DOCSLIB.ORG

Sea Cucumber Fisheries in the Kingdom of Tonga: Regeneration Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Chemistry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sea Cucumber Fisheries in the Kingdom of Tonga: Regeneration Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Chemistry Sea cucumber fisheries in the Kingdom of Tonga: regeneration biology, ecology, and environmental chemistry Hannah Charan-Dixon A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of a Master of Science School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury 1 This thesis is dedicated to my late Great Grandmother - an incredible woman whose memory continues to inspire me each and every day. 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors; Dr. Sharyn Goldstien, Dr. Chris Glover, and Dr. Sally Gaw for all of their hard work, advice, and support. This has been an incredible learning opportunity which would not have been possible without the three of you. In addition, I would like to thank Beth Vanderhaven, the most excellent field and laboratory assistant anyone could ask for; your enthusiasm, friendship, and help in all matters big and small have been critical throughout the duration of this journey. I would also like to express my very sincere thanks to the New Zealand Federation of Graduate Women and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade who provided the funding support essential for this research. In addition, a very special thank you to the Tonga Fisheries Division, in particular to Dr. Siola’a Malimali, Dr. Tuikolongahau Halafihi, and Tonga Latu Tuiano for making this research possible and for sharing your considerable knowledge with me. To the staff at Noa’s Guesthouse; your hospitality, friendship, and kindness made for such a wonderful experience filled with great memories. To the University of Canterbury branch; Jonathan Hill, Jan McKenzie, Dr. Bill Davison, Renny Bishop, Alan Woods, The Physiology Research Group, The Environmental Chemistry Group, The International Waters Group, and the inhabitants of my office – you’ve all been fundamental to the success of this project and you have all taught me so much. In particular, Travis Foster, thank you for your help, for providing all manner of discussion topics, and for being so supportive at every turn. Lastly, thank you to my wonderful family for your positivity, endless support and advice, and for guiding me on this journey. You have been the best support crew anyone could ever dream of. I would also like to thank my partner and my friends for their understanding, patience, and ongoing support. In particular, Isis Metcalfe, thank you for your thoughtfulness, the adventures, and your outstanding sense of humour. 3 List of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. 3 List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................... 6 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 9 1. General introduction ..................................................................................................................... 10 1. 1. Commercial export fishery: Tonga ....................................................................................... 12 1. 2. Traditional fishery; Tonga .................................................................................................... 13 1. 3. Regeneration ......................................................................................................................... 14 1. 4. Trace metals as pollutants in the marine environment .......................................................... 15 1. 5. Thesis: Aims and Hypotheses ............................................................................................... 17 2. Regeneration Biology: The Effects of a Traditional Fishing Technique on the Physiology and Biochemistry of Stichopus horrens ................................................................................................... 19 2. 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 19 2. 2. Methods................................................................................................................................. 22 2. 2. 1. Experimental set-up ...................................................................................................... 23 2. 2. 2. Respirometry ................................................................................................................. 25 2. 2. 3 Ammonia Excretion Rate .............................................................................................. 28 2. 2. 4. O:N ................................................................................................................................ 29 2. 2. 5. Biochemistry ................................................................................................................. 30 2. 2. 6. Determination of regeneration ...................................................................................... 33 2. 2. 7. Data analysis ................................................................................................................. 34 2. 3. Results ................................................................................................................................... 36 2. 3. 1. Internal Organ Regeneration ......................................................................................... 36 2. 3. 2. Asexual reproduction .................................................................................................... 