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Tracing the Development and Spread Patterns of OSS Using the Method of Netnography†

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Tracing the Development and Spread Patterns of OSS Using the Method of Netnography† 대한경영정보학회 「경영과 정보연구」제36권 제3호Tracing2017년the9월Development and Spread Patterns of OSS using the Method of Netnography 131 Tracing the Development and Spread Patterns of OSS using the Method of Netnography† － The Case of JavaScript Frameworks － Kang, Heesuk*․Yoon, Inhwan**․Lee, Heesang*** < 약> The purpose of this study is to observe the spread pattern of open source software (OSS) while establishing relations with surrounding actors during its operation period. In order to investigate the change pattern of participants in the OSS, we use a netnography on the basis of online data, which can trace the change patterns of the OSS depending on the passage of time. For this, the cases of three OSSs (e.g. jQuery, MooTools, and YUI), which are JavaScript frameworks, were compared, and the corresponding data were collected from the open application programming interface (API) of GitHub as well as blog and web searches. This research utilizes the translation process of the actor-network theory to categorize the stages of the change patterns on the OSS translation process. In the project commencement stage, we identified the type of three different OSS-related actors and defined associated relationships among them. The period, when a master commences a project at first, is refined through the course for the maintenance of source codes with persons concerned (i.e. project growth stage). Thereafter, the period when the users have gone through the observation and learning period by being exposed to promotion activities and codes usage respectively, and becoming to active participants, is regarded as the ‘leap of participants’ stage. Our results emphasize the importance of promotion processes in participants’ selection of the OSS for participation and confirm the crowding-out effect that the rapid speed of OSS development retarded the emergence of participants. Key Words: Open Source Software, Actor-network Theory, GitHub, jQuery, MooTools, YUI, Rails, Netnography 논문접수일: 2017년 08월 10일 수정일: 2017년 08월 25일 게재확정일: 2017년 08월 28일 †This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education(2015R1D1A1A01059978) * Engineering Growth, Green Factory, NAVER Corporation(First Author), [email protected] ** Associate Research Fellow, Future Strategy Research Department, Land & Housing Institute(Corresponding Author), [email protected] *** Professor, Graduate School of Management of Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, [email protected] 132 경영과 정보연구 제36권 제3호 Ⅰ. Introduction of participants of OSS, they are limited to the change and characteristics of OSS operation For open source software (OSS), which tools. anyone can access source codes, free For these reasons, this paper investigates modification and the comprehensive acceptance the development and spread patterns of OSS of licenses are guaranteed. With the advent of from a longitudinal perspective, focusing on various success cases of OSS (e.g. Linux, cases that involved JavaScript frameworks. We Apache, and Eclipse), leading companies such compare jQuery as the dominant OSS of as IBM, Oracle, and Redhat also have paid JavaScript frameworks to others. The purpose attention to and participated in the OSS. of our study is to understand the Previous studies on OSS include diverse characteristics of OSS by observing its fields that range from the social phenomena multilateral change patterns, which cannot be related to the occurrence of OSS to the examined in the cross-sectional studies. For economic benefits and knowledge-sharing this, this research utilizes an actor-network benefits of OSS. Earlier researcher focused theory (ANT) and netnography as the fundamental research such as on ‘What is longitudinal methods. The ANT is used as the OSS?’ and ‘What type of business model is foundation for organizing the time series it?,’ and practical one for successful factors of analysis of OSS and the netnography is a OSS, which have continuously been research technique that combines the Internet investigated (Bonaccorsi and Rossi, 2003; West and ethnography. Longitudinal studies of OSS and Gallagher, 2006; Comino et al., 2007; Ke have employed netnography that includes the and Zhang, 2009; Subramaniam, 2009; Wang, study in which the term ‘computer-aided 2012). Meanwhile, with the development of ethnography,’ which combined ethnography and social media and the changes in the OSS visualization software in OSS project analyses, operation method, a social network perspective inspired by the ‘computer-aided sociology’ or a community perspective has been used to from the study of Latour (Teil and Latour, study OSS (Madey et al., 2002; Grewal et al., 1995; Ducheneaut, 2005; Cromie and Ewing, 2006; Wu and Tang, 2007). In addition, many 2008; Hemetsberger and Reinhardt, 2009; studies have paid attention to the motivation Subramaniam et al., 2009; Sigfridsson and of participants such as by answering the Sheehan, 2011). questions ‘Who participates in OSS?’ and ‘By The reminder of this study is organized as what, for what and how do OSS participants follows. In Section 2, the literature on OSS participate?’ (Hars and Ou, 2002; Di Penta and and ANT is reviewed. In Section 3, the German, 2009; Bitzer and Geishecker, 2010). methodology and data used in the OSS Although these studies found the operating analysis were explained, including netnography. patterns, successful factors, and the motivation In Section 4, the development of the OSS and Tracing the Development and Spread Patterns of OSS using the Method of Netnography 133 the change patterns of its participants were source forges and Facebook, has been recently investigated using each ANT translation used as a distributed source controller and can process. Finally, Section 5 provides conclusions obtain human-related data such as the and suggestions for further research. relationships among participants and the activities within GitHub, in addition to source Ⅱ. Literature Review codes. As OSS has a collaboration type whereby records are kept in computers, the data change patterns can be visually examined 1. Open Source Software using charts or graphs, based on online repositories. A source forge or GitHub Among the OSS operation tools, source provides Open API which can examine the forge types, which can configure the overall data for each OSS. Based on the user software development stages, project definition information and commit information, status, and product management from the idea stage issues (debugging), mailing lists, users’ and which enable bug tracking, were dominant following relationships, and activities obtained (Riehle, 2009). In many previous studies, from the Open API of GitHub, it is possible to source forges have been commonly used as perform time series analysis and longitudinal the data sources of the empirical studies studies. (Comino et al., 2007; Subramaniam, 2009; Wang, 2012). However, previous studies are 2. Actor-network Theory limited to be seen as the changes and characteristics of OSS operation tools. They The actor-network theory is a sociological focused on transient and immediate aspects theory that was first developed by Bruno such as the number of downloads and the Latour, Michel Callon, and John Law in 1981. number of participants, based on OSS From the perspective of this theory, communities. However, in the case of non-human elements (e.g. objects and cross-sectional studies, the contributions of organizations) and humans are relevant to outsiders are not considered, and the human actions, and human actors and their perspective is the same as that of traditional surrounding material environment are not software (Ducheneaut, 2005). The cross- separated from each other (Latour, 1986). This sectional studies on OSS cannot examine the indicates that actors who correspond to life-cycle aspects of OSS and are insufficient participants, actants that correspond to source for examining companies’ participation patterns codes, and new actors that emerge as and external influence factors as the networks evolve have equivalent weights, and representative cases of open innovation. the process of change of these actors should Git, which is an operation tool that combines be observed with that of the surrounding 134 경영과 정보연구 제36권 제3호 environment (Callon and Latour, 1981). From the characteristics of OSS depending on the the perspective of socio-technical interaction time (Subramaniam et al., 2009). networks (STINs) that were inspired by the Netnography is a new social science approach ANT, it is also suggested that socio-technical to the study of online communications through networks consist of heterogeneous elements ethonographic research that combines such as humans (including organizations) and participation and observation of online equipment, data and various resources (money, communications with new forms of digital and technology and situations) (Kling, 2003). This network data collection, analysis, and research research perspective indicates the limitations of representation (Kozinets, 2015). The term was examining transient data, which suggests that coined by Kozinets, R.V. in 1998. Netnography OSS-related networks are constructed and the is devised to facilitate efficient marketing by success of OSS is determined either based on analyzing the habits of consumers in online an internal element or an external element, or communities and cyber-culture and can be either from the source code itself or by an regarded as a type of ethnography. It is also
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