‘The Death of Saint Narcissus’ (Eliot), 29 Cromwell, Oliver, 220, 227, 239 Deaths and Entrances (Thomas), 107 Crookhill Pond, 292, 294 deer hunting, 226–27, 308 cross, and crucifixion, 180–81 ‘Dehorning’ (Hughes), 286–87, 300 Crossley, Donald, 343 Derrida, Jacques, 262 Crow (Hughes) ‘Descent’ (Hughes), 252–53 archives, 348 ‘The Destiny of Nations’ (Coleridge), 65 autobiographical writing, 362 devil, 184 Baskin collaboration, 134, 135 Diana, Princess, 245 classical literature, 127–28 Dickinson, Emily, 63, 159, 325 Eastern European poetry, 113, 115, 116–17, Difficulties of a Bridegroom (Hughes), 56, 118–19, 120 193, 349 Hughes as correspondent, 85, 87 ‘Digging’ (Heaney), 9 Hughes myth, 376, 377 divinity, 179 Hughes’s voice, 99 Dodds, Eric, 188 inscriptions, 342 Dodsworth, Martin, 75 language of, 74 Dogs (Hughes), 56 lineage of, 221–22 ‘The Dogs Are Eating Your Mother’ literary legacy, 34, 38, 39 (Hughes), 251 masculinity and gender identity, 263 ‘Dolores’ (Swinburne), 242 publication history, 337, 342 Don & Dearne (school magazine), 148

384 Index

Don Juan (Byron), 239 creative writing, 315–23 Donne, John, 3, 254 Hughes’s literary legacy, 36, 41 Door into the Dark (Heaney), 170 overview, xvii ‘The Door’ (Hughes), 181–82 ‘Egg-Head’ (Hughes), 373 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 349 Egocentricities (Brown), 151 Doty, Mark, 40 Eight Oxford Poets (Meyer and Keyes), 234 Douglas, Keith, 63 18 Poems (Thomas), 108 Alamein to Zem Zem, 235 ‘18 Rugby Street’ (Hughes), 202, 254, 255, 257, archives, 352 258, 300 Hughes as literary critic, 69 ‘Elegy’ (Gray), 9 Selected Poems, 235, 352 Eliade, Mircea, Shamanism, 26, 187, 188–90, 191, ‘Vergissmeinnicht’, 235 193, 266 war poetry, 233, 234, 235–36 Eliot, George, 68 Downer, Jim, 133 Eliot, T. S. drama, 36, 54–61, see also theatre American literature, 155 ‘A Dream of Horses’ (Hughes), 104 ‘Animula’, 31, 330 ‘The Dream of the Lion’ (Hughes), 224 Ash Wednesday, 23, 27, 190, 266 The Dreamﬁghter and Other Creation Tales classical literature, 126 (Hughes), 49 Collected Poems, 24, 28 dreams correspondence with Pound, xviii burnt fox dream, 210–11, 288, 375 on Dante, 216, 217 jaguar ﬁgure, 344 death of, 27 occult, 199 ‘The Death of Saint Narcissus’, 29 shamanism, 192 dissociation of sensibility, 222, 374 unconscious, 104–5 Faber poets photograph, 3 Dryden, John Four Quartets, 28 Absalom and Achitophel, 240 ‘Gerontion’, 31 The Hind and the Panther, 239 The Hollow Men, 23 Laureateship, 238, 239–40 and Hughes, 23–31 Mac Flecknoe, 238 Hughes as literary critic, 63, 68–69, 371 Religio Laici, 239 Hughes on Wood review, 30–31 Drysalter (Symmons Roberts), 40 Hughes’s First Publication Prize, 156 Duffy, Carol Ann, 52, 97, 246–47 language and literals, 75 Dugdale, Sasha, 81 Letters, 29–30 ‘Dully Gumption’s Addendum’ (Hughes), 224 Marina, 126 ‘Dunt’ (Oswald), 38 Poems Written in Early Youth, 29 ‘Dust As We Are’ (Hughes), 231–32 poetry readings, 94, 95 Dylan Thomas in America (Brinnin), 156 ‘raid on inarticulate’, 319 shamanism, 26–27, 190, 192 Earth Dances (Hughes), 137, 338, 339–40 Sweeney Agonistes, 126 Earth Summit, 279, 307 The Waste Land, 23, 27, 29, 68, 350, 351 Earth-Moon (Hughes), 340 Eliot, Valerie, 29, 31 Earth-Numb (Hughes), 193, 279 Elizabeth II, Queen, 4, 225, 243, 244, 246 The Earth-Owl and Other Moon People (Hughes), Elizabeth, Queen, the Queen Mother, 45, 84, 105, 133 224, 245 Eastern European poetry, 113–20, 328, 329 Elkington, John, 279, 305–6 Eat Crow (Hughes), 55, 56 Elmet (Hughes), 150, 223 ‘Ecclesiastical Sonnets’ (Wordsworth), 10 Ely, Steve, 55, 274, 284, 374 ecology, 246, 273, 276–77 Eminent Victorians (Strachey), 365–66 Ede, Jim, 36 Emory University archives, 347–50, 352, 361, 366 The Edge of the Sea (Carson), 276 Endangered Species Preservation Act, 303 Edison, Thomas, 97 England Education Act (1944), 41 Englishness, 223–25 educational contexts folk tradition, 36 anthologising and education, 325–33 history, 219–20, 222, 225–26

Index 385

Hughes’s view, 88–89, 222 ‘Fanaticism’ (Hughes), 258 identity, 221–22, 223, 227 farming, 283, 284, 285–90, 307 English Reformation. see Reformation Farming and Wildlife Advisory Group, 307 Enlightenment, 183, 194, 199 Farms for City Children, 289, 290, 325 Enniss, Stephen C., 350 Farrar, Bishop Nicholas, 362 environmental contexts Farrar, Hilda, 86 environmental campaigns, 289–90, 298–99, Farrar, Walter, 157, 166, 229, 300 302–9 Fassett, Angela, 158–59 fishing, 292–300 ‘Fear of Poetry’ (Flynn), 46 Hughes as Laureate, 246 ‘Feeling into Words’ (Heaney), 316, 319 nature, 273–80 Feinstein, Elaine, 158, 360, 364, 365, 366 overview, xvii, 49 feminism, 251–59 WWF competition, 322 female authorship, 259 The Environmental Imagination (Buell), 69 female role, 257–58 The Environmental Revolution (Nicholson), 67, gender identity, 262 69, 183, 277, 295, 303 intersectional, 252, 253, 257 environmentalism, 277, 279, 303, 304, 306 locational, 253–54, 257 ‘Epiphany’ (Hughes), 337 and Plath, 251, 252, 254–59 eucharist, 184–85 second-wave, 251, 258 Euripedes and Wevill, 252, 253, 254, 257, 258 Alcestis, 59, 60, 61, 124, 128–30, 131 fertility, 171 Hippolytus, 124 Ffangs the Vampire Bat and the Kiss of Truth Hughes as translator, 127 (Hughes), 46–47 ‘Evergreens’ (Plath), 18 ‘Fingers’ (Hughes), 255–56 Ewans, Michael, 60 Finnegans Wake (Joyce), 85 Exeter University archives, 352 First Publication Prize, 156 Expressionism, 55 ‘First Things First’ (Hughes), 279, 306 First World War, 228–32, 233–34 Faas, Ekbert ‘First, Mills’ (Hughes), 231 Hughes and archetypes, 370 Fisher, John, 24, 55, 146, 148, 152, 348 Hughes as literary critic, 64, 67, 69 ‘The Fisherman’ (Yeats), 166 Hughes correspondence, 170 fishing, 292–300 Hughes’s autobiographical writing, 362 environmental campaigns, 302, 304, 306, Hughes’s publication history, 337, 344 308–9 masculinity and gender identity, 266 Hughes and nature, 275, 277–78, 279 Yorkshire, 145, 212 Hughes in Ireland, 172–73 Faber and Faber overfishing, 304 anthologies, 325 poems, 172–73, 275, 279, 292–300 artists, 133, 138, 141 ‘The Flannel Suit’ (Hughes), 351 biographers, 363, 366 Fletcher, Ifan Kyrtle, 351 Faber poets, 3, 98 Flowers and Insects (Hughes), 134, 136, 139 Hughes and Eliot, 24, 26 A Fly Inspects (Hughes), 340 Hughes and Gunn, 7 ‘The Fly’ (Holub), 115 Hughes and Larkin, 5, 6 Flynn, Richard, 46 Hughes’s first collections, 24–25, 149, 156 folk surrealism, 103, 104, 107, 111 Hughes’s literary legacy, 40 folklore, 36, 57, 103, 104, 165–66, 191, 198 Jubilee poem, 4 ‘Folktale’ (Hughes), 254 Sacred Earth Drama Trust, 305 ‘For the Duration’ (Hughes), 230–31 ‘Fable of the Rhododendron Stealers’ Foreman, Michael, 338 (Hughes), 351 Four Crow Poems (Hughes), 137, 138 Fagles, Robert, 60 Four Quartets (Eliot), 28 Fainlight, Ruth, 340, 365 ‘Fourth of July’ (Hughes), 160–61 Fairfax, John, 320–21 fox hunting, 225, 226–27, 308 ‘Fallgrief’s Girlfriends’ (Hughes), 15, 373 ‘Foxhunt’ (Hughes), 226, 227, 291 ‘Famous Poet’ (Hughes), 373 Fraser, G. S., 110

