The God of the Philosophers � ��Rt On�: O�N��N�� the Eternal Truths �� Omniscience and Experience 2� Iv

E GO O E IOSOES

b AOY KEY

CAEO ESS • OO Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford ox2 6DP OO OO GASGOW EW YOK OOO MEOUE WEIGO KUAA UMU SIGAOE AKAA OG KOG OKYO EI OMAY CACUA MAAS KAACI EACE AIOI A ES SAAAM CAE OW

blhd n th Untd Stt b Oxfrd Unvrt r Yr r 0 t 2 I hld th Wld trrhp n trl ln n th Unvrt f Oxfrd r th nrl tp f © Anthony Kenny 1979 ltr I h th ttrbt f Gd: n 0 I ltrd n n- n n n nptn nd n 2 n bnvln All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, tr I hd th pprtnt t v dfd nd bbrvtd stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, vrn f th r f ltr t rntn t Crnll electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press nd t Clvn Cll Grnd pd h prnt vl ntn vrn f th ltr tht h bn rrttn t t nt f th dn f th rlr r nd f f th trl rth brr Ctln n bltn t tht thr hv pblhd n th ntrvnn r In th pr Knn Anthn hn tr f rvn I hv ttd h f th trl fr th rnl h Gd f th phlphr ltr : n prtlr I fnd tht t pbl t trt f Gd—Attrbt I. tl dvn bnvln tht bn t dpl nvlvd n 22 0 -40 ttr tht r th prvn f th htrn f d rthr thn IS 0--8244- f th phlphr f rln I rtfl t th Unvrt f Oxfrd rntn nd Crnll fr nvtn t v th ltr nd t ll th h t prt n th dn n th n f thr dlvr: n prtlr I rtfl t tr Gh Alvn lntn nd rn nlh h r fll-ltrr t Clvn Cll drn th vr hpp nd frtfl r nttt hr th r prntd rt f Chptr II prntd t n Arn hlphl Atn p nd pblhd n th rnl f hlph n 2 August 1978 AOY KEY

Printed in Great Britain by Billing & Sons Limited, Guildford, London and Worcester

CONTENTS

Intrdtn I. The God of the Philosophers rt On: Onn The Eternal Truths Omniscience and Experience 2 iv. Omniscience, Eternity, and Time 8 rt : rnld v. Foreknowledge and Indeterminism VI. Foreknowledge and Determinism 2 rt hr: Onptn vIL The Definition of Omnipotence v Omnipotence and Time 00 Omnipotence and Goodness 0 Cnln x The God of Reason and the God of Faith 2 blrph 0 Indx

v I. THE GOD OF THE PHILOSOPHERS

h b td f f th ttrbt trdtnll rbd t Gd n trn th h f th td phlphl n rthr thn thll n : t t d th npt f Gd nd h ttrbt n th lht f rn tht ptn thrttv n l t rvltn h th Chrtn rvltn h td ll b n xr n th trdtnl dpln f ntrl thl— dpln hh phlphl nt thll n hh nl ndrtn b blvr th prt f ntrl thl b tlf d nt t n thr t blf r dblf n th xtn f Gd A th tht phlphr Antn l h pntd t ( 0 n th Dialogues concerning Natural Religion vd lrl prtn th d- pln St h An n th Summa contra Gentiles. h nr nptl n nrnn th hrn f rp f ttrbt I t lll pbl fr thr t b n ntt pn th trdtnl ttrbt f Gd? h rd ntrl n th xprn ntrl thl nt t r ntrt btn ntr nd rvltn trl thl nt ntrl n th n f bn pl nd nph- ttd tvt: th npt f ntrl rln th prdt f frl phttd tt f trn th nd ld hv bn frn t n rt rl thnr bfr th Mddl A h npt rd n n n hh thln rfltn n ht th blvd d dtntn btn th lnt hh th thht ld b tblhd b ndd rn nd th prt th thht d t th prntrl rvltn f Gd n th bl thrh M nd Chrt nd n th htr f th h fth nd th Chrtn hrh h pblt f ntrl thl h bn dnd b thln nd b phlphr h thll rnt nt ntrl thl r tl nrnd th th rltnhp btn rn nd fth: th r th ln f rn n t lvtn nd f phlphl pltn tp n th 4 INTRODUCTION THE GOD OF THE PHILOSOPHERS rd t hvn h phlphl rnt nt ntrl h tt vlbl n ttr ht p b ( rt f th thl r ftn bd n thr f nn hh ld rl ptvt pprh hv hn b tn btttn fr `p t nnl ttnt prprtn t rfr t n nbrv- th prptn tht thr nd xt nd f t fftv n bl trnndnt ntt h th Gd f trdtnl th hn tht rl ln nnl t vlbl t th t f bjtn tt nt th pblt f ntrl thl h tht n ln htvr nnl h bt th pblt f ptv nd frtfl ntrl It n n rrn t t hl ntn nt f thl r f t ntrl thl t b th phlphl nn nd nr bt thr nnfln r nnl- nl f th npt d n thnn nd tln bt Gd n Sntn r pt rtlt nd thr nn nd thn dprf f Gd xtn r dntrtn tht th nnfln fntn f th xprn th ntn Of vr ntn f Gd nhrnt ld tlf b fl r ntn b blt p t f nnfl xprn p f ntrl thlzn tht tlf bn nnfl bt vn th nnln f In th fnl hptr I hll thn bt th rltnhp ntn fntn f th xprn th ntn W n btn phlphl pltn bt th dvn ttrbt nd tht lrl rn d lp frl nnl b rl fth n vn Gd h tn hthr ttnt n th nn f th xprn t ntn nt b f bt dvn ttrbt r nnfl nd hrnt n n rrh nt th vrfblt r flfblt f th ntn nnr th tp f th hl b: bt t ll b ll t hl thn dtl bt th prtlr n hh th r th rn nn h ntrtd n th tn f th hlln t ntrtv ntrl thl prnt tlf n xtn f Gd h t td frt f ll th dvn ttrbt fr rtn phlphl rtr t tht Gd xt t tht thr thn tht h `Wht dffrn n xprn th nflnd b ll th dvn ttrbt nd f Gd xt t b tr thn th ptv t d t f Gd xt r ld t dvn ttrbt t t lt thlv b hrnt nd jntl f Gd dd nt xt? `Wht th dffrn b ptbl h hrn f th ntn f Gd pr f d btn th rld bn t nd thr bn Gd th trdtnl dvn ttrbt nr thh f r nd th rld bn t nd thr bn n Gd? ht nt ffnt ndtn fr Gd xtn hv bn brrd b th tn nd hv trld t I hll nl t fr dn t f th trdtnl ttrbt fnd n nr f Gd: nn nd nptn th th ttrbt r rn t nr th tn n nnt n bt rbd t Gd b th rt jrt f Chrtn h nd tht h nthn bt th nnfln f rl ln Ml thln Othr ttrbt h jt r nd r vn n prptn p nd d Wht th dffrn lv hv r bv nfn fr th rl blvr btn th rld bn t nd p nd n th thr hnd bt th r l l dtl nbl t phlphl th rld bn t nd nt p? n nnt v n nr nvttn nd nl In th frt pl thln If n nr : h dffrn tht n th n p nd n ld tht nl rvltn nd nt ndd rn n v th thr nt p thn n nr dd nnfr- rnd fr thnn tht prdt h jt rfl nd tv h hppn f n ffr n nr n prp- `lvn n b ppld t Gd n th nd pl htvr tn nn th p On th thr hnd f n brn n nfn th prdt hv hn ppld t Gd th nnt thr prptn hh nt nn th p nd b ndrtd pl n th n hn ppld t hn tht th dffrn thn n nt nn th bn Intllt nd pr n th thr hnd r ntndd t b p n ll b d: Wll ht th dffrn btn pl ttrbtd t Gd n th t ltrl n: t th nfnt f th p bn th nd pl p nt bn th ? nd th ntllt nd th ltln f th pr tht th dffrn ll rn btn th rtr nd th rtr Onnt nd `np-

6 INTRODUCTION THE GOD OF THE PHILOSOPHERS tnt r nt prdt hh r n fr ppltn t hn f Gd nvd t n vrthn Wht th pnt f bn nd r thn rbd n trnfrrd r nll prr f Gd lrd n ll r nd nd dr? n n t Gd: th xpr npt hh r dvd t r- hn tn b fr f Gd lrd n ht th ll b prnt nl dvn hrtrt Eh npt th rlt bfr th thht f prfrn th h vn ntrd nt thr f rfltn b phlphr r phlphll ndd thln nt hd? h lttr prbl lrl t t b th pn lnt n th rl trdtn f trn th n th xth ntr If Gd bhld ll thn nd Gd nnt b r ln ttd tht th d n vrthn (Odyssey, dvd tht t f nt fll hh prvdn I t t lr tht th nt t b tn ltrll: h fr t Whrfr f fr trnt frn nt n th Iliad n bhnd th b f nd th plt f th nl th dd f n bt l thr nl nd ll thr n Odyssey n nl trt b f th ndvrtn f dn b n fr ll th nr t th prbl tht Gd nphn rprtd tht t plrt f Srt t blv frnld nt rll frnld: b Gd tht th d n ltrll vrthn ll tht d nd dn trnl lf ltn th th hl f htr Gd nd vn thn nl plnnd n ln lt n th Laws (884 nld nt nld n dvn r hn pnt f ff prvdd th dth pnlt nt nl fr th h dnd th v prtlr tn ht b ftr: t nt fr th xtn f Gd bt fr th h hl nfn tht th d dvn vpnt nd tn hh t r ftr r nt xtd dnd tht th t n nt f th ffr f n In dtrnd b th trnt f Gd vn f th th Old tnt Gd n th ftr hthr hddn n Mdvl hlt h h An n St ntrl r dpndnt n th ntntn nd pln f hn nd Wll Oh lbrtd thr f nn nd bn : th f b hn th dvn nld f ll th frnld nt th brnd f th rtn f Atn tr f ntr nd l tll h n t rt nd th h nntd th prbl th Arttl thht hv nhr t hd fr th ll-n f Gd trtnt f th l f ftr ntnnt prptn n th De Ardn t th rtr f Ih t Yhh nld f th Interpretatione. h dn dvlpd n th fftnth ntr ftr hh r h th tr Gd n ntrt t th h nt n dbrtn f thr-vld l rnt d f th hthn h Old tnt thn hd b rhd n th Mddl A bt th pprprt t rnl (Mtt :28 nd b th thr f th Eptl t th dvn frnld f th ftr th th frd f hn br (b 4: tn h Old nd tnt p drbn Gd All dvl Cthl rtr hvr rd bth tht Gd nld r t ptl nd rhtrl fr t t b pbl t h nfllbl nd fll dtld nld f th ftr nd tht dd h ltrll thr rtr ntndd th d tht Gd n hn tn r fr nd ndtrnd At th frtn vrthn Svrl St thnr t hv blvd tht rttnt rtr r fnd t dn bth f th dtrn thn r t nnfnt fr Gd t n nd tht thr tht th dbt b brdr nd r pltd Wthn r dtl tht t ld b bnth Gd dnt t nrn bth th Cthl nd th rttnt p ntrvr dvlpd hlf th h trdtn hd n th Chrh thr btn th h phzd dvn nld nd pr t b St r h t n pnt tht t brd t t th xpn f hn frd nd th h ntd n th tht Gd n t vr nt h n nt r brn r d ndtrn f hn tn n dfflt t rnl th h n fl thr r n th rld nd h n fh n th Gd nld f th ftr h t lbrt ttpt t tr thll rtr r brrd b h txt nd ntd tht Gd t ltrll nnt S nt prpt n fll ll d ptt vnr n t d prvdnt ftr prvdrt Qr b trn nn f r th t f Orn nd Atn thln hv r- hn d d t nl vlntt prnt nll rt rbtr fltd n th prbl hh r fr thr rl dtrn lbrt (De Consolatione Philosophiae, pr 8 IOUCIO E GO O E IOSOES lbrtrn ltn t th prbl th thr f rnr f r rd fr trtl ltd nptn f scientia media r ddl nld dvd b xtnth-ntr dvn nptn ( nt 4 226 hl tr n t nd ltr dptd n th rfrd hrh b Arnn ndrtd th dtrn n h brd n tht h ftn thln h t frthrht nd pbl ttnt f tn t hv tht tht Gd ld nl th pt (S fr dtrnt ttpt t rnl dvn frnld nd hn ntn n 4 0 rpnblt n th trt n rd f th Wll b th tr Ablrd ndnd t th Cnl f Sn (40 fr htnth-ntr Clvnt nthn Edrd ntnth- nd n tht Gd ld nt d thr thn h hd dn tntth-ntr trtnt f th ttr hv ddd vr (nznr 4 n bnd b h dn t d htvr lttl t th r f rlr phlphr nd thln bt Ablrd hd rd Gd ld hv td thr h thll dtrn f nptn l tht f n- nl n th n tht if—per impossibile—he hd hd t d n bd n bbll nd Gr trl On f th n nthn ld hv prvntd h fr dn An thht f Gd n th Old tnt El Shdd hh trnltd tht th pt t rt lt n Gd pr: n dbt Gd ld pantokrator n th Gr Sptnt nd omnipotens n th tn nt hv d th prnt rld bttr thn h h bt h ld vlt Gd nt pr n bth n th htr f Irl hv d thr bttr rld t An rd th Ablrd nd n th vrnnt f hvn nd rth: b ftr ltnn tht Gd npbl f nnn r dn nthn d t Yhh rtl f th ndr f rtn nf I n (S.Th. I 2 -6 tht r ll-prfl: ht n nv n prfr tr n th Mddl A hvr Oh t hv (b 42:2 hvn tnhd h dpl b n tht t tht tht Gd ld n rtn n rn nt rht r fr l t p thrh th f ndl thn nd ld nd n t ht hlf (Cpltn 0 fr rh n t ntr th nd f hvn tht th d Wlff nt fr t tht Gd tll lld n t n `Wh thn n b vd? frtd th b n Wth Gd nd lld th t f ll b hh th n: ft hh Ablrd vrthn pbl (Mtt :2-6 nd An ld hv rrdd pbl t Gd t n An Gr rtr Athn nphn nd Cllh th thr hnd Wlff ltd Gd nptn b rtn n b td xprn blf n dvn nptn t tht vn n th brdt ntrprttn f dvn pr Gd ld dfflt n th dtrn r l h rd n ll nt rt bttr rld thn th n hh h n ft rtd ntt: rt prd nbr f prbl ( 86-0 ndnd t th Cnl f Cntn fr n tht nd ln n h Natural History (2 2 lt nbr f thn vrthn tht hppnd hppnd f nt (nznr pbl t dt: t t d t ltr th pt t rv 2 60 bn 6 20 thtl trth In lt ntt t frnt tp f Aftr th nn th ptn f rt bnz nd dbt hthr th d r rld b ft r nt Spnz n b ntrtd n th th f Oh h Chrtn rd bn th n xprn f fth n Gd Ablrd nd Wlff rt l Oh t n lt t lht: th Gr nd tn rd nvlvd nnt dvn dvn pr: Gd n d rdn t h vn ht vrnt vr ll thn rthr thn blt t d vrthn lll pbl t (S Chptr II bl bnz l Onptn n dbt nvlv nvrl lrdhp bt th n- Ablrd thht tht f nbr f bltl pbl rld vr nt nrl tr: plt ntrl vr ll rtr Gd ld nl th bt bn bld thrt b h d nt nrl pl th blt t prfr vr nvbl d (Theodicy, I 8 Spnz l Wlff thht tht nl ft th tl rld pbl nd vrthn tht hppn hppn Onptn l nn tp f td nd dbt b nt b dvn nt (Ethics, I n dvl hlt At th bnnn f th Mddl A In dn nn nd nptn n th prnt h txt r nvnntl lltd n 668 r I hll nt fll th htrl rdr n hh th dtrn 0 IOUCIO E GO O E IOSOES r dvlpd ntrvrtd nd dfd I hll ndr th ll h fnl hptr f th b nr nt th n- th tp n n rdr td b ll nd phlphl n f th phlphl nln fr th rtnlt f rthr thn htrl ndrtn rl blf n Gd h frt f th thr prt nt hh th b dvdd ll nrn nn n nrl h dtrn f nn t frlt prl: t th dtrn tht fr ll p f p thn Gd n tht p W td th vr ft f th dtrn b ndrn n trn dffrnt tp f btttn fr `p n th frltn f th dtrn In Chptr II I hll ndr Gd nld f th trth f l nd tht : th n hh ht btttd fr `p nr prptn In Chptr III I hll ndr th n hh ht btttd n prl prptn: I hll trt f Gd nld f ttr f xprn In Chptr I I hll ndr prbl bt dvn nld f t: th prbl hh r hn n ttnd t th tn f prptn btttd fr `p n th dfntn f nn h nd prt f th b nrn prtlr pt f nn hh bth htrll nd dtrnll th t prtnt pt: dvn frnld f ntnnt ftr ttr h fr hn tn It dvdd nt t tn th frt f hh trt th prbl th r n fr n ndtrnt tndpnt nd th nd f hh ndr th ltn prpd nt dtrnt brnd h frt f th tn Chptr ll nvlv ndrtn f b- tttn fr `p n fr ll p f p thn Gd n tht p nvlvn ntrftl ndtnl h thrd n prt f th b dvtd t nptn h dtrn nt pbl f pl nd nntrvrl frltn th dtrn f nn: rdnl th frt hptr f th prt Chptr II dvtd t th rh fr tftr dfntn f nptn Chptr III nrnd th th t ntrtn f th prbl hh r bt dvn nptn : th tn hthr Gd n hn r nl r brn bt th pt h nln tht r fr th thr n tn f th b tht th trdtnl dtrn f nn nd n- ptn nnt b ttd n hh th ptbl th thr trdtnl dtrn h tht f dvn t- blt dvn l f rpnblt fr n nd hn frd f II E EEA US

