Risks Posed by Heracleum Sosnowskyi Manden in the Rivne Region

Ecological Questions 29 (2018) 4: 35–42 http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/EQ.2018.032

Risks posed by Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden in the Rivne region

Igor Grygus1*, Serhiy Lyko2, Maria Stasiuk2, Ivan Zubkovych2, Walery Zukow3

1Institute of Health Sciences, National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Soborna 11 St, 33028, Rivne, Ukraine 2Rivne State Humanitarian University, 12, Stepana Bandery St, 33028, Rivne, Ukraine 3Department of Spatial Management and Tourism, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, /ZRZVND6W7RUXĔ3RODQG *e-mail: [email protected] Received: 29 June 2018 / Accepted: 17 November 2018

Abstract. Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden of Caucasian origin is the most dangerous plant for the environment, geosystems, farming and public health. The sap of H. sosnowskyi, its pollen, scent and even dew are dangerous for human health and cause chemical burns, allergic reactions and even deaths. Works on the negative impact of the H. sosnowskyi spread have been published in Ukraine only recently. A more detailed study of H. sosnowskyi is possible only through inspections of each region in Ukraine, which would allow to predict the intensity, rate, frequency and area of phytocoenotic changes, as well as to provide data for cartograms. In the Rivne region, H. sosnowskyi overcomes geographical, ecological, reproductive and coenotic barriers, forms a large number of offspring, massively and rapidly spreads over considerable distances of the studied territory, establishing in anthropogenic and natural coenoses. The dense river network, sufficient moisture, mild climate and the decline of agriculture have created favourable conditions for the spread of H. sosnowskyi. Populations of H. sosnowskyi in the Rivne region have an uneven distribution. The southern part of the oblast has the highest GHJUHHRIZHHGLQIHVWDWLRQFRPSDUHGWRRWKHUDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVHWWOHPHQWVDQGFRYHUVRIWKHWRWDODUHDRIWKHREODVW7KHVSHFLHV was not found in only three northern districts of the Rivne region. This can be explained by the poor quality of soil. In the central part of the region, the highest concentration of H. sosnowskyi populations was found in the southern and western parts of the city of Rivne. The presence of a large number of springs, rivers and the relief of the Rivne region does not allow the use of chemical plant control methods, as this can lead to significant contamination with herbicides. The most effective method is systematic cutting of shoots prior to flowering and trimming at the root collar.

Key words: LQYDVLYHVSHFLHV5LYQHUHJLRQXQFRQWUROOHGVSUHDGTXDUDQWLQHVWDWXVVDIHPHWKRGVRIFRQWURO

1. Introduction of the main objectives The most dangerous for the environment, geosystems, farming and public health is Heracleum The rapid expansion and aggressive enrooting of alien spe- sosnowskyi Manden (Sosnowsky’s hogweed) – a plant of cies, leading to significant depletion of biodiversity and Caucasian origin. loss of ecosystem stability, is part of global natural change In numerous publications, the authors from other parts (European Commission, 2004). Therefore, the fight against of the world have described their experience in monitor- invasive plant species was identified at the 17th Interna- ing of the H. sosnowskyi spread and modern methods of WLRQDO%RWDQLFDO&RQJUHVV 9LHQQD$XVWULD DVRQH its control. 36 Igor Grygus, Serhiy Lyko, Maria Stasiuk, Ivan Zubkovych, Walery Zukow