386 Index

free intelligence, 220 Gerson, Mark, 338 Freud, Sigmund, 106, 366 ‘Ghost Crabs’ (Hughes), 56 Friedman, Susan Stanford, 253, 254, 257 Gielgud, John, 57 Friends of the Earth, 306 Gifford, Terry Frink, Elizabeth, 338 Bate biography, 367 ‘From World of Blood to The World of Godwin interview, 139 The Light’ (Sagar), 338 Hughes as correspondent, 83 Fronts of Modernity (Walde), 352 Hughes and drama, 54, 60 Frost, Robert, 95, 158 Hughes and religion, 185 ‘Fulbright Scholars’ (Hughes), 350 Hughes and shamanism, 192 ‘Full Moon and Little Frieda’ (Hughes), 109 Hughes’s dedications, 346 Furr, Derek, 97 Hughes’s environmental campaigns, 298, 302 Fury (Rushdie), 348 Hughes’s war poetry, 230 New Casebooks: Ted Hughes, xvii Gammage, Nick, 85, 89, 127, 372 Ted Hughes, xvii Gascoyne, David, 108 Gilbert, Sandra M., 259 Gates, Linda, 22 Gilgamesh, 61 Gaudete (Hughes) Gillespie, Stuart, 125 agriculture, 285 Ginsberg, Allen, 348 autobiographical writing, 362 Give Me Back My Rags (Popa), 117 Dante, 216 God, 177, 179 feminism, 251–52 Goddess figure, 67–68, 171, 183, 192, 219, Hughes and drama, 60 222–23, 362 Hughes as correspondent, 87–88 Godwin, Fay Hughes as literary critic, 64, 69 archives, 349 Hughes inscriptions, 342 Gifford interview, 139 Ireland, 170, 172 Hughes collaboration, 139–40, 141, 259, mythic voice, 150, 376 292, 338 religion, 179 Hughes portraits, 338 shamanism, 192, 193 Remains of Elmet (Hughes), 139–40, 259, 361 Gauquelin, Michel, 202 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 26 Gawain. see Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ‘Gog’ (Hughes), 251 Gehenna Press, 134, 339, 361 ‘Going, Going’ (Larkin), 35 gender contexts ‘The Golden Bird’ (Brothers Grimm), 337 feminism, 251–59 Golding, Arthur, 71, 125 masculinity and gender identity, 261–69 Golding, William, 63, 70, 220 overview, xvii Goodby, John, 3, 107, 110 surrealism, 103 Gowar, Mick, 137, 320 gender identity, 261, 262 Granta (magazine), 14, 15, 17 genre contexts Graves, Robert Hughes as correspondent, 82–89 Hughes and Ireland, 169, 171 Hughes and drama, 54–61 influence on Hughes, 3, 15 Hughes as literary critic, 63–70 on Shah and Sufism, 189 Hughes as translator, 72–79 The White Goddess, 15, 211, 264, 267, 349 Hughes’s writing for children, 45–52 Gray, Thomas, 9, 241 overview, xvii Great Goddess, 67, 68, 340, see also Goddess geocultural contexts figure America, 155–63 ‘The Great Irish Pike’ (Hughes), 173, 297 Ireland, 165–73 Greek drama and literature, 54, 58, 59, 123, overview, xvii 124, 130 Yorkshire, 145–53 Greek Tragedy (Kitto), 130 George I, King, 240, 241 The Greeks and the Irrational (Dodds), 188 George, St., 184, 222, 263 Greenpeace, 246, 306 Georgics (Virgil), 289 ‘Griefs for Dead Soldiers’ (Hughes), 230 ‘Gerontion’ (Eliot), 31 Grimm, Brothers, 337

Index 387

Grimus (Rushdie), 348 Arvon poetry competition, 322 Groszewski, Gillian, xviii Beowulf, 244 Grotowski, Jerry, 58 classical literature, 124 ‘Grouse-Butts’ (Hughes), 278, 341 craft and technique, 316, 317 Gubar, Susan, 259 creative writing, 316, 317, 322 Guggenheim Fellowship, 25, 350 Death of a Naturalist, 9 Guinness Poetry Award, 25 ‘Digging’, 9 ‘The Gulkana’ (Hughes), 141, 179 Door into the Dark, 170 Gunn, Thom ‘Feeling into Words’, 316, 319 Hughes and contemporaries, 4, 5, 6–8, 162 and Hughes, 8–10 Hughes’s literary legacy, xvi, 36 Hughes correspondence, xviii, 349 poetry translation, 4, 114 Hughes and drama, 54, 61 Rainbow Press, 340 Hughes friendship, 170–71, 327 and Thomas, 98 Hughes and history, 219, 221 Hughes myth, 377 Habermas, Jürgen, 266 Hughes’s literary legacy, xvi, 35, 36 Haig-Brown, Roderick, 146–47, 148 on Hughes’s Moortown, 289 Hall, Donald, 158 inﬂuence of Hughes, 4 Hall, Peter, 55 Ireland, 170–71, 172 Halley, Edmund, 202 medieval literature, 210, 216 Hamburger, Michael, 279 The Midnight Verdict, 170 Hamilton, Ian, 33, 352 ‘On his Work in the English Tongue’, 10 Hamlet (Shakespeare), 199 Rainbow Press, 340 ‘The Hanged Man and the Dragonﬂy’ (Hughes), The Rattle Bag, 8, 31, 47, 48, 64, 325–26, 135, 181 327–29 Hardwick, Lorna, 60 The School Bag, 8, 64, 325, 327, 329–31, 332 Hardy, Thomas, 35, 242–43, 326 ‘singing school’, 329, 330 Harner, Michael, 193 Sweeney Astray, 170 Harper’s publishers, 19, 24 translation, 4, 74 Harrison, Tony, 124 ‘Turkeys Observed’, 9 Harry, Prince, 244, 304 on war poetry, 235 Harsent, David, 36 ‘Hear it Again’ (Hughes), 214 ‘The Hart of the Mystery’ (Hughes), 226–28, 278 ‘The Heart of the Quartz Pebble’ (Popa), 117 Hart, Henry, 327 Hecht, Anthony, 158, 348, 349 Harvard University, 6, 96, 158, 166, 167 Hell’s Foundations (Moorhouse), 229 ‘The Harvesting’ (Hughes), 285 Hepworth, Barbara, 338 The Hawk in the Rain (Hughes collection) Her Husband (Middlebrook), 363–64 agriculture and nature, 160, 283, 287 ‘Her Husband’ (Hughes), 152 archives, 347 Herbert, Zbigniew, 4, 114, 115–16, 119, 120 classical literature, 123 Hercules Furens, 222, 263 Eliot on, 25 Hermeticism, 197, 199, 200, 266 First Publication Prize, 156 Heseltine, Michael, 306 Harvard reading, 166 Hickey, J. J., 303 Hughes myth, 373–74 High Island (Murphy), 170 masculinity and gender identity, 263 Hill of Doors (Robertson), 39 publication history, 19, 24–25, 93 Hill, Geoffrey, 36, 352 religion, 180 The Hind and the Panther (Dryden), 239 war poems, 228, 229–30, 233 Hippolytus (Euripedes), 124 Yorkshire writings, 149 Historia Norvegiae, 187 ‘The Hawk in the Rain’ (Hughes poem), 180, 373 historical contexts ‘Hawk Roosting’ (Hughes), 106, 128, 161, 198 Hughes and history, 219–27 Heaney, Seamus Laureateship, 238–47 ‘Angler’s Crouch’, 173 medieval literature, 209–17 anthologising and education, 325–26, overview, xvii 329–31, 332 war poetry, 228–36

388 Index

‘The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis’ farming, 284 (White), 183 fishing, 294 Hobsbaum, Philip, 20, 93, 98, 99 Hughes and nature, 274 Hockney, David, 338 Hughes correspondence, 25, 48, 171 Hodgart, M. J. C., 209, 211 jaguar figure, 343 Hofmann, Michael, 376 masculinity, 261 Hogg, James, 54 Ted and I memoir, 274, 360 The Hollow Men (Eliot), 23 war experience, 228, 232, 235 Holub, Miroslav, 4, 114–15, 119, 120, 328 Yorkshire upbringing, 146–47, 148, 153, 284 Homer, 26, 37, 124, 125, 126 Hughes, Glynn (no relation), 146, 150, 153 Hook, Bishop Ross, 177, 194 Hughes, Joan (sister-in-law of TH), 351 Hopkins, David, 104, 105 Hughes, Nicholas (son of TH) Hopkins, Gerard Manley, 4, 64, 66, 99, 180, 223 astrology, 205 Horace, 124 birth of, 48 Hordern, Sir Michael, 86 environmental research, 308–9 ‘Horoscope’ (Hughes), 202 fishing, 169, 172, 294, 297 horoscopes, 201, 202–5 Hughes and Plath marriage, 18 Houellebecq, Michel, 89 Hughes correspondence, 103, 200, 267, The House of Aries (Hughes), 55, 56, 60 344, 376 The House of Taurus (Hughes), 56 in Ireland, 165, 169, 171, 172 How the Whale Became (Hughes), 49, 133, 277 Morrigu Press printing, 340–41 How to Write (Fairfax and Moat), 321 Hughes, Olwyn (sister of TH) Howe, Susan, 352 archives, 348, 350 Howes, Barbara, 158 astrology interest, 201, 203 ‘The Howling of Wolves’ (Hughes), 344–45 and biographers, 360, 361, 364–65, 367 Howls and Whispers (Hughes), 123, 198, 339, Hughes correspondence, 6, 18, 85, 96, 105, 344, 361 158, 209 ‘Hughes and Drama’ (Jacobs), 54 Hughes’s environmental campaigns, 304 ‘Hughes and the Poets of Eastern Europe’ jaguar figure, 343 (Parker), 119 Morrigu Press, 340 ‘Hughes myth’, 360, 370–78 Murphy memoir, 167 Hughes, Carol (wife of TH) notes to Sagar, 127 and agriculture, 285, 288, 289 Rainbow Press, 134, 340 and biographers, 360, 362, 366, 367 Hughes, Ted Downer manuscript, 133 anthropological contexts environmental campaigns, 304 the occult, 197–205 Hughes, Crag Jack (grandfather of TH), 166 overview, xvii Hughes, Edith (mother of TH), 87, 148, 199, 232 religion, 177–85, 199 Hughes, Frieda (daughter of TH) shamanism, 26–27, 31, 187–94, 344–45 as artist, 338, 340 biographical contexts astrology, 205 archives, 302, 347–53, 361 and biographers, 360, 367 biographers, 359–67 birth of, 48 death and funeral, 367 Emory archives, 348 family. see under Hughes family names environmental campaigns, 302 overview, xvii ‘The Howling of Wolves’ reading, 345 publication history, 337–45 Hughes and Plath marriage, 18 relationships. see Hughes, Carol; Plath, in Ireland, 169 Sylvia; Wevill, Assia Morrigu Press, 340 Ted Hughes Myth, xvii, 370–78 poetry reading, 95 educational contexts T. S. Eliot Prize, 31 anthologising and education, 325–33 Hughes, Gerald (brother of TH) creative writing, 315–23 archives, 348, 351 overview, xvii as artist, 133 environmental contexts in Australia, 157 agriculture, 283–90