39 2. 3. 3. Physiology ..................................................................................................................... 40 2. 3. 4. Biochemistry ................................................................................................................. 47 2. 3. 5. O:N ................................................................................................................................ 50 2. 4. Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 50 2. 4. 1. Internal organ regeneration ........................................................................................... 50 2. 4. 2. Respiratory tree regeneration ........................................................................................ 53 2. 4. 3. Gonad regeneration and development ........................................................................... 54 2. 4. 4. Asexual reproduction .................................................................................................... 54 2. 4. 5. Physiology: Oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate ............................ 56 2. 4. 6. Biochemistry: Glycogen, O:N, Glucose, and Lactate ................................................... 58 2. 4. 7. Summary ....................................................................................................................... 60 3. The Ecological Distribution and Diversity of holothuroids of the Tongatapu Island group ......... 62 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 62 3. 1. 2. Sea cucumber ecology .................................................................................................. 62 3. 1. 3. Ecological surveys/stock assessments........................................................................... 64 3. 2. Methods................................................................................................................................. 66 3. 2. 1. Site identification .......................................................................................................... 66 3. 2. 2. Ecological sampling ...................................................................................................... 67 3. 2. 3. Data analysis ................................................................................................................. 71 3. 2. 4. Species richness ............................................................................................................ 73 3. 2. 5. Shannon-Wiener diversity index ................................................................................... 73 3. 2. 6. Evenness ....................................................................................................................... 74 3. 3. Results ................................................................................................................................... 74 3. 3. 1. Differences in sea cucumber composition between sites – ‘Seagrass’ habitat .................. 74 3. 3. 2. Habitat composition – ‘seagrass’ .................................................................................. 77 3. 3. 3. Generalised linear models; effects of habitat variables on Stichopus horrens abundance 79 3. 3. 4. Differences between time of day, stations, and years – Stichopus horrens ...................... 81 3. 3. 5. Species richness ............................................................................................................ 84 4 3. 3. 6. Species diversity; Shannon-Wiener index ........................................................................ 85 3. 3. 7. Juvenile Holothuria leucospilota aggregration – Atata Station 2 ................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfates from the Sea Cucumbers Paracaudina Chilensis and Holothuria Hilla: Structures and Anticoagulant Activity
    marine drugs Article Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfates from the Sea Cucumbers Paracaudina chilensis and Holothuria hilla: Structures and Anticoagulant Activity Nadezhda E. Ustyuzhanina 1,*, Maria I. Bilan 1, Andrey S. Dmitrenok 1 , Alexandra S. Silchenko 2, Boris B. Grebnev 2, Valentin A. Stonik 2, Nikolay E. Nifantiev 1 and Anatolii I. Usov 1,* 1 N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] (M.I.B.); [email protected] (A.S.D.); [email protected] (N.E.N.) 2 G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; [email protected] (A.S.S.); [email protected] (B.B.G.); [email protected] (V.A.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (N.E.U.); [email protected] (A.I.U.); Tel.: +7-495-135-8784 (N.E.U.) Received: 29 September 2020; Accepted: 26 October 2020; Published: 28 October 2020 Abstract: Fucosylated chondroitin sulfates (FCSs) PC and HH were isolated from the sea cucumbers Paracaudina chilensis and Holothuria hilla, respectively. The purification of the polysaccharides was carried out by anion-exchange chromatography on a DEAE-Sephacel column. The structural characterization of the polysaccharides was performed in terms of monosaccharide and sulfate content, as well as using a series of nondestructive NMR spectroscopic methods. Both polysaccharides were shown to contain a chondroitin core [ 3)-β-d-GalNAc (N-acethyl galactosamine)-(1 4)-β-d-GlcA ! ! (glucuronic acid)-(1 ]n, bearing sulfated fucosyl branches at O-3 of every GlcA residue in the ! chain.
    [Show full text]
  • Gfsklyfamide-Like Neuropeptide Is Expressed in the Female Gonad of the Sea Cucumber, Holothuria Scabra