mapping, photography and measurements of areas occu- During research on alien flora in Europe, Lambdon et pied by H. sosnowskyi were carried out. The main method al. (2008) determined the specificity of the H. sosnowskyi of studying the spread of H. sosnowskyi was the transect distribution in Europe based on its Baltic distribution. Jaho- walk in the territory of the Rivne region, carried out from dová et al. (2007) described the history of H. sosnowskyi May to October 2017. The presence of H. sosnowskyi was invasion in European countries. Bravo (2007) defined the studied at different sites characterized by varying natural, conditions for the eradication of H. sosnowskyi in Pennsyl- climatic and economic conditions by the method of de- vania, the USA, and neighbouring states. scribing these areas. The age structure of H. sosnowskyi Works on the negative impact of H. sosnowskyi have was visually determined by the following parameters: plant been published in Ukraine only recently, because previ- height, stem diameter and the presence of inflorescences. ous papers considered only its beneficial properties and Therefore, after detection of more than two adult individu- possible use in agriculture as fresh fodder. The decline of als of H. sosnowskyi at the flowering stage, the contamina- the livestock industry has provoked its uncontrolled spread tion of the area was noted. The invasiveness of this species over large areas. is assessed using the Invasive Species Assessment Proto- Today, the problem of the H. sosnowskyi spread in col. The degree of infestation of administrative districts Ukraine is extremely important and of interest to experts was determined as follows: the total number of villages in of various fields, e.g. medicine, biology, agronomy, geog- DGLVWULFWZDVDVVXPHGWREHDQGWKHQXPEHURIYLO- UDSK\)RUH[DPSOH9LKRUDQG3URF LQYHVWLJDWHGWKH lages invaded by H. sosnowskyi accounted for a percentage territorial characteristics of the spread of weeds and meth- of infestation of a given administrative district. ods of weed control in the Transcarpathian region (Mar- Laboratory methods consisted in identifying the species ynich & Bazhan, 1993). Shuvar (2013) compiled detailed H. sosnowskyi using a botanical identification key. Plants biological characteristics of H. sosnowskyi, its farming val- were photographed in different positions during the day in ues, habitat distribution, control measures and warnings to accordance with the botanical requirements and principles the public. Considering the transboundary nature of the using a SLR Canon EOS 1000D camera. The method of SUREOHP.R\QRYD HPSKDVL]HVWKHQHHGWRGHYHORS mapping consisted in mapping the distribution centres of and implement a joint Ukrainian-Polish programme to con- H. sosnowskyi on the map of the Rivne region. trol dangerous weeds in the territory of the Lviv region. Moshkivska (2016) explores the biological characteristics of H. sosnowskyi growing in the Ukrainian forest-steppe. 3. Results and discussion A more detailed study of H. sosnowskyi is possible only through inspections of each region in Ukraine, which Rivne Oblast is located in the northwestern part of Ukraine. would allow to predict the intensity, rate, frequency and It covers an area of 20,100 km2ZKLFKFRQVWLWXWHVRI area of phytocoenotic changes, as well as to provide data the total territory of Ukraine. In the north, the Rivne re- for cartograms (Mosyakin & Fedoronchuk, 1999). gion borders on the Brest and Gomel regions of Belarus, The distribution of H. sosnowskyi in the area of West- in the east – on the Zhytomyr region, in the southeast – ern Polesie is not covered by any publications, therefore RQ WKH .KPHOQ\WVN\L UHJLRQ LQ WKH VRXWKHDVW ± RQ WKH our study is relevant and necessary. Ternopil region, in the southwest – on the Lviv region, The objective of the work was to study the features DQGLQWKHZHVW±RQWKH9RO\QUHJLRQ *HUHQFKXN of H. sosnowskyi distribution in the territory of the Rivne 'RSRYɿGSURVWDQQDYNROLVKQ¶RJRSULURGQRJRVHUHGRYLVKKD region and to identify its threats to phytodiversity and hu- Y5ɿYQHQV¶NɿMREODVWɿ >5HSRUWRQWKHVWDWHRI man health. WKHHQYLURQPHQWLQWKH5LYQHUHJLRQ @ Harmful organisms that have quarantine significance for Europe, 1996). 2. Materials and methods Geomorphologically, it is divided into three parts: Pole- VLH9RO\Q)RUHVW3ODWHDXDQG0DOH3ROHVLH7KHUHJLRQ¶V The following methods were used to survey the territo- rivers belong to the Pripyat River basin, the largest of them ry of the Rivne region: field (transect walk), laboratory are the Goryn, the Styr and the tributary of the Horyn (identification of plant species), biology (the number of river – the Sluch, as well as Lake Nobel and Lake Bile. The H. sosnowskyi plants in a particular area), measurement, soil cover of the region is heterogeneous. The most com- mapping, photography, sociometric research (surveys) and mon are sod-podzolic black soil, ashed black soil, sod soil, methods of system analysis that allowed us to obtain cor- WXUIVRLODQGSHDWPDUVKVRLO .RURWXQ .RURWXQ rect information on qualitative and quantitative parameters The Rivne region is unique because it covers several of the H. sosnowskyi spread in the investigated area. At the natural regions and lies on a peculiar border – the ecotone same time, such monitoring observations as description, between Central and Eastern Europe, with a great variety Risks posed by Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden in the Rivne region 37