Index 389

environmental campaigns, 302–9 ‘Bawdry Embraced’, 19 ﬁshing, 292–300 ‘Bayonet Charge’, 228, 230, 233 nature, 273–80 ‘The Bear’, 192, 306 overview, xvii, 49 Beauty and the Beast, 56 gender contexts ‘The Best Workers in Europe’, 226 feminism, 251–59 Birthday Letters. see Birthday Letters masculinity and gender identity, 261–69 (Hughes) overview, xvii ‘A Birthday Masque’, 220, 244 genre contexts ‘The Black Rhino’, 246, 306 as correspondent, 82–89, 349 Blood Wedding (translation). see Blood drama, 54–61 Wedding (Lorca) as literary critic, 63–70 ‘Bride and Groom Lie Hidden for Three overview, xvii Days’, 87, 268 as translator, 4, 72–79 ‘The Bull Moses’, 106, 284–85 writing for children, 45–52 ‘Bullfrog’, 161, 162 geocultural contexts ‘The Burnt Fox’, 34, 63, 288, 371, 372, 374, America, 155–63 375, 376 Ireland, 165–73 By Heart (anthology), 31, 325, 330, 331 overview, xvii ‘Cadenza’, 37 Yorkshire, 145–53 The Calm, 55, 56, 60, 350 historical contexts ‘The Canal’s Drowning Black’, 295 history, 219–27 Capriccio, 19, 106, 198, 252, 253, 254, 258, 361 Laureateship, 238–47 ‘Caryatids (2)’, 16 Middle Ages, 209–17 ‘The Casualty’, 230 overview, xvii The Cat and the Cuckoo, 137, 138–39 war, 228–36 ‘Catadrome’, 38 literary contexts Cave Birds. see Cave Birds (Hughes) contemporaries, 3–10, see also Gunn, Thom; ‘Chaucer’, 215 Heaney, Seamus; Larkin, Philip A Choice of Shakespeare’s Verse, xvi, 28, Hughes and Eliot, 23–31, 156, see also 66, 325 Eliot, T. S. Collected Poems, 45, 361 Hughes and Plath, 13–20, see also Plath, Collected Poems for Children, 45, 338 Sylvia The Coming of the Kings and Other Plays, 56 literary legacy, 33–41 ‘Concealed Energies’, 322–23 overview, xvi–xvii ‘Cormorants’, 341 stylistic contexts ‘Couples under Cover’, 287 classics, 123–30 ‘Crag Jack’s Apostasy’, 166 collaboration with artists, 133–41, 338–40 Creation Tales, 179 Eastern European poetry, 113–20 Crow. see Crow (Hughes) overview, xvii ‘Crow Blacker Than Ever’, 181 surrealism, 103–11 ‘Crow Goes Hunting’, 110 voice, 93–99 ‘Crow Hill’, 274, 284 works ‘Crow Improvises’, 109–10 ‘Accuracy’, 153 ‘Crow Paints Himself into a Chinese Adam and the Sacred Nine, 59, 198 Mural’, 56 ‘After Lorca’, 109 ‘Crow Wakes’, 192 ‘After Moonless Midnight’, 297 ‘Crow’s Account of St George’, 222 Agamemnon, 128 ‘Crow’s Playmates’, 348 Alcestis (translation). see Alcestis (Euripedes) ‘Crow’s Song about England’, 222 ‘An Alchemy’,xv–xvi ‘Dad’s Music’, 231 ‘Anniversary’, 232 ‘Daffodils’, 129 ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’, 233 A Dancer to God, 29, 63, 68 ‘August Evening’, 297 ‘Dear Sir’, 262 ‘Baboons and Neanderthals’, 179 ‘Dehorning’, 286–87, 300 ‘The Battle of Osfrontalis’, 251 ‘Descent’, 252–53

390 Index

Hughes, Ted (cont.) ‘Her Husband’, 152 Difficulties of a Bridegroom, 56, 193, 349 ‘Horoscope’, 202 Dogs, 56 The House of Aries, 55, 56, 60 ‘The Dogs Are Eating Your Mother’, 251 The House of Taurus, 56 ‘The Door’, 181–82 How the Whale Became, 49, 133, 277 ‘A Dream of Horses’, 104 ‘The Howling of Wolves’, 344–45 ‘The Dream of the Lion’, 224 Howls and Whispers, 123, 198, 339, 344, 361 The Dreamfighter and Other Creation ‘I See a Bear’, 35, 36 Tales, 49 ‘If’, 246, 298 ‘Dully Gumption’s Addendum’, 224 ‘Invitation to the Dance’, 262 ‘Dust As We Are’, 231–32 The Iron Man, 48, 60, 133 Earth Dances, 137, 338, 339–40 The Iron Woman, 49 Earth-Moon, 340 ‘The Jaguar’, 97, 161, 198, 287, 343 Earth-Numb, 193, 279 ‘Keats on the Difference between the The Earth-Owl and Other Moon People, Dreamer and the Poet’, 65 105, 133 ‘The Lake’, 273 Eat Crow, 55, 56 ‘Last Letter’, 350 ‘Egg-Head’, 373 ‘The Last Migration’, 275–76, 303 ‘18 Rugby Street’, 202, 254, 255, 257, 258, 300 ‘Law in the Country of Cats’, 14 Elmet, 150, 223 ‘Learning to Think’, 293, 319, 321 ‘Epiphany’, 337 ‘Life After Death’, 130 ‘Fable of the Rhododendron Stealers’, 351 ‘Lineage’, 109 ‘Fallgrief’s Girlfriends’, 15, 373 ‘Littleblood’, 34, 193 ‘Famous Poet’, 373 ‘Lobby From Under the Carpet’, 246, 279, ‘Fanaticism’, 258 306, 307 Ffangs the Vampire Bat and the Kiss of Truth, ‘The Locket’, 106 46–47 ‘The Long Tunnel Ceiling’, 293, 295–96 ‘Fingers’, 255–56 ‘The Loon’, 136 ‘First Things First’, 279, 306 ‘The Lovepet’, 34 ‘First, Mills’, 231 ‘Lumb Chimneys’, 140 ‘The Flannel Suit’, 351 Lupercal. see Lupercal (Hughes) Flowers and Insects, 134, 136, 139 ‘The Man Seeking Experience Enquires His A Fly Inspects, 340 Way of a Drop of Water’, 373 ‘Folktale’, 254 ‘Mayday on Holderness’, 150 ‘For the Duration’, 230–31 Mercian Hymns, 36 Four Crow Poems, 137, 138 The Mermaid’s Purse, 137, 139 ‘Fourth of July’, 160–61 ‘The Minotaur’, 123 ‘Foxhunt’, 226, 227 ‘The Minotaur 2’, 123 ‘Fulbright Scholars’, 350 Moon Bells, 47 ‘Full Moon and Little Frieda’, 109 ‘Moon-Dust’, 339 Gaudete. see Gaudete (Hughes) Moon-Whales and other Moon Poems, 134 ‘Ghost Crabs’, 56 Moortown. see Moortown (Diary/Elegies) ‘Gog’, 251 (Hughes) ‘The Great Irish Pike’, 173, 297 ‘My Brother Bert’, 338 ‘Griefs for Dead Soldiers’, 230 ‘Myth and Education’. see ‘Myth and ‘Grouse-Butts’, 278, 341 Education’ (Hughes) ‘The Gulkana’, 141, 179 ‘The Mythographers’, 361 ‘The Hanged Man and the Dragonfly’, 135 ‘Myths, Metres. Rhythms’. see ‘Myths, ‘The Hart of the Mystery’, 226–28, 278 Metres, Rhythms’ (Hughes) ‘The Harvesting’, 285 Nessie the Mannerless Monster, 133 The Hawk in the Rain (collection). see New Selected Poems 1957–1994, 373 The Hawk in the Rain (Hughes) ‘Night Arrival of Sea-Trout’, 297 ‘The Hawk in the Rain’ (poem), 180, 373 ‘1984 on The Tarka Trail’, 246, 276, 298 ‘Hawk Roosting’, 106, 128, 161, 198 Oedipus (translation). see Oedipus (Seneca) ‘Hear it Again’, 214 ‘Oedipus Crow’, 127

Index 391

‘The Offers’, 300, 339 SGCB. see Shakespeare and the Goddess of ‘Old Oats’, 285 Complete Being (Hughes) ‘On the Reservations’, 153, 193 Silver Jubilee poem, 4–5 ‘Opus 131’, 258 ‘Six Young Men’, 228, 229–30 The Oresteia (translation). see The Oresteia ‘6th June 1944 / The Crosses’ (Hughes), 232 (Aeschylus) ‘Sixty Years On’, 231 Orghast, 39–40, 57–59, 69, 85, 128, 338 ‘Skylarks’, 169, 181, 192 Orpheus, 57, 124, 193 ‘Slump Sundays’, 232 ‘An Otter’, 161, 275 ‘Small Hours’, 108–9 ‘Ouija’, 377 ‘Snake Hymn’, 178 ‘Out I, II, III’, 230–31 ‘The Snake in the Oak’, 65, 66, 68 ‘Owl’s Song’, 117 ‘The Snowy Owl’, 136 Pan, 340 ‘Some Pike for Nicholas’, 173, 297 ‘Pheasant’, 341 ‘Song for a Phallus’, 127–28, 251 Phèdre (translation). see Phèdre (Racine) ‘Song’, 149, 372 ‘Pike’, 97, 161–62, 275, 292–93, 297 ‘Source’, 232 ‘A Pink Wool Knitted Dress’, 350 Spring Awakening (translation). see Spring ‘Playing with an Archetype’, 153 Awakening (Wedekind) ‘The Poetic Self’, 68–69 ‘Spring Nature Notes’, 300 Poetry in the Making. see Poetry in the ‘The Stag’, 278 Making (Hughes) ‘Stealing Trout on a May Morning’, 293–94 The Price of a Bride, 56 ‘Strangers’, 297 A Primer of Birds, 338–39 ‘Strawberry Hill’, 110 Prometheus on His Crag, 124, 128, 150, 376 ‘The Strong Woman’, 19 ‘The Rabbit Catcher’, 123, 128 ‘Sunstroke’, 284 ‘The Rain Horse’, 285 ‘Superstitions’, 202 ‘Rain’, 287 ‘Surprise’, 287 Rain-Charm for the Duchy (collection), 244, ‘Take What You Want But Pay For It’, 280 245, 246 Tales from Ovid. see Tales from Ovid ‘Rain-Charm for the Duchy’ (poem), (Hughes) 243–44, 246, 299, 304, 306 Tales of the Early World, 49 The Rattle Bag, 8, 31, 47, 64, 325–26, 327–29 Tapirs’ Saga, 340–41 ‘Ravens’, 287–88 ‘Taw and Torridge’, 298, 304 Recklings, 342 ‘Telegraph Wires’, 110 ‘Red’, 339 ‘That Morning’, 141 ‘Regenerations’, 190 ‘The Thought-Fox’. see ‘The Thought-Fox’ Remains of Elmet. see Remains of Elmet (Hughes) (Hughes) Three Books, 292, 297, 300 River. see River (Hughes) ‘Thrushes’, 105–6, 158 ‘River Barrow’, 173 The Tiger’s Bones, 56 ‘The Rock’, 273, 275, 280, 283, 374, 375 Timmy the Tug, 133 ‘Sacriﬁce’, 232 ‘Trophies’, 376 ‘St Botolph’s’, 202, 216, 254, 376–77 ‘Two Phases’, 123–24 ‘Saint’s Island’, 173, 296, 297 Under the North Star, 134, 136–37 ‘Salmon Eggs’, 172 ‘Vampire’, 373 The School Bag, 8, 64, 325, 327, 329–31, 332 ‘View of a Pig’, 9, 97, 161 ‘The Scream’, 264, 339 ‘A Violet at Lough Aughrisburg’, 170 Sean, the Folly, the Devil and the Cats, 56 ‘Visit’, 377 Season Songs, 88, 136, 137 ‘Walt’, 229 ‘Second Glance at a Jaguar’, 343 ‘Waste’, 277 ‘Secret Ecstasies’, 190 What is the Truth? 49, 137, 138, 139, 285 ‘Secretary’, 251 ‘Wild West’, 148 Selected Poems, 134 ‘Wilfred Owen’s Photographs’, 233 Selected Translations, 55, 73, 75 ‘Wind’, 97