    Vol. 14(1), pp. 1-5, January-June 2020 DOI: 10.5897/JCAB2017.0454 Article Number: CFBFDED62964 ISSN 1996-0867 Copyright © 2020 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article Journal of Cell and Animal Biology http://www.academicjournals.org/JCAB Full Length Research Paper GFSKLYFamide-like neuropeptide is expressed in the female gonad of the sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra Ajayi Abayomi1* and Amedu Nathaniel O.1,2 1Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, PMB 1008, Anyigba, Nigeria. 2Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria. Received 14 October, 2017; Accepted 11 January, 2018 Neuropeptides are mediators of neuronal signalling, controlling a wide range of physiological processes that cut across many organisms. GFSKLYFamide is a neuropeptide that belongs to the Echinoderm SALMFamide group of peptides. This study was aimed at determining the expression of GFSKLYFamide-like neuropeptide in the female gonad of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra. Ten female H. scabra weighing between 62 and 175 g were collected at different times between May, 2009 and April, 2010 from the Andaman Sea at Koh Jum Island in Krabi province of Thailand for the study. Using GFSKLYFamide polyclonal antibody and Alexa 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG as primary and secondary antibodies, respectively, indirect immunofluorescence method and confocal microscope was used to localise GFSKLYFamide-like immunoreactivity in the female gonad of H. scabra. The results show GFSKLYFamide-like immunoreactivity being expressed in the sub-epithelial fibres of the coelomic epithelium.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Proximate Composition of Marine Invertebrates from Tropical
    Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research E-ISSN: 0718-560X [email protected] Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Chile Diniz, Graciela S.; Barbarino, Elisabete; Oiano-Neto, João; Pacheco, Sidney; Lourenço, Sergio O. Proximate composition of marine invertebrates from tropical coastal waters, with emphasis on the relationship between nitrogen and protein contents Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, vol. 42, núm. 2, mayo, 2014, pp. 332-352 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Valparaíso, Chile Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=175031018005 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., 42(2): 332-352, 2014 Chemical composition of some marine invertebrates 332 1 “Proceedings of the 4to Brazilian Congress of Marine Biology” Sergio O. Lourenço (Guest Editor) DOI: 10.3856/vol42-issue2-fulltext-5 Research Article Proximate composition of marine invertebrates from tropical coastal waters, with emphasis on the relationship between nitrogen and protein contents Graciela S. Diniz1,2, Elisabete Barbarino1, João Oiano-Neto3,4, Sidney Pacheco3 & Sergio O. Lourenço1 1Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense Caixa Postal 100644, CEP 24001-970, Niterói, RJ, Brazil 2Instituto Virtual Internacional de Mudanças Globais-UFRJ/IVIG, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Rua Pedro Calmon, s/nº, CEP 21945-970, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 3Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, Laboratório de Cromatografia Líquida Avenida das Américas, 29501, CEP 23020-470, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 4Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 234, Caixa Postal 339, CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil ABSTRACT.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Cucumber Abundance, Diversity and Fisheries in Samoa; an Assessment of Lagoon Occurring Sea Cucumbers
    2006-05-17 Sea cucumber abundance, diversity and fisheries in Samoa; an assessment of lagoon occurring sea cucumbers Part I: A wide approached survey to assess status of commercial beche-de-mer species in Samoa. & Part II: The subsistence and artisanal sea cucumber fishery, with particular focus on Stichopus horrens, in Samoa. B.G.H. Eriksson Preface This study was performed in Samoa from 2005-09-20 to 2005-12-20 and finalises my university studies at Uppsala University towards an M.Sc in Biology. The work presented in this paper came about after a series of events and I owe greatly to all of those that are mentioned in the acknowledgement section. During 2005 a request was put forward to The Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) from the Samoan Fisheries Division to perform a survey on the coastal resources (including sea cucumber resources) around the country of Samoa in the South Pacific. The coastal component of the Pacific Region Oceanic and Coastal Fisheries (PROCFish/C) section of SPC started up this work in collaboration with the Samoan Fisheries Division in June and August 2005 and covered finfish and invertebrate resources in parts of Upolu and Savaii. The invertebrate surveys included fisheries dependent and fisheries independent data collection. The fisheries independent surveys were in-water assessments of stock and habitat in grounds that was pre-selected because of fishing activities in that area. The data collected was generally density estimates (incl. species composition) across shifting habitats, but also biological data, such as length and weight measurements. Alongside this information fishery dependent data was also collected.