of flora. Many species of higher plants grow in many re- – they occupy vast areas of anthropogenic and natural gions of the world. However, there are some species that habitats that are gradually expanding, namely pas- occur in the described area on the edge of their distribution. tures, landfills, fallow land, adjacent areas, roadside The Rivne flora encompasses also relict species – rem- SDWKVULYHUEDQNVRXWVNLUWV nants of the glacial period, i.e. glacial relicts (Gujdasha & – favourable natural and climatic conditions for the Burkovs’ki, 2003). distribution of this species, which have developed in The entire territory of the Rivne region lies in a forest WKHUHJLRQ area and owing to its vegetation cover it belongs to the – in the conditions of the Rivne region, H. sosnowskyi East European province of the European broadleaf forest EDVLFDOO\GRHVQRWKDYHDQ\HQHPLHVDQGFRPSHWLWRUV zone (region). – there are many sites that have long been extremely The formation of flora in the Rivne region took place favourable for the species, due to the lack of eco- in glacial and post-glacial periods. The vegetation com- nomic activity, proper management of the land and position was also influenced by the intermediate location LWVDEDQGRQPHQW of the studied area between West and East Europe. There- – poor awareness of local and state authorities regard- fore, the flora of the Rivne region includes both West ing the features and threats caused by the spread of and East European species. Boreal, nemoral, European, the H. sosnowskyi population. VWHSSH DQG PRQWDQH VSHFLHV JURZ KHUH 0HUHPɿQV¶NLM As evidenced by the phytosanitary inspection and our & Sacjuk, 2005). However, this diversity of flora can own field research conducted in the Rivne region, the dis- be destroyed for several decades by the invasive plant tribution of H. sosnowskyi is uneven (Fig. 1). H. sosnowskyi. The largest area of H. sosnowskyi is located in the The analysis of the potential invasiveness of H. sos- 5DG\Y\OLY GLVWULFW ± RI WKH WRWDO DUHD W WRZQ nowskyi was carried out under the concept of “overcom- 5DG\Y\ORYY YLOODJH 6WR\DQLYNDY.R]\QY3DVLN\ ing barriers” by Richardson et al. (2000) and approaches v. Balky, v. Stanislavy, v. Druzhby, v. Nemyrivka, v. Ses- SURSRVHGE\%XUGDDQGȱJQDWMXN ,WZDVIRXQGWKDW WU\DW\QY+RW\QY3ROXQ\FKQH this species has overcome geographical, ecological, repro- 5LYQHGLVWULFW± F FLW\ 5LYQHY0DO\L=K\- ductive and coenotic barriers in the Rivne region, gener- W\QY6KSDQLYY9HUHVQHYHY2PHO\DQDY.RORGHQND ates a large number of offspring, massively and rapidly Y%DVLY.XW spreads over considerable distances of the studied territory, 'HP\GLYGLVWULFW± Y9RYNRY\\LY=RORFKLY- establishing in anthropogenic and natural coenoses (Stas- NDY0DOHYY%RUHPHO MXN6WDVMXN ȱVKKXN 2VWURJGLVWULFW± Y0RJLO\DQHY2]KHQ\QRY According to the Invasive Species Assessment Proto- 9HUKLYY+U\O\DFKHY0HO\DW\Y.RORGHQNDY7HVLY col (Randall et al., 2008), the invasive potential of H. sos- =GROEXQLYGLVWULFW± Y%LO\DVKLYY+O\QV¶NY nowskyi in the territory of the Rivne region is I-Rank = 'HUPDQY'HUPDQY0L]RFK\N 92 points of negative impact on vegetation, coenosis, the 5RN\WQLYVN\L GLVWULFW ± W 5RN\WQR Y 'HUW environment and human health. Y%RURYH The dynamic trends of H. sosnowskyi can be represent- *RVKFKDQVN\ GLVWULFW ± Y 3LGOLVN\ Y 0D\NLY ed by two phases of invasion – the initial (1973–1999) and v. Rusyliv, v. Fedorivka). H[SRQHQWLDO WRGDWH RQHV 9LKRU 3URF 7KH In the Mlyniv district (v. Bokiyma, v. Mykolaivka, initial phase is characterized by a slow invasion of new lo- v. Dobryatyn), Dubno district (t. Dubno, v. Ptycha, v. Tara- calities by the species, with gradually increasing area and NDQLYY6HP\GXE\ WKH.RUHWVNL\GLVWULFW Y.RU\VW WKH adaptation of the species to climatic and territorial charac- %HUH]QLYVN\LGLVWULFW Y*RURG\VKFKH WKH.RVWRSLOGLV- teristics of the distribution area. These are usually single WULFW Y=OD]QH DQGWKH9RORG\P\UHWVGLVWULFW W9RORG\- isolated localities with several individuals. The exponential myrets), the area of infestation by H. sosnowskyi does not phase is the rapid germination of seeds and the emergence H[FHHG of many new localities. The species was not found in Zarichne, Dubrovytsya The study of conditions and specificity of the H. sos- and Sarnenskyi districts. This can be explained by the poor nowskyi distribution in the Rivne region made it possible quality of soil. to reveal the main factors that contribute to the conserva- The characteristics of the H. sosnowskyi distribution tion and further distribution of this plant. The main factors in the city of Rivne, as the regional centre of the Rivne are as follows: region, are presented in Figure 2. – the presence of H. sosnowskyi in the vast majority Single specimens of H. sosnowskyi were recorded in of areas of the region, different in terms of the area, the central streets, where mowing is performed regular- quantitative and age composition of the plant growth ly and in the backyards of the local population: Plasto- VLWHV YDVWUHHW0LWVNHYLFKDVWUHHW6KHYFKHQNRSDUN.QLDK\QL [38]