392 Index

Hughes, Ted (cont.) The Iron Man: A Story in Five Nights (Hughes), Winter Pollen, xviii, 63, 136, 190, 233, 317, 48, 60, 133 344, 347 The Iron Woman (Hughes), 49 ‘Witches’, 106, 251 Islam, 216–17 Wodwo. see Wodwo (Hughes) Wolfwatching. see Wolfwatching (Hughes) Jackaman, Rob, 109 Wolverine, 340 ‘Jack-in-the-Green’, 38 ‘A Woman Unconscious’, 104, 303 jaguar ﬁgures, 343–44 ‘Woodpecker’, 136 ‘The Jaguar’ (Hughes), 97, 161, 198, 287, 343 ‘Words and Experience’, 318 James, Henry, 158 ‘The Wound’, 26, 56, 193 Jameson, Leander Starr, 243 ‘Writing about Landscape’, 169 Jamie, Kathleen, 39 ‘Writing About People’, 319 Jane Shore (Rowe), 240 ‘Your Corns’, 231 Jane V. Anderson papers, 350 ‘Your Paris’, 255 Jenkins, Simon, 226 Hughes, William (father of TH), 229, 231–32, 233 Jocelyn, Robert, 166 Human Work (Borodale), 40 Johnson, Richard, 187 Hungarian poetry, 114 Johnson, Samuel, 287, 288 hunting, 226–27, 274–75, 277–79, 284, 307–8 Jonathan Cape, 40 Hutton, Ronald, 193 Jones, Glyn, 108 Huws, Daniel Journals (Plath), 251 and Cambridge, 14, 15 Joyce, James, 85, 202 Hughes and nature, 276 Juhász, Ferenc, 114, 128 Hughes as translator, 73 Jung, Carl Gustav Hughes correspondence, 33, 86, 199, 315, 317 Hughes and drama, 57 Hughes myth, 377 Hughes as correspondent, 85, 88 Hughes’s environmental campaigns, 276, 302 Hughes as literary critic, 85 jaguar model ﬁgures, 343 masculinity and gender identity, 264, 265, 267 Plath poetry, 16, 17 occult, 198, 199, 202 shamanism, 192 ‘I See a Bear’ (Hughes), 35, 36 surrealism, 105 ‘I Would Like to Describe’ (Herbert), 115–16 Iceland, 340–41 Kavanagh, Patrick, 9 ‘If’ (Hughes poem), 246, 298 ‘Keats on the Difference between the Dreamer ‘If’ (Hughes review), 279 and the Poet’ (Hughes), 65 Iliad (Homer), 37 Keats, John, 26, 65, 190 Ilkley Literature Festival, 5 Keen, Peter, 140–41, 297 The Image of Man (Mosse), 261 Kendall, Tim, 230, 236 imagination, 65, 184, 263, 317–18, 319, 323, 331–32 Kepler, Johannes, 202 Imitations (Lowell), 76 Keyes, Sidney, 234 In Praise of Trout (Profumo), 296 The Kick: A Life Among Writers (Murphy), 168 incongruent image, 108 King Lear (Shakespeare), 221, 266 The Independent, 363 King’s College London archives, 352 Industrial Revolution, 223 King’s English, 224–25 The Inheritors (Golding), 70, 220 Kipling, Rudyard, 242 inner self, 200 Kitto, H. D. F., 130 Innes, Mary, 125 Kopp, Baltzell Jane, 15 instinct, and intellect, 75 ‘Kubla Khan’ (Coleridge), 65 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Kukil, Karen V., 350 Change, 307 intersectional feminism, 252, 253, 257 ‘The Lake’ (Hughes), 273 ‘Invitation to the Dance’ (Hughes), 262 Lalić, Ivan, 114–15 Iowa Writer’s Workshop, 315 Lancaster University, 315 Ireland, 165–73, 294, 297 Landweer, Sonja, 172–73 Irigaray, Luce, 264, 268–69 Langland, William, 212

Index 393

language, 57–58, 60 ‘Life and Letters: Three Poets of the Second Larkin, Philip World War’ (radio programme), 234 and Amis, 5 Life Studies (Lowell), 156 on archives, 352 Lilly Library, 351 Arvon poetry competition, 322 Lindsay, Vachel, 158 ‘Aubade’, 6 ‘Lineage’ (Hughes), 109 ‘Going, Going’, 35 The Listener, 283 and Gunn, 7 Listening and Writing (BBC series), 9, 318 Heaney on, 9 literalness, in translation, 74–76, 77–78 Hughes and contemporaries, xvi, 4–6 literary contexts Hughes correspondence, 5–6 Hughes and contemporaries, 3–10 Laureateship refusal, 5, 243 Hughes and Eliot, 23–31 lyric verse, 35 Hughes and Plath, 13–20 Movement poetry, 3, 373 Hughes’s literary legacy, 33–41 and Plath, 5, 18 overview, xvi–xvii Queen’s Silver Jubilee poem, 4–5 Literature and the Crime Against Nature Selected Letters, 5 (Sagar), 273 surrealism, 107 ‘Littleblood’ (Hughes), 34, 193 translation, 4 Liverpool University archives, 352 ‘Water’, 243 Lives of the Poets (Johnson), 288 ‘Last Letter’ (Hughes), 350 Lloyd, Reg ‘The Last Migration’ (Hughes), 275–76, 303 The Cat and the Cuckoo (Hughes), 137, 138–39 The Laughter of Foxes (Sagar), 82, 263, 338 Earth Dances (Hughes), 137, 339–40 ‘Laureate of the Free Market’ (Paulin), 226 Four Crow Poems (Hughes), 137, 138 Laureateship, 238–47 Hughes collaboration, 137–39, 337, 338, 339–40 Chaucer signiﬁcance, 214–15 The Mermaid’s Purse (Hughes), 137, 139 children’s literature, 34 sketches of Hughes, 338 Hughes and contemporaries, 3 What is the Truth? (Hughes), 137, 138 Hughes and Eliot, 23, 28 ‘Lobby From Under the Carpet’ (Hughes), 246, Hughes’s environmental campaigns, 290, 304, 279, 306, 307 306, 308 locational feminism, 253–54, 257 Hughes’s literary legacy, 34 Locke, John, 331 Larkin’s refusal, 5, 243 ‘The Locket’ (Hughes), 106 and monarchy, 152, 226, 246–47 logocentrism, 262 writing for children, 45 Logue, Christopher, 124 ‘Law in the Country of Cats’ (Hughes), 14 Loizeaux, Bergman, 135 Lawrence, D. H. London Magazine, 337, 344 ‘Bavarian Gentians’, 339 The Lonely Crowd (Riesman), 157 Hughes and Plath, 13, 15, 19, 258 ‘The Long Tunnel Ceiling’ (Hughes), 293, inﬂuence on Hughes, 3 295–96 masculinity and gender identity, Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 155 263, 268 Longley, Edna, 140 ‘Learning to Think’ (Hughes), 293, 319, 321 Longley, Michael, 40, 124 Leavis, F. R., 63–64, 83, 210, 211 ‘The Loon’ (Hughes), 136 Lee Anderson Papers, 352 Lorca, Federico García Leeds University archives, 352 Blood Wedding, 59, 60, 61 Letters (Eliot), 29–30 Hughes and drama, 60 Letters Home (Plath), 257 The Rattle Bag anthology, 328 Letters of Ted Hughes (Reid), xviii, 82, 88, 278, surrealism, 103, 108–9 347, 351 Lord Weary’s Castle (Lowell), 156 ‘The Levelled Churchyard’ (Hardy), 326 ‘The Lovepet’ (Hughes), 34 Lewis, Wyndham, 89 Lowell, Robert libraries, 36 Hughes in America, 158 The Lice (Merwin), 38 Imitations, 76 ‘Life After Death’ (Hughes), 130 Larkin on, 5