    [Show full text]
  • Satellite Monitoring of Coastal Marine Ecosystems a Case from the Dominican Republic
    Satellite Monitoring of Coastal Marine Ecosystems: A Case from the Dominican Republic Item Type Report Authors Stoffle, Richard W.; Halmo, David Publisher University of Arizona Download date 04/10/2021 02:16:03 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/272833 SATELLITE MONITORING OF COASTAL MARINE ECOSYSTEMS A CASE FROM THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Edited By Richard W. Stoffle David B. Halmo Submitted To CIESIN Consortium for International Earth Science Information Network Saginaw, Michigan Submitted From University of Arizona Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) University of Michigan East Carolina University December, 1991 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables vi List of Figures vii List of Viewgraphs viii Acknowledgments ix CHAPTER ONE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 The Human Dimensions of Global Change 1 Global Change Research 3 Global Change Theory 4 Application of Global Change Information 4 CIESIN And Pilot Research 5 The Dominican Republic Pilot Project 5 The Site 5 The Research Team 7 Key Findings 7 CAPÍTULO UNO RESUMEN GENERAL 9 Las Dimensiones Humanas en el Cambio Global 9 La Investigación del Cambio Global 11 Teoría del Cambio Global 12 Aplicaciones de la Información del Cambio Global 13 CIESIN y la Investigación Piloto 13 El Proyecto Piloto en la República Dominicana 14 El Lugar 14 El Equipo de Investigación 15 Principales Resultados 15 CHAPTER TWO REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS IN THE COASTAL ZONE 17 Coastal Surveys with Remote Sensing 17 A Human Analogy 18 Remote Sensing Data 19 Aerial Photography 19 Landsat Data 20 GPS Data 22 Sonar
    [Show full text]
  • Thèse Lavitra Final Version.Pdf
    Caractérisation, contrôle et optimalisation des processus impliqués dans le développement postmétamorphique de l’holothurie comestible Holothuria scabra (Jaeger, 1833) (Holothuroidea : Echinodermata). Item Type Thesis/Dissertation Authors Thierry, Lavitra Publisher Université de Mons-Hainaut et Université de Toliara Download date 28/09/2021 08:57:47 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/9541 Université de Mons-Hainaut Faculté des Sciences Laboratoire de Biologie Marine Caractérisation, contrôle et optimalisation des processus impliqués dans le développement postmétamorphique de l’holothurie comestible Holothuria scabra (Jaeger, 1833) (Holothuroidea : Echinodermata) Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur en Sciences Septembre 2008 Présentée par Thierry LAVITRA Promoteur : Prof. Igor EECKHAUT M U H bio mar Membres du Jury : Prof. Chantal CONAND Université de la Réunion, France Prof. Richard RASOLOFONIRINA Université de Tuléar, Madagascar Dr. Patrick FLAMMANG Université de Mons-Hainaut, Belgique Prof. Philippe GROSJEAN Université de Mons-Hainaut, Belgique Prof. Igor EECKHAUT Université de Mons-Hainaut, Belgique Remerciements REMERCIEMENTS Ce travail de thèse n’aurait pas pu voir le jour sans le soutien financier de la Commission Universitaire pour le Développement (CUD) de la Communauté française de Belgique et du Gouvernement Malgache. Il a été effectué au sein de l’Aqua-Lab/IH.SM-Madagascar (Institut Halieutique et des Sciences Marines, dirigé par le Dr. Man Wai Rabenevanana) et des laboratoires de Biologie Marine de l’Université de Mons-Hainaut et de l’Université Libre de Bruxelles-Belgique (dirigé par le Professeur Michel Jangoux). En tout premier lieu, j’exprime ma vive gratitude au Professeur Michel Jangoux de m’avoir accueilli au sein de son laboratoire.
    [Show full text]
  • Separation of a Novel Species from Actinopyga Mauritiana
    Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. & Fish., Vol. 20, No. 4: 39 – 45 (2016) ISSN 1110 – 6131 Separation of a novel species from Actinopyga mauritiana (Holothuroidea: Holothuriidae) species complex, based on ecological, morphological and mitochondrial DNA evidence. Mohammed I. Ahmed Marine Science Department, faculty of science, Suez Canal University, Egypt. ABSTRACT Sea cucumbers are a diverse group of echinoderms, approximately more than 1,400 species around the world belonging to six orders and 25 families. In Egypt, sea cucumber is overfished along the Egyptian coast of the Red Sea and in most cases, species are being commercialized without a clear taxonomic identification. Two color morphs of the holothurian Actinopyga mauritiana were found in the Egyptian Red Sea coast and Gulf of Aqaba. Both morphs were found to have different habitats and depth preferences, morphological and molecular examination of both morphs along the Egyptian coast of the Red Sea uncovered new species diversity within the Actinopyga species complex and the discovery of novel species Actinopyga sp. nov. Keywords: Sea cucumber; Actinopyga mauritiana; Red Sea; DNA barcoding; COI INTRODUCTION Actinopyga (Bronn, 1860) is one of the five genera in the family Holothuriidae (Rowe 1969; Rowe & Gates 1995; Massinet al., 2004; Kerr et al 2005; Samyn et al., 2005). Within the genus there are sixteen species generally recognized as valid :Actinopyga agassizii (Selenka, 1867); A. albonigra (Cherbonnier and Féral, 1984); A. bacilla (Cherbonnier, 1980); A. bannwarthi (Panning, 1944); A. caroliniana (Tan Tiu, 1981); A. crassa (Panning, 1944); A. echinites (Jaeger, 1833); A. flammea (Cherbonnier, 1979); A. fusca (Cherbonnier, 1980); A. lecanora(Jaeger, 1833); A. miliaris (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833); A.