Figure 1. Distribution Heracleum sosnowskyiLQWKH5LYQHUHJLRQ

Figure 2. Distribution of Heracleum sosnowskyi in Rivne Risks posed by Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden in the Rivne region 39

Olhy street, Chornovola street, Naberezhna street, So- work with the population in the methods of controlling borna street, Strutynskogo street. the plant. Some specimens with flower peduncles, which pro- In Ukraine, despite the apparent threat to human health duce large amounts of seeds can be found on the outskirts from H. sosnowskyi, this species is not officially included RIWKHFLW\LQ%DUPDN\.\LYVNDVWUHHWFORVHWRWKH]RR in the quarantine group of plants (Sitnik, 2005). .XUFKDWRYDVWUHHWLQ%R\DUNDQHDUJDUGHQV0O\QLYVND In order to qualify for quarantine status, the species VWUHHWLQWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKH/XWVNFLW\6RERUQDVWUHHW should be included on the “List of regulated pests” (Sikalo 7KH DUHDV RQ %DVLY .XW 'YRUHWVND VWUHHW &KRUQR- & Chernega, 2015). vola street towards the city of Zdolbuniv are particularly In accordance with the International Plant Protection dangerous for human health, where 8–10 plants of H. so- Convention (IPPC) and regulations of the European Plant snowskyi can be found within 1 m2, including 2–3 individ- Protection Organization (EPPO), a quarantine pest must uals with flower peduncles. These areas are favourable for meet all of the following requirements (Convention on the growth and spread of H. sosnowskyi due to good soil Biological Diversity, 1995): moisture and the content of nutrients (river-valley area of 1. To be absent or have limited distribution in a country. Lake Basivkut with a significant human impact). Most in- 2. May be brought with products imported into the dividuals of this species were found among semi-natural country, with cargoes and vehicles. vegetation, somewhat less among natural plant communi- 3. To be able to acclimatise in the territory of a given ties and in urban areas (roadsides, landfills, construction country. zones). 4. To cause considerable damage to crops produced. The lack of awareness of the population about the 5. To be regulated by quarantine phytosanitary meas- risks posed by H. sosnowskyi leads to an annual increase ures. in the number of victims. Plant sap, pollen, aroma (smell) It is necessary that all the above criteria are met simul- and even dew are dangerous. taneously. Therefore, even a very harmful indigenous or Transparent watery sap of the plant is rich in furano- adventive form that has covered its full potential range in coumarins, which become toxic when exposed to solar the territory of Ukraine (not corresponding to item 1) can- radiation. Even one touch of H. sosnowskyi leads to burns not have the quarantine status. of 1–3 degrees, which in the first few days are similar Today, due to the rate of spread and the damage that to thermal burns. The particular danger is that touching H. sosnowskyi causes to people in direct contact, it cer- the plant for the first time does not give any unpleasant tainly must be destroyed. sensations and this can simply be overlooked. Redness, Measures to control weeds, including H. sosnowskyi watery blisters do not appear in affected areas of the body fall under the administrative responsibility under Article immediately after the contact, but after one or two days, 52 of the Code of Ukraine “On Administrative Offenses”. under the influence of the sun, they turn into chemical In case of non-application of measures by landowners and burns. Places of lesions are difficult to heal, symptoms of land users, a fine of 50 to 100 non-taxable minimum in- other skin diseases become more acute. This situation is come of citizens is imposed. The Land Resources Inspec- extremely dangerous for children. If the burns are severe, torate also has all the necessary powers to impose fines for the temperature rises, fever begins, ulcers appear. Dark improper use of land. spots remain in places of burns after the treatment. H. Given the physical-geographical features of the Rivne sosnowskyi is also a contact and respiratory allergen and region, the chemical control method cannot be applied, be- has a strong odour, which is felt even five meters from cause of the large number of springs and rivers as well as the plant. This causes severe effects on the body and the the relief, which can result in significant contamination pollen of H. sosnowskyi is able to penetrate even through with herbicides. clothes. If the sap or pollen gets into the eye, it can lead The systematic cutting of shoots before flowering and to blindness. Inhalation of H. sosnowskyi pollen or es- cutting the roots at a depth of 10 cm (2–3 times a year) will sential oils can significantly harm the respiratory system be most effective on the river banks and on agricultural and even lead to death. The consequences of toxic effects rivers. This method prevents the reproductive maturity of include swelling of the larynx and asthma. the plant, leading to its gradual elimination from natural The dew of H. sosnowskyi is also dangerous. Even vegetation. In areas where heavy equipment is used, har- touching a grass near the plant can cause severe burns. rowing can be carried out 1–2 times a year, for example Such injuries take a long time to heal and can leave scars. along roads and agricultural fields with continuous thickets It is impossible to determine the number of burn vic- of weeds. tims of H. sosnowskyi, due to the lack of any register Heracleum sosnowskyi and H. mantegazzianum are of lesions caused by H. sosnowskyi in medical institu- found in other countries too. For example, they belong to tions. Therefore, it is necessary to include information the most dangerous plant species in Poland. Their toxic 40 Igor Grygus, Serhiy Lyko, Maria Stasiuk, Ivan Zubkovych, Walery Zukow