If Gd n vrthn thn n th trth tht h n r th a priori trth f l nd tht If Gd n vrthn thn h n tht ntrdtr nnt b tr tthr h n tht 2 +2 = 4 nd tht th thr nl f Eldn trnl dd p t t rht nl h ftr ll r trth hh n S n nnt bn t n th t b tr t rprnl th bl h nthn t bt dvn nld f a priori trth It t hv bn th pt f ltn n Chrtnt hh ld t nntn bn drn btn Gd nd tht St Atn n h b On Free Will (2 2 ff prnt n rnt fr th xtn f Gd hh bd n th trnt f trth : hr r thn I th th bdl n l th nd th rth nd ll I th t ntn I d nt n h ln n f th thn r n t lt t nd 0 nt nl n bt fr vr thr nvr t hn nd dd nt make 0 nd thr nvr ll b t hn th d nt 0 Knld f nbr nd thr rltn Atn r nnt hv fr r n h bjt f tht r nt nfrr t n th tht bd r: d r thn bt hh jdnt : tht th nt ht t hld b r nt r nh nd n W jd h thn rdn t th nnr rl f trth tht drn n n bt n n jd n n f th rl thlv Whn nn tht nd r 0 n n tht t hld hv bn th nn tht t th n d nt rt t l xnr bt rj n t l dvrr h trth f tht nnt b n th lvl r nd b f th r th ld b n l hnbl thn r nd r hrfr th r thn hhr thn r nd Inn n dvrr h prprd t dt tht f thr nthn hhr thn r nd t Gd Atn l t hv prvd tht Gd xt r f thr thn r xllnt n thn trth thn tht Gd bt f nt thn 6 PART ONE: OMNISCIENCE THE ETERNAL TRUTHS trth tlf Gd Whthr thrfr thr th r Gd hd tblhd th trth ld hn th n xllnt thn r hthr thr nt nnt dn tht hn h l th th nr : Y h n f ll n Gd xt hn `t I ndrtnd th t b trnl nd nhnbl—`I An ntl tp n Atn rnt th l tht th jdnt bt Gd `t ll fr—`Y bt thtl trth r dvrd nd nt nvntd b th nd pr nprhnbl (A I K h tpl xprn f ltn n tht Of r In th lttr rt rt f t n lt nvrl `ltn n nhlpfl rd ltn n phlph l f nn Gd t trt thtl trth ndpndnt ` n plt rd h vltv nn h f h h nt n ft rrt In hlt thht th- rdd t drptv nn ltnt l t tl n r ndpndnt f Gd ll bt r ntrl n ppl r r prprd t ll thr thn t l fr dpndnt n Gd n An fr ntn dn thr n Stll Atn ltnt n th trhtfrrd th ntr f Gd nld f th n f rtr n tht h ptd lt thr f d r fr In h tht n th n f Gd ntn ll tht fr prftn b Eht-thr ffrnt Qtn (46 -2 h : Id n th n f vr thr thn nd r bd Gd n r th prr fr r th prnnt nd tbl rn n ll thn n h n n th nld f ht f rl thn nd th r nt thlv frd th r prpr t h (Sh I 4 -6 nn trnl nd vr th n thlv nd th Mrnn hlf hvr t hv bn prprd t r ntnd n th dvn ntlln Atn v thl- dfnd th v tht th thtl trth r ltthr l trn t th ltn thr : t b th d r n th ndpndnt f Gd nd n h nxt lttr rt rtrnd t dvn nd tht th r trnl nd tbl Whn Gd th tt rtd h dd nt l t n prd td hlf A fr th trnl trth I n r tht th r tr r pbl In th Atn dffr fr lt nd fr drn ltnt nl b Gd n th tr r pbl h r nt nn thtn r h ht lttl v trth t trth tr b Gd n n hh ld pl tht th r tr nd- f tht (fr ntn th trth tht th dtr f pndntl f In Gd lln nd nn r nl thn n rl lrr thn n hrd nt thn td th nd h tht b th vr ft f lln thn n t nd thh t td n hn nd Cntprr ltn t nl fr th rn tht h thn tr (A I 4 K n th thr hnd nt tht thtl trth r nt trth Wh d rt tht th thtl trth r tr r bt th ntnt f n nd pbl (vr t pbl? Srl thtl trth r ltn n th drn n dd vr lrl n th nr trth? On f ntrprtn th ld b t : rtn f rt In 60 dd bfr th pltn f th trnl trth r tr f thr r trl bjt t b dl th Mdttn rt bn rn n ht h lld th fr th thr th r rl pbl t n rt tphl fndtn f ph In lttr t h frnd blvd tht n ft thr r n trl bjt rrpndn thr Mrnn n Aprl 60 h rt fll : t th tr fr tl bd bn t rrlr (A h thtl trth hh ll trnl hv bn ld dn b II 8 II 22 nd t ntn t p f thtl Gd nd dpnd n ntrl n l thn th rt f rtr trth hh r tr f th nn-xtnt bjt (A II Indd t tht th trth r ndpndnt f Gd t tl f 6-8 II 20- th t ntnt t t th xpr- f r ptr r Strn nd t bjt t th Stx h hlt prfrrd pn f th n f thn t n th nd th t l d nt htt t rt nd prl vrhr Atnn xprn th trnl trth h tht rtr l tht t Gd h h ld dn th l n ntr jt n St dn p hr Atn p f th nrprl nd l dn l n h nd hr n nl n tht nnt trnl npt f r bttt th n f tn (St I ndrtnd f r nd trn t ndr t It ll b d tht f 28ff