    [Show full text]
  • Profiles and Biological Values of Sea Cucumbers: a Mini Review Siti Fathiah Masre
    Life Sciences, Medicine and Biomedicine, Vol 2 No 4 (2018) 25 Review Article Profiles and Biological Values of Sea Cucumbers: A Mini Review Siti Fathiah Masre Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.28916/lsmb.2.4.2018.25 Received 8 October 2018, Revisions received 19 November 2018, Accepted 23 November 2018, Available online 31 December 2018 Abstract Sea cucumbers, blind cylindrical marine invertebrates that live in the ocean intertidal beds have more than thousand species available of varying morphology and colours throughout the world. Sea cucumbers have long been exploited in traditional treatment as a source of natural medicinal compounds. Various nutritional and therapeutic values have been linked to this invertebrate. These creatures have been eaten since ancient times and purported as the most commonly consumed echinoderms. Some important biological activities of sea cucumbers including anti-hypertension, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-asthmatic, anti-bacterial and wound healing. Thus, this short review comes with the principal aim to cover the profile, taxonomy, together with nutritional and medicinal properties of sea cucumbers. Keywords: sea cucumber; invertebrate; echinoderm; therapeutic; taxonomy. 1.0 Introduction Sea cucumbers are marine invertebrate under phylum Echinodermata (Kamarudin et al., 2017). This cylindrical invertebrate that lives throughout the worlds’ oceans bed is known as sea cucumber or ‘gamat’ in Malaysia (Kamarudin et al., 2017). There are more than 1200 sea cucumber species available of varying morphology and colours throughout the world (Oh et al., 2017). Within the coastal areas of Malaysia, sea cucumbers can be located in Semporna Island, Pangkor Island, Tioman Island, Langkawi Island and coastal areas within Terengganu.
    [Show full text]
  • Growth and Size of the Tropical Sea Cucumber Holothuria (Halodeima) Atra Jager at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands!
    Pacific Science (1978), vol. 32, no. 2 © 1978 by The University Press of Hawaii. All rights reserved Growth and Size of the Tropical Sea Cucumber Holothuria (Halodeima) atra Jager at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands! THOMAS A. EBERT 2 ABSTRACT: In September 1975, 5031 sea cucumbers (Holothuria atra Jager) were tagged with tetracycline and returned to a gutter on the seaward reef bench of Ananij Island, Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands. A sample of 184 individuals was collected in September 1976. Animals were dissected and plates of the calcareous ring were examined with ultraviolet radiation for tetracycline lines. Based on 18 tagged individuals, the Brody-Bertalanffy growth constants are: K = 0.11 and P00 = 0.89 cm (for interradial plates). Length (L, cm) and weight (W, g) of individuals are related to plate size: L = 36.35P and W = 1950P3, giving maximum size as 32 cm and 1352 g. Length frequency distributions for the population did not change from 1975 to 1976. A preliminary estimate of annual loss is 50 to 70 percent of the total population based on the growth parameters and population size structure. Holothuria atra shows asexual reproduction by transverse fission, which appears to be the major source of recruitment at Ananij rather than from the plankton. ON MANY TROPICAL REEFS, sea cucumbers are tion to a technique that shows some promise abundant and may attain densities in excess as a means ofstudying growth ofholothurians of 200/m2 (Bakus 1968). But they are very and so, somewhat indirectly, of estimating difficult to study as populations and very few mortality and population turnover.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological and Taxonomic Perspective of Triterpenoid Glycosides of Sea Cucumbers of the Family Holothuriidae (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea)
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B 180 (2015) 16–39 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cbpb Review Biological and taxonomic perspective of triterpenoid glycosides of sea cucumbers of the family Holothuriidae (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea) Magali Honey-Escandón a,⁎, Roberto Arreguín-Espinosa a, Francisco Alonso Solís-Marín b,YvesSamync a Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510 México, D. F., Mexico b Laboratorio de Sistemática y Ecología de Equinodermos, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-350, C.P. 04510 México, D. F., Mexico c Scientific Service of Heritage, Invertebrates Collections, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium article info abstract Article history: Since the discovery of saponins in sea cucumbers, more than 150 triterpene glycosides have been described for Received 20 May 2014 the class