properties pose a serious threat to the health and life of to ripen in the removed umbels. It is therefore important humans (Sosnowsky’s hogweed can cause dermatitis in all not to allow the new plants to produce flowers. three degrees, respiratory ailments, and even anaphylactic A regional programme and targeted funding and moni- shock). Such damage can occur even without direct contact toring of its implementation are required to address this with the plant. H. sosnowskyi rapidly spreads (one plant problem. A delay in this respect will lead to significant can produce approx. 100,000 seeds) and is very difficult state damage and complications of the environmental situ- WR FRQWURO .OLPD %RFKQLDU] %RFKQLDU] ation in the region and the country as a whole, the deterio- %DGRZVNL 6DFKDMGDNLHZLF] 0ĊGU]\FNL ration of the investment climate and tourism attractiveness. Tokarska-Guzik et al., 2014). Investors who invest in the development of agricultural The national census of H. sosnowskyi and H. man- production and tourism can also join this programme. tegazzianum, conducted in 2013 by Sachajdakiewicz I. and 0ĊGU]\FNL3LVWKHILUVWF\FOLFDFWLRQLQ3RODQGDQGRQHRI the first in Europe organized by PSER WSEiZ [the Labora- 4. Conclusions tory of Applied Plant Ecology at the University of Ecology and Management in Warsaw], attended by all entities and This article describes the features of the distribution and individuals, including representatives of the government risks posed by H. sosnowskyi in the Rivne region. and institutions managing the areas covered by hogweed’s 1. The dense river network, sufficient moisture and invasion, who may have knowledge about the sites of H. mild climate on the one hand, and the decline of sosnowskyi and H. mantegazzianum located in areas under agriculture on the other, create favourable conditions WKHLUPDQDJHPHQW 6DFKDMGDNLHZLF] 0ĊGU]\FNL for the spread of H. sosnowskyi in the Rivne region. 0ĊGU]\FNLHWDO 2. H. sosnowskyi has overcome geographical, eco- H. sosnowskyi or/and H. mantegazzianum can be found ORJLFDOUHSURGXFWLYHDQGFRHQRWLFEDUULHUVLWIRUPV LQDOOSURYLQFHVRI3RODQG0RUHWKDQ DURXQG offspring in large numbers, massively and rapidly of municipalities have populations of these species. The spreads over considerable distances of the studied amount of information on the localities of the Caucasian territory, establishing in anthropogenic and natural KRJZHHGV LQ 3RODQG LV PRUH WKDQ ODUJHU WKDQ WKDW coenoses. contained in the previous databases supervised by PSER 3. The populations of H. sosnowskyi in the Rivne re- WSEiZ. The high increase in the new information may region have an uneven distribution pattern. sult from the use of more efficient methods of data acqui- 4. The most effective method of controlling the plant sition and the public involvement in the action following is systematic cutting of shoots before flowering and the rapid, exponential increase in the number of Caucasian trimming at the root base. hogweed sites in Poland. 5. The largest concentration of H. sosnowskyi popula- The measures aimed at controlling H. sosnowskyi and tions in the central part of the region is found in the H. mantegazzianum used by people and entities respon- southern and western parts of the city of Rivne. sible for the invaded areas are largely ineffective. Many 6. The sap of H. sosnowskyi, its pollen, scent and even of those responsible for the areas where H. sosnowskyi dew are very dangerous to human health and cause and H. mantegazzianum occur report direct and indirect chemical burns, allergic reactions and even deaths. damage caused by these species. Most people who have 7. In Ukraine, despite the obvious risks posed by shared information about the scale of H. sosnowskyi and H. sosnowskyi to human health, this plant has not H. mantegazzianum invasion in a specific area treat this been officially included in the quarantine group of issue as a major problem and need help in fighting it (Ba- plants. GRZVNL.OLPDV]\NHWDO6DFKDMGDNLHZLF] 8. In order to effectively eradicate H. sosnowskyi, it is 0ĊGU]\FNL0ĊGU]\FNLHWDO necessary to conduct a detailed mapping of the re- The serious risk posed by H. sosnowskyi is also ob- gion and to develop measures to destroy the stands served in the USA. According to the state and federal law, of this species. it is prohibited to grow, distribute, sell, import, buy and transport the plant. The giant hogweed is an invasive species and therefore its distribution, sale or transportation is Availability of data and material LOOHJDOLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV .UDXV If the plants have already released their buds, it is too Authors are encouraged to/should make readily reproduc- late to cut them. It is therefore necessary to cut the buds ible materials described in the manuscript, including new at the beginning of the flowering season. The collected software, databases and all relevant raw data, freely avail- removed buds need to be burned. The shoots of the plant able to any scientist wishing to use them, without breach- contain large amounts of nutrients, sufficient for the seeds ing participant confidentiality. In any case, authors should Risks posed by Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden in the Rivne region 41

