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Analysis of National Peculiarities and Challenges of Development of the Organizational Culture of Mongolia

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Analysis of National Peculiarities and Challenges of Development of the Organizational Culture of Mongolia Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 7 (2017 10) 1007-1017 ~ ~ ~ УДК 007:316.354:658(519.3) Analysis of National Peculiarities and Challenges of Development of the Organizational Culture of Mongolia Vyacheslav K. Seveka, Amarsanaa Borb and Ruslana M. Seveka* a Tuvan State University 36 Lenin Str., Kyzyl, Republic Tuva, 667000, Russia b Institute of Finance and Economics 5 Peace Avenue, Ulaanbaatar, 13381, Mongolia Received 15.09.2016, received in revised form 27.06.2017, accepted 06.07.2017 The article presents an analysis of the national features of the organizational culture of Mongolia, taking into account the study of its historical stage of development. The purpose of the paper is to define a contemporary national model for Mongolian corporations’ management. The determination of the factors of the national organizational culture on the basis of the analysis of the Mongolian state’s development stages, beginning with the culture of nomads to the urbanized modern culture were the research methods. It is revealed that all these cultures interact and are interconnected with each other and, thus, form a kind of mixture of cultures – a specific culture of a mixed type, characteristic of the contemporary Mongolian corporate governance. The impact of this factor on companies and corporations operating in the world markets and wishing to ensure competitiveness is being updated due to the constantly changing demands of the outer world. Keywords: analysis, national culture, organizational culture, company, corporation, management, Mongolia. DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-0110. Research area: culturology. Introduction to the cultural environment that is formed from Since the early 1980s of the last century the the external culture (society) and the internal attention to the study of organizational culture has culture of business partners (Savchenko, 2008, been actively raising. It is explained by the fact that 2005; Kovalenko, Semenchenko, 2015, 2014). under conditions of market relations, production In order to determine the specific features and commercial activities of corporation of the organizational culture of Mongolian require an orientation towards a new model of corporations, first of all it is necessary to entrepreneurship. Considering entrepreneurship understand the national culture peculiarity. At as a process, it can be seen that it is closely related that, it should be noted that the organizational © Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved * Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] – 1007 – Vyacheslav K. Sevek, Amarsanaa Bor,.. Analysis of National Peculiarities and Challenges of Development… culture is greatly influenced by the peculiarities 2. The Turkic Khaganate (Түрэгулс) 552- of national culture, which is a “symbiosis” of 747 A.D. three cultures: a) the culture of nomads, which 3. The Uyghur Khaganate (Уйгур улс) has been formed and developed throughout the 744-840 A.D. history of Mongolia; b) the “urbanized” culture 4. The Khitan state (Хидан (Хятан) of modern Mongolia; c) the culture of corporate гүрэн) 907-1125 A.D. business, formed under the influence of the 5. The Great Mongol Empire – 12th -17th globalization factor. centuries. Regardless of the corporation management 6. The period of the reign of Manchu, the model and according to the classification criteria Qing Dynasty – the 17th century – the early 20th (by name, orientation, etc.) 1, it can be stated that century. the national and organizational cultures are the 7. The Mongolian People’s Republic (the influencing factors. The use of these models, period of planned economy) – early 20th century – without regard to the national peculiarities, late 20th century. both in the corporations of Mongolia, and in the 8. Mongolia (the period of market corporations of other countries, is critical. economy) – late 20th century – till the present time. Statement of the problem In the authors’ opinion, it is important to Relying on the studied models of corporate reflect the historical chronology of Mongolia from governance and the factors of organizational the moment of the public education emergence. culture (Bor, et al., 2016) which affect The period of the Great Mongol Empire management, it is reasonable to analyze and Around 924 the tribes of the Turks left the determine the contemporary national model of territory of the present-day Mongolia and after Mongolian corporations’ management. For this, that the Mongols started governing in their own it is necessary to study the accumulated world territory. Except for a short period of Khitan experience, the specific features of the national rule, the Mongols lived in tribes without forming mentality of the population of Mongolia, to hold a unified state. In the 13th century there were the historical chronology of Mongolia from the numerous tribes (Naimans, Tatars, Khamag moment of the state education emergence