8 PART ONE : OMNISCIENCE THE ETERNAL TRUTHS n nn nrl tr f tl r pbl bjt nd t vlntrt pt: th thtl n r rt thrd lttr t Mrnn n th tp bn: ndr th ntrl f Gd ll lntr n tht rjtd xpltl b An Y b ht nd f lt Gd tblhd th trnl trth n hptr 2 f th nd b f S ntr Gntl: I rpl: b th nd f lt h rtd ll thn tht t thr ffnt nd ttl r t rtn tht h n Sn th prnpl f n h l tr nd l th thr f rtr n thn h f thr xtn nd rtht r drn ll fr th frl prnpl hh nttt th n nthn thr thn th trnl trth I n tht th n f thn t fll tht Gd nnt d nthn hh Gd th thr f vrthn nd tht th trth r thn nflt th th prnpl: th h nnt n nt prnd nntl tht h thr thr Y l ht n- dbl f t p r brn t bt tht th rd f rl r nt ttd Gd t rt th trth nd I rpl tht jt fr l r tht rtlnr trnl hld nt hv t thr nl nt t rt th rld n l fr t t ntr tht ll l t t rht nl th ln drn fr th ntr f rl t t rfrn r l (A I K 4 In Gd rt lln nd nn r nl thn Aftr th lttr hr n r f th trnl trth ntl th b th vr ft f lln thn h n t h dtrn pl t th fth Objtn Gnd hd bjtd t th tl n f th plt f Gd—th dtrn tht Gd h n prt— th fth Mdttn f th tbl nd trnl ntr f n n hlt : th ld hv rd tht n trnl It hrd h d t t p n tbl nd Gd ntllt nd ll r nl thn h ll f Gd th trnl ntr n ddtn t Gd rt rpld: nd f Gd th n f Gd: th th ld hv d r ll n nd th rlt h dd nt hvr ndr- It ld rhtl f th tn bt thn hh tnd th dfflt dtrn pln tht htvr Gd n xt r f I ttn p thn tbl h tblt h ll nr dd t prvnt th fr n dtntn btn dd nt dpnd n Gd I d nt thn tht th n f thn dffrnt tp f nld nd dffrnt tp f ll n Gd nd th thtl trth hh n b nn f th r ndpndnt f Gd bt I thn tht th r tbl nd trnl b r ntn th dtnhd btn Gd nld f Gd lld nd dpd (A II 80 II 226 n (hh nldd tl nd pbl thn nd h rn f rlt r nt vn (hh nrnd nl ht h Sxth Objtn t xptn t rt dtrn tl h dtnhd l btn t rt f dvn h hnd f Mrnn n b n n th Objtn hh rpt ll th ll f prn r nnt ll (b hh Gd th ln nd r f h lttr f 60 (A II 4 lld htvr hppnd n t l n h pr t II 2 rt rpl vr flr rnd bt lttr t prvnt t nd th ll f d plr r ntdnt ll (b Mlnd f 644 dd n pnt nldn th flln: hh h lld rtn thn h th lvtn f th fthfl t fr nd ndffrnt fr Gd t t nt b tr tht th thr vl n thlv If n hrnt nt n b vn t nl f trnl r l t t rht nl r n nrl tht ll f th nld nd ll f Gd dtntn lr t th ntrdtr ld nt b tr tthr Evn f Gd h lld d b th hlt hv t pnt t b drn nd tht trth hld b nr th d nt n tht h lld rtnl rt hlf lhr frntl dr th th nrl fr t n thn t ll tht th b nr nd hll ltr hv n t t nthr t ll th nrl r t b nttd t ll th rt ltn n l nrthdx thn h vlntr (A I 0 K ltn bt n dd n dtl b n St n hr r t n hh rt dtrn dffr fr h ntr n th thrt-xth dtntn f tr brd tht f trdtnl hlt h frt t ltn pt : th Sntn (St II 44 ff hr r rtn ppl St thtl n r dtnt fr th n f Gd h h dvd thn nt thr l: ( ftnl bn (2 20 PART ONE: OMNISCIENCE THE ETERNAL TRUTHS 2 rl bn tht xtn r xtntl bn (esse existentiae), prftn f tl xtn (A II 64 I 2 A II (3) rl bn th xtn Evn tht xtn rl bn 6-8 II -2 A II 8 II 228 dffr fr ftnl bn n tht t can hv xtn nd h trnl trth thn d nt dpnd n th hn ntllt thrfr t h rtn blt rlt bfr t xt h r n n xtn thn bt nl n Gd h ntttd th blt rlt lld esse essentiae: t rnd drn rdr fr trnt pr lltr Whn rt p f f th tt f Mnn pr bjt bnd bn nd nn- l f tht—r fr tht ttr f ph h th bn h bln t t b f t rltnhp t n xplr l f nrt—th rd l h nt t h fr lt ll n th dvn nd : jt Gd th ffnt f th xtntl nntn th lltr And th prhp v thn bn f thn h th xplr f thr ntl bn f l t h h dffrd fr th hlt thln n h v hr dd lrl h lrt th tht f th tt f trnl trth It n rdr t prvd fndtn rt rt thtl ntt th thn th fr h ph ntl bn r dtnt fr Gd n th tnd n l h pr nvlt n rt phl t th rltnhp t h vr th rltn vd n f rjtn f th Arttln pprt f rl lt nd b- xplr lt hr rt vd t n f ffnt tntl fr : th frt hptr f Le Monde, n hh h lt Gd n b lld th ffnt (f th trnl rn t th trl t r tnd pl nt trth h d n th Sixth Replies, n th th Kn th hrl ntt (A I -6 nd pll th r f th l vn thh th l nt phll jtn f btntl fr ntld rjtn f n xtnt thn (A II 46 HR II 2 n fr Arttln th t r ll nntd n h ltn hrpl rtzd b St On th v h bn dntl th fr n th f trl bn nd rtn ld nt b rtn ex nihilo. Sthn tht h ntn f fr pl th pprprt nd f ttr n th ntl bn rdn t th thr nt nthn nd rtn f trl bn rt dd nt rjt th trnl f ld rl b th vn f xtntl bn t ht lrd n frl h rjtd tht f fr nd lt bt h h ntl bn h nl tvt f Gd tht ld rll rntrprtd t drtll Whn n h lttr t Mrnn f nt rtn 'ex nihilo ld b th prdtn f rtr n 2 M 60 td bv h tht th n f rtr r thr ntl bn bt th rdn t th thr trnl nthn bt thtrnl trth h thrn vr th d tht nd rtn ld b ab aeterno. On St n v n n ht b prnpl f xplntn n lnt n th rtr r th bjt f Gd d nt rdn t xtntl ntttn f btn hh ht hv l fft n th bn r ntl bn bt nl rdn t n esse diminutum htr f th btn ( th n f n ht b hh rrpnd t ht drn rtr ht ll ntntnl thht t prvd n xplntr ftr n th lf-l f n xtn n th Arttln t t th fr nd n St rt ld b ppld t rt hh h tht prvdd th lnt f tblt n th flx f phnn dnd t Gnd tht h ttn p nthn trnl hh d t pbl fr thr t b nvrll vld ntf ndpndnt f Gd h ld nt hv dnd tht h ttn nld vn rjtd n nd fr rt nd p thn trnl distinct fr Gd: th h h n b n fndtn fr th rtn nd tbl ph tht h lld th fthr f drn ltn r vr n Atn h t tblh If thr r n btntl fr ht nnt hd dntfd th ltn d th rhtp n th dvn n nt f thn htr t nthr? nd n rthdx hlt hd vr dttd th xtn f h tbl ll f Gd rpl rt h h ld nthn trnl xpt Gd nd Gd ln t fr rt dn th l f ntr hh r nhrnd n th trnl trth th tr trnl n trnl rtr f Gd th t n (A II 80 I 2 A I h l nld nt tbl ntr nd prprt rl thn ln nl th nl th l f l nd tht bt l th l f nrt 22 PART ONE: OMNISCIENCE THE ETERNAL TRUTHS 2 nd thr l f tn (A III 648 K 6 Cnntl d f th tl rld bt h n vn Gd rdn tht thn th prvd th fndtn f hnt ph h ph t hld d n ll pbl rld? W n ht t t t bt tbl b Gd ll tbl fndn t f thn is tr bt ht nt n v f th t ht nt Gd hv tbl lld tht t rtn pr f dvrn hthr t must b tr? Ardn t nvn- pnt n t th l ht hn—jt rt rt t tnl ll nt pd b nt n rlt bt pn r Mlnd tht Gd ntnntl lld th l t b nr ln ttnt nr b vrt f r hvn hn nt t nt nthn flfn t Or rntn f ll nt th (A I 0 K ? If th pblt t b rld t nt b prtlr f r nld f r n ntntn nl Gd tblt bt l Gd vrt t b ppld (tt 28 t Gd ld b dvr f hl vn h ntr tht I prv th l tbl h hd l drd tht th hr r vr dr f ntrtv n drn thht l r t hn S th vrt f Gd nt nl ffnt nldn th xtr nvntnl f th ltr Wttntn bt l nr t tblh n rt pt-Arttln thr r l n fr f drn ltn nldn th t th prnnt vldt f lrl nd dtntl prvd thrhn rl f r ltn n drn t n trth t dffrnt fr b nntrtn n ntn b nntrt- It t t trn fr th htrl t th phlphl n- n n thr bjt nd b nntrtn n thr prdt drtn f th dtrn f trnl trth Shld tht h t n fr f rl ltn bt ntn: th rt tht th trth f tht r rtd b Gd? th blf tht nr trth r tr n vrt f tt f ffr Or hld h dn th n pn th ntr hlt? ndpndnt f th ntn xprn th tht nrl Qtn bt th pblt f Gd nld ftn trn bn trth bt n nrt r vn btrt ntt Exprn nt tn bt th ntr f rtn tp f trth In th f th fr f ltn n b fnd n ll phlph f prnt t phlphr v n th ntr f dvn tht t rtn prd ltn bt bjt th nld f a priori trth ll dpnd n h v bt th rl hrtrt f thr h Mnn: th blf tht ntr f a priori trth tlf h ntr f nr trth h vn nn-xtnt bjt t n b given n rdr t bn h dd n nntnth- nd tntth-ntr prvd rfrn fr th bjt f ntn bt th phlph f tht Qn n From a Logical Point of ltn f prdt n trnd f th ltn f r: View ( h nlld nntn btn ntprr th thr tht prdt n l thn bjt hv rfrn dbt n th tp nd th dvl ntrvr bt th Sn th prdt—n t drn n f ntn th ntr f nvrl : h thr n dvl pnt f v n pnhd t f t— frt dntfd h b r rrdn nvrl r dntd b htrn rl n- ltn f prdt hrdl pbl bfr h t ptl nd nnl Entll th thr dtrn In th dvl ntrvr bt nvrl t dfflt t rppr n tntth-ntr rv f th phlph f dtntn btn ltn f bjt nd ltn tht ndr th n n l nttn nd f prdt : n th Arttln trdtn n nd th frl (Qn 4 Mr rntl tt h xprn r tr ppr thr bjt r prdt rd ( 2 tht frl prvd n nn ltrntv `n ppr bth n Srt n nd n n nl t th ltn f lt h r: frlt pl Mdvl rl thrfr rl bt tr : nd prhp rlt h nntrt h ttntn n frl prf rthr th ltn f Atn nd lt hlf rt thn thtl bjt h rl h l btn ltn blvd n thtl bjt h th tr trnl nd vr fr f ntrtv : bt th n f th bjt r nthn r nr l thn h phlphl prbl f nt tfld: ht t r th trnl trth f tr nd n rt fr th frt nd h d rnz t? Gd n rdn tht thn hll hld t t th drn ltn f ntn 24 PART ONE: OMNISCIENCE THE ETERNAL TRUTHS 2 hh rt th frt drn ltnt n th n l t b nthr ltnt nr ntrtvt It n n n tht h th frt prn t blv n th xtn dtnt ntrtvt b th trth f tht d nt dpnd fr Gd f trnl trth hh r th tndrd f r th- n th dn f n ll hn r dvn It nt ltnt tl nld h ltn nnt b t n ntrt t b t nt ttd t th xtn f trnl thtl ntrtv r nvntnl tt ntd r- r ll tt f ffr dtnt fr th xtn f Gd hlf d nld f tht t nld f thtn h trth f l nd tht n th v r ntll ntntn t rt ndrtndn f nr trth trth bt th lt f dvn pr bt th lt n tn hr th vlntrt ftr: nld f tht r nt lt hh r t r pd fr td nld f th lltn f th dvn thtn In th prnt ntr nttnt phlphr hv Wttntn ftn d f th ntn f dvn nn rttn f trth f tht r trth bt th hn t hhlht h xtr ntrtv: nd r th pnt f v th dvl hlt thr f th ttr ld b rrdd thll vrn f nt- Spp tht ppl n nd n lltn th xpnn f t tn A drn nttnt d nt blv tht thr Gd h n vrthn n hthr th ll hv rhd nthn td th hn nd t hh t t nfr tlf `777' b th nd f th rld t n h omniscience dd hthr th would hv rhd t ftr th nd f th rld? It nnt I f t t b rrt n t thtl jdnt Slrl nt t : Evn Gd n dtrn thn thtl nl b th dvl hlt thht tht ll nd thtl tht (Wttntn 6 8 trth r nn b Gd pl b nn th pr f h n n nd t nt n vrt f nthn td h Ant th rt ld tht Gd d n hthr nd tht ht n h nd tr thr vn r n th nfnt xpnn f t b t h In n prtnt rpt hvr th dvl dffrd fr dn hh t r nt : h nn n- n drn nttnt r n nttnt thr n b n h n bt h n ntntn n th rlvnt rpt Slrl thn th drt pprhnn f thtl trth nt t tt tn pd bv rt ld rpl tht dtd b th pprprt thtl nfrn hr ll Gd n ndd rdn tht thn t hld d n ll dvl thln rjtd th d tht Gd nld pbl rld nd tht t dn th t bjt h t nt ht b dtd b nfrn h ntd tht Gd thht nd ft l th fl d f th hthn nt drv nd dd nt prd tp b tp Atn rt ltn vlntr thrfr ht b d t d Gd d nt thn pl trnn h z fr bn th ftr f bth rl nd ntrtv n- d t d h vrthn t n n th h txt d ndrtd t t ndd dfflt t rndr ntllbl An rd (Sh I 4 tht n Gd thr nthr th th trnl dvn thtl dr hh r t flfl th rl drvn hh nt n thnn f n thn ftr nthr hh th thtn ndrnt f nvntn pl n nr th drvn b hh nld f nln dpnd nvntnlt phlph f tht r th th- n nld f prnpl r Gd nld f x t tn nvntn nrn thr ftr prtn th bl b rrr n hh t thr nt n-pt t pnt th nd thh Gd n prhp b nvd f pn t hn t th bn n hn tn h n hrdl b nd t pl vr tht b drn phlphr f rln th bl n trnt bfr th rtn f th rld h hv rd tht th dvl trdtn ffr n nt f Crtn v ndd t bn th t nptbl thtl trth hh bn th dvnt f rl ftr f ltn th th t plbl lnt n th th f ntrtv rl t nt tht th trth ntrtv f l nd tht n bjtv ttr t ndpndnt h rvl dvl thr n th thr hnd n rnbl f th hn nd ntrtv t n vd th ptl- 26 PART ONE: OMNISCIENCE tn f trnl xtr-ntl btrt ntt S hv vn n fr t t tht th ll-nn dfflt n rl ld b bnd th th ll-nn dfflt n ntrt- III OMISCIECE A v t nttt nvl vrn f th prf f Gd xtn n th b f th trnl trth EEIECE t tht t ftl t ptlt th xtn f Gd ltn t prbl n th phlph f tht h W trn n fr Gd nld f trnl trth t h prbl bt th bjtvt f thtl trth pl rtrn nld f prl ttr Mdrn pt-Kntn phl- prbl bt th lt n Gd pr • lt hh—n phr dr hrp bndr btn th a priori nd th a th hlt thr—r nr nd t nt ntrnn nn- posteriori, th l nd tht n n d f th ln nd vlntr nd t nt pd pn Gd h r prbl ph nd htr n th thr h hrp bndr h nt hh hll hv t ndr n thr n rht hn l bn drn rt v th trtnt t th l t d dvn nptn f tn h dd t th trth f l nd tht : th On th thr hnd hvr th ntn f dvn nn r ll trnl trth h nhnnn d t th n- ppld t l nd tht d nt dd t th prbl hnbl ll f Gd Slrl fr An th rl tht r ntrnl t th phlph f tht If rl dtntn nt btn a priori nld nd a posteriori rrt thn hl Gd rltnhp t ltn trth b nld bt btn nld f n nd nld tr t n l tr h hn n t f prtlr thn nd vnt h rt dvd btn Gd n th b n f th rtfl npltn f bl On nld f nr trth (hthr th nt ll th thr hnd f th ntrtvt r n th rht thn Gd tphl r ntrl nd h nld f ntnnt trth a priori dpln rd t h nld f nld f th h ttr f htrl ft It prnpll b bth h rtr: n prtlr t h nld f th pr rt nd St h dffrd fr n thr v f ntrl tvt nd dn f hn bn n tht th dffr fr n th prtn f th bndr btn a priori nd prl nld St h ppr t hv blvd tht vrthn tht n b ntfll nn nt f nln drvd b l- lt rnn fr lf-vdnt prptn h fndn f n n ld b ld t t f thr n ddtv t h x r thr thr f nthr n r lf-vdnt prptn h n ndvdl nld f prtlr n h tr rr r trn ld b rrdd nl ntl dptn hh xtndd n t p t ll th thr prvbl thn th n ( S.Th. I Ir 4 4 An hld p th dl f ntf thd n xt t l Eldn tr Knld f th n f trl btn n th v ld b vlnt t n- ld f th x f thr h thr ntrl prprt f btn ld b drvbl fr nld f th x b nn h n th x t ll th ld b nn - 28 PART ONE: OMNISCIENCE OMNISCIENCE AND EXPERIENCE 2 dtl b th vr ft f nn th x b dvn ftn nd flftn f nfrtn nd rfttn b bn h nld nn-drv On th v n- xprnt h a priori dl f n h bn rpld b n bt n ld nt dffr n prnpl fr n- th hptht-ddtv dl A ntf thr hvr n bt tht ntnt nd lnt rthl tht prl pprt thr rdl dffrn btn thr f h v f n r pl dfflt fr dvn n- tht nd th f prl n An nbr f ld f ntf trth If Gd trl nd tnd td xt thr b ntrnll ntnt nd ptbl th rld f xprn h n h n ht n nl b th h thr nd nl n ppl t th prl ft n nn b xprnt nd brvtn? Gd t t ttl hh tr f th tl nvr h th th thr b rdtd th xprn r dnd nld f prl Eldn nd nn-Eldn tr th th th trth th tl nd Cprnn trn h pnt d t nvtt th frt pblt h lt d I lrd b rt h d tht th a priori drvtn f th nvntr f th r nbl t hr? h rtr f th fft fr ld nl h th vr n hh Gd nbl t ? h rhtrl tn hv bn nrd could have d th rld xprn nr fr t b Chrtn thln th fr Y h nbl Whn n th n hh h dd tll th rld A h th lt tht th f th rd r n th jt rt n h Principles of Philosophy: St h htn t xpln tht th d nt n tht Gd Strtn fr nbl fft nd nbl prt f bd I hv trd h n h h n bd rt f th bd r rbd t t nvtt th nnbl nd prtl ndrln th h Gd n th rptr b tphr drn fr thr fntn v n d f th pbl ntttn f tr bt t E fr xpl nd hn "Gd " pn f t nt nld tht th th tl ntttn hr ht b t n h pr t thh vn h n n ntlltl l d b th rftn ll d t-pr nd nd nt nr tvt (S.Th. I nd th bltl lr td nd t th trn f hl nd ht Mdvl Arttln blvd tht n rdr t hr fl b pltl dffrnt Slrl th pr Crftn ht hv tt r thr n t ntl t hv bd Sn prdd ll tht n vrt f I frl dt th trth th nnl dnd tht Gd hd bd th hd n n- f th I hll thn I hv dn nh f nl ht I hv rttn tn t dn tht Gd hd n n r n n-nld h t rd rtl th ll ntrl phnn (Principles I rt n th thr hnd blvd tht t pbl fr CCI A III- 2 trn Gh 66 2 prn t prd hlf tht h hd n bd thh tll rt lttr t Mrnn ( M 68 nd t Mrn hvn ntn f ht nd lht h nldd tht ntn ( l 68 h fr rp f hptht-ddtv thd ntl vnt r nntd nl ntnntl th th bd fr trl dntrtn n fld thn th rn t vn rt blvd tht n ntn r n ft d f ph t th pbl f ppl pl tht t th prtn f n bd thr th hlt thrfr th d nt blv ht I hv rttn b I dd t fr nr rt rdtd Gd th ntn rtn hpth hh I hv nt prvd thn th d nt h phlphr h prhp nrt t ttrbtn n ht th r n r ht th ht t ntn t Gd rl If esse percipi, thn bjt hn t n rt d b d th p f th drbl prvd b n fnt prt t b pt n xtn b Gd nd fnd ttpt t prvd a priori prf f prl prvn th thrfr n Gd nd t thr t nrlztn h th lld prf f th l f tn b d f ll prptbl thn t th xtn f h dvn fr th tblt f Gd n-dt dnd b hln n th Third Dialogue. l r th f rt p t rnt t phlphr f bjt tht t ld fll fr h thr tht Gd th prft n hv ntd r nd r n th ntf rl f vr- prt ffr pn hh n prftn hln rpl : OMNISCIENCE AND EXPERIENCE 0 PART ONE: OMNISCIENCE nl I n rll n h ntn pn r vn tht I ht Gd n r ndrtnd ll thn nd tht h n n n pn t ll thr thn ht pn vn vr rt f pnfl ntn nd ht t fr rtr t ffr pn I n tn t tht On th pnt ntprr phlph h d th ntn Gd thh n nd t pnfl ntn n f nn r rthr thn hrdr t pt r th n lf ffr pn I ptvl dn h bn [Gd] ntrl fln th prt prptn h rntl bn nnt b fftd th n pnfl ntn r ndd n ntn t bjtd t dtld rt b Wttntn n h f d- ll rprl tn r ttndd th th ntn f pn n f prvt ln n th Philosophical Investigations. r plr n nd n vrthn nbl rtnl Wttntn rd tht th fln hv f th nn- prftn bt t ndr r ffr r fl nthn b n n prblt f ntn n lln Whtvr n bt r ftn h frr I r t Gd bt nt th lttr Gd n n ntn n tll thr ppl ht nnt b hrd r hth d bt d r nt nvd t h b n r th thr nt p f nld Onl I n n r (rl 4 88 ntn n thr tht thr nnt know tht I ( n pn r tht thr nnt feel pn If t n th frr Shlr dr hthr th p ntnt th thn t bvl fl n h flln nt fl rl ptl h dfflt th All d r fr nd rn bd brn n prftl ll tht I rl d n th nd f Gd Sn n th d n pn If t n th lttr thn t tr bt trvl nd thr nntr r th f ht nd ld t nd r thn th n tn f nld hr If Onl I n fl pn d r h n th nd f Gd If Gd nn th l d nt ll trth t rvl th nntn btn nt fl ntn thn th pn f h d nffnt nd : pn prl th pn hh I fl Ell nl fr ntn t f th thn rl nt f rdnr I n nz nz nz r th n hh I nz hn ntn t ndt bt thr nthn pll lt bt nz Whtvr b tr f rl t tht phlphr hv ntn nt th thn t b n pn hv dnd tht Gd h r r r n n xprn f p f nld W d f r r nfrtn b n th l th frl blvd tht Gd ld n ntl- th n bt htvr nfrtn r b th n ltll ll th trth hh n b th f r n n b rprtd t thr prvdd tht th p th ppr- ln t th fr I tht t rd b fln I dvr t prt ln nd htvr n b rprtd t thr n b ht b ttn I dvr tht r t nd b th tht dvrd b thr tht th f th n n tn nd t rh All th trth bt prtlr thn Gd n tht hvn th ntn A blnd n nnt thn bt th rd tht n n n r hvn n n h n lrn ll th thn hh thr n lrn b n f xprn h dtrn t n ppl vr dfflt t pt nl b n thr n ndrtnd th ln f lr W hv trn nlntn rnfrd b ntr f prt n th n tht h n tr vr plnt f lr ln xpt th n hh nvlv th f h n phlph t fl tht thr rrdbl lnt f n- t ld n xprn hh nnt b nn n n thr thn b ntn A blnd n fl nnt rll ndrtnd ht t ntn nt th thn th tn f n- frtn bt nbl bjt h blnd n n r th nt b lr rd Of r rprt bt r ntn bt r nlnd t thn tht n rprt f n- nfrtn bt h l th n f ht Wht th dtntn n vr b fll rprt nd tht thr t l b tn btn th t? Wht t tht th htd n n d nd thn tht nrprtbl h fln fnd xprn n th blnd n nnt? I n f n bttr f n th rfltn h : r ll n ht I ll rd ht dtntn btn n-prptn nd nfrtn-thrn ll rn nd v vr Whn I hv pn I thn tht thn th n Arttl d n th De Anima, hr h hr 2 PART ONE: OMNISCIENCE OMNISCIENCE AND EXPERIENCE thr n-prptn thr l bth pn nd plr trth n prtnl—tht thr t hh n xprnt (444 h nfrtn rd thrh th n nd th r rlvnt r dl thr— thn hh n n drntn prfrd th thr d b rd nd nptbl th th pblt f nn-xprntl nld prfrd b n thr thn th n nd ndd b nt f trth dvrbl b xprnt thr thn lvn bn A nnr ht dvr nd - r nd phlphr hv thll x t rnd t dfnd ptr tblt vl nfrtn bt vr hn bn h tp f nld Ch h prpd tht hldrn n rdr t rt th nt tr rdn t thr pprn r brn th nnt nld f rtn hpth bt th h vl ftr f lndp n b tld b th nd ntrtn f rr n ntrl ln h thr n- f pprt d n lnr xplrtn Sh prtn r nt vlv ptltn nn-xprntl nld f hpth n-prptn b th r tht plr r pn: hh n b nfrd r nftd xprntll fr th hn bn nvntrd th ll thr ttt r nt rr n Ch v n xplntr thr: thr prvd thr btfl r l th lndp tr nthr ntn fr th ft tht pr f ln ll prv trrr nr ntrprt fr r n ttrn n rtn nd nt n Of r nt vr n-xprn thr plnt r thr (Ch 68 2 ff Of r Ch thr pnfl bt n ntll flt fr rn nfr- f nnt ptn htl dbtd nd I d nt ppl t tn n dlt hh dt f plr nd pn h t n tblhd ft bt rl nn-thll lltr- dtntn btn th ntlltl nld tht p nd th tn f th d tht prl ntnnt trth b nn ntn tht p t b ht Arttl d n th dffrnt b nn-xprntl thd rltnhp f h d f ntn t pn nd plr ndr- p prl nld I hv rd t nt n- td n th dt n h trdtnl nt f nn r tll t hv n-xprn n ntf trth ttrbt t Gd th nfrtnl ntnt f r prptn t nt nr t hv vrfd t r vn t hv nfrd tht th hdnt ntnt All th nfrtn hh n t nlf n tht t h bn vrfd r nfrd t r b r n pd b Gd bt tht th nh fr th rtr prt f r nld f ntf plr–pn dlt hh nttt th tn f th ft f r ptn f ntf thr bd n th nfrtn fr f ntn If Wttntn rht thr ttn f thr S t nt pbl n prnpl fr Gd nthn nhrnt n h nptn t n prl trth tht hlf hvn xprn t t t nt nr t hv ntn n rdr t n n n pp tht Gd t n r ttn t n th ht n b nn b th n lrl nd r bvl trth h d nt hv t l p th nlpd r t fr t nt nr nlf t prfr n xprnt n rdr t th nxt f th Sntf Arn t lrn ht h bn n ht n b nn b xprnt h rt jrt f dvrd d h n th trth f ntr nd prl th ntf nld f vn th t ndtr ntt ft f xprn? ntttd b th rlt f xprnt hh h dd nt hlf h trdtnl nr n b d p : h n th prfr On n xtr prtnlt v f th ntr f trth b nn h n ll Mr rtl: h n hh ntf nr th nn f th tr d n th ttnt hpth r pbl hpth b nn h n n f ntf thr tlf dpndnt n xprn r th nd t pr h n hh hpth r tl b n- xprnt hh ld vrf th t th nrl thr tht n hh h h lld t nt An dtntn th nn f prptn t d f vrftn h bn btn nld f ndrtndn (nt ntllnt t dtrtvl rtzd t prnt r dfflt fr th hh rp f pblt nd nld f vn (nt d tht Gd n n tht xprnt th rlt hh vn hh rn f rlt: hn bn nd xprnt t nfr nd nft h Whtvr n b prdd r thht r d b rtr nd l 4 PART ONE: OMNISCIENCE OMNISCIENCE AND EXPERIENCE htvr Gd hlf n prd ll nn b Gd vn f t nt l n rl ndrn pltvl nt tll xtn In th n t n b d tht h h nld h prjt h thn ht dn h n n lv n pnt nttld vn f nn-xtn thn Yt hv t t nt f dffrn bt th n t ttl vrthn n rht rdr nld f n thn nt tll xtn S f th lthh th r nt 82 n tll xtnt thr n r r ll b: ll th Gd ht dn prtl nld (Anb 6 d t n b nld f vn Othr thn thr r hh Anb ndr th bjtn tht th n d nt rll n b prdd b Gd r b rtr hh t r nt r nt hv nld f ht th h l bt nl nld f nd nvr ll b Wth rpt t th Gd d t hv nt n- ht th h l f h rdr hv bn bd h n- ld f vn bt nld f pl ndrtndn (Sh I 4 ld ld b th hvr h ntn vn f th In th tr Gd ndrtndn f hpth ll b prt rdr hd nt bn bd If thn nld ndpndnt f h nld f pl ndrtndn h nld f thr f ht tll hppn h n t b nld f ht d tlztn ll b h nld f vn pt t n tr f hppn? Sn ht tht t fnn rt f nld tht tll nld vn thh ht t nld f n: h nld tht tr 2O ll b prt f h nld f ndrtndn h nld tht thr h nt th (6 82 Stll h ntn t nld thn tr nd h dtrbtd n ht fr n ht fr f ht dn nd ht n th dnr nd dffr th prt nd n ll b prt f h nld f vn t h t n th xtn nt n th nd thr h thn tr? rtl r ndrtl An rfr Anb h pt phlphr n hr dbt b dr- ll nr b Gd lld t rt t And th n- n ttntn t t dffrnt drtn f ft hr A h ld f vn dpnd n Gd dr t rt f th bldn dffr fr th rhtt drn thn th `It nt b thn r ht th r d Atn ( t n th bldn nt n th drn W ntrt rntt tht Gd n th t b h n th th th hr thr dffrn btn pln n th tht th r ht th r An nt n th d-b nd th bldn thr th t n th pln txt fll: Gd nld th f thn fr Gd t Anb rl rn t t tht th rhtt h nld tnd t ll rtd thn th rftn t h nld f ht h hppnd t nthr f hr xpl prdt t rftn l nn xrn n ntl- n n t pr bttn A nd pr bttn r t ltl ll prt rlt f h n vltn S t dvn th t n th prfrn bt nnt tht h nld nl n njntn th dvn ll (S h n tht h prn bttn A rtl nld nnt I 4 8 Gd nld thn th f thn n th b nld f ht nt th n hh n rhtt dn f th h h Sn h t d nt n ht h dn bld vn nld ndrtd prtl rthr vn hn t tr tht th t t n th pr- thn thrtl nld h nnt nd dvl ntn f frn h trth n Anb pnt t t tht prtl nld h bn rrd b rfr Anb f n d n ht h dn— f h n t pr h bn nltd n drn phlph W hv ntpltv bttn A nd prn bttn A—thn h n tht h nptn f nld tt hh t b jdd h prn bttn A tht brvtn h nd n frthr b bn n rdn th th ft rnd rn vdn t n rdr t h nn t rfr Anb th prtl nld th : pr bttn A nttt nld tht h prn bttn A r pltv nld n nrl t lt thr thn nd In n drtn prjt l th rtn f bldn t b th fr t t b tr tht n tht p: frt tht hh h nnt nd d nt t rprt n prl b vn blv tht p nd tht p b tr nd thrd tht h rdr ntn (vdntl prhn n t th pl rnd d rn fr blvn tht p In th f f th prptn tht ld rdnrl b pld b th drtr f prtl nld nl th frt t r nr