394 Index

Lowell, Robert (cont.) Meeker, Thomas, 327 Life Studies, 156 Meet My Folks (Hughes), 133 literary legacy, 33 Melody, Helen, 348 Lord Weary’s Castle, 156 Memorial (Oswald), 37 ‘Notebook’, 10 memory, 330–32, 333 Plath poetry, 19 Merchant, Moelwyn, 178, 179, 191, 220 translation, 74, 76–77 Mercian Hymns (Hill), 36 Lucie-Smith, Edward, 93 The Mermaid’s Purse (Hughes), 137, 139 Lumb Bank, 146, 321, 362 Merriman, Brian, 170–71 ‘Lumb Chimneys’ (Hughes), 140 Merwin, W. S., 38, 114, 158, 348 Lupercal (Hughes) Metamorphoses (Ovid), 79, 126, 128 agriculture and nature, 284, 287 metre, 211–12, 213 archives, 347 Mexborough, 145, 146, 147, 152, 153 classical influences, 124, 221 Mexborough Grammar School, 55, 146, 147, 148, Faber poets, 3 149, 165 Heaney on, 9, 170 Meyer, Michael, 234 Hughes and America, 158, 160–61, 162–63 Middle Ages, 209–17 masculinity and gender identity, 263 Middlebrook, Diane, 54, 128, 361, 363–64 publication history, 3, 26, 162–63 Middlemarch (Eliot), 68 Yorkshire, 149, 150, 152 Middleton, Peter, 99 Luther, Martin, 182 The Midnight Verdict (Heaney), 170 Miller, Frank Justus, 125 Mabey, Richard, 35 Millett, Kate, 262 Mabinogion, 209 Milnes, Tim, 99 Mac Flecknoe (Dryden), 238 Miłosz, Czesław, 115 Macfarlane, Robert, 35 Milton, John, 184, 223, 238–39, 240 MacNeice, Louis, 3, 9, 124, 202 mimetics, 134 Malcolm, Janet, 365, 366 Minami, Akira, 340 male desire, 253 Miners’ Crisis, 226 male ideals, 261–62 ‘The Minotaur’ (Hughes), 123 male identity, 253 ‘The Minotaur 2’ (Hughes), 123 ‘The Man Seeking Experience Enquires His Way Moat, John, 320–21 of a Drop of Water’ (Hughes), 373 modern astrology, 201–2 Manifeste du Surréalisme (Breton), 105, 108 Modern Poetry in Translation (MPT) Manor Farm, Old Denaby, 147, 274, 284–85 archives, 352 Marina (Eliot), 126 early issues, 4 marriage, 268 Eastern European poetry, 114–15, 116, 117, 119 ‘The Martyrdom of Bishop Farrar’ (Hughes), 184 Hughes as translator, 70, 72–73, 76, 78, 126 masculinity Hughes’s literary legacy, 33 definition, 261 internationalism, 210 and gender identity, 261–69 and Weissbort, 4, 59 male ideals, 261–62 modernism, 27 Masefield, John, 243 Moltmann, Jürgen, 180 Mason, Roy, 151 monarchy, 224, 225, 226, 240–41, 244–45, 246–47 May, Derwent, 221 Monster (Morgan), 371 ‘Mayday on Holderness’ (Hughes), 150 Monteith, Charles, 5, 24 Mayne, Pauline, 55, 148 Moon Bells (Hughes), 47 McCarthy, Cormac, 344 ‘Moon-Dust’ (Hughes), 339 McCaughey, Terence, 165, 166 Moon-Whales and other Moon Poems McCormick, John, 303 (Hughes), 134 McDermott, Sinead, 259 Moore, Geoffrey, 155 McFarlin Library, 351 Moore, Marianne, 19, 24, 156, 158, 259, 374 McMillan, Andrew, 40 Moorhouse, Geoffrey, 229 medieval literature, 209–17 Moortown (Diary/Elegies) (Hughes), 46, 88, 150, medievalism, 213 223, 285–89, 300, 362

Index 395

Moortown Farm, 285, 290, 300, 304 nature, 198, 220–21, 222, 273–80 Morgan, Edwin, 118 Neoplatonism, 194, 197, 200 Morgan, Robin, 251, 359, 371 Neruda, Pablo, 114, 328 Morpurgo, Michael, 288–89, 290, 320 Nessie the Mannerless Monster (Hughes), 133 Morrigu Press, 340–41 New Casebooks: Ted Hughes (Gifford ed.), xvii Morris, William, 242 New Criticism, 15, 18, 64, 66 Mosse, George, 261–62 New Lines anthologies, 7, 373 Motion, Andrew, 97, 224, 246–47, 364 The New Pocket Anthology of American Verse from Moulin, Joanny, xvii, 181, 363, 366 Colonial Days to the Present Movement poets (Williams), 155 Hughes and contemporaries, 3, 4, 5, 7–8 New Poetry, 3, 20, 162, 373 Hughes and Plath, 15, 18 The New Poetry (Alvarez), 3, 20, 373 Hughes myth, 373, 374 New Scientist, 277 Hughes’s early work, 332 New Selected Poems 1957–1994 (Hughes), 373 and New Poetry, 3, 20, 162, 373 The New Statesman, 303, 350 MPT. see Modern Poetry in Translation Newton, Sir Isaac, 202 Murphy, Richard, 167–70, 171, 351 Nicholson, Emma, 305 musical memory, 331–32 Nicholson, John, 152 ‘My Brother Bert’ (Hughes), 338 Nicholson, Max, 67, 69, 183, 277, 295, 303 Myers, Lucas ‘Night Arrival of Sea-Trout’ (Hughes), 297 Emory archives, 348 ‘1984 on The Tarka Trail’ (Hughes), 246, on Hughes and Yorkshire, 145 276, 298 Hughes correspondence, 25, 26, 33, 86, 166, ‘No Other Appetite’: Sylvia Plath, Ted Hughes, and 189, 315 The Blood Jet of Poetry (Kukil and Hughes friendship at Cambridge, 14, 15 Enniss), 350 and Plath, 15, 16 Northcott, Michael, 182, 183 prose recollections, 360 Northern Broadsides, 129 ‘Sestina of the Norse Seaman’, 15 Northern Examining Board, 323 shamanism, 189 ‘Notebook’ (Lowell), 10 myth, 54, 56, see also Ted Hughes Myth Nott, John, 306 ‘Myth and Education’ (Hughes) nuclear technology, 302–3 creative writing, 317–18 nuclear waste, 276 Hughes as literary critic, 63, 64 masculinity and gender identity, O’Connor, Danny, xviii, 360 264, 266 O’Driscoll, Dennis, 9–10 memory, 331 objective imagination, 65 religion, 184 occult, 197–205 writing for children, 46, 47 astrology, 197, 198, 199, 201–5, 377 ‘The Mythographers’ (Hughes), 361 cabbalism, 197, 198, 200 Mytholmroyd deﬁnition, 197–98 agriculture, 283, 284 dreams, 199 Hughes and nature, 273 Hermeticism, 197, 199, 200, 266 religion, 181 Hughes myth, 377 Yorkshire, 145, 146, 147, 150 unconscious, 198 ‘Myths, Metres, Rhythms’ (Hughes) ‘Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington’ Hughes and history, 219, 223, 224 (Tennyson), 242, 245 Hughes as literary critic, 65, 66 Odyssey (Homer), 124, 125 medieval literature, 212, 213–14, 215 Oedipus (Seneca), 56, 57, 59, 77, 124, 125, 126, 127–28 Nash, Jennifer, 253 ‘Oedipus Crow’ (Hughes), 127 National Association of Writers in Education Of Grammatology (Derrida), 262 (NAWE), 323 ‘The Offers’ (Hughes), 300, 339 National Poetry Day, 29 Old Denaby, 146, 147–48, 153, 274, 284–85 National Rivers Association, 307 ‘Old Oats’ (Hughes), 285 National Theatre, 127, 128 Olds, Sharon, 40

396 Index

‘On his Work in the English Tongue’ Paterson, Don, 332 (Heaney), 10 Paul, St., 181–82 ‘On the Reservations’ (Hughes), 153, 193 Paulin, Tom, 61, 225–26 On the Third Day (Pilinszky), 114 Paxman, Jeremy, 308 ‘Opus 131’ (Hughes), 258 Pearl (Armitage translation), 41 oral poetry, 328 Pembroke College, Cambridge, 63, 89, 149, Orchard, Jack, 285, 288, 289, 304, 362 343, 344 The Oresteia (Aeschylus) The Penguin Book of Modern American Verse classical literature, 123, 124, 125, 128, 130 (Moore), 155 cultural history, 221 performativity, 58, 61 Hughes and drama, 59, 60, 61 Pero, Thomas, 278 Hughes as literary critic, 68 Phaedo (Plato), 266 masculinity and gender identity, 268 Phaedra Britannica (Harrison), 125 Orghast (Brook and Hughes), 39–40, 57–59, 69, phallogocentrism, 262, 265 85, 128, 338 ‘Pheasant’ (Hughes), 341 Orghast at Persepolis (Smith), 59 Phèdre (Racine), 59, 61, 77, 88, 124, 125 Orpheus, 57, 188, 370 Philip, Neil, 47–48 Orpheus (Hughes), 57, 124, 193 Philip, Prince, Duke of Edinburgh, 246, 279, Orr, Peter, 95 305, 306 Orwell, George, 95 phonograph, 96–97 Oswald, Alice The Phonoscope (journal), 96 ‘Autobiography of a Stone’, 37 photographers Dart, 38 collaboration with, 338 ‘Dunt’, 38 Godwin. see Godwin, Fay Hughes’s literary legacy, 37–38, 39, 40 Keen, 140, 297 Memorial, 37 Ravilious, 288 ‘River’, 37 Physical (McMillan), 40 A Sleepwalk on the Severn, 38 Piers Plowman (Langland), 212 A Ted Hughes Bestiary, 37 ‘Pike’ (Hughes), 97, 161–62, 275, 292–93, 297 Woods etc, 37, 38 Pilinszky, János ‘An Otter’ (Hughes), 161, 275 Eastern European poetry, 114, 119, 120 ‘Ouija’ (Hughes), 377 Hughes as literary critic, 63 ‘Out I, II, III’ (Hughes), 230–31 Hughes as translator, 77–78, 127 Ovid Hughes inscriptions, 341 classical literature, 124, 126 On the Third Day, 114 Hughes’s literary legacy, 35, 38 ‘A Pink Wool Knitted Dress’ (Hughes), 350 Metamorphoses, 79, 126, 128 Pitt, Valerie, 242 Owen, Wilfred, 233–34, 235 Plath, Aurelia, 17, 18, 84, 85, 161, 257 ‘Owl’s Song’ (Hughes), 117 Plath, Sylvia Oxford University, 6 archives, 348, 349, 350–52 and Baskin, 134 Pack, Robert, 158 biographers, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363–65 The Page is Printed: Manuscript, Composition and Cambridge contemporaries, 3 Ted Hughes’s Poetic Process (Smith), xviii classical literature, 123, 128, 129, 130 Paglia, Camille, 193 death of, 20, 87, 119, 129, 200, 251, 344–45, 359, A Painted Field (Robertson), 38 363–64, 375–76 Pan (Hughes), 340 Eastern European poetry, 113–14, 119 Paradise Lost (Milton), 184, 238–39, 240 feminism, 251, 252, 254–59 Parallel Lives (Plutarch), 359 and Hughes A Parcel of Poems for Ted Hughes on his 65th and Alvarez, 341, 342 Birthday, 343 America, 155–57, 159, 254–55 Paris Review, 362 at Cambridge, 13–17 Parker, Michael, 119, 120 Chaucer signiﬁcance, 215–16 The Parliament of Fowls (Chaucer), 214 as contemporaries, 36 pastoral verse, 35, 39, 88, 280, 288 correspondence, 85, 86–87, 88