to Mongols, Khereid, Onyuds, Mergeds, etc.) in the present time. We believe that this approach the territory of Mongolia. After the Khamag to the study will allow us to comprehensively Mongolian Khabul Khan, the Mongolian tribes and consistently study the main factors of were without a leader till the time when at the organizational culture that form and develop Great Khuralday in 1206, his descendant Temujin the national model of modern Mongolian united all the tribes, was proclaimed the khan corporations’ management. of all Mongols and was given the title Genghis Khan. Separate and warring Mongolian nomadic Discussion tribes united into a single state (Gerelmaa, Transformation processes that have taken Odmandakh, 2007). place in the territory of Mongolia (Sevek, 2015, Having become the all-Mongol leader, 2016a): Temujin in his policy even more vividly 1. The Hunnic state (Хүннү гүрэн) 209 represented the interests of noyans2. To B.C. – 93 (156) A.D. consolidate their rule and increase their incomes – 1008 – Vyacheslav K. Sevek, Amarsanaa Bor,.. Analysis of National Peculiarities and Challenges of Development… noyans needed to rob rich countries. The new purposes, organized reconnaissance, including wars of conquest were to ensure the strengthening economic. He divided the country into two of the class positions and the expansion of the “wings”. He appointed two of his most faithful sphere of feudal exploitation. and experienced fellow-thinkers as the leaders The management model and system of the right wing. He made the title and the created by Genghis Khan was adapted to the position of senior and highest ranking military implementation of these goals. Having, thus, commanders, who helped him to gain control mixed the tribes and clans, and appointing of the khan’s throne by their faithful service, specially selected people from the proxies hereditary in the family. The Mongols, without and nökürs as their leaders, he divided the any doubts, were the dominant people in the 13th entire population into foremen, centurions, century, and Mongolia became known throughout thousandmen and tumens (ten thousand). Healthy the world (Narantsetseg, 2007). and adult men were all considered warriors, The period of the reign of Manchu, who at peacetime managed their farms, and at the Qing Dynasty wartime fought. This organization provided The period of the Manchu dynasty Qing. In Genghis Khan with the opportunity to increase the early 17th century the Manchu, who lived in the his armed forces to about 95 thousand soldiers. northeast of the present-day China, unexpectedly Separate centurions, thousandmen and tumens quickly started to gain strength. They attacked were given into possession to a noyan along with the separated tribes of the Mongols and forced the territory for nomadism. The Great Khan them to pay tribute. In 1636 the Manchu annexed gave the land to the noyans’ possession under the Inner Mongolia. After the capture of Beijing in condition that they would perform certain duties 1644, they founded the Qing dynasty and united for this properly. Military service was the most all China for two years. Then they turned their important of these duties. On the first demand attention to the north towards Mongolia. As a each noyan was required to put the required result of the conflicts between the Khalkha (a number of soldiers in the field. Giving out his group of the eastern peoples of Mongolia) and the livestock to grazing or drawing them directly Oirats (a group of Western Mongolian peoples), to work, a noyan had the right to exploit the as well as the skillful heating confrontation on labor of arats (Mongolian cattle breeders) in his the part of Tibet, the Manchu managed to annex household. Mongolia in 1696. After the signing the Treaty of Under Genghis Khan it was forbidden to the Qing Empire with Russia in Kyakhta in 1725, arbitrarily move from one foreman (centurion, the Russian-Chinese border was completely thousandman or tumen) to others, and the defined. Taking advantage of the weakness of the enslavement of the arats was legalized. For the split of the Oirats, the Manchu army of 50,000 departure from the possessions the arat threatened soldiers defeated them and annexed to the empire death penalty. The ban meant the formal in 1755. Thus, the Manchu annexed Mongolia arats’ belonging to the noyans’ land (Lhaasid, to China after 130 years of effort. In 1755-1757 Badralmaa, 1996). Genghis Khan made a written the Oirats started an uprising and, at the same law the cult and was a supporter of tough law and time, there was resistance from the Khalkha. order. He created a network of communication Military units were deployed in Uliastai as a lines in his empire, courier communication in precautionary measure to protect against the a large scale for military and administrative Mongols. In administrative terms Mongolia was – 1009 – Vyacheslav K. Sevek, Amarsanaa Bor,.. Analysis of National Peculiarities and Challenges of Development… divided into 4 Khalkha and 2 Durbet (дөрвөд) Manchu policy and the mood of the Mongolian aimaks, totally 125 Khoshuns (administrative people, the participants of the meeting recognized units during the reign of the Manchu).
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