6 PART ONE: OMNISCIENCE OMNISCIENCE AND EXPERIENCE h t pbl t xpln h dvn nld f th r prr t r nld nd r th r f t Gd nld rld n b knowledge, nd t b prtl nld n prr t ntrl thn nd th r f th In th r fr th d tht nld bd n nthn thr h tnd n th ddl btn th nld f th rhtt thn h ll t rt In th f Gd thr n b n p- h d t nd tht f n h t h nld f th h fr blt f t r f th flr f rvnt dr t rr th h tlf n d (S.Th. I 8 t rdr thr nnt b ndvrtn hn n pr bttn A nn t pr bttn thr nnt b rltrnt trl prvntn th dn fr bn rlzd ht hppn t lptr r n rhtt An tht Gd nld f hlf nd f pbl rtr prl pltv bt h nld f tl rtr bth pltv nd prtl t h pltv nld f rtr nt drvd fr t bjt hn nld n pltv nld rdn t An drvd b btrtn fr th bjt f th nld bt th nt prt f th ntr f pltv nld n tlf bt f th ntr f hn nld In ft t d nt t b tr tht th nld hv f nbr drvd fr thn thlv thr b btrtn fr xprn r b nttn f nbr Yt nld f tht pltv nld f nthn n dvn frnld Orn n rrd tht t nt b Gd n tht thn n t t pl tht t n t t pl bt v vr n th b rnld th th dtrn tht Gd nld th f thn? An rpl b drn th dtntn btn prtl nd pltv nld In th f Gd prtl nld n tht thn r th r b Gd h nld pl th ll tht th hld b t tr f Gd pltv nld n th thr hnd tht h n tht thn r th r b th r h ll hr dffrn btn th t nd f nld vn n th f nn A bn h nnt bt nt nptnt nd ld hv h pln frtrtd ld nd r thn prtl nld fndtn fr pltv nld An p th : trl thn tnd n th ddl btn Gd nld nd r: fr t r nld fr ntrl thn f hh Gd th thrh nld n jt th nbl thn f ntr OMNISCIENCE, ETERNITY, AND TIME fr hl I tp th vr rd r fddl hrtll n (6 264 I OMISCIECE EEIY h dfflt xprd n th bv p r prntd ln A IME n th vnth hptr f Srz b De Scientia Dei Futurorum Contingentium. vn brvd tht An A- tn nd th thn tht prn r xtn bth h Gd f trn th n trnl Gd h trnt f ffnt nd nr t xpln Gd nld f th ftr Gd nl xprd n th Old tnt nd Srz nt tht thh tprl thn xt th th hl tnt vrltn drtn Gd lv fr vr: h l f trnt b trnt xt th ll t pt prnt nd h l ll b thr nvr t hn h nd ftr t th dffrnt t d nt xt th h thr nt thr nvr ll b t hn thr n Gd Mn Gd xt n th n thn nd n th nthr thn thln hv tn Gd t b trnl n rthr dffrnt tht hnn n lf l tr tndn tnl n n hldn tht Gd drtn nt jt n vrltn dr- rvr hh vl prnt r djnt t dffrnt tn bt trtl pn n drtn t ll In th xth ntr f fln tr h nl n n hh thn r trnll th dfnd trnt th ttl nd ltn pn prnt t Gd bjt f nld h ttnt f f nndn lf nd n h t trnt h bn nl thr prn thrfr rttnt f Gd nld f ndrtd tln th ftr nd nt n xplntn f t h tln dtrn h ppld t n thln Arthr rr n ppr lld h rlt f On- n t prvd ltn t th prbl f th ntr f Gd n (62 rd tht th fft f trtn Gd nld nld f ftr ntnnt vnt—Gd nld f tl ld b t rtrt Gd nld t th trth f hn ftr tn fr ntn h An ( S.Th. n hh r thlv tl r xpl h : I 4 f th dtrn f Gd tln fr th prp tr ntnnt h ntn r ndtrnt nd Gd ld nt n th v I ndrn n tht th 60 fnl nnt b th bjt f n nd f nld dvn r hn xntn t Mnhtr r n vr r th nt thn tht h r nn ld n tll b t jt nt tr vrthl Gd n n th b Gd d nt tll It tr n bt t nt tr r (I rt th n 2 ftr ntnnt ft bn ftr bt bn prnt At 60 nd fr I n ll tht n b d n th bjt ftr ntnnt r prnt t Gd It St h tll tht th fnhn dt f th 60 fnl xntn n nrr th trth tht t tht f Gd n thn thn t rlr n thn th 2th At nd th nt th thn n hn thn t tht f h n t thn t ll b I hv rd l- n tht th xntn r vr I nnt thn f n bttr hr tht th ltn t th prbl f ftr ntnnt nt f hn th thn n Iv d bfr nl th rnt tftr : tht ht n hn n tht th 60 fnl xntn r vr nt b jt tl rltn btn dt b th nt h hl npt f tl trnt th hl f hh l- th thn r pld bt hn r pld th xntn r tn th vr prt f t t b rdll nhrnt r vr ltnt rdnrl ndrtd trntv rltn If A hppn t th t nd hppn t th t C ln n h b God and Timelessness (0 ndr thn A hppn t th t C If th C prr nd th th rnt d b rr nd thr phlphr rtn n I prr bth trt hn n tr tn thn th bth lr vn nd l tht th hv nt n ft dntfd trt t th t t n St h v tpn f th rn f ft tht tl bn ld nt n bt nl rtn ppr ltn th th hl f trnt An n th v fr f rd tht tl ndvdl ld nt hn th rt fr f ltn th th hl f trnt hr- 40 PART ONE: OMNISCIENCE OMNISCIENCE, ETERNITY, AND TIME 4 frltn r rprtn h nld W hv nt bn vn h fr dtntn btn rl nd pprnt hn h rn fr thnn tht ft h tht hh tprl bn prvl rd b Gh: bn n rprt b n td th rt f M ld nt b rprtd b tl bn n ttnt fr f tprl h nl hrp rtrn fr thn hvn hnd ht ndxl xprn ll th Cbrd rtrn (n t p n rrn n Cbrd I hll nt tr t ttl hthr tl bn ld r ld phlphr f th rt d l ll nd Mrt: th thn nt n tprl ft Sn I hv d I thn n nd- lld h hnd f hv `(x t t t' tr nd `(x t t pndnt rnd tht th dtrn f tl prn n t l fl fr ntrprttn f `e, nd `t t th nt nttvl t ntftr th nt Srt ld ftr nhrnt n I nt rtl ntrtd n ddn hthr ll hn b n t b hrtr thn htt rvr Srt tl prn ld b nnt r nt Mrvr I r th ld hn pthl (vn f h hd n rtl l vr th nrl nln f b hh tht th dtrn t frh hlb t dr h nd nbr ld ndr- f th tln f Gd thlll nprtnt nd hn hnvr fv d t b th nbr f bd nntl t th trdtn f trn th hldrn rdn th dtrn f tln hvr d nt h hn I hv ntnd h t prtt r nt `rl lv th prbl bt th rltn btn t nd n- hn nd Srt f h h prhd nd nbr n n n A rn Krtznn h hn prbl n th nnt ndr `rl hn I nnt d fr nd th r r nrtd nt nl b th dtrn f tln bt fln tht thr dffrn hr Of r thr Cbrd l b th dtrn f tblt hh fr r dpl hn hnvr thr rl hn bt th nvr nt tr ntrnhd n th trdtn f trn th (Gh 6 Krtznn prpnd n rnt n vn prptn : Gh lt t xpl r nhpp: rl n nr ( A prft bn nt bjt t hn dr Srt nd v th nbr f Sth hldrn (2 A prft bn n vrthn r nt t b rrdd prdtn bt Srt nd v ( A bn tht n vrthn l n ht t t rptvl bt h frt vnrbl xpl bnd rprh (4 A bn tht l n ht t t bjt t hn nd h tht nt vr hn n th trth-vl f prdtn ( A prft bn thrfr bjt t hn bt n bjt nn hn n t (6 A prft bn thrfr nt prft bn h dtntn thn h bn d t: t trn t th ( Er thr n prft bn ntr-dtntn Mt bn h n th t b bjt A hlt h hd t rpl t Krtznn n frl d- t rl hn r nl t pprnt hn? Krtznn ndr pttn ht prd fll : th bjtn tht hn n n bjt f nld d nt ntl hn n th nr th h rpl tht t n hn n I dtnh r frt prptn th : nthn t n frt tht p nd thn tht nt p nd th A prft bn nt bjt t rl hn I r hn: A prft bn nt bjt t pprnt hn I dn I ntr-dtnh prptn 4: Adptn t n tn' nvnnt tndrd fr fr prptn A bn tht l n ht t t bjt t rl t ht t t f bn tht l n ht hn I dn t t tht th tt f t nld hn nntl th A bn tht l n ht t t bjt t pprnt rpt t prptn f th fr `t n tn'. rt h bn hn I r n tht t n tl (nd tht t nt n t2 nd thn t n tht t n t2 (nd tht t nt n t f bn tht t Wth th vn dtntn I dn r nln nd rjt r n thn dffrnt fr ht t d t n t tht t prf h hnd OMNISCIENCE, ETERNITY, AND TIME 4 42 PART ONE: OMNISCIENCE Ctfd (6 2 h rpld t Krtznn n tht It rnn n n Oxfrd rpld b It (tll ppr hh t th flln ln f rnt It n tl rnn t 00 n 8 n 8 n Oxfrd An n t rjt t nfltn th Arttl ptn tht th nd It nt n tl r nt dpt pprn rltd p nd ntn Srt td tr hn h td fl hn not-p; b th t ndtd b n dffrnt n h h r : hr n r ntrdtn hr thn f I I Knn nd n l I nt Knn Wht xprd b It t b rntd thn tht Whtvr Gd n h n nt th t prptn ld b nn b n h nthr tr f th rfrn t prptn (si ad enuntiabilia referatur). f nd lrl ht xprd b th prptn It t t d nt fll tht Gd nld hnbl hr n hn n th dvn nld thrh h nn tht n nd th n tl nd It n t2 ld b nn b bd h thn t n t xt nd t nthr d nt nd n th td thr f th t n tn thr n hn n th dvn nld thrh h nn Krtznn ndd pt tht t t nt f hn tht rtn prptn t n t tr t nthr t fl t br n nd tht t n 0 nd nt 6 nt t hn n nd It hvr h l tll n xptn t th Gd nld ld thrb b hnbl nl f h n dtrn f tblt nd ffnt t vrtrn th trdtnl prptn n th d dtrn fr tht dtrn rld t nt nl dtrrtn- An r thn tht Gd tbl t th xtnt tht f hn r hn f nd bt nthn hh ttr f t th bjt f nld n t prptnl xprn thn t fl tht htvr Gd n h n tht n nplt tlztn vr hn n Gd nld lr t tht rd fr frlt prptn h tht Gd n tht p' tr t n b Krtznn r rrdd ptbl th dvn t- nt nd fl t nthr An xpl h th blt b h An In p fr hh Krtznn prptn r nt nrl bt th t th n b n nfntl tnd prptn t th An l nvlv t (S. Th. I 4 An hthr Gd nld hnbl nr n: h nld t b ltthr n rl hn n Gd b Gd d nt thn n prptn nvrbl jt h btn ltthr nhnbl t d Gd nld nnt hn thr b h hnn thr th flln dfflt On Gd n tht Chrt h pnn n tp r b th trth f th ttr hnn hl h pnn rn nltrd t t b brn t n h d nt n tht Chrt t t b An ltn t th dfflt l Ctfd rpn brn (nasciturus), b Chrt n lnr t t b brn hrfr Gd d nt n n ll tht h n n And th h t Krtznn ndrd rlr dpnd n th pblt f n dtntn btn n t f nld nd th nld t b hnbl An rpl bn b prpn ltn tht h n- n hh th nld xprd f nld r n dbt n nrl dntfd nd ndvdtd b thr xprn dr tn: nlt n th pt (antiqui nominales) d tht th prptn "Chrt bn brn" "Chrt t t b n ln—th thn t hh An ld r brn" nd "Chrt h bn brn" r dntl n th rnd n h blvd bth tht nld dptn r tt f nd ( habitus) tht ll thr rfr t th thn nl th brth f Chrt nd tht dptn r dntfd b th tht t fll tht Gd n htvr h n b h n t n hh th r xrd r nftd (S.Th. I II n Chrt brn hh n th "Chrt ll b 4 2 t th d nt nrl n tht h t f nld h nl n pbl xprn n ln Cn t thn brn" h ptn f th ld nnlt t rbl tht f b pbl fr t ppl A nd t hv th t f n- n drn ln rdn t hh n lll pr- ld bt fr thr t b f xprn tht nld p nttn tnd prptn hld b rpld b hh pn t A nd nt t ? tl prptn ntnn n xplt t-rfrn Whn pt th tn n th thr n dt 44 A OE: OMISCIECE OMISCIECE EEIY A IME 4 nd bv nr If A nd l t f th nd t th `Y r rt lxrphr h t pprt th rn nd A p nl rnh nd p nl Enlh th tn tht thr n b t f nld hh n n- bth p th t f nfrtn tht t rnn bt hnn Gd n p hh nvrthl nnt b xprd A nnt xpr t b n It rnn nd nnt xpr b n n hh hnn tprl bn ld nd t b n Il plt t th nr d nt t vr fr ld xpr th S phlphr dtntn btn ntn nd n th dtntn btn n t f nld nd th prptn nd tht It rnn nd plt r t prptn hh xpr t prt ltn t Krtznn dffrnt ntn bt r (r xpr nl nl prptn prbl ln th ln td b An nd Ctfd? If nd tht n nrl nn ntn n dffrnt ln prptn r dntfd n th td bv thn t d nt dd p t r thn n prptn An ltn lr tht n prptn r nfntl tnd: It ll rn t th prbl bt nn dnd tht nl t f vr dffrnt prptn fr It rnn n n bt nld hld b pbl nt nl f xprn n dffrnt nt th thr ld b rrdd trnltn f `plbt If ntn bt l n dffrnt prptn An nt rrt thn dffrn f tn t b If nt prptn b ntn nn ntn rrdd n ntn f dffrn f xprn nvlvn n thn t lr tht I trd nd Y r trd r t dffrnt dffrn n th nld xprd tht It ll rn prptn (l ft ld rn pr r trnl- ttrd bfr prtlr hr nd It rnd ttrd ftr n tn f Y r trd If ndrtnd prptn n th xpr nl t f nfrtn t vr ntrl t tht nl prptn xpr t S phlphr blv tht ll tht n b th dffrnt t f nld (hn Y r trd t f tn ld ll ll b d n ln hh ntnd nd I Y r trd t r nt h n th n tn bt h ntn ntnd tl vrb pl n thn bt th prn nd tht n nd th t f xplt tprl rfrn r ntftn vr t h nld n b xprd b t dffrnt prptn ( hn ntn It ll rn ttrd t t t ld n th v hv I t I trd nd t Y r trd 2 Mr- t b ndrtd xprn prptn t th flln fft : vr t b tht n t f nld hh n b xprd t t t ltr thn tl t rn (tll A rr h b n prn n rtn prptn n nl b xprd b rd (6 nd 68 tht th rdtn f tn t t nthr n t dffrnt prptn r ntn I n pbl r ntn th n f It ll rn ld nl ll n tht r hnn rt lxrphr bt b ht b n nl h At t ltr thn t t rn nt hvn hd th plr f bn ntd th th tr nd t n nd t n nnt n t trn b vn tl I nnt xpr tht nld ll ld b n nl If tnd ntn ld b rdd t tnl ntn An f rt vr nntbl t rrpnd t th d- ntnn ntftn vr t thn thr ld f r tntn btn ntn nd prptn thd bv b n dfflt n dttn tht thr ntnt ld b nn b 2 S phlphr dr dtntn btn prptn nd ttnt n nhnn nd vn tl bn t n th nnt h E n (66 8 ff t tht rrd t prptn f bjt-prdt fr n th ttnt f th bjt f h th dfflt rn prptn h th rfrn nd th prdt th xtnn A thr Ctld nr An ttd t th lntn ttnt dfnd rthr trn ntt r ntn th t f tnd xprn : nn th l th l t hv ltn prptn hrd xn rtr phlphr thn lt nd Arttl pt tthr nd h pbln prdntl nddt n th 2 ltn t th dfflt Ctfd ltn t Krtznn prbl pltn hll bv rprh ld th ttnt n th bjt rfr t th prn nd th xtnn f bth prdt th ` d nt n th t f ttrn f th ntn hn nll l Crtnl ntn f n t f nfrtn dffr fr th ntn b th nrptn n th nnt n th drt S 0 trnr f th f ttnt n nl th lttr t nt ppd t b dntfbl n n nt th t f nrbn—n nrptn hh d nt n ht rl xtnnl nnr th t n? (I blv I th xpl t rfr Gh PART ONE: OMNISCIENCE 46 OMNISCIENCE, ETERNITY, AND TIME 4 ll rzd b hrd Snbrn h pt t I nt t ll ld tht trd rd Mrvr th pr tftr n th flln p: tht th nld tht t rd v n rd ( th A n n 2 Otbr th prptn t n 2 Otbr Srl pr t p nnt d fr rd t dffrnt n Otbr n n tht A n ht h dd n 2 Otbr n fr th vr ltd pr hh vn b Strd rprt h nld? rd h I n tht A n tr- nld tht trd rd f npnd b th d tht t thn 2 Otbr n rprt nld? 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If th rnt f th prdn hptr rrt n tbl bn nnt n ht n b n f tnd prptn If thn thr Gd h n ll tht n h t b bjt n dr t hn S tht l th n- ln: thr rrd t nptbl th trdtnl nptn f Gd Gh fr ntn h rttn: Onl n nhnn Gd n b hrntl rrdd n vrthn thr thn hlf t ld b rl rbtrr t tht f t tbl bn n rrd th thr dd nt W d th tn Wh d Gd? f rrd Gd vrltn nd hnl fr nl hr thr bnnn r hn n thr b tn f t d th tn f rrd Gd hnbl n Shpnhr rd t thn n p ff n rnt l b hn t h tn fr h t r thl nt lv ptn (Gh 42 l ntrnhd n trdtnl th thn th ttrbt f tblt th dtrn tht Gd n vrthn tht hn bn ll d Gd frnld f ftr hn dd nd dd ndd r fndntl t rl th thn n nrl nn bt btrt r ntf trth If hn tn r fr th dtrn f frnld t pl dfflt n ddtn t th nrl dfflt bt dvn nld f th ftr hh ndrd n th lt hptr— dfflt hh ll nt nrl dppr vn f th dtrn f tblt jttnd h hptr nd th nxt ll b dvtd t th pl prbl h prbl f rnln dvn frnld th hn frd t dffrnt fr rrpndn t dffrnt v f th ntr f frd S phlphr nd thln rrd fr tn bn b dfntn ndtrnd n dvn : fr th th prbl f ntn fr dvn frnld prtlrl t Othr thnr rrd frd bn - ptbl th dtrn: fr th th prbl f dvn frnld prtvl t lv nd th dfflt l

2 A WO: OEKOWEGE OEKOWEGE A IEEMIISM n xplnn h thn hh dtrnd n dvn n vn Gd n n th n nl ht tr n b nn b nnl fr tn In th prnt hptr I hll d t th bl fll f prph f ftr vnt hh dpnd th prbl f dvn frnld t prnt tlf fr n n th fr h nd dn f hn bn bt f ftr ndtrnt vpnt nd n th nxt hptr I hll d ntnnt l trth-vl thn th prph r ntr ltn f th prbl hh dpnd n rnltn btn r r ntr hn ttrd It thrfr nt rprn tht frd nd dtrn hn tr d v t vn n th fftnth ntr dfndd On th ndtrnt v n ftr-tnd prptn bt th v tht ftr ntnnt l trth-vl h nt fr hn tn t b ntnnt : t t b pbl f trnn nflt th th hht ltl thrt (dr 0 t thr tr r fl If t r nrl tr thn th tn 8 ff v prptn f h r ndnd b p Sxt I prdtd b th prptn ld nt b fr bt ld b n th bll Ad Christi vicarii bn ndl nd ndrn dtrnd t thn n ntnnt prptn bt th fr th pth f Cthl fth h t fnl n rd th : r ftr b tr t ll r t tht ln t pbl f prptn bt th ftr t b tr t nt nh tht ht trnn t thr tr r fl t l trth-vl ltthr? t hld b th : t t b nprvntbl th W h tn frt rd ln b Arttl t n f t thn : thr thr n prnt nd tl In th nnth hptr f th De Interpretatione, Arttl ppr trth n th rtl f fth bt th ftr r ht th t r tht f vr prptn thr tr r fl—nldn thn hh nt vn dvn pr ld prvnt h thr ftr-tnd prptn bt nlr l hr ll b thr ndnd prptn r n n hh tr trd t -bttl trr—thn vrthn hppn nrl nd fnd prf n Srptr fr th thr-vld t f l thr n nd t dlbrt r t t trbl r thr (nznr nn -2 nthn t prvnt n hvn d tn thnd r In r n t v lr t tr d v h bn bfrhnd tht th ld b th nd nthr hvn dfndd b Gh It t Gh r t pt th dnd t tht hhvr f th t t tr t thn ll ptr f th ftr t f vnt hh thh th hv b th f nt On th t n ntrprttn nt t hppnd r lrd there, bt n nvbl Arttl rnt nt reductio ad absurdum. If ftr- t h ftr nt f nthn r thn rtn tl tnd prptn bt nlr r lrd tr thn ftl trnd nd tndn n th prnt tht hv nt t bn flflld fll: bt ftl brd thrfr n n ftr h pt thh n r prntl tl thn th ftr d vnt r nt t dtrnd ttnt bt h vnt r nt xt n th n tht pt bjt n b nd nd n thrfr t tr r fl thh th ltr ll b (S Arll 6 b ntfd vr t nt-t-xtnt bjt nnt b nd 40 vn thh n p n for th: thr n nrdbl Whthr r nt th th rrt ntrprttn f Arttl (t nrlt n rtn ttnt bt th ftr Gh l d tnd fr ntn n Anb 6 h dtrn v rjt th d tht n dn f nr n 8 th ndrtd n th Mddl A b th An nr nd ffnt fr Sth ttnt n ll d f nd Oh h v tht ftr-ntnnt prptn nr n 8 d n t b tr t d v rrd n hv n trth-vl r prhp thrd trth-vl btn tr bnt dth nffnt: t t l hv bn nprvnt- nd fl th t xtr fr f ndtrn It nt bl n f Sth ttnt t b tr Gh t ppr pplr v n th Mddl A b f th lt t ppr rrd th bnt dth nnr: fr h rd t pl n Gd frnld nd blt t prdt th ftr ttnt bt th ftr t ttnt bt ht n t Clrl f ftr-ntnnt prptn r nt tr thn nt hppn nd f r t hv bn tr n tht n r pt htr f rnt x f Intrprttn Cll- n t d f nr—th dn f trnl nr pr prftl rrt—nd t t trnd t th rbnd n