Index 397

drama, 55 ‘The Poetic Self’ (Hughes), 68–69 environmental campaigns, 302 Poetic Truth (Skelton), 317 Faber and Faber, 26 Poetics (Aristotle), 59, 134 first meeting, 13–14, 17, 24, 156, 376–77 Poetry (journal), 96, 97 gender identity, 266, 267 Poetry (magazine), 17, 108 Hawk in the Rain publication, 24, 25 Poetry and Prophecy (Chadwick), 188 healing through poems, 344–45 ‘Poetry and the Microphone’ (Orwell), 95 Hughes imagery of Plath, 255–57, 300, 339 Poetry Book Society, 19, 25, 163 Hughes myth, 372, 375–77 Poetry Book Society Bulletin, 338 Hughes on Plath’s poetry, 16, 17–19, 26, 63, poetry education, 327–28 75, 192 Poetry in the Making (Hughes) Ireland and Murphy, 167–68 ‘Capturing Animals’, 274, 293, 318–19 literary contexts, 13–20 creative writing, 316, 318–20, 321, 323 marriage, 17–18, 20, 24, 45 fishing, 293 and The Mermaid’s Purse, 139 Hughes and nature, 84, 146, 274–75, 374, 375 Plath on Hughes, 13, 15, 93 Hughes as literary critic, 63, 64 Plath sketches, 338 Hughes in Ireland, 169 shared poetic vision, 13–14 Hughes myth, 374, 375 voice, 94, 95 Hughes’s literary legacy, 33, 49 and Larkin, 5, 6 Hughes’s writing for children, 46 occult, 199, 200, 204 ‘Learning to Think’, 293, 319, 321 poetic voice, 15 Popa’s poetry, 117 Rainbow Press, 340 surrealism, 105, 107, 110 shamanism, 26, 192 ‘Writing About People’, 319 works Poetry International Festival, 78, 348, 352 ‘Aerialist’, 15 poetry memorisation, 330–32, 333 Ariel, 14, 19, 156, 251, 350 ‘Poetry on Records’, 97 Collected Poems, 342, 350 Poetry Review, 29 The Colossus, 19, 26 ‘Poetry-of-Everyday-Life’ group, 115 ‘Daddy’, 20 Poets’ Corner, 31, 214 ‘Evergreens’, 18 The Poisoned Womb (Elkington), 279, 305–6 Journals, 251 polarity of mind, 199 Letters Home, 251 pollution ‘Poem for a Birthday’, 18 environmental campaigns, 246, 303–6, 307 ‘Pursuit’, 18, 376 fishing, 295, 298 ‘The Rabbit Catcher’, 123, 128 Popa, Vasko ‘Three Caryatids Without a Portico’, 16 Eastern European poetry, 114, 115, 116–17, Plath, Warren, 85 118–19, 120 Plato, 134, 264, 266 Give Me Back My Rags, 117 ‘Playing with an Archetype’ (Hughes), 153 ‘The Heart of the Quartz Pebble’, 117 Plutarch, 359 Hughes as literary critic, 63, 69 ‘Plutôt la vie’ (Breton), 110 Selected Poems, 117 Plutzik, Hyam, 159 ‘The Small Box’, 117 poaching, 293, 294, 304 surrealism, 103, 104, 107, 111 The Pocket Book of Modern Verse (Williams), 155 translation, 4 ‘Poem for a Birthday’ (Plath), 18 Pope, Alexander, 238–39 Poem into Poem (Steiner), 74 Porter, Peter, 93 Poems: Ruth Fainlight, Ted Hughes Allan Postmodernism: A Reader (Docherty), 266 Sillitoe, 340 Potter, Beatrix, 139 Poems Written in Early Youth (Eliot), 29 Pound, Ezra, xviii, 74, 114, 158, 159 Poet and Critic: The Letters of Ted Hughes and The Practice of Poetry (Skelton), 317 Keith Sagar, 82, 347–48 Prelutsky, Jack, 46 The Poet Speaks (recording), 94 The Price of a Bride (Hughes), 56 The Poet’s Calling (Skelton), 317 primary imagination, 65 poetic self, 23, 26, 29, 299, 371, 372, 376 A Primer of Birds (Hughes), 338–39

398 Index

primitivism, 116, 263 Raymond Danowski Poetry Library, 349 process poetic, 3 Raymond, Marcel, 109 Profumo, David, 296 reading aloud, 94–95, 97–98 ‘Prometheus bound’ (Brown), 153 Reading, Peter, 245–46 Prometheus on His Crag (Hughes), 124, 128, Recklings (Hughes), 342 150, 376 ‘Red’ (Hughes), 339 ‘The Prophet’ (Pushkin), 73–74 Reddick, Yvonne, xviii, 60 protest poetry, 305 Redgrove, Peter Protestantism, 182–83, 265 archives, 348 Prouty, Olive Higgins, 259 Hughes correspondence, xv, 127 Prynne, Jeremy, 194 Hughes inscriptions, 342 publication history, 337–45 Hughes’s voice, 98, 99 collaboration with artists, 338–40 shamanism, 194 craft presses, 340–41 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight recording, inscriptions and proverbs, 341–43 93, 211 jaguar figure, 343–44 Rees, Roger, xvii–xviii publications as tribal objects, 344–45 Reeves, James, 328 Punch and Judy (Birtwistle), 36 Reformation, 66, 183, 219–20, 222, 265 Puritanism, 67, 183–84, 331 ‘Regenerations’ (Hughes), 190 ‘Pursuit’ (Plath), 18, 376 Regent’s Park Zoo, 287 Pushkin, Alexander, 73–74 Reid, Christopher Hughes as correspondent, 82, 83–84, 88 Quarterly (BBC programme), 95 on Hughes’s voice and presence, 99 Queen Elizabeth. see Elizabeth II, Queen Letters of Ted Hughes, xviii, 82, 88, 278, 347, 351 Queen Mother. see Elizabeth, Queen, the Queen Religio Laici (Dryden), 239 Mother religion, 177–85, see also Christianity Quinn, John, 351 Catholicism, 68, 182, 184 crucifixion, 180–81 ‘The Rabbit Catcher’ (Hughes), 123, 128 definitions, 177–78 ‘The Rabbit Catcher’ (Plath), 123, 128 divinity, 179 Rabelais and His World (Bakhtin), 261–62 the Fall, 178, 182, 191, 220 Racine, Jean, 59, 61, 77, 88, 124, 125 Islam, 216–17 radio work occult, 199 Hughes and drama, xv, xvi, 55, 56, 60 Protestantism, 182–83, 265 Hughes’s voice, xvi, 93, 95–96 Puritanism, 67, 183–84, 331 writing for children, xv, xvi, 49 ‘Religion In Its Contemporary Context’ (BBC ‘Radio’s approach to Poetry’ (Bridson), 95 series), 318 Raggy Lad Tales (Brown), 153 Remains of Elmet (Hughes) ‘The Rain Horse’ (Hughes), 285 agriculture influence, 285 ‘Rain’ (Hughes), 287 autobiographical writing, 88, 361–62 Rainbow Press, 134, 285, 340 fishing poems, 292, 295, 300 Rain-Charm for the Duchy (Hughes collection), Godwin collaboration, 139–40, 259, 361 244, 245, 246 Hughes inscriptions, 341 ‘Rain-Charm for the Duchy’ (Hughes poem), war poems, 231 243–44, 246, 299, 304, 306 Yorkshire, 150, 153, 223 Raine, Craig, 4, 366–67 Remarque, Eric Maria, 262 Rankin, Jennifer, 259 reproductive toxicology, 305–6 Ransom, John Crowe, 18, 156, 158 The Republic (Plato), 134 The Rape of Lucrece (Shakespeare), 264–66 Restoration, 220 The Rattle Bag (Heaney and Hughes, eds), 8, 31, Revising Life: Sylvia Plath’s Ariel Poems (Van 47, 48, 64, 325–26, 327–29 Dyne), 350 Raup, David, 277 Rhino Rescue, 306 ‘Ravens’ (Hughes), 287–88 Rhodes, Cecil, 243 Ravilious, James, 288 rhythm, 35–36 Rawling, Tom, 297–98 Rich, Adrienne, 158

Index 399

Ricks, Christopher, 28, 30 RSPB (Royal Society for the Protection of Riddell, Chris, 338 Birds), 308 Riding, Laura, 69 Rue Jacobs, Fred, 54, 55, 56, 60, 343 Riesman, David, 157 ruralism, 69 ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ Rushdie, Salman, 348–49 (Coleridge), 65 River (Hughes) sacraments, 184–85 agricultural influence, 285 Sacred Earth Drama Trust, 246, 305 environmental campaigns, 280, 298, 304 ‘Sacrifice’ (Hughes), 232 fishing poems, 88, 297, 298, 300 Sadhu, Monnu, 297 Keen collaboration, 140–41, 297 Sadoff, Ira, 97 religion, 177, 184, 185 Sagar, Keith shamanism, 193 archives, 348, 349 ‘River Barrow’ (Hughes), 173 The Art of Ted Hughes, 82, 127, 371 ‘River’ (Oswald), 37 Eastern European poetry, 119 Robbins, Gavin, 338 ‘From World of Blood to The World of Robert W. Woodruff Library, 347 The Light’, 338 Roberts, Neil Hughes and drama, 59, 61 classical literature, 126, 129 Hughes and hunting, 308 Hughes and America, 158, 160, 163 Hughes and nature, 273, 278 Hughes as correspondent, 83 Hughes and shamanism, 192 Hughes and Larkin, 5 Hughes correspondence, 4, 63, 82, 84, 85, 87, Hughes myth, 210, 372, 375 130, 344, 363 Hughes as translator, 127 Hughes inscriptions, 342–43 Hughes and Yorkshire, 150, 284 Hughes myth, 371 Hughes’s autobiographical writing, 362 Hughes’s burnt fox dream, 344, 371 Hughes’s war poems, 230 The Laughter of Foxes, 82, 263, 338 religion, 181, 185 Literature and the Crime Against Nature, 273 shamanism, 192 religion in River, 185 Ted Hughes: A Literary Life, xvii, 158, 267, 362 Ted Hughes: A Bibliography, 338 Robertson, Robin ‘Sailing to an Island’ (Murphy), 169 ‘At Dawn’, 39 St Botolph poets, 15, 16, 17, 20 ‘At Roan Head’, 39 St Botolph’s Rectory, 14–15 Hill of Doors, 39 Saint Botolph’s Review, 13, 14, 15, 17, 24, 156, 350 Hughes’s literary legacy, 37, 38–39, 40 ‘St Botolph’s’ (Hughes), 202, 216, 254, 376–77 A Painted Field, 38 ‘Saint’s Island’ (Hughes), 173, 296, 297 ‘Under Benn Ruadhainn’, 39 salmon The Wrecking Light, 39 dreams, 344 Robinson, Craig, 185 fishing, 297, 298–99, 307, 308 Robinson, James, xviii Hughes as correspondent, 86 Robinson, Ken, 41 individualism, 226 ‘The Rock’ (Hughes), 273, 275, 280, 283, 374, 375 Ireland, 171 Rodman, Selden, 349 ‘Rain-Charm for the Duchy’, 243 Roethke, Theodore, 156 religion, 185 Rollinson, Neil, 40 ‘Salmon Eggs’ (Hughes), 172 Roman literature, 123, 124, 130 Sassoon, Richard, 17, 18, 258 Romanticism, 64, 65, 99, 223, 328 Sassoon, Siegfried, 234 Rose, Gerald, 133 The Savage God (Alvarez), 341, 342 Rose, Jacqueline, 256 Scammell, William, 63, 233 Ross, Alan, 352 Scargill, Arthur, 151 Ross, David, 14, 15, 276 The School Bag (Heaney and Hughes, eds), 8, 64, Rowe, Nicholas, 240, 241 325, 327, 329–31, 332 Rowse, A. L., 222 schools, 41 royalism, 220, 224, 225, 226, 244–45 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 3, 266 Różewicz, Tadeusz, 120 Scigaj, Leonard M., 185, 273