Holothuroidea. The family Holothuriidae has been increasingly studied in search for these compounds. Received in revised form 18 September 2014 With many species awaiting recognition and formal description this family currently consists of five genera and Accepted 18 September 2014 the systematics at the species-level taxonomy is, however, not yet fully understood. We provide a bibliographic Available online 28 September 2014 review of the triterpene glycosides that has been reported within the Holothuriidae and analyzed the relationship of certain compounds with the presence of Cuvierian tubules. We found 40 species belonging to four genera and Keywords: Cuvierian tubules 121 compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Density and Population Parameters of Sea Cucumber Isostichopus Badionotus (Echinodermata: Stichopodidae) at Sisal, Yucatan
    Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., 46(2): 416-423Density, 2018 and population parameters of sea cucumber at Sisal, Yucatan 416 1 DOI: 10.3856/vol46-issue2-fulltext-17 Research Article Density and population parameters of sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata: Stichopodidae) at Sisal, Yucatan Alberto de Jesús-Navarrete1, María Nallely May Poot2 & Alejandro Medina-Quej2 1Departamento de Sistemática y Ecología Acuática, Estructura y Función del Bentos El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Quintana Roo, México 2Instituto Tecnológico de Chetumal, Licenciatura en Biología, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México Corresponding author: Alberto de Jesús-Navarrete ([email protected]) ABSTRACT. The density and population parameters of the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus from Sisal, Yucatan, Mexico were determined during the fishing season. Belt transects of 200 m2 were set in 10 sampling sites at two fishing areas. All organisms within the belt were counted and collected. In the harbor, 7,618 sea cucumbers were measured and weighed: the population parameters were determined using FISAT II. Mean densities of I. badionotus in April 2011, September 2011 and February 2012 were 0.84 ± 0.40, 0.51 ± 0.46, and 0.32 ± 0.17 ind m-2, respectively. Sea cucumber total length varied from 90 to 420 mm, with a uni-modal distribution. The growth parameters were: L∞ = 403 mm, K = 0.25, and to = -0.18, with an allometric growth (W = 2.81L1.781). The total mortality was 0.88, whereas natural mortality was 0.38, fish mortality was 0.50 and the exploitation rate 0.54. Even when sea cucumbers fishery in Sisal is recent and in development with a high density (5570 ind ha-1), it is necessary to establish management strategies to protect the resource, such as an annual catch quota, catching size (>280 mm length), monitoring of population density, and reproduction and larval distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Value Components and Bioactives from Sea Cucumbers for Functional Foods—A Review
    Mar. Drugs 2011, 9, 1761-1805; doi:10.3390/md9101761 OPEN ACCESS Marine Drugs ISSN 1660-3397 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Review High-Value Components and Bioactives from Sea Cucumbers for Functional Foods—A Review Sara Bordbar 1, Farooq Anwar 1,2 and Nazamid Saari 1,* 1 Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; E-Mails: [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (F.A.) 2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +60-389-468-385; Fax: +60-389-423-552. Received: 3 August 2011; in revised form: 30 August 2011 / Accepted: 8 September 2011 / Published: 10 October 2011 Abstract: Sea cucumbers, belonging to the class Holothuroidea, are marine invertebrates, habitually found in the benthic areas and deep seas across the world. They have high commercial value coupled with increasing global production and trade. Sea cucumbers, informally named as bêche-de-mer, or gamat, have long been used for food and folk medicine in the communities of Asia and Middle East. Nutritionally, sea cucumbers have an impressive profile of valuable nutrients such as Vitamin A, Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), and minerals, especially calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc. A number of unique biological and pharmacological activities including anti-angiogenic, anticancer, anticoagulant, anti-hypertension, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antithrombotic, antitumor and wound healing have been ascribed to various species of sea cucumbers. Therapeutic properties and medicinal benefits of sea cucumbers can be linked to the presence of a wide array of bioactives especially triterpene glycosides (saponins), chondroitin sulfates, glycosaminoglycan (GAGs), sulfated polysaccharides, sterols (glycosides and sulfates), phenolics, cerberosides, lectins, peptides, glycoprotein, glycosphingolipids and essential fatty acids.
    [Show full text]