4 A WO: OEKOWEGE OEKOWEGE A IEEMIISM rn vr b b n h t th nrn h nd dd nt rnt fr Gd th ld t r l trth-vl n t d f nr ftr ll bt p n n trnt Gh d nt dn tht Gd nnt bt th ftr hh An thr t t Gh t b fnd- If ftr-tnd prptn r tr nl hn th rrpnd ntll nhrnt n f th rnt hh h ffr n t tl nflflld tndn thn thr n prbl bt pprt f t vr prfl n hh drv dtld n- n tht Gd n ll tr ftr prptn Whtvr drtn It rn fll Wht ntld b nr n n t b n l nn b Gd vr prptn tlf nrl tr t fr Gd h l th ltn t th prbl nl rrh vtr vr th nn tht thr ll b -bttl trr thr fll dfflt It prrv th dtrn f nn (th dtrn `hr ll b -bttl trr t Gd h l nn tht fr ll p Gd n tht p f nd nl f p) bt nl t th tht thr ll b -bttl trr f tr nrl t f rtl rtrtn th rn trdtnll rbd t Gd tr b t nrn th pt nd th pt n dtrnd frnld S fr I n n th v f th ttr t n hr ll b -bttl trr f tr nrl ld b t rn t tht n 8 Gd lrd n tht tr h rnt n b nrlzd t h tht f Gd n tlr ld ltr n r x lln And nn h th ftr th ftr nt ntnnt An prnt th dd nt n tht n 8 t hv bn nrnt f vr rt rnt n bjtn t th th tht Gd n ftr dl bt th th rld n n 8 ntnnt: n th nd h pt th nln bt ttpt t rhp Gh d nt h t rtrt th p f dvn dr t b ln tht ntnnt vnt t t Gd nld t rt n xtnt b h ntn tht Gd nld nt ftr bt prnt nd prnt nr n th ftr nt nl b nn prnt tndn n th n th prnt l th pt ht t nd bnd nn rld nd prnt ntntn f hn bn bt l nd prn- pr t ltr pll b nn h n ntntn bt rld vr hh h Ann h fnd An nt nptbl n nl h blt ntrl I hll ndr th tn n nt: dfnd dvn frnld f ftr ntnnt b rjtn bt I h frt t ntn th thr t hh Gh xpltl t n f th pr f An rnt It ndnbl hlf n pptn th thr tht Gd n ftr vnt tht ht ntld b nr prptn tlf nr : b n th th r n thlv rt f An hv ftnd n th l tht Gd h St h An ntnd tht ftr-ntnnt pr- l nn tht thr ll b -bttl trr n- ptn ld b tr bt th ld nt ftr b nn rl tr rt f ll t lr tht th prptn nt l- hthr t n r Gd h r nn t Gd b - ll nr: f hr ll b -bttl trr nt prnt t h n trnt: h n th n thr prntn nd nt ftr A I d n th lt hptr th npt f ll trth thn nthr Gd n tht thr ll b - bttl trr t th trth ll nt ff t prtt th trnt prppd hr n nhrnt n nd dtrn f dvn frnld f ftr fr tn ndr- Gh th tp f nld rbd t Gd t nvlv thr prptn r lf-ntrdtr ft M- td b n ndtrnt : fr t rdnl pnt f ndtr- prptn nvlvd f Gd ppd t prv ht rll n tht thr rtn nt hh tth t pt nd prnt hh d nt tth t th ftr nt hh ftr nt as ftr bt prnt: flt lf-ntrdtn f ht Gd both ftr and ltnl (n n tlf t t dtnt fr th tl nt f l h pnt jt Gd t l prnt (Gh If r nt ll d b n tht n ltr th ftr nd nt th t ntrt dndn l f ndtrn An pt fr f th ftr ht ll hppn ( ppd t ht thr ld nxt bl tht f tr d v rptn n t hppn nd t b prvntd fr hppnn thn bt ftr fr tn ld b ndtrnt fr bt dtr- th ftr n n r b hnd thn th pt: htvr hn f pln th ftr htvr t pl ftr ll

6 PART TWO: FOREKNOWLEDGE FOREKNOWLEDGE AND INDETERMINISM th hn r d h pnt tht th ndtrnt h t tlt thr f dvn frnld St n nt tht n brn bt th ftr bt nt brn bt th b f Gd nld f ftr ntnnt Gd th pt: r prnt tvt hv n fft n ht ll nld f h n ll prptn h Ad ll hppn bt nnt hv n fft n ht h hppnd (S t th ppl Whn th dvn nd ndr th prptn Knn 64 26 If th thn An dfflt ppr n trnt prr t n dvn dn t pprhnd t ntr t rn Sn Gd nld tht thr ll b -bttl (nthr tr nr fl jt I pprhnd th prptn h thn n th pt nthn n d n hv n fft ttl nbr f th tr n vn nbr t ftr th dr n t t n tht nld ntl tht thr ll b - f Gd ll th prptn bn t b dtrntl tr bttl nthn n n d n hv n nfln n hthr t nt bfr On t th b dtrntl tr t n thr ll r ll nt b -bttl trr b nn b Gd vr t rn ntnnt trth n It ht b tnd hthr Gd h l nn tht th dr f Gd ll r nt nr bt ntnnt thr ll b -bttl trr rll t ppr t b An th bjtn hh St prnt nt h n prptn bt th pt S hv thht tht t nt thr r th flln: prptn nftd th ftrt: pnd f th nnl `Gd thn I ll t trr nd I ll nt t trr thrfr pt-tnd prptn Gd h l blvd tht thr ll Gd tn vld rnt Slrl thrfr th flln b -bttl trr nd f th ftr-tnd prptn vld rnt: Gd thn I ll t trr nd t pbl `hr ll ndd b -bttl trr n ftr- fr nt t t trr thrfr t pbl fr Gd t b nftd prptn hv rd t nt dtrnd r tn h frt rnt lrl vld b n h nr n th tht nnl ndltdl pt-tnd blv ht nt th tn h nd rnt prptn r h th ft tht t ntl hr ll b vld f th frt b jt th ndld nln fll -bttl trr d nt n tht t nnt b ntnnt fr th t ndld pr th dld nln ft tht thr ll b -bttl trr h dvn fr- fll fr n ndld nd n dld pr (St I nld ptbl th ntnnt ftr 40 In r t ln h hn tht th p rt nt h bjtn lrl ntll th rnt I pn An dfflt hh r fr Gd h l nn tht d nt fll ndrtnd th nr hh St v t th thr ll b -bttl trr r ll th Gd h bjtn: bt lhr n h rtn h pt h fnr n th l blvd tht thr ll b -bttl trr Spp btl fll hh t nvlv (S Ordinatio, dt St tht n d h ln lt Strd hn ht 424 h rnt dpnd pn th flln prnpl: r rlr Gd f h nnt blvd tht n ld h ln n Strd On Strd n dd nt hv th If t 0 t v nd I n 0 thn I n v pr t prfr n t th prfrn f hh ld rr h hrl nh bt n ft fl f t ndrd tht Gd ld nt hv blvd h n ft blvd ht hvn nrtrtdl nrl ppltn r rlr r b th t Strd rrvd Gd blf hr r n hr I n 0 bt ll nt In h ll nt th pt thn tht n bl t d n Strd thr ll b drptn v f 0-n hh ll drb t n tr ld hv hd th lhtt brn n hthr Gd hld rtn f th ft tht I n ft nt n t 0 h lt pp blf ht r rlr hrfr f Gd nnt n `Q tr nvt r r t nn bd r r nt bl nt t h ln n Strd nd thrfr dd dptr tr l tr nvt r r t p nn nt h ln frl ( 0 8 dr r r ptt dp r t nft rdn lld d nn t n r dptr rb x h d nnt tnt h dfflt ntptd n th Mddl A b hn t d d d n tr nl d n t x n d n t n St St rjtd hv dn An prn- ltr d pbl tr nl d pbl 8 PART TWO: FOREKNOWLEDGE FOREKNOWLEDGE AND INDETERMINISM tht I n t t I n f I nt hv bt S f th plr r nl hlpn h pln thr r trn I nt n t hv I n t t t Gvn th t hndr t htvr th fnt plr d Gd pln ll b xtd ft f th t hv ld b t hv t nd t t thh vr ln f Gd pl ll nr t vr v f th t t I n f I nt hv t S f th prnpl vld I fnt plr Gd nnt b rprd r thrtd r htd r d- n hv nd t t t rnt dpnd n ppntd Gd l rnd tr f h n rr t h pln th prnpl If nt n th ln brnn t bt tht vn f h h nnnd t bfrhnd On tht r th Grnd Mtr I ll prt pn t Qn nd dlvr h- Gd hld fl blf thn f n n nt th ln n t t dvrr: nd t vn ln f pl tht fnt n brn t bt tht Gd hld fl blf Clrl th drp- plr thn f n fr Gd t prv: h nld f th tn brn t bt tht Gd hld fl blf drptn v lrd br ll th pbl vrnt ln f pl thr f 0-n (nt n th ln n tr f th ft tht n d nt (Gh 8 n ft n t th ln It thrfr hr th prnpl d nt hld h trn ptr bd fthfll flr dtrn St ltn t th dfflt t nn n f prdtntn: hvr Gd nfl hn ppnnt