400 Index

Scout Rock, 283, 284 Hughes as correspondent, 83, 85, 87 ‘The Scream’ (Hughes), 264, 339 Hughes as literary critic, 63, 66, 67, 68 Scrutiny (Leavis), 211 Hughes inscriptions, 342 Scruton, Roger, 278 Hughes myth, 370, 372 The Sea Around Us (Carson), 139, 160 occult, 197 Sean, the Folly, the Devil and the Cats Yeats epigraph, 370 (Hughes), 56 Shakespeare, William. see also Shakespeare and the Season Songs (Hughes), 88, 136, 137, 150, 285 Goddess of Complete Being (Hughes) Secker and Warburg, 40 As You Like It, 342 ‘The Second Coming’ (Yeats), 67 in By Heart anthology, 331 ‘Second Glance at a Jaguar’ (Hughes), 343 and Chaucer, 209, 213, 214 Second Manifeste du Surréalisme (Breton), 110 A Choice of Shakespeare’s Verse (Hughes The Second Sex (Beauvoir), 262 anthology), xvi, 28, 66, 325 Second World War, 228, 232–33, 234, 245 Complete Works, xvi secondary imagination, 65 Hamlet, 199 second-wave feminism, 251, 258 history of England, 219–20, 222, 225 ‘Secret Ecstasies’ (Hughes), 190 Hughes and drama, 55–56, 60 ‘Secretary’ (Hughes), 251 Hughes as literary critic, 63, 64, 66–68, 69, Selden Rodman collection, 349 70, 371 Selected Letters (Larkin), 5 Hughes’s literary legacy, 35 Selected Poems (Gunn and Hughes), 7 Hughes’s reading choices, 27–28, 148, 157, 209 Selected Poems (Hughes), 134 King Lear, 221, 266 Selected Poems (Popa), 117 masculinity and gender identity, 264–66 Selected Translations (Hughes), 55, 73, 75 occult Neoplatonism, 200 self-reading poets, 97–98 poetic style, 75 Seneca, Oedipus, 56, 57, 59, 77, 124, 125, 126, The Rape of Lucrece, 264–66 127–28 shamanism, 26, 190, 192 sensibility, 222, 374 Sonnets, 68 Sergeant, David, 213, 287 The Tempest, 67, 370 Service, Robert, 328 Venus and Adonis, xv, 26, 67, 190, 192, ‘Sestina of the Norse Seaman’ (Myers), 15 264–66 Sex and Gender: On the Development of shamanism, 187–94 Masculinity and Femininity (Stioller), 262 deﬁnition, 187–88 Sexton, Anne, 5, 19, 348, 363, 365 Hughes and drama, 55, 57 Sexual Politics (Millett), 262 Hughes and Eliot, 26–27, 29, 31, 68–69 sexuality Hughes as literary critic, 65, 68–69 feminism, 252, 255, 256–57 monomyth, 85 religion, 183 poetic self, 376 shamanism, 193 publications as tribal objects, 344–45 surrealism, 103, 106 Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy SGCB. see Shakespeare and the Goddess of (Eliade), 26, 187, 188–90, 191, 193, 266 Complete Being (Hughes) Shame (Rushdie), 348 Shadwell, Thomas, 238 ‘Sheila na gigs’, 38, 171, 172 Shaftsbury, Earl of, 240 A Short Survey of Surrealism (Gascoyne), 108 Shah, Idries, 189, 266 Shuttle, Penelope, 342 ‘Shakespeare and Occult Neoplatonism’ Signal Poetry Award, 47 (Hughes), 200 Silent Spring (Carson), 160, 276, 277, 303 Shakespeare and the Goddess of Complete Being The Silent Woman (Malcolm), 365 (Hughes) Silk, Michael, 125, 128 archives, 347 Sillitoe, Alan, 340 Christianity and Islam, 216–17 Silverstein, Shel, 46 critical insights, 299 Sinanan, Kerry, 99 critical reception, 34, 197 Sinclair, Iain, 194 history of England, 222–23, 226 Singer, Isaac Bashevis, 30–31, 263, 342 Hughes and Eliot, 23, 28 ‘singing school’, 330

Index 401

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 41, 93, 209–13, Spoleto Festival dei Due Mondi (the Festival of 215, 266 Two Worlds), 73, 75, 114, 115 ‘Sir Orfeo’, 224 Spring Awakening (Wedekind), 59, 61 Sission, C. H., 77 ‘Spring Nature Notes’ (Hughes), 300 Sitwell, Edith, 94 ‘The Stag’ (Hughes), 278 ‘Six Young Men’ (Hughes), 228, 229–30 Stead, Lisa, 352 ‘6th June 1944 / The Crosses’ (Hughes), 232 Steadman, Ralph, 338 ‘Sixty Years On’ (Hughes), 231 ‘Stealing Trout on a May Morning’ (Hughes), Skea, Ann 293–94 Hughes archives, 341, 350 Stein, Gertrude, 158 Hughes myth, 370 Steiner, George, 74 Hughes publication history, 338, 340, 341 Steiner, Rudolf, 173 on Hughes’s Goddess, xvi Stella Matutina, 198 occult tradition, 198 Stevens, Wallace, 18, 74, 155 shamanism, 192 Stevenson, Anne ‘Ted Hughes and the Occult Tradition’, 198 archives, 352 Ted Hughes: The Poetic Quest, 198 Bitter Fame: A Life of Sylvia Plath, 167, 352, Skelton, Robin, 317 364–65 ‘Skylarks’ (Hughes), 169, 181, 192 Hughes and biographers, 360, 364–65 slam poetry, 98 Hughes correspondence, 114 sleep, 104–5 Stevenson, Randall, 263 A Sleepwalk on the Severn (Oswald), 38 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 48 ‘Slump Sundays’ (Hughes), 232 Stoller, Robert J., 262 ‘The Small Box’ (Popa), 117 Stone, Bernard, 349 ‘Small Hours’ (Hughes), 108–9 Strachey, Lytton, 365–66 Smart, Christopher, 223 ‘Strangers’ (Hughes), 297 Smith College, 16, 350–51, 352 ‘Strawberry Hill’ (Hughes), 110 Smith, Anthony, 59 ‘The Strong Woman’ (Hughes), 19 Smith, Carrie, xviii, 352 Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Smollett, Tobias, 89 Book Library, 347, 349 ‘Snake Hymn’ (Hughes), 178 stylistic contexts ‘The Snake in the Oak’ (Hughes), 65, 66, 68, 181 classics, 123–30 ‘The Snowy Owl’ (Hughes), 136 collaboration with artists, 133–41 Socrates, 67 Eastern European poetry, 113–20 ‘Some Pike for Nicholas’ (Hughes), 173, 297 overview, xvii Somers-Willett, Susan, 98 surrealism, 103–11 song, 330, 331 voice, 93–99 The Song of Hiawatha (Longfellow), 155 The Suﬁs (Shah), 189, 266 ‘The Song of Wandering Aengus’ (Yeats), 168 Suﬁsm, 189, 216–17 ‘Song for a Phallus’ (Hughes), 127–28, 251 ‘Sunstroke’ (Hughes), 284 ‘Song’ (Hughes), 149, 372 ‘Superstitions’ (Hughes), 202 Sonnenberg, Ben, 172, 343, 348, 352 Supple, Tim, 61 Sonnets (Shakespeare), 68 ‘Surprise’ (Hughes), 287 ‘Sorties’ (Cixous), 262 surrealism, 103–11 sound of poetry, 94, 96–97, 331–32 survivor poets, 113 ‘Source’ (Hughes), 232 Sweeney Agonistes (Eliot), 126 South Bank Show, 344 Sweeney Astray (Heaney), 170 South West Water Authority, 298, 307 Sweeney, Jack, 166–67 Southey, Robert, 238, 239, 241 Sweeting, Michael, 192 Spanish Fly (Rollinson), 40 Swinburne, Algernon Charles, 242 Specimens of Bushmen Folklore (Bleek), 75–76 Symmons Roberts, Michael, 40 Speirs, John, 211 Szirtes, George, 119 Spender, Natasha, 362 Spender, Stephen, 3, 19, 24, 114, 156, 234, 362 T. S. Eliot Prize, 31 A Spillage of Mercury (Rollinson), 40 T.S. Eliot and Prejudice (Ricks), 30