make their new software, databases, application/tool de- relationships and distribution of large Heracleum spe- scribed in the manuscript available for testing by reviewers cies in Europe, [in:] P. Pyšek, M.J Cock, W. Nentwig, in a way that preserves the reviewers’ anonymity. H.P. Ravn (eds), Ecology and management of giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum). CAB Interna- WLRQDO:DOOLQJIRUG8. References .OLPD . ,QVWUXNFMD SRVWĊSRZDQLD Z SU]\SDGNX SRSDU]HQLD URĞOLQDPL %DUV]F]X 6RVQRZVNLHJR Hera- %DGRZVNL0%DGDQLDQDGVNXWHF]QRĞFLą]ZDOF]D- cleum sosnowskyi Manden) [Instructions for dealing nia barszczu Sosnowskiego [Research on the effective- with burns caused by plants of the Borshch Sosnowski ness of the fight against Borsch Sosnowski]. (http:// (Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden)]. (http://barszczsos- www.farmer.pl/produkcja-roslinna/ochrona-roslin/ nowskiego.ur.krakow.pl/index/site/2323), [Accessed badania-nad-skutecznoscia-zwalczania-barszczu-sos- 10.09.2014]. nowskiego,49445.html), [Accessed 10.09.2014]. .OLPDV]\N3.OLPDV]\N'3LRWURZLDN0 3RSLRáHN Bochniarz M. & Bochniarz J., 1986, Barszcz Sosnow- A., 2014, Unusual complications after occupational VNLHJR QRZD Z\VRNRSLHQQD URĞOLQD SDVWHZQD >6RV- exposure to giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzia- nowski’s borscht - a new high-yielding fodder plant]. num): case report. International Journal of Occupation- 3RVWĊS\1DXN5ROQLF]\FK al Medicine and Environmental Health 27(1): 141-144. Bravo M.A., 2007, Giant hogweed eradication in Pennsyl- (https://doi.org/10.2478/s13382-014-0238-z). YDQLDDQGVXUURXQGLQJ6WDWHV:66$3URFHHGLQJV1< .R\QRYD ȱ% =DSREɿJDQQMD UR]SRYVMXG]KHQ- %XUGD5, ȱJQDWMXN2$0HWRGLNDGRVOɿG]KHQQMD QMX VKNɿGOLYLK EXU¶MDQɿY QD XNUDʀQV¶NRSRO¶V¶NRPX DGDSWLYQRʀ VWUDWHJɿʀ FKX]KRUɿGQLK YLGɿY URVOLQ SRJUDQLFKFKɿ /¶YɿYV¶ND REODVW¶ ± UHJɿRQ VXFKDVQRJR YXUEDQɿ]RYDQRPXVHUHGRYLVKKɿ>0HWKRGVRIVWXG\RI XSUDYOɿQQMD NRPXQDO¶QLPL SRVOXJDPL PDW Pɿ]KQ adaptive strategy of alien plant species in urbanized QDXNRYRSUDNWLFKQRJR VHPɿQDUX >3UHYHQWLRQ RI WKH HQYLURQPHQW@.9ɿSRO spread of harmful weeds on the Ukrainian-Polish bor- Convention on Biological Diversity, 1995. UNEP, Geneva, derland. Lviv region - a region of modern municipal Switzerland. management service: Material of International scientif- 