hh thr lht n prbl f frd nd dtrn vn trl t th lt th ll - thr d rpntnt nd rh td th thll ntxt n hh h xpndd t ( vn r d n n nd dnd t ll nd n thr Knn 6 6 t h nt f th b f dvn nld th ll b dn ht Gd h lld fr trnt tht th f rtr fr tn—Gd nld f h n ntntn hld d t th n n ptr th dtrn f — t b pn t r fndntl bjtn lrl nn r frnld Whn Grnd Mtr pl prpndd b Wll Oh Oh rt: nv h fr vr pbl v bt h d nt fr hh v ll tll b d: vn f th n I hthr th dn f th rtr ll nrl rlt fr th dn f th dvn ll r nt If t d thn th ll frthr thn l Mt thr r n dffrnt pr f pnn t b tn f nt jt fr d nd drt nd lt r v th l n Oh pnt: f th v f th rtr d nt nrl dtrn th v f th rtr dn th If nt thn hthr p r nt-p ll b th nnt b nn prr t th dn f th rtr ll: th dn f th th d nt prvd b fr frnld Gd dr ll dvn ll d nt ff n th rtr ll ll hv th pr nbl h t fr h rtr tn nl f vr v n t dd n th ppt n hrfr n th dn f th th f lf frd v rtr ll nt thn xtn fr ll trnt Gd h nt h Stt nt f dvn frnld tnbl nl hd fr trnt nld f th ttr lft nttld prr t th f hn fr tn r n prdtrnd Yt St rtr dn (Oh 4 4 6 4 hld thr f rtrl frd hh ppr trnl nd- t Oh hlf nbl t prnt n hrnt nt trnt S phlphr nx t rnl frd th f dvn frnld I ntn h tht t pbl dtrn hv ld tht n rdr t t frl t nt t xpr lrl th n hh Gd n ftr ntnnt nr t hv th pr t t n n thr thn vrthl t t b hld tht h d bt ntnntl d t ffnt t b bl t d ht ll St d nt h t b hld b f th prnnnt f th Snt dpt n h v If n d frl h ntnd thn t Oh bjtn t St n b ppld t th Stt th vr nt f dn n t hv th pr nt t d nt f dvn frnld pt frrd n r n d b Oh fnd th nrdbl If I dn frl t t h Gh Gh n Gd nd n nd n f ntnd thn prhp p t t t I hd th pr nt t d nd prhp I hv th pr nt t d t h: t + bt t t tlf I nnt hv th pr nt t d t hv thht tht Gd th pr Grnd Mtr h h vrthn ndr h ntrl th prptn: 60 A WO: OEKOWEGE OEKOWEGE A IEEMIISM 6 Whl I dn I hv th pr nt t d lll pbl t hv: hn ltn d nthn t lv th prbl f h dvn frnld n b lll ntld th bv brdt : rnld th ftr ndtrn h prlll th np- I hv th pr t nt-d--hl-I--dn- (Oh tn ldn It n lttn n pr tht t nt 4 2 ff 6 ff xrd: hn vn n nptnt bn hv n pr t f r t d nt jt rl f p thn p' d nt hh h d nt xr It ld ll b n lttn n ntl p thn nrl p.' h dpt bn b St nd nn t b n pn f nld hh nt xrd Oh t hv ln ftr td n bt th prlll t th nn-pn f nld All dvl hlt hvr h th hv dffrd nt th nn-xr bt th nn-pn f pr nd n th nt th v f dvn frnld f fr tn tht ndd thn hh nptbl th nptn r n rnt bth tht hn bn njd frd f h t phttd ttpt t rnl dvn frth ll nd tht Gd frn ll fr tn At th frtn nld th hn frd ndtrntll ndrtd th r f drnt dnd: n rttnt tht f th xtnth-ntr t thln rn h thr dnd th frd f th ll thr h Srz nd d Mln h t thln rd Szzn dnd th nvrlt f dvn frnld thr th Oh n rjtn An nd St nt h thn ll b ndrd n th nxt hptr hn t dd blv thr t b trth-vl tthd t ftr-ntnnt trt f dtrnt nt f dvn frnld Szzn prptn nd nl Oh th ffrd ptv nt thr f ltd prvn h bn prpndd n ntprr f h Gd n th In thr dfntn f frd th r fr b hn n h b The Freedom of the Will (0 n rnt th St: ht nt lld fr hh n th rt : prn f ll nr ndtn fr tn n t nd rfrn fr tn r n d n thn hl bn bl t d t ppt h rl ltn t th prbl f Gd nn t b fnd b drn prlll th h nptn Althh Gd bl t d h th nptn f frd hh b f lbrt ll thn d nt thn h d d ll thn W ll tht f ndffrn (Mln 4 d2 n thn hppn nt Gd ll If Gd prprd t pr Oh rn Mln d t ffr tht t th nt h nptn fr th f hn frd rl thn h ld f dn n tn I nt fr nt t d t t pp tht b prprd t pr h nn l If h ffr h ll dn t t nfl hn n Oh v th lt f th t b nfnd n rdr tht h rtr hv r t thr n nnt b nrrd t t, n t t I nt pbl f vdn n dn h t ll h ndrtndn t b brdd n rdr t It t thrfr b nrrd dtl bfr t. t ht t ll n prv t fr thr n pln fr thlv It t d dtl bfr n? It nnt rfr t n ntnt f ntrl nbjtnbl tht Gd hld lt h nfllbl n- t: thr n h thn n ntnt dtl bfr ld h d h pr n rdr t lt b ndpndnt f h nthr It t thrfr n prdn prd f t ( 0 drn hh th nnr rtnd th blt nt t n t f th h ntn f vlntr lf-lttn f dvn pr nnr hd frd drn tht prd thn h t hv hd t nhrnt n bn h dpnd n bdl n fr frd drn th lttr hlf f tht prd nd thrfr h dd thr nld f th rld n l thr nd tp p thr nt t th n drn th frt hlf f th prd W n r t prvnt thlv n t n thn hh th d dvd th lttr prd n hlf n n nd nld tht th nt h t n bt Gd ntr nnt b thht f n nnt hv bn ttd drn th frt hlf f th lttr ltd n th frl rtl rn l rlv hlf Obvl th pttrn f rnt n b rptd tht If th lttn f Gd nld vlntr n thn th An xllnt ntprr nt f Srz nd Mln thr nld rnnd b Gd t b nld hh t Ad 62 PART TWO: FOREKNOWLEDGE FOREKNOWLEDGE AND INDETERMINISM 6 nd nd t nld tht th n nt ttd pprtnt tpttn nd thr rtn (Mln drn n prt f th prd prdn th nfl tn tlf 2 h nl t vd th rr t r th St nt Wht Mln ll rdr f thn nd rtn n t Oh tht fr nt t th t f th tn tlf rtn ht phlphr n bnz hv lld pbl rld th pr t t thr (Mln 208 Gd nld f ht ll hppn n th tl rld n Mln nt f Gd frnld f hn tn Mln thr bd n h nld f ht rtr ll ppl t dvn nld f ntrftl prptn Gd d n n pbl rld pl h n nld f hh pbl n ht n pbl rtr ld frl d n n pbl rld h n t brn bt fr rtn Ad nd Ev rtn : b nn th nd b nn hh rtr h Gd n tht Ev ld b t th rpnt tpttn ll rt nd hh rtn h ll hlf brn bt nd tht Ad ld b t Ev tpttn n th h n ht tl rtr ll n ft d Mln d b h n ll nd f ntrftl bt Ad nd Ev: dtntn btn thr nd f dvn nld rt thr h n ht th ld d n ll pbl rld n fr Gd ntrl nld b hh h n h n ntr ntn hthr Ad f tptd drtl b th rpnt nd nt nd ll th thn hh r pbl t h thr b h n tn b Ev ld tll hv tn th frbddn frt r b th tn f fr pbl rtr hn thr Gd fr In d f th nn ltn Mln hd frt t prv tht nld: h nld f ht ll tll hppn ftr th Gd n th ntrftl ndtnl hh r th bjt fr dvn dn h bn tn t rt rtn fr rtr f ddl nld r th prp h rhd th Srptr nd t pl th n rtn rtn tn th t nd prdd thr txt h frt th tr n th rt thr Gd ddl nld : th h nld f ht f Sl hptr 2 f vd p fr Sl t n pbl rtr ld d n n pbl rld Klh vd hvn hrd tht Sl plnnn t t Klh Mln xpln h thr f ntrl nd ddl nld nd dtr th tn b f h d th rl f Gd th `Wll Sl dn r rvnt h hrd? h rl rpld ll dn vd thn d Wll th hf Gd n h trnt n b ntrl nld ll th thn tht h n f Klh hnd nd n vr t Sl? h rl ld d: tht h ld rt th rld nd nfntl n thr rld tht h ld rt th n t h nd h pnt f t r rpld h ll hnd vr At th rpt f th nfr- t n thr n tht h ld rt n th rld th hn tn vd d ff nd th pd bn hndd vr t Sl bn tht h hd ddd t rt r thr hn bn nt dntl h nd txt fr th Wd f Sln 4: h th th tht h ld rrn th nvr tht thr hld b drptn f th prtr dth f vrt n th pprtnt nd rtn tht hv n ft rn r thr h bn rrd ff tht vl nt rp h ndrtndn pprtnt nd rtn nt dntl th th tht h r trhr d h l h Mln t prvn tht ld v h hn bn h nd h hrtr r dffrnt Gd t hv nn tht f th d n hd nt bn rrd hrtr nd fr ll th nfntl n thr rdr nd bn- ff vl ld hv rpd h ndrtndn tn f thn nd rtn hh n h nptn h ld h thrd txt flr p fr th tnt: brn bt n th nvr W t thd r f th rl dn n hd bn Mvrvr vn h plt prhnn nd pntrtn dn n r nd Sdn th ld hv rpntd ln n nht nrnn ll thn nd h ht ld b th f h h t prd th rdr r dffrnt rdr h h lth nd h (Mtt :2 prn lft t h n fr ll ld f h lbrt th h txt fr th Wd f Sln hd hd ln htr h-nd-h n nt f dvn tn vn h nd h n th thd f th thr It d b th ln pprtnt tpttn nd thr rtn nd ht h ld ppnnt f St Atn thn n r nd prdtntn frl d rtnn ll th t th blt t d th ppt n th Atn dpl rpr nd lr rd tht Gd 64 PART TWO: FOREKNOWLEDGE FOREKNOWLEDGE AND INDETERMINISM 6 prdtntn ld nt dpnd n frnld f n b th ntrl f Gd nd h nt nptnt f thn t n thr r hldrn h dd nbptzd nd th r nbl lnr tr tht th rtr nnl bl t t r nt t t t rh vn th hd n n t b frn th t h pprtr f nz rd th th Mlnt tht Gd n hv bn rprbtd b Gd ndpndntl f h frnld ntrftl bt th d tht h nld bd n hr ln dvrr rpld tht Gd hd dtrnd thr h n nfllbl dr nd nt ttr f ddl nld f l b h frnld f ht th ld hv dn hd th pbl rtr rn p Atn rpld tht t trn rt f fr- h dpt btn th t nd nn b t nld hh frnld f thn hh fr pll n Spn t th trn f th xtnth ntr nvr n t t pl (De Praedestinatione Sanctorum, 2 In 60 t ndd b dr f p l frbddn bth dfnd dvn nld f ntrftl Srz rd d t ll h thr hrt nd ndn th t rfrn tht Atn nt dnn tht Gd n ht hldrn fr r rd hn bttrn f l ld hv dn f th hd nt dd bt rl ttn th In r n t thr h bn rprn rvvl f Mln h d tht Gd pnhd ppl fr ht th ld hv dn nt n thln bt n phlphr h f vn f th nvr dd t h ln d fr fr dd In pbl-rld nt n dl l h nrd New Essays in Philosophical Theology ( rfr l h thnr t th pprt f pbl rld t prvd rd n nntn th th prbl f vl tht Gd d nt fr ntrftl nd frh trtnt f nt nd t ll ppl t ffr n rdr t tr thr ptn tphl tp h th rbl f Evl n h n ht th ld d n n trl tht trn Alvn lntn h d f th pprt f pbl rld th And n frntl rd lttr t The Times fr l n prntn drnzd vrn f th rll fn rfrr tn tht ntd f tn t t t prn nt th hr tht th xtn f vl n th rld n- ppl h ttd rdr hld prn n dvn ptbl th t bn th r f d rtr (6 h 6 prn h n ld t rdr f nt prnd 4b h An ntl tp n lntn prdr t l It ld nl b thht nd b thln tht tht thr r pbl rld hh vn n nptnt Gd th bbll txt td b Mln d nt prv h h nnt tlz t t n ntrftl nrnn fr p bt r nd Sdn lrl rhtrl h nld (nd th rdn t lntn ndtrnd hn tn: f ht ppl ld hv dn f th hd nt dd ttrbtd fr ntn t Gd b th Wd f Sln n r thn nld ( If d hd bn ffrd nl 20 p f lvr h ld f thr hrtr nd dptn hn lv h rl n- nt hv btrd ltd b vd th phd hd nl t d t t prbbl rd nd n Sh n pprt ld b npbl f W n l fnd nthr ntrftl th th ntrn th dffrn btn nld f ntrftl dnt bt ntrdtr nnt: n th nd nld f th trth-vl f trl pltn Sn (2 If d hd bn ffrd nl 20 p f lvr h ld th ntdnt f vd tn fl th nr (tll hv btrd ld hv bn pprprt n h Cthl thln ntprr th Mln rtzd h W rnbl pp tht xtl n f th ntr- n dffrnt rnd h nn ld b n nz ftl tr nd hhvr n t thr ll b pbl ttd th Mlnt dfntn f lbrt f ndffrn bn rld hh Gd ld nt hv tlzd—f ( tr th nptbl th dvn nptn h dfntn nld ntlzbl pbl rld ll b n n hh d ffrd ntn f ll nr ndtn fr tn th nd- 20 p f lvr nd btr f (2 tr t ll b n tn nld dvn -prtn? If nt thn th tn p n hh d ffrd 20 p f lvr nd d nt btr 66 PART TWO: FOREKNOWLEDGE FOREKNOWLEDGE AND INDETERMINISM 6 h pblt f tlzn rtn pbl rld Wld n nnt bn n ht Crl ld hv dn— b lntn r prt f th xplntn f th vl n th ld h n tht thr tht Crl ld hv tn th brb tl rld r tht h ld hv rjtd t? h nr I hld thn bv pbl rld nt thn hh rrpnd t nd ffrtv (4b 80 plt tt-drptn f th nvr: lntn pt t And n nrl: Gd n rt Crl n vr tt f n pplr xptn f h v: W n thn f pbl ffr tht nld h bn nfntl fr th rpt t rld n nr tt f ffr tht h thr tt f tn A rthrr Gd n n dvn ht Crl ffr parts. A pbl rld h n prt n ft tht ld d f rtd nd pld n th tt f ffr (4b fr n tt f ffr p t thr tht tt f ffr r 86 l t ppt prt f tht pbl rld And tht ht I h t r tht lntn nt f ddl nld pbl rld plt (lntn 6 606 lln nhrnt nd fr rn f ntll th nd th brt Stlnr nd vd lntn xpln th trth- rd b th nn f th xtnth ntr n thr rt ndtn f ntrftl prptn n tr f prtv f Mln I d nt h t r th nrl tn f th lrt btn pbl rld rptn ( bv fr r flr f th rll fn bt nl t th ntn tr n vn pbl rld W f nd nl f W hrn f th pbl-rld nt f dvn frnld r lr t pbl rld n hh d ffrd f hn fr tn 20 p f lvr nd d nt btr thn t n pbl Mn phlphr r rtl f th hl tph f rld n hh d ffrd 20 p f lvr nd d btr pbl rld h hv rd hthr tt f ffr n nd t tr n th tl rld f nd nl f th b dntfd nd ndvdtd n th th thr dnd ndtn hld d f th tl rld nd hthr th ntn f xl r plt tt f ffr If th vl n th rld t b hn t b ptbl th t hrnt n h hv bn db bt th pblt f hvn rtr t ntl tht Gd hld n ll tr dvn n ntnt nd plbl thd f rn l- ntrftl bt th fr tn f tl nd pbl rt btn dffrnt pbl rld n th n hh th rtr : fr n th ll dpnd hh pbl rld h n –Stlnr trtnt f ntrftl t dnd nd hh h nnt tlz lntn d ndd xpltl h hv bn ptl f th pblt f dntfn ndvdl l tht Gd d n th ntrftl nd th n rn n n pbl rld th ndvdl rrn n thr fft p ddl nld t lltrt h d- pbl rld n th hh ld b nr fr nld n th ntrftl bt brb—bt th t ttll bt pbl rld t v nfrtn bt th pt ftnl n Crl Sth r f tn h ptd hrtr h ndt nd ft f tll xtn prn brb f $000 t drp h pptn t fr: n th I hr ll th vn bt I hll nt ttpt t xpnd ndr hthr th flln tr: th rt r drv th h r vn f th drn ( If Crl hd bn ffrd $20000 h ld hv ptd xplrr f pbl rld hv pltl tfn nr th brb t th bjtn d ln th ln th nnt d n ntn fr dvn frnld f ndtrnd hn lntn rt: tn n tr f dvn nn n rpt f ntrftl Spp thn bt tt f ffr tht nld Crl hvn rt f ll t lr tht r nld f ht hn bn bn ffrd $20000 ll rlvnt ndtn—Crl fnnl ttn d n h f th ndfntl n pbl rld n hh th h nrl tv tndn h vnlt—bn th n fr ll nt b nh t prdt nthn t ll bt n ft n th tl rld Or tn rll hthr thr - tl hn bn A pbl rld prhp lt tndntl thn Crl ld hv dn hd th tt f ffr bn tl thht f thn rrpndn t plt nd hrnt 68 A WO: OEKOWEGE OEKOWEGE A IEEMIISM 6 tr f th nvr rt f n h tr ntnd n th pbl rld tl: nd th nld fr Mln t lt frt f hptr f Gn In tht tr ll rbr pd b Gd pl n vrt f h n dn t rt th frt nfnt fr hn tn r n th xth vr f t tlz n f th n pbl rld f th dn th thrd hptr hr hn th n tht th tr t b th b f Gd nfllbl nld f fr tn Gd d fr fd nd tht t plnt t th nd tr t t n hn ddn t rt hh pbl rld h n b drd t n h t f th frt thrf nd dd rt nd hn h tlz pbl rld h t n th t nd v l nt hr hbnd th hr nd h dd t h rtnt hh pbl rld h tlzn tll f n pbl rld Anthr tr hh flld Gn t n Gd rll n n th nt vn b Mln nd p t th pnt ld ntn th rd dd nt t t th t lntn hh rld h rtn hh pbl rld h pl hr th vr ntn dd t ht ld tll f tlzn? hr t b n dfflt hr: h lt dffrnt pbl rld If Gd bfr rtn thr Ad nd prtlr pbl rld nd dd t tlz t r f Ev r hvn nd rth t n hthr f rtd th ll prfr t prtlr hrnt rld-htr nd dd t n nd fll t lrl nt nh fr h t n tht n n nt t t f th rld-htr n tn ntn ndtrnd pbl rld th t th frt nd n nthr th d nt fr hn tn thn th ttr nt pl lntn r ll t b nh fr Gd t n hh ntrftl hlf nt W t dtnh btn t n f r tr n h pbl rld h n lntn nt ll `tlz: rl dd nld f th rltn f lrt btn th vr pbl rld In pbl rld th ntrftl Y r fr th rpt t n tn A nl f Gd d nt brn t bt r t t b th tht rfrn fr A t n pp If Ad hd bn tptd bfr Ev h ld nt hv flln tht Gd n tht f h rt fr th rpt t A n t S f rtn ll rfrn fr A pp frthr tht h ll b tr nd n thr t ll b fl t prr t n dvn brn t bt tht r fr th rpt t A n S nd pp dn t rt th ll nt ff t ndt hthr th fnll tht d n ft frl rfrn fr A hn n brdr ntrftl n ft tr tll l ht Ad r Ev ll d n f brn bt ld prprl tht Gd h brht t n th tl rld bt tht frl rfrn fr A W t rrpndn A dtrnt f r ht l tht pprntl dtntn thn btn trnr nd r n f tlz hrnt tr f th rld r nt rll hrnt If Ad In th trn n Gd n tlz nl ht h n t b tn fr ntn r dtrnd b h hrtr nd r- tl n tht n h nnt tlz n tt f ffr nldn tn thn nl n f th vrn f th Gn tr rll th xtn f rtr h frl t tn r thr (4b drb pbl rld t bth Mln nd lntn prd 2- thlv n thr ndtrn And fr n ndtrnt Evn f t tlz n th r n t nt th pnt n n tr hr fr h d r prl pnt tht Gd n tlz jt n pbl rld t rtrn hr th tr h t dffrnt nd ll hrnt ntn- n t th vnl Crl Evn f Gd n trnl tlz tn rld n hh Crl ffrd brb t d nt fll tht f r nthr Mln nr lntn l tht th h n l tlz tht rld n hh Crl pt r nld f ll pbl rld ll ff fr frnld brb f $20000 Whthr h n l tlz tht rld f tl tn Wht t b ddd nld f hh f th dpnd n ht Crl ld hv dn f Gd hd trnl hr n bt n th ntn fr rtn Gd n ht h tlzd th rld n hh Crl ffrd brb f rtr ld d n h pbl rld h bt d t th Enlh rd ld dn dt bth th pt tn f ll nd th bjntv $20000: h bt btn th t ntn hh bfr rtn ld b xprd fll : Gd n ht h rtr ll d n h pbl Ardnl thr r pbl rld h tht t prtl p t rld nd Gd n ht h rtr ld d n h pbl rld 0 PART TWO: FOREKNOWLEDGE FOREKNOWLEDGE AND INDETERMINISM Crl hthr r nt Gd n tlz th It f r p t tl n: bt nt rfltn h th t b lf- Gd hthr r nt t rt Crl nd l p t Gd hthr ntrdtr ft hh nt vn nptn ld hv r nt t h fr th rpt t th tn f tn th brb dbt th Mlnt ll rpl tht h d nt n tht Gd trn t t. t f h rt h nd rt h fr th rpt t th nn-tl rld nt n tl n bt tht h h fr ll tn thn hthr r nt h t t p t Crl—nt Gd trnt d tl rld hh bt fr h dn ld nt (4b 84 hv bn tl nd tht ntnl h n tl prt- Spp rtrt rlv t th ndrtn f th lr tt f ffr hh bfr h tlztn r nn-tl rld hh n lntn nt Gd can l tlz tt f ffr t vn th frltn prpp tht n Evn th t h n nl tlz f h n th rlvnt nd th ndvdl tt f ffr hn fr pn ntrftl bt th bhvr f fr hn l Crl n th prprt f bn rl pbl t pn th prprt dvn f h dn trnl t tlz th prt f th f bn tl And th nvlv th tp f dntftn r pbl rld tht h n drtl brn bt (`In dvn hr pbl rld hh fnd nntllbl b n rt nt t b tn t dnt tprl prrt—t rfr pl t Untl tt f ffr n n r b ndvdtd n lll prr t f dn-n t prr t Gd phlphr l thn nn-xtnt prn n: thr n b n dn t tlz prtlr rld th ntrftl nnt ndvdtn tht tlztn t b nn: fr thr trth-vl dpnd n lntn n I blv th bjtn t b nd n : bt n n hn n hh rld th tl rld It nt pl tht rt f Mln d nt dpnd pn t h dfflt Gd nld f th ntrftl nnt b based on pl tht f t t b pbl fr Gd t n hh rld dn hh h t b tn subsequent t nld f th: h tlzn thn h ddl nld t b lll r tht th nl prbl Mlnt ld rtrt t th prr t h dn t tlz hr f ddl nld ptn tht Gd nld f th ntrftl pl t hv n bjt th tlztn t lrd hv tn rndl nld fr hh n xplntn pbl r pl A ln t ndtrnd hh tn n ndvdl nr (Sh t hv bn Srz ptn nd prhp hn bn ll t t ndtrnd hh pbl rld t l lntn h prbl tht ht th ntr- th tl rld—ndtrnd nt jt ptlll bt ftl tr nt t thr t n t t hh t nddd tphll And ln t ndtrnd hh rld hh rld th tl rld h vr trth-ndtn hh tl t ndtrnd hh ntrftl bt hn th pbl-rld nt r ntrdd t ppl r bnt fr bhvr r tr ndr th hpth tht t ndtrnd hh rld th h t phttd ttpt t rnl dvn frntl rld t b t f th trth-ndtn r nt flflld ld th th ndtrn f hn fr tn th prv n th prptn r nt tr nd f th r nt tr nt vn n xntn t br dn In th nxt hptr hll trn t nnt bn n n th nt f dvn frnld f n dd hh rjt In dvn f th dn t rt thn Gd nnt n ndtrn nd hh rl n th prjt f rnln hn hh f th rlvnt ntrftl r tr In th bn f drt nd lt th th prdtrntn f hn ndt th nld h nnt n hh rld t n h pr t tlz nd n th bn f tht nld n t trn t tht h dn t rt n hrdl b th ll- n hh Mlnt hv l ld t t b h vr ntn f tlztn pt n nvlvn th db lnt f th tph f pbl rld tlz rld n th f f t t trn nn-tl rld nt n OEKOWEGE A EEMIISM `ht thn rl r nd fl nld? `h tff Er h n 'Das ist zu vier, brn nt I OEKOWEGE A Grn n th ddl f h tn txt (WA 60 r thr EEMIISM hlf Gd fr nthn ntnntl fr prp nd d ll thn rdn t tbl trnl nd n- fllbl ll h thndrblt thr fr ll flt nd ttrl An th th hh thr nld t th dr t Wttnbr dh t t p (WA 6 th n Er hd n n ttn th frd f th ll p n ld tht thr thn th tht f Wlff h ll Exsurge Domine ndnn thr n nth- ndnd t th Cnl f Cntn tht vrthn d tzd th prptn: frll ftr n rl n pt ttl hppn nt n nt f r fr ll bt t f hr nt? A nbr f Cthl rtr t p th pn nt thr In rpl thr dtnh btn n f nt : tt n fr ll nldn Mr hr Er nd Kn nt I d nt n pln I n ht th tr th nr III h hh pnt f th nn dbt Er nt f tblt ht t n vd f th Sprt f Diatribe de Libero Arbitrio (24 nd thr De Servo Arbitrio Gd d nt d vl nt h ll h d t pntnl nd (2 llnl Er r fr fr ll prnpll fr th Old nd On th thr hnd hn Gd r n th ll dr nd tnt nd fr th thrt f th hrh : phlphll t nt fr pln bt rpnvl f t n dr nd h nbtl vn frnld h d nt nlntn ht t t pl: vn hn n n thn hh h hn ll l bt f brdn: f Gd rd t t ll ll hppn n th ftr h thn ll nt hppn b nd hr Gd ll f Stn rd t t ll nd hr n th n th b th ll hppn An Stn ll It t hr t rdr bd nd t nt fr t lp f th n d nt r b trnr prdt t: h t rdr (WA 64- t n b prdtd prl b t n t t pl thr prfr t drp ltthr th tr fr ll bt th Clrl th ll nt d dfn f fr ll Atrnr n pntnt hh h hr ll t hn tn h bn prdt lp b f th nt f th l f ltl rrdd b n bnt phlphr nd thln hn thr f fr ll hh lft n frr thn th bn th nl thn hh n nnl b nt b th tr tr n thr r rnl dvn frnld th frd rd ndrtd (`lbrt f pntnt h bn n- nl b vtn frd trtd th th tp f blt t d thr (`lbrt f ndffr- Er tr t vd phlphl pltn : t p n hh fr St nd Mln nd n r rnt thnr f rrl rt t hthr t rrt t ( St ntttd th n f hn frd nd thr hlt d tht Gd frnld ntnnt r thr bth d n nd bd n d ht th nt: ttr thr thh n frnd t th hlt nrd b ht th l th blt t hn thr dr (th th th If th rrl r nd prfl h `nt f tblt: th ll nt fr n th n tht t nnt hn tlf fr bd ll nt d n t n nl th Er nd thr l th thrt f rnz ll Dialogue on Free Will. h lvl dl nl vr rnd flr fr nnt pvl ndr h hn t th hnd f Gd Spntnt nd dvl thr : bt t dd dtntn btn th frblt nd ndrtd l f pln thn hh ptbl prdtblt f hn tn rht b pbl hn prdtn th dtrn nd thr r n fvr f dtrn nt Spp tht I n r ntrtbl tht ll d th ppt f ht I frtll I ffr t frtll hh ft ll v nxt b ppln t dvn frnld : nd prdt tht ll v th rht ft A I fr bt ld nt frtll t thn v th lft ft It ttr f dpt n nttr h nvrll thr