402 Index

Tabor, Stephen, 338 The Tempest (Shakespeare), 67, 370 ‘Take What You Want But Pay For It’ Tennant, Emma, 348, 360 (Hughes), 280 Tennyson, Alfred Lord Talbot, John, 123, 125, 126, 128, 130 ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’, 242 Tales from Ovid (Hughes) English history, 223 classical literature, 124, 125, 126, 128 Laureateship, 240, 242, 243 dramatic production, 61 ‘Ode on the Death of the Duke of ﬁshing imagery, 300 Wellington’, 242, 245 Hughes inscriptions, 342 Poets’ Corner, 214 Hughes as literary critic, 68 sound recording, 97 Hughes and nature, 280 Texas Quarterly, 56 Hughes as translator, 78 ‘That Morning’ (Hughes), 141, 338 psychological gulf, 266 Thatcher, Margaret, 305–6 Tales of the Early World (Hughes), 49 theatre. see also drama Tanner, Robin, 41 Hughes and drama, 54, 58, 59, 60, 61 Tapirs’ Saga (Hughes), 340–41 Hughes’s literary legacy, 36, 39 Tarka the Otter (Williamson), 147, 148, 153 Third Programme (BBC), 93, 211, 349 Tarn, Nathaniel, 366 Thomas, Dylan Tate, Allen, 158 Deaths and Entrances, 107 Taussig, Michael, 193 18 Poems, 108 ‘Taw and Torridge’ (Hughes), 298, 304 Gunn on, 7 Taw Fisheries Association, 307 Hughes and Plath, 13, 15, 19, 155 Teaching Poetry (Reeves), 328 Hughes’s reading choices, 3, 24 technique, and craft, 316–17, 319 poetry readings, 95, 97, 98 Ted and I (Gerald Hughes), 274, 360 surrealism, 107–8 Ted Hughes (Gifford), xvii translation, 74 Ted Hughes: A Bibliography 1946–1995 (Sagar and Thornton Moore, Harry, 96, 97 Tabor), 338 Thorpe, Adam, 36 Ted Hughes: A Literary Life (Roberts), xvii, 158, ‘The Thought-Fox’ (Hughes), 25, 34, 97, 99, 227, 267, 362 373–74, 377 Ted Hughes and America (Groszewski), xviii Three Books (Hughes), 292, 297, 300 Ted Hughes and the Classics (Rees, ed.), xvii–xviii ‘Three Caryatids Without a Portico’ (Plath), 16 ‘Ted Hughes and the Drama’ (Hogg), 54 ‘Thrushes’ (Hughes), 105–6, 158 Ted Hughes and Medieval Literature (Robinson), Thwaite, Anthony, 170 xviii Tibetan Book of the Dead, 55, 73, 189, 266 ‘Ted Hughes and the Occult Tradition’ The Tiger’s Bones (Hughes), 56 (Skea), 198 Tillich, Paul, 177, 178, 184–85 Ted Hughes and Trauma (O’Connor), xviii Timmy the Tug (Downer and Hughes), 133 A Ted Hughes Bestiary (Oswald ed.), 37 ‘To His Mistress Going to Bed’ (Donne), 254 Ted Hughes: Environmentalist and Ecopoet Tolkien, J. R. R., 213 (Reddick), xviii Torridge Action Group, 305, 307 Ted Hughes: From Cambridge to Collected Tottel, Robert, 66 (Wormald, Roberts and Gifford, eds), xvii Tottel’s Miscellany, 66 Ted Hughes: The Haunted Earth (Moulin), xvii Touchstones (poetry anthologies), 328 Ted Hughes: The Life of a Poet (Feinstein), 365 Townshend, Pete, 45, 60 Ted Hughes Myth, xvii, 370–78 tragedy, 54, 61, 123, 124, 267 Ted Hughes papers, 348 Tragic Equation, xvi, 67, 85, 341 Ted Hughes: The Poetic Quest (Skea), 198 translation. see also Modern Poetry in Translation Ted Hughes Society, xviii classical literature, 125, 126–27 The Ted Hughes Society Journal, 198, 367 Eastern European poetry, 77–78, 113, 115, 118 Ted Hughes: The Unauthorised Life (Bate), xvii, Hughes and drama, 55, 57–58, 59–61 302, 360–61, 363 Hughes as literary critic, 70, 73–74 Ted Hughes, Nature and Culture (Roberts, Hughes as translator, 4, 72–79 Wormald and Gifford, eds), xvii literalness, 74–76, 77–78 ‘Telegraph Wires’ (Hughes), 110 medieval literature, 213

Index 403

Translation Theory and Practice (Eysteinsson and Wagner, Erica, 202 Weissbort), 72 Wagner-Martin, Linda, 360, 364 tree-planting schemes, 304 Walcott, Derek, 54, 61, 124, 216, 333 ‘Trophies’ (Hughes), 376 Walde, Christine, 352 Troubles (Ireland), 226 Walder, Dennis, 228, 289 ‘Turkeys Observed’ (Heaney), 9 ‘Walt’ (Hughes), 229 Turner, David, 127 The Wanderings of Oisin (Yeats), 24, 27, 165–66, Turret Press, 349 190, 266 Two Cities (journal), 56 war, 228–36 ‘Two Phases’ (Hughes), 123–24 First World War, 228–32, 233–34 Second World War, 228, 232–33, 234, 245 uncanny, 106 war poetry, 233–36 unconscious, 104–6, 107, 108, 198, 319 Washington University in St. Louis, 352 ‘Under Benn Ruadhainn’ (Robertson), 39 The Waste Land (Eliot), 23, 27, 29, 68, 350, 351 Under the North Star (Hughes), 134, 136–37 ‘Waste’ (Hughes), 277 Under the Sea-Wind (Carson), 139, 160 water pollution, 246, 295, 298, 302, 303–5, 307 University of Cambridge. see Cambridge ‘Water’ (Larkin), 243 University Watling, Vicky, 86 University of East Anglia, 315 Wedekind, Frank, 59, 61 University of Exeter, 352 Weissbort, Daniel University of Lancaster, 315 archives, 348 University of Leeds, 352 Hughes and drama, 57, 59 University of Liverpool, 352 Hughes correspondence, 6, 157, 159 University of Massachusetts, 315 Hughes memoir, 360 University of Oxford, 6 Modern Poetry in Translation, 4, 59, 73, 76, 114 University of Victoria, 352 Plath’s poetry, 15 Your Environment magazine, 276 ‘Vampire’ (Hughes), 373 Wesker, Arnold, 55 Van Dyne, Susan, 350 Wesley, John, 223 Van Mierlo, Wim, 347 West, Thomas, 59 Venus and Adonis (Shakespeare), xv, 26, 67, 190, Westcountry Rivers Trust, 304, 308 192, 264–66 Westminster Abbey, 31, 214 Venuti, Lawrence, 70 Wevill, Assia Verbal Arts Association, 323 archives, 348, 352 ‘Vergissmeinnicht’ (Douglas), 235 astrological chart, 204–5 ‘Vernacular Verse’ (Paulin), 226 biographers, 359, 361, 362, 366 Vick, Roger, 338 death of, 87, 258, 359, 375 Victoria and Albert Museum, 352 Hughes as correspondent, 87, 88 Victoria University, 352 Hughes and feminism, 252, 253, 254, 257, 258 ‘View of a Pig’ (Hughes), 9, 97, 161 Hughes myth, 375 Vigfússon, Orri, 308 Hughes’s imagery, 106, 252, 253, 254, 257 ‘A Violet at Lough Aughrisburg’ (Hughes), 170 Ireland and Murphy, 168, 169 Virgil, 289 Wevill, David, 366 Vision of Judgement (Byron), 239 Wevill, Shura, 87, 205, 253, 359, 362 The Vision of Judgement (Southey), 239, 241 What is the Truth? A Farmyard Fable for the Young ‘Visit’ (Hughes), 377 (Hughes), 47, 49, 137, 138, 139, 285 visual imagination, 331–32 Wheatley, Doris, 3, 344 voice, 93–99 The White Goddess (Graves), 15, 211, 264, 267, 349 Voss Bark, Anne, 304 White, Lynn, 183, 185 Voznesensky, Andrei, 115 Whitehead, Alfred North, 3 Whiting, John, 55 W. H. Smith National Literary Competition, Whitman, Walt, 155 322, 323 Wholey, Edna, 348 W. H. Smith poetry children’s competition, 49 Wild Steelhead and Salmon (magazine), 299 W. W. Norton, 365 ‘Wild West’ (Hughes), 148

404 Index

‘Wilfred Owen’s Photographs’ (Hughes), 233 ‘The Wound’ (Hughes), 26, 56, 193 William, Duke of Cambridge, 247 The Wrecking Light (Robertson), 39 Williams, Oscar, 155 Wright, David, 162–63 Williams, William Carlos, 158 writing. see creative writing Williamson, Henry ‘Writing about Landscape’ (Hughes), 169 Hughes as literary critic, 69 ‘Writing About People’ (Hughes), 319 Tarka the Otter, 147, 148, 153 Writing and Difference (Derrida), 262 Yorkshire, 147, 148, 153 writing by children, 322–23 wind farms, 307 writing for children, xv, xvi, 45–52, 55, 56, 88 ‘Wind’ (Hughes), 97 WWF. see World Wildlife Fund ‘The Windhover’ (Hopkins), 180 Wyatt, Thomas, 66 Winter Pollen (Hughes), xviii, 63, 136, 190, 233, Wyatt-Brown, Bert, 14, 15, 16, 17 317, 344, 347 ‘Witches’ (Hughes), 106, 251 Yaddo Artists’ Colony, 18, 26 Wodwo (Hughes) Yale University, 351–52 classical literature, 129 Yan Tan Tethera (Birtwistle), 36 Eastern European poetry, 119 Yeats, Elizabeth, 340 gender identity, 263 Yeats, W. B. Heaney review, 8 anthologising, 329, 331 Hughes and drama, 56, 60 Cuala Press, 340 Hughes’s literary legacy, 34, 38, 39 epigraph to SGCB, 370 poetic voice, 87 ‘The Fisherman’, 166 ‘The Rain Horse’, 285 Heaney on, 54 short stories, 285 Hughes and Eliot, 23, 24, 27, 68 and Sir Gawain, 210 Hughes and Plath, 13, 15 surrealism, 108, 111 Hughes as literary critic, 65, 68 ‘The Wound’, 26, 56, 193 Hughes myth, 370, 372 Yorkshire writings, 149 Ireland, 165–66, 168 Wolfwatching (Hughes) Michael Robartes ﬁgure, 86 environmentalism, 280 occult, 198, 202 feminism, 252 poetry memorisation, 331 inscription to Crossley, 343 poetry readings, 93–94, 95 poetic voice, 88 ‘The Second Coming’, 67 ‘Telegraph Wires’, 110 shamanism, 26–27, 190, 192 war poems, 231, 232 ‘singing school’, 329, 330 Yorkshire, 150, 153 ‘The Song of Wandering Aengus’, 168 Wolverine (Hughes), 340 translation, 74 Woman Sleeping in a Landscape (Dalí), 104 The Wanderings of Oisin, 24, 27, 165–66, ‘A Woman Unconscious’ (Hughes), 104, 303 190, 266 women’s role, 257–58, see also feminism Yevtushenko, Yevgeny, 114 Wood, James, 30 Yorkshire, 145–53, 211, 212–13, 223, 283 ‘Woodpecker’ (Hughes), 136 ‘Your Corns’ (Hughes), 231 Woods etc (Oswald), 37, 38 Your Environment (magazine), 276–77, 303 ‘Words and Experience’ (Hughes), 318 ‘Your Paris’ (Hughes), 255 Wordsworth, William, xviii, 10, 148, 241–42 Your World (Earth Summit book), 279, 307 World Wildlife Fund (WWF), 305, 306, 322 Wormald, Mark, xvii, 141 Zajko, Vanda, 60, 130