'RSRYɿG¶SURVWDQQDYNROLVKQ¶RJRSULURGQRJRVHUHGRYLVK- LFSUDFWLFDOVHPLQDU@/YɿY3HUHPLVKO6HFWLRQ KDY5ɿYQHQV¶NɿMREODVWɿ U >5HSRUWRQWKH .RURWXQ ȱ0 .RURWXQ /. *HRJUDIɿMD state of the environment in Rivne region (1990-2013)], 5ɿYQHQV¶NRʀREODVWɿSULURGDQDVHOHQQMDJRVSRGDUVWYR 'HU]KDYQH XSUDYOɿQQMD HNRORJɿFKQRʀ EH]SHNL HNRORJɿMD>*HRJUDSK\RI5LYQHUHJLRQLWVQDWXUHSRSX- Y5ɿYQHQV¶NɿMREODVWɿ9ROLQV¶NɿREHUHJL5ɿYQH ODWLRQHFRQRP\DQGHFRORJ\@5ɿYQH European Commission, 2004, Thematic report on alien Lambdon P. W., Pyšek P., Basnou C., Hejda M., Arianout- invasive species (based on the questionnaire provided by the CBD secretariat), 2004, 2nd report of the Euro- VRX0(VVO)-DURãtN93HUJO-:LQWHU0$QDV- pean Community the Convention on Biological Diver- tasiu P., Andriopoulos P., Bazos I., Brundu G., Celes- sity [Electronic resourse], Convention on Biological ti-Grapow L., Chassot P., Delipetrou P., Josefsson M., Diversity. (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/publica- .DUN6.ORW]6.RNNRULV<.KQ,0DUFKDQWH+ tions/lifepublications/lifefocus/documents/ alienspe- 3HUJORYi,3LQR-9LOj0=LNRV$5R\' +XOPH cies_en.pdf). P. E., 2008, Alien flora of Europe: species diversity, *HUHQFKXN.ȱ3ULURGD5ɿYQHQV¶NRʀREODVWɿ>1DWXUH temporal trends, geographical patterns and research RI5LYQHUHJLRQ@9\VKFKDVKNROD.\LY needs. Preslia 80: 101–149. .UDXV1*LDQW+RJZHHG&RQWURO0HWKRGV*XLGH 0DU\Q\FK 20 %D]KDQ 03 *HRJUDIɿFKQD 1<6'(&'LYLVLRQRI/DQGV )RUHVWV)RUHVW+HDOWK HQFLNORSHGɿMD8NUDLQL>*HRJUDSKLFDO(QF\FORSHGLDRI (www.dec.ny.gov/animals/39809.html). 8NUDLQH@LQYRO8NU(QWV\NO3/DQGVFDSHV DQG SODQWV RI 3ROHVLH@ SULURGVHUHGRYLVKKDɿ5ɿYQHQREOXURFɿ>(QYL- 7=R99)&Kȱ35ɿYQH ronment of Rivne: Based on the materials about the 0ĊGU]\FNL3-DU]\QD,2ELG]LĔVNL$7RNDUVND*X]LN situation of the environment of Rivne and Rivne region B., Sotek Z., Pabjanek P., Pytlarczyk A. & Sachajda- LQ@5ɿYQH kiewicz I., 2017, Simple yet effective: Historical prox- Harmful organisms that have quarantine significance for imity variables improve the species distribution models (XURSH3HUVDQJO.RORV0RVFRZ for invasive giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzia- -DKRGRYiâ)U|EHUJ/3\ãHN3*HOWPDQ'7U\EXVK num s. l.) in Poland. PLoS ONE 12(9): 1-14. (https:// 6 .DUS$7D[RQRP\LGHQWLILFDWLRQJHQHWLF doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184677). 42 Igor Grygus, Serhiy Lyko, Maria Stasiuk, Ivan Zubkovych, Walery Zukow