4 A WO: OEKOWEGE OEKOWEGE A EEMIISM If Gd frn tht d ld b trtr d b trtr thn hn bn t Mr tll n ndt hh r f nt nd t nt n th pr f d nr f n rtr r ntrtn : t ltr t r hn h ll fr tht hh Gd h frn On f thr t rvd n d trn n Aln hh hn If Gd b nt dvd n tht hh h frn thn tht hh h hd rbbd n nd brht bfr th jd h ld nt frn t f nt t p Othr h ld blv pr h ld fr thrtnn f ht prd r dn th dd bt d t h dtn t d t nd thrfr th ht nt bl h th nrd h ftr h n dtrn thrtnd dd nt nrl n? (WA -6 tht f t r h dtn t tl nd tht thrfr th t hld h thr n tht hlt dtnhd btn th nt xd thn t l thr dtn t hn h nd thrfr h f th nn (rl f Gd n tht p thn p') t ll hld th xd n p, thn nd th nt f th nnt (`If Gd n tht h tt n th tr vr ld n n b t th St t h nthn h bn hvd b th nrl p n ( n rt II 2 : th plt rnt n bnd pn pn th nlrnd vld nt nn n t x hlf fr dd n h Mr n h Dialogue against Tyndale, p thr th rnd tht ( dtrn tr nd (2 f dtrn thn th : tr vrthn xbl t thh thr hld th frt It h thth tht n n hth n fr ll nr n n thn d pr h ld rl hv rjtd th nd n h blvd thrn vr thn tht d d nd bd d nthn t tht Gd jtl pnhd nnr h ld nt d thr thn ll thr n r lf bt nl ffr Gd t d ll thn n d nd n t hthr r nt h fr t thr Mr ndt bdd x rht nt n r ndl b th n hnd pnt t th jr dfflt fn nn h l tht hn tht nthn dn thrt tlf bn hv n frd thr thn pntnt th r ntr th Mr ht ld b th f rn t prn f pntnt n hn tn (hthr r nt t n: lld fr ll ffnt t jtf hldn hn bn r- pnbl nd pnhbl fr thr dd? r-thr t t f n hth n pr f hlf trd th drtn f h n r r n th tn h ntntl bn pt b dfndr f bt tht ll r r r brht frth f tht r ll r lbrt f ndffrn t dfndr f lbrt f pntnt thn th r b ndd t f brt bt b th pptt f h nl tn? r r hld b b th prt brht frth th thr dtrn f th nlvd ll ndnd t th lv t f th tr r tn fllth dnrd nd th Cnl f rnt hnfrth ll Cthl rtr dfndd prd b th fr f ntr (Mr 6 fr f frd f th ll : bt b n n ll f th dfndd th thr f lbrt f ndffrn prpndd b t Mr xrt thr ptn: th x d nt nnt h Srz nd Mln nn rtr h n t b ndl thr nnr nnt t h n Evn fz l thr xplnd hn tn n tr f pntnt n thr nt thr rt dffrn btn n xtrnl nl thr th trd t h tht hn tn r n- fr tn n n rrtnl bjt nd th fr f dr rn tnnt nd fr dpt ntdnt dvn lt h Or- tr thr Gbf n h De Libertate Dei et Creaturae, xtndd h dtrn Ardn t Urbn thr thrh- n dtrnt nd th frt thln xpltl t ffr prf f dtr- ttd th t dfntn f lbrt n tr f n blt n fr dvn frnld ll rlr thln h l thht ndffrn t t r nt t t If th ht lbrt nt n th An tht th dtrnt nfrn ld b bld Gbf rd thn n nvr t l frl thn hn h h dtntn nn nd prtnt n t n th hlt t frl r hn n t h nt ndffrnt th rrd —rrtl—ptd htvr nrl pld b nr prptn tlf nr f Gd nld tlf nr ( thr blvd t tn bt dtrnd b h vr t tht t nh thn t fll tht th nnt nr l nd th dtntn d nt ff t rnl frnld th ntnn I ndbtd t Mr M v fr th rfrn 6 PART TWO: FOREKNOWLEDGE FOREKNOWLEDGE AND DETERMINISM tht h hd th pr nt t t t th t hn h n th n ld r hr th rn pr nd n r f tn pnt f tn Gbf rd t tht lbrt nl fr r ll blnd r hr prvrtd ll h ht t ftr tn ftr (brl n t b th r r An rnt f th nd n th prdn hptr Oddl nh hn rt tll t xpln th hd bn ntrd n dvn b Mln n h dn f rltnhp btn dvn frnld nd hn frd Oh Gbf l trd n n vtn n th rd h d n hh r h r pprprt t Mlnt `dtrn hh n ntt nd n ttl nt f th ttr thn t fzn n In lttr t rn fr rtn h t n r t dffrnt n bn t- Elzbth f nr 646 h rt: phl nd th thr ptll h dffrn btn I trn t r hn prbl bt fr ll I ll tr t v n th t t lrl n th rrd t th pt: rrh lltrtn t xpln h th bth dpndnt nd fr Spp dtrn th f th hrt Yr Wr— ttl fr tht Kn h frbddn dl nd n th rtnt tht t rtn ht th r—tht n n nttn r ntln f h nd h lv n dffrnt tn hv rrl brnn bt th r Whn I t b tn I ttl fr rtn nd r htl t h thr tht f th t nthn ll tp th ht t tht I dn I d nt hvr b tn necessitate fr fhtn If th Kn rdr n f th t n rtn d t n tn r fft ht I can d n th n f ht pr th tn hr th thr lv nd rdr th thr t n th I hv Cnfd thh t Gbf rnt ltr b d t th pl hr th frt h n th rtnt tht th rlr pn n th rnl f nt-Mlnt rt ll t nd fht nd th db h prhbtn bt nn th Gbf n nt f fr ll th rthr plbl l h d nt pl th nd h nld nd vn h ll t th t th d nt prvnt thr bt hn th t thr tht hn bn fr f nd nl f h tn fr bn vlntr nd fr f th hd t n thr n th f th pr d h prnpl prtn f h nd h hd nn nthn bt t And th n b n l jtl pnn n th htr f phlph th nfln hh th pnhd fr dbn th prhbtn xrd n h drr rt ht Kn n d n h nrnn rtn fr rt n ptn l Gbf lr t tht f tn f h bjt Gd th nfnt frht nd pr d th nn thn f th t rll h rt n th nfllbl n rrd t ll th fr tn f ll n fr nt Fourth Meditation, nt pl n th ft tht r bl nt th rld n xtl ht ll th nlntn f r ll l t d nd nt t d vn thn (tht n thr rt r ld b t h v th t h h dpd ll th dn thr r hn r rthr pl n th ft tht r thr thn td tht h nd h bjt ld prnt pl trd ht r ntllt prnt t rth f thlv t r n t h nd h t n th n f hh rtn r dnl thn t b ht r hnnd h h n tht r frll ld dtrn t h nd h n tn nd lld bt tht n n pln In th tht fl rlv nt t b dtrnd b n xtrnl fr Kn f tr t pbl t dtnh t dffrnt tp f (A II I h Svnth Ax n th xt vltn n rdn t hh h lld tht th ntln hld prnttn f h t n th Second Replies rd h ll fht n h d th t t nd th thr rdn t hh f thnn thn plld vlntrl f r nd frl h lld tht th hld nt n h frbd dl In th n tht f th n f th ll bt nn th l nfllbl th thln dtntn n Gd lln: h n blt trd d lrl nn t t (A II 66 II 6 nd ndpndnt ll rdn t hh ll ll thn t h dfntn lrl pl th n f frd n lbrt bt th d nd nthr rltv ll hh nrn th rt f pntnt rt dd thn tht thr h thn nd drt f n rdn t hh h nt th t b h l lbrt f ndffrn bt t pbl nl n th bn f (K 88 lr nd dtnt prptn: n n lrl nd dtntl S htrn f phlph hv fnd th p nn- prvd d n plld trd t brt f ndffr- tnt th rt thr f th ll : bt th bnn ntr- 8 PART TWO: FOREKNOWLEDGE FOREKNOWLEDGE AND DETERMINISM prttn t n prhp b d hrnt th t rt f dn Arnn v fnd fvr n th Chrh f Enlnd nt n Mlnt ld tht Gd n bfr h nd bb ltr t pln: nt th rld ht r tn ll b b h h lrd r pt th dtr f th n hrh hv xptd n ht ld d n ll pbl rld : h tht Gd fr th dnn f Gd ll th ll f n nd brht n n ht ll d b h n ht he ll d n th dtrn tht nt nl n bt l h ll fr nd dtrnd t tl rld Sn n rt thr r prptn f th r tht tn nt b th ll f Gd nr nr bt dn dtrn r tn tht dprvn th f frd b th pr f th ll tlf And thh b th rfrd Chrh Gd n ntrl nd thrfr prdt r fr tn b rrnn ntrtd b thr Clvn nd thr th pnn t t t r prptn nt n r n t bn n t b rdd b Arn nd h It rn dfflt hvr t h rt t nt fllr nd b th rdt t ltl prtn fr dvn frnld f tn n ttn hr th (Mrnbr nd Wlh 62 4 prpt f d nd vl ppr vnl thd t h dpt btn Arnn nd trt Clvnt nrnd ll th pblt f h f ndffrn: hr th nt nl dvn frnld f hn tn bt l nd ll nt nlnd h n nl drtn t rl t th prnpll th ntr f th dr f th dvn ll hh pblt f t tn n th ppt drtn prbl prdtnd th h r t b vd nd rprbtd th h f th lnnt dllt t n nt f dvn frn- r t b dnd h Arnn ntrnt f Gd ld n h nd t t nl n h tht th tn ffrd tht th dvn dr r nt blt bt ndtnl f hn bn t b nnl ntnnt pn th xr f hn frd tht Gd frnld Mrvr rt prfndl tn t r tht ht lll prr t th dn f h ll nd nt bd Kn n d n l tht f th dllt Gd n d th pn th nd tht h rl fr nd dd nt ntt rrd t ll th fr tn f ll n It nl b ll th ftr ntnnt vnt An th Clvnt th trtr thr tn f th dllt tht hv frd thr hrtr r prt prvld t th Snd f rt n 6 hh rffrd th ndpndnt f th Kn dr nd ntrl tht h n plbl nndtnd ntr f dvn ltn h dpt I hv b d nt t b rpnbl fr thr fnl dl nd t b nttld d prnpll nrnd th dvn ll nt dvn fr- t pnh th fr dbn h prhbtn t n rt nld bt f r th dtntn btn th t tlf v vr fr tn f vr hn bn t-nd b n f th pnt t Wthn dtrnt frr n Gd jt h th fnl t n th dllt dr h nnt dr th hrp dtntn btn th thn hh dtr th plblt f th prlll Gd drtl ll nd th hh h rl fr nd prt rt Cthl lvn n rttnt ntr: ft hh ntd n b ndtrnt hthr t r Arnn hh prtll xpln th bt f h ptn An lnt thh n dbt ntpl xptn f n Ar- t b th t h rt Cthl nd rttnt r nt nn ptn t b fnd n hn Mltn De Doctrina Chris- pl lnd p fr r nt fr ll n th d f Mr tiana (Mltn In th thrd hptr f th r (`Of th nd thr h frr Mlnhthn dfd thr

ptn n th drtn f frd nd fr ll nt dnd n hr frthr dvn n th trtr Clvnt bt th rdr th Abr nfn hh t th tndrd fr thrn f th dvn dr Infrlprn hld tht th dvn dr t v prt hrh r Clvn thh ll rtr r nttd ntr- nd t dn prt f th hn r bnt t th dr tht Ad hld fll prlprn hld tht th fll f Ad hn n t nt f Gd ll th nt pd n rtr nvlv th lvtn f nd dntn f thr h dpt dd nt nrn n pln n fr rtr A dtrn f fr ll vr l tprl n f dn th pnt t hh vnt n th t tht f th t dfndd n th frd hrh t th htr f hnnd frd n Gd pln n nd hh nd All th vnt r bjt f dvn ll nd nt r prn r prn trn f th xtnth ntr b Arn dvn f th Unvrt S rr 20 80 PART TWO: FOREKNOWLEDGE FOREKNOWLEDGE AND DETERMINISM 8 dvn dr Mltn r tht n dvn dr nrnn t nl f ( tr Mltn jtfd n n htvr d thn hh r thn th pr f fr nt n b ndrtd I ht hv dn ld hv bn t n prp blt dr : th l hv tt r xplt ndtn Mltn rjt th Clvnt dtntn btn th nt r fr th b tn nflflld prdtn nd thrt f pln nd th nt f tblt An nd f fr th bl nd b ln tht th dtrn f blt nr nntn btn dvn dr nd hn tn dvn dr ld t fr hn ffr ll lbrt f h r ld Gd rpnbl fr n n : tn nd ll ndvr nd dr t d rht vn nt th p n ntrnt pn th lbrt f r ht r th : If Gd hv t ll vnt drd lvtn fr nt I nr f t d nt ntrn t thr dtrn r hvr I t I hll nt prh t Gd h l drd th -prt r hll ntv If t dtrn r -prt t n f r lvtn tht hld t rhtl I nnt thrfr thr th l r th jnt nd prnpl f vr tn hthr bt t rhtl t t r thr n Gd h drd n th d r bd f fr nt If t b hll ntv t nnt b lld n t I ll d I pl f I nvr t rhtl t ll b n n n n h l n t b trd nt (Mltn tht I nvr prdtntd t lvtn nd tht htvr d I ht hv dn ld hv bn t n prp (Mltn Gd dr nrnn hn bn r f ndtnl fr Mr rnt nt thr th bjtn t dtrn th th ntdnt drbn fr hn tn h : If rr ftn n th htr f phlph Unl Mr rnt th t nt th frbddn frt th hlt lv f th t th t nt vld Cndr th prptn: hlt d S ndrtd th dvn dr ppr t b nthr dn ( If I t rhtl I ll b vd nr prdtn bt rthr nd th ntn tthd (2 If I d nt t rhtl I ll b vd A h th t ndt t b n xprn f n If I prdtnd thn th nnt f h f th pr- nfllbl dvn frnld f hn tn Mltn tr t ptn tr nd f ntrprt h f th prptn vd th: trth-fntnl ndtnl h f th ll n tht pp- tr vnt hh Gd h frn ll hppn rtnl bt nt f tn b tr n tht n Mltn hvr I t nt h ll hppn rtnl b th dvn prn I hll nt prh t f th prptn r t b fl n nnt b dvd bt th ll nt hppn nrl b dlbrtn h t bhv th t b ndrtd nt pl prn n hv n nfln n th bjt frnn Wht trth-fntnll bt l pprtn th rrpndn thrfr t hppn rdn t ntnn nd th fr ll f ntrftl: n nt th fft f Gd prn bt prdd b th fr n f t n ntrl th ftr pntn nlntn f ( If I td rhtl I ld b vd hh prftl nn t Gd h Gd frn tht Ad ld (2 If I dd nt t rhtl I ld b vd fll f h n fr ll h fll thrfr rtn bt nt nr n t prdd fr h n fr ll hh nptbl th t (2 ndrtd trth-fntnll b tr tht (2 nt (Mltn 8 bn tr Slrl th flln prptn tn trth- fntnll b tr: Mltn d nt xpln h th rtn nld pbl n th bn f nt Wr h t tr t v n nt t ( If I d d I ll b dnd tht h ld hv t ppl— n Arnn dd— hl th flln fl: t thn vr l th Mlnt dtrn f ddl nld nd th ltn hv n ntnbl ( If I dd d I ld b dnd A dfndr f Mltn Arnn ptn ht tht n 82 PART TWO: FOREKNOWLEDGE FOREKNOWLEDGE AND DETERMINISM 8 nt ld r hld b vn f how Gd n th ftr: trth f t nrtn hh rl nntnt th h nn t t pl rt that h n nd nt xpt t b bl t rtn trth (Edrd 260- hd n lht n th tr nd n ntr f h n- Edrd tt n th ttpt t rnl ntnn th ld h t tht tht n b lld pn t d t dn- rtn frnld t ntrl fl: bt h trt tht frnld f n ndtrnd ftr d nt frthr rt f th ntn f lbrt f ndffrn l ll nvlv flt ntrdtn nd th h hvd b Mltn nprd h ntn n nhrnt n h r b dtntn btn rtnt nd nt ttpt t d r t nvt pn rlv th ft f th dvl n Paradise h nd prfrn n n r b n tt f ndffrn thn Lost h t n ll: tn n b n tt f rt r thn th prpndrtn f th l f bln n b n tt f lbr Mtn b th nxt nd rnd hh nt ftr rt bt nt xt th t n any, vn th least prt f t Of rvdn rnld Wll nd t S h b dtl ftr tt f ndffrn bt h n xt t fr ll frnld blt xtn th t: vn th vr bnnn f t nt n tt f And fnd n nd n ndrn z lt (II 8-6 ndffrn And thrfr f th b lbrt n t f th ll n n dr vr prfrd n tt f lbrt (Edrd 26 t th rtn frnld hh Mltn ttrbt t Gd htvr Edrd Arnn ntprr hv nt n ft ntnt th nn l f nt n ftr nt b ndffrn th t thln h frt fll vnt h hn nlvl b th htnth-ntr rd t th thr f lbrt f ndffrn dd nt n b Arn Clvnt thln nthn Edrd n th hptr th rd tt f l nlntn trd h f pr f f h b On the Freedom of the Will hh br th hdn ltrntv ptn If n nt d n tt f lbrt f `Gd rtn rnld f th ftr vltn f rl ndffrn tht fr Mln nt pl tht h dd hl nt nntnt th h Cntnn f th vltn hvn th pr nd pprtnt nt t d nd hvn tht tht ll nt Edrd r th : pr nd pprtnt prftl ptbl th hvn trn nlntn r dr t d nd n nlntn t ll nt t tht Gd rtnl nd tht ll njtr n tht d Edrd rt thn hvr h t hv tld thn ll nfllbl b hh t th t h n t b n- tnnt tht t pbl nt b t pp h nld nn- nt h dt Arnn ppnnt d nt n n tnt th tlf r tht n thn tht h n ttrl nntnt dbl th thr f lbrt f ndffrn n tlf th nthr thn tht h n th thn t h n Edrd hlf dfn frd lbrt f pntnt: n prptn t b f rtn nfllbl trth hh h n lbrt th pr pprtnt r dvnt tht n n h t b f ntnnt nrtn trth If ftr vltn tht ll t d h pl th pr t ndt nlf rdn t n nt tht thr nthn hndr bt tht t nt b thn th plr rrptv f h h plr t b t prptn hh rt t ftr xtn nrtn tht thr ptv nt dpnd hvl n nv thr f ntl nthn hndr bt tht th trth f t ntrl fl And f Gd tn : h thn f plr r h ntl vnt hh n ll thn h n th prptn t b th nrtn And tn nd bn tlf ll nttd (b tht nntnt th h nn tht t nfllbl tr nd tr thd f nttn hh h ll rl nntnt th h nfllbl nn tht t tr If th thn b ppd t phl nttn b th tv prntd t ndd ntnnt Gd v t nd jd t t b ntnnt f h v thn th r If th vnt b nt nr thn t pbl th nt n th l tht hn bn t frl (b t nvr b: nd f t b pbl t nvr b Gd n t th t n rdn th thr h nd t nrl pbl nvr b nd tht t n tht th prptn hh ffr (b thr h r dtrnd b r f n t xtn pbl nt b tr nd tht t n tht th b t th frt th h n dtntn btn 84 PART TWO: FOREKNOWLEDGE FOREKNOWLEDGE AND DETERMINISM 8 frd t t nd frd t ll hh dbrtd b bn prfrd b n nt pn th pr t t dffrntl : thr nd lrl ttd b bb Wrtn f h Arnn th pn f pr nt ntl vnt nd nt ll dvrr hp rhll f rr bb : prtv nt h dtntn btn th frd t t nd th frd t ll hh bb ndrd prrt fr I dd lt h n n fr n th thn tht r n h th dn f th frd f th ll n ft nvlv tndn- pr t fll h ll bt tht h nt fr t ll tht tht h ll dd nt fll h ll Whh I xprd n th rd h t prlll btn lln nd dn hh ftll br tn hthr th ll t rt r th ll t frbr pn th h ll pl th blt t t frl nd th n rdn t h ll r rdn t nthn l n h n xr f th ll th fr tn tlf pr tht nnt ndrtnd th dffrn btn free to do it h r f phlphr h l nd Wttntn n if he will nd free to will nt ft t hr th ntrvr dptd th prnt ntr h hn tht th ntl hn hh h l t b rtr n t (Mrnbr nd Wlh 62 48 r ptltd b vntth- nd htnth-ntr dtrnt Edrd l bb nvd f lln ntl r ntrl thl ntt t th d nt dtr th ntrt vnt ntdnt t nd dtnt fr tn h n thrtn f th ttpt f bb nd Edrd t rnl dtrn Arnn dfndr f frd f th ll th v rr : th frd r hl phll dtrn b nhrnt thr b thr hrnt fr f dtrn: h nn [f th Arnn] t b tht n h pr t ll nrphll dtrn fr ntn On pt h pl r h t ll: tht h h pr b n t f tht thr prfnd ndrtndn nvlvd n th d h t h nthr b n ntdnt t f ll t h tht n tn b dtrnd b h nt nd ntntn nnt t nd thrn t xt h n h And f th b nd t b lln t ntrtn th pblt tht h bhvr thr nn t nthn bt hffln th th th dpt th pbl f dtrnt xplntn n tr f nrphll nd bffln thr n rn r tll th tn rtrn hrn l n lbrt n tht ntdnt f ll hh h th nnt tt nd pr t? h nr rdn t th prnpl t b tht h rd ndd I blv ptbl th dtrn lbrt n th l l n h lln h ld r h h r Edrd ntnd I hv rd th t lnth lhr rbl t nthr t f h prdn tht And th tn (Knn 6 4-6 8 0- hr I n nl bldl - rtrn n nfnt nd th l nr t b d n nfnt: rz th rnt h prtn f lbrt f ndffrn r n rdr t pprt thr pnn thr t b n bnnn bt fr ndd rht t nt tht thr n nl b nn frd hr t f ll t hv bn hn b frn fr t f ll n thr th pr f ltrntv tn t th pr n b th l f vr n tht bnnn nd bfr h hd bn prnt vn n hr t prdtrnd tht t ll nt b fr ll trnt (Edrd xrd h pr t prfr n tn nvlv bth blt Edrd rnt vld nd h bn d n r n nd pprtnt I p n blt t vn t t hn t b Glbrt l nt th thr tht ht n I nt -n : th tt f hthr I hv n blt hthr f tn vlntr t bn prdd nd d b n nd- I ntd t nd thr n pprtnt t I ld d pndntl dntfbl ntl vnt h n t f h r n -n Ell I p n pprtnt t tht vltn If vltn r nvlntr th nnt v r t n f tht pprtnt b -n : I p h n vlntr tn f th r vlntr thn rdn t th thr pprtnt prvdd tht nthn ndpndnt f n nt th t thlv b prdd b thr vltn nd ad prvnt fr -n hrfr th pn f bth n infinitum. t th thr f ll fftv vltn n n- blt nd pprtnt t nd nt b rld t b t bn r prt f th ntn f lbrt f ndffrn Ardn t th dtrnd ( b phll l tht I ll nt : t ll nt prtn f lbrt f ndffrn ht n tn vln- b rld t prvdd tht th phll tt hh I n tr nt t bn prdd b pl nd f vnt t t nd hh dtrn nt -n n hh I ld nt b 86 PART TWO: FOREKNOWLEDGE FOREKNOWLEDGE AND DETERMINISM 8 n f I ntd t h th pblt f tn frl—f nt r rpnbl nt nl fr thr ntntnl tn bt tn hl pn th blt nd pprtnt t t thr- l fr th nn f thr tn : fr tt f ffr — nt rld t b phll dtrn hh th brn bt vlntrl bt nt ntntnll An I d nt h t ntn tht phll dtrn tr: ndtrnt n dtntn btn th tt f I n f n nvnn rn t blv tht t tr r t ffr hh Gd nd th hh h rl prt: bt blv tht t fl t t lr tht f t tr—f hn n dtrnt-rtd nvr th dtntn btn n tn r dntfbl th p f phlll dtrnd nd prttn ld hv n ppltn t Gd bhvr—thn th prbl f dvn frnld f hn Whthr dtrn tr r fl thrfr t tht tn vr h plfd An tht nt nl r hn thr nnt b Gd h nfllbl n ftr fr tn tn dtrnd b hn phl bt tht th phll nd t nt th thr f n If dtrn tr t l thlv fr prt f ttl t f dtrnt l prtvl t xpln h h n nfllbl fr fr vrnn th hl nvr Gd n prdt ht h hn tn bt pbl dfflt t h h h nt th thr bn ll d pl n vrt f nn th ntl ndtn nd f n If ndtrn tr th rll fn n b th dtrnt l hh h h hlf pd n th rld ffrd t xnrt Gd fr rpnblt fr n bt n hrnt h rtd And f th dtrn ptbl th frd nt pbl f h nfllbl nld f ftr fr thn thr ll b n rn h th ftr hn tn tn nt b nnl fr (thh thr nd Edrd ntd nt St nd Oh th prptn prdtn th ll b nr rthr thn ntnnt Sh t ll thn nt fr dvn frnld bt t n rl p th dfflt n hh Mltn ntd tht t Gd rpnbl fr hn dd Clvnt rtr fr Clvn hlf nrd hv ntd tht n bn dtrnd t t nd nt nrl xpt h fr rl rpnblt fr h tn Ann h pt th - ptblt f dtrn th frd t r tht nt n b jtl bld nd pnhd fr t hh th r prdtrnd t prfr prvdd nl th hd th blt nd pprtnt t rfrn fr th t f th Clvnt t t b tnbl t t b pbl t h nt nl tht hn bn n b nvlvd n bl fr dtrnd n bt tht Gd n vd rpnblt fr th And th t b h r dfflt t h r f n nt frl nd nnl t n tn dtrnt pr th rtn pht t tht h t b rpnbl fr tht pht Clvn rd rhtl tht th trth f dtrn ld nt vrthn tht hppn n th rld hppn b Gd ntntn: nl f th vnt f htr ld b hn b Gd nd r n thr ld b rl nn f h h t tht ld nt ff t t Gd f rpnblt fr n r rl II E EIIIO O OMIOECE