0RVKNɿYVND 69 %ɿRORJɿFKQɿ RVREOLYRVWɿ 6WDVMXN09 ȱVKKXN-D0Heracleum sosnowskyi ERUVKKɿYQLND6RVQRYV¶NRJRɿQDXNRYHREʉUXQWXYDQQMD 0DGHQ QD WHULWRUɿʀ 9ROLQV¶NRʀ YLVRFKLQL >Heracleum HIHNWLYQRʀ VLVWHPL MRJR NRQWUROMXYDQQMD Y SUDYREHU- sosnowskyi 0DGHQ LQ 9RO\Q KLOO@$NWXDO¶Qɿ SLWDQQMD H]KQRPXOɿVRVWHSX8NUDʀQL>%LRORJLFDOIHDWXUHVRIFRZ EɿRORJɿFKQRʀQDXNL]EVWDWHM7UHW¶Rʀ0ɿ]KQDU]DRFKQ parsnip Sosnowski and the scientific substantiation of QDXNSUDNWNRQI 1ɿ]KLQNYɿWQMDURNX >$F- an effective system of its control in the right-bank for- tual questions of biology: Coll. of Articles of Third In- est-steppe of Ukraine], Abstract of dissertation, Candi- tern. Science and Practical. Conf. (Nizhyn, April 25, GDWHRI%LRORJ\6FLHQFHV+HUERORJ\.\LY @1ɿ]KLQ168RI0\NRO\*RJRO\D1L]KLQ 0RV\DNLQ 6/ )HGRURQFKXN 0 0 9DVFXODU 6KXYDUȱ$2VREOLYRQHEH]SHFKQɿURVOLQL8NUDʀQL SODQWVRI8NUDLQHDQRPHQFODWXUDO&KHFNOLVW.LHY QDYFKSRVɿE>3DUWLFXODUO\GDQJHURXVSODQWVRI8NUDLQH Randall J.R., Morse L.E., Benton N., Hiebert R., Lu S. WHDFK0DQXDO@&HQWUXFKERYRLOɿWHUDWXUL.\LY .LOOHIIHU77KH,QYDVLYH6SHFLHV$VVHVVPHQW 7RNDUVND*X]LN % 'DMGRN = =DMąF 0 =DMąF$ 8U- Protocol: A tool for creating regional and national lists ELV] $ 'DQLHOHZLF] : +RáG\ĔVNL &] of invasive nonnative plants that negatively impact bio- 5RĞOLQ\REFHJRSRFKRG]HQLDZ3ROVFH]HV]F]HJyOQ\P diversity. Invasive Plant Sci. Manag. 1: 36-49. XZ]JOĊGQLHQLHPJDWXQNyZLQZD]\MQ\FK>$OLHQSODQWV Richardson D.M., Pyšek P., Rejmanek M., Barbour M.G., in Poland with particular reference to invasive species]. Panetta D. F. & West C.J., 2000, Naturalization and *HQHUDOQD'\UHNFMD2FKURQ\ĝURGRZLVND:DUV]DZD invasion of alien plants: Concepts and definitions. Di- 9LKRU%ȱ 3URF%*%RUVKKɿYQLN6RVQRYV¶NRJR versity and Distributions 6: 93-107. (Heracleum sosnowskyi 0DQGHQ QD =DNDUSDWWɿ 6DFKDMGDNLHZLF], 0ĊGU]\FNL32JyOQRSROVNL HNRORJɿMD SRVKLUHQQMD WD YSOLY QD GRYNɿOOMD >6RV- Spis Powszechny Barszczu Sosnowskiego i Barszczu nowskyi cow parsnip (Heracleum sosnowskyi Man- 2OEU]\PLHJR±UDSRUWNRĔFRZ\]DNWXDOL]DFMąQDG]LHĔ den) in Transcarpathia, ecology, distribution and en- U:6(L=:DUV]DZD KWWSEDUV]F]HGXSO YLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWVELRORJLFDOVWXGLHV@%ɿRORJɿFKQɿ http://barszcz.org.pl). 6WXGɿʀ 6LNDOR22 &KHUQHJD72.DUDQWLQQɿEXU¶MDQL 9LKRU %ȱ 3URF %* .RQWURO¶ FKLVHO¶QRVWɿ QDYFK 3RVɿE >4XDUDQWLQH ZHHGV WHDFK *XLGDQFHV@ SRSXOMDFɿM ERUVKKɿYQLND 6RVQRYV¶NRJR ± Heracleum .\LY sosnowskyi Manden [Control of populations of Sos- 6LWQLN .0 0ɿ]KQDURGQLM ERWDQɿFKQLM NRQJUHV WD nowski cow parsnip - Heracleum sosnowskyi Man- SHUVSHNWLYLUR]YLWNXXNUDʀQV¶NRʀERWDQɿNL>,QWHUQDWLRQDO GHQ@0RORG¶ɿSRVWXSEɿRORJɿʀ]EɿUQLNWH];ȱ0ɿ]KQDU Botanical Congress and prospects of Ukrainian bota- QDXNNRQIVWXGHQWɿYɿDVSɿUDQWɿY>,QYDVLEOHIDFWLRQIORUD9RO\QKLOO@$XWKRU'LV 632/20/YɿY FDQGLGDWH%LRO6FLHQFHVVSHFLDOV%RWDQɿND 1$1 8NU &HQWU %RWDQɿFKQLM 6DG ɿP 0 *ULVKND .\LY