It b n n t tt nl nd hrntl ht nt b nptn Onn ppr t b nl t nptn : jt nn nn vrthn nptn bn bl t d vrthn t hr t t dfn ht t t b nnt t nt t dfn nptn A bn nnt f fr ll p f p thn n tht p W nnt ffr pl prlll dfntn f nptn: nptnt f fr ll p f p thn n brn t bt tht p r th thh t ld ttrbt ndrbl pr t ld nt ttrbt t h pr t d nthn hh h nt lrd bn dn r ll nt t b dn On th thr hnd f drp th f-l nd tht n- ptnt ff fr ll p n brn t bt tht p thn ttrbt t pr fr bnd ht h trdtnll bn rbd t Gd r th th pbl xptn f rt n thln r phlphr h rl ntnd tht Gd n brn t bt tht ntrdtr r tr tthr t f fr ll p Gd n brn t bt tht p thn b btttn n nld tht h n brn t bt tht bth p nd nt p tht r bth lrr nd llr thn lphnt r ht ll r n n tht fr ll 0 Gd n 0 fr t lr tht thr ll b btttn fr 0 hh ll nt v trth hn ppld t Gd h h n r d An rhr f th dfflt bt nptn n th vnth rtl f th frt tn f th tnt nld tht Gd nnt b d t b nptnt n th n f bn pl bl t d vrthn ( n pt blt ndr nbr f thr tn On ttrbtd t St Atn tht Gd nptnt n th n tht h n d htvr h nt t d t t th thr r r bjtn h bld n hvn St h nd prhp vn th hpp n rth n d htvr th nt thr thr ld b thn ln n thr hppn t th r nt lld nptnt S t nt nh fr th nptn hh 2 PART THREE: OMNIPOTENCE THE DEFINITION OF OMNIPOTENCE dvn ttrbt tht Gd hld b bl t d htvr h nt An ltn hvr d nt lv th dfflt W Indd n rtrt h nt t ht thn h pr nnt dfn nptn b n r ll p, f t lll If h d n th dr f lf-ntrl t ll b tr f h pbl tht p, thn Gd n brn t bt tht p.' r thr r tht h n d htvr h nt t t nt tr tht vr n ntr-xpl t th hh St h ld hlf n n nptnt n hv dttd ntr-xpl r ntn t n dbt An trn t th frltn: Gd n d htvr lll pbl tht r dd nt fll bt rdn t th pbl r th tn: ht d pbl n hr? n v Gd nnt (n t n rt brn t bt tht t n: htvr ntrll pbl r htvr r dd nt fll Mrvr b tlf An frl d nt prntrll pbl pbl t Gd? If th frr thn h h t dl th nbr f flr pzzl bt th dvn nptn d nt xd th pr f ntr nd d f nptn It d nt h fr ntn h t n rt thn If th lttr thn t tht Gd nptnt nr h tn Cn Gd n bjt t hv fr ttl nd th nl rltn: t tht Gd h t lft? ` Gd th pr t n vbl lp-pt nptnt rl t tht Gd n d ll tht Gd n d nd th pr t n rrtbl nnnbll? And n n n th n n n l tht vrn St h d ndd ntn dfflt f th nd nptnt Gd: fr vrn n d ht h n d bt bfr ndrn th t rth ntn tht h t An n nt tntnt t th prpl tht th prfr th frltn Gd pr nfnt t th frltn nptn f Gd th blt t d htvr lll `Gd nptnt I hll ltr r tht th nd ntnt pbl W r lft th th ltrntv h rt n th Summa vr St h rnt t th fft nnvnn Theologiae, tht h nptnt b h n d vrthn Gd tv pr h n prprtn t h tl bn tht bltl pbl h pblt blt pblt h tl bn nfnt thrfr h tv pr nfnt n ntrt t th rltv pblt jt dd hh Or n lhtl dffrnt tr : h r prft n nt fr pblt rltv t prtlr nt pr Sthn th r prfl t ( th httr thn th bttr t jdd t b pbl r pbl fr th rltnhp btn n ht thrfr n Gd fr r n nfnt t tr: pbl hn th prdt ptbl th th h pr bjt fr Srt t t pbl hn t nt - h n n hh Gd bn nfnt hvr br ptbl fr n t b dn r t t t St h xpln t ln th flln St h ffr rthr db rn fr th n tht ln : hl I n nd th tbl thr r ll nd f Gd pr bn nt bn f n prtlr nd nthn thn hh I nt nd hh th tbl nt I nt hh lf bn (habet rationem entis) ft bjt f hr nd th tbl nt hr In th f Gd hvr Gd tn n: h jt is nd h bn nt ltd b hvn n rpn prdt t n ftr th pl Or h pt t n th prnt Whtvr pl bn nd nt bn ltnl nptbl rtl Gd bn nfnt n fr t nt ltd b n th th blt pblt hh fll ndr th dvn nptn ntnr (recipiens).' Esse ppr t b ptrd rt f fld Sh ntrdtn nt bjt t t nt fr n ptn hh bndl n tlf nd vn fr nd bndr b n Gd bt b t pl d nt hv th ntr f bn fbl bn prd nt prtlr bjt nt bt In rdn r pbl Whtvr thn d nt nvlv ntrdtn n tht An n n n ntntl trn btn ndrn esse rl f th pbl th rpt t hh Gd lld nptnt n tr f vvd bt npplbl tphr nd btrt bt Whtvr nvlv ntrdtn nt thn th p f nptn b t nnt lf fr pblt ttr hvr t ll-frd frl (S Knn 6 0 ff tht t nnt b dn rthr thn tht Gd nnt d t CS.Th. I An th dfflt hh An r fr h nt f 2 nptn hvr thr n hh drv t b pndrd: 4 PART THREE : OMNIPOTENCE THE DEFINITION OF OMNIPOTENCE `Evr pr nftd b t fft thr t ld b ptn t tht Gd nnt brn t bt tht h bn vn pr S f Gd pr r nfnt h ld prd n xt nfnt fft In th S th nr vn tht Gd nt Of r bn hh nnt ntrl nt n nvl nt ( nt n nt h fft thn f th pbl ntn-fr bt tht d nt n tht t ll nd tlf A hn bttr bn n nvl nt v pblt th vr btttn fr pll f nnt d nthn r thn brd n tht th hl f t ll btttn phr l bn hh n ntrl pr nftd n t fft h dffrnt th nl vrthn Slrl th ft tht bth hv Y nd nt l Gd nd (n Arttln l th n h hv r pbl ntn-fr d nt n tht thr tnt v n ltrntv nr th vr ntn f bn d n b brbr h hv ll nd nl th h d nt hv r bn n fft nptbl th nfnt b htvr thlv d fr nthn h dft n th ntn f n In dn M prdx lntn (6 68 ndr nfnt fft nhrnt t ht n nt n t nld td dfntn f nptn dffrnt fr th hv tht th ntn f n nfnt pr n l nhrnt thn th bn rtzn: ntn f n nfnt fft? nptnt ff pbl f prfrn n lll An bjtn n ntr f nbr f drn pbl tn dfflt W ndr n ntrtv tn pd b hn M n h rtl Evl nd Onptn: h ll nt d lntn b n tbl tht Cn n nptnt bn thn hh h nnt ntrl? It Gd dd nt lll pbl tn bt Gd nnt lr tht th prdx th tn nnt b nrd tf- tbl hh Gd dd nt r n : trl thr n th ffrtv r n th ntv If nr Y t nptnt ff pbl f prfrn n tn A h fll tht f Gd tll thn hh h nnt ntrl h tht th prptn pr fr A lll pbl nt nptnt n h h d th: thr r thn thn hh h nnt d t f nr r dtl rtn tht r th nfrtnt n h pbl nl f rthn h r thr r thn hh h nnt d tht t tht h lrd nt pbl f prfrn n tn A h tht th prptn nptnt (M 20 `th n h pbl nl f rthn h r prfr A It I thn lr tht th nr t M tn h lll pbl fr th nl h tn A th tn f nnt : th prbl t h h th nr nt n- rthn h r: ptbl th nptn W ht ndr th tn tht Gd nptnt ff h nnt b dn pl b ppl t th ntn f ll Gd n d nA h tht Gd d A lll pbl pblt: fr hthr hr xt bn h n n- ptnt Gd nnt ntrl lll pbl tt f ffr r h f r ld nt b dfntn f nptn bt nt dpnd n ht dfntn v f nptn nd nl n xpltn f dvn nptn t vn lntn hthr th npt hrnt n rr t ld b n nfl xpltn r lt A b th On th thr hnd t tht n rvr M tn f dn ht I thnn f hn Gd d A ll dl nd : t n t bn hh b lll pbl: t lll pbl fr Gd t d ht I vn n nptnt bn nnt ntrl? If t d thn Gd thnn f bt f ht I thnn f rtn r n h bn tht n l t h nptn n rl thn Gd nnt d ht I thnn f th rbn f n t th frl hvr t dn ll hv lntn n th nd bndn th rh fr ttll tftr hn tht flr t ntrl nt nptbl th n- nt f nptn blvn rhtl tht h n nt ptn If t d nt thn t n lttn n Gd n- nt nr n rdr t ntr M rnt Mr 6 A EE: OMIOECE E EIIIO O OMIOECE rntl Gh ( ff h nldd fr dfflt h f pn pr dd nt pl tht vr frltbl th n hv ndrd tht th ntn f nptn xr f tht pr hld b lll pbl bt nl tht npbl f hrnt frltn nd t tht t b bn- hld dnd n fvr f th ntn f bn almighty, hvn pr h n h pbl nl f rthn h r nt n- vr ll thn And Snbrn ( 6 thn tht n nr ptnt b r dfntn fr thr r n lll pbl t pzzl l M t tht n nptnt bn n pr hh h d nt p ( th blt t rt rld ndd rt bn hh h nnt ntrl bt tht h n An nptnt bn h th pr t d ht I thnn f xr th pr nl t th t f thrb n t b It tr tht f I thnn f thn hh t pbl nptnt t d thn n nptnt Gd nnt n tht n xr I r th lntn tht t dfflt t frlt hrnt th pr h h f dn ht I thnn bt t pr nd lnt dfntn f nptn nd I r th Gh r nt td t prtlr n nd t nt nr fr tht th ntn f Gd lht r ntl lnt n pr t b nnl pd tht t n b hrntl Wtrn th thn th prtvl phlphl ntn f xrd n ll n nd n ll rtn hh Gd nptn t I thn tht n nt f dvn nptn h th pr t d ht I thnn f h nnt xr th plr thn Snbrn n b dvd t vd th dfflt pr f I thnn nnnl thht jt thh h hv bn dn p th pr t n vbl lp-pt h nnt t ndr th flln dfntn f nptn : A xr tht pr f h h jt thn xrd h pr t bn nptnt f t h vr pr hh t lll n rrtbl nnnbll pbl t p It ll b n tht th dfntn f nptn b nrlzn h dfntn t frt f ll b pplntd th n nt vr pr n ttpt t prrv th rt tht th f hn t lll pbl t p pr It lll ddvnt f St h frltn f nptn pbl t p pr I t f th xr f th pr nfnt pr St h I thn rht n n tht d nt h nvlv n ll pblt Whn I pr r nftd b thr fft r h lhr pt t tht th xr f th pr d nt as such nvlv n ll pfd b thr xr ht t th pr t t n nl pblt I n tht thr n ll nhrn n th b dfnd nd ndrtd b n h n ht t-n drptn f ht t t xr th pr r pr t b t t nt tr tht pr r pfd b thr fft n h lll pbl pr t nt nr tht vr xr f t tht n nfnt pr t hv n nfnt fft pr hld b hrntl nvbl bt nl tht xr f hthr fnt r nfnt lll xhtd b t fft: vn t hld b th hn pr t bt th hh An ntrt dvn I hll tr t xpln th dfntn nd brn t t rt b pr nt ltd pr n th n tht th pr t bt ppln t f th dfflt rrnt n th ltrtr hldrn pr t bt pfd nbr f hldrn An nptnt bn n n rrtbl nnnbll nd hr r dvnt thn n dfnn nptn th h n n vbl lp-pt thr nthn nhrnt ttlt f lll pbl pr rthr thn th pr t n th pptn tht th pr r xrd Of r prfr ll lll pbl tn r t brn bt ll lll thr ld b n nhrn n th d f th bth bn pbl tt f ffr t vn dfnd th ttlt f xrd ltnl bt r dfntn f th ll pblt lll pbl pr nptn nnt b rbd t Gd h rdr b dppntd tht th dfntn nt vn -ll r thr r n pr hh t lll pbl t hv fr l th dfntn rjtd bv h n dnt I hv rd n ppr n Ablt nd l Mdlt (l 4 tht th hh Gd nnt hv h th pr t tbl hh rrnt rr f l r ndt t nl th rlvnt ntn f Gd h nt d h pr t hn t n nd t d r pr ntn f pr hh t lll pbl t hv—n 8 PART THREE: OMNIPOTENCE THE DEFINITION OF OMNIPOTENCE hn bn hv th—nd t hh trdtnl th hh hll rtrn t n th dtl dn hptr dn t Gd t trn r ttntn t th tn hthr th pr t vn nptn thrfr f t t b hrnt ntn brn bt th pt lll pbl pr nd thrfr t b thn l thn th plt nptn hh fr prt f dvn nptn th pn f ll lll pbl pr It t b nrrr nptn ntn n th pn f ll lll pbl pr hh t lll pbl fr bn th th ttrbt f Gd t p (If th dfntn nt t b pt `ttrbt t hr b tn t n th prprt f Gd- hd hh r nt thlv pr : prprt h t- blt nd dn h nptn f dvn nptn l t trdtnl nt f th dtrn hl vdn f th nhrn hv fnd n th On th nt n nptnt Gd ll nt hv th pr t tbl tht Gd dd nt h pr t tbl tht n h nt d nt pr tht nn n hv nd th pr t tbl tht Gd dd nt nt pr t lll pbl fr n t hv h dntl th Gd An bn th ll th ttrbt f Gd ll f r hv inter alia, th ttrbt f bn dntl th Gd Wht r t n th nt n nr t th tn hthr n nptnt Gd n bn h h nnt ntrl? h pr t rt hl rnn nptnt bn tht n nnt ntrl nt lll pbl pr n th drptn f th pr ntn hddn ntrdtn h pr t rt bn tht n nnt ntrl nd thrb v p n nptn nt pr tht ld lll b pd b bn h hd th ttrbt f Gd nldn tblt Cnntl th nr t th nndr n th ntv: bt th d nt lh th th ntn f dvn nptn hv n drbd t r h th pr t n n nd d ll nt b prt f dvn nptn n th lh th thr dvn ttrbt Wht f th pr t d vl? Clrl th tl prfr- n f n vl dd ld b nptbl th dvn dn : bt thln hv thht tht th r pr t d vl vlntrl nxrd nt nl ptbl th bt tll nhn th plndr f dvn bnfn If thn th pr t d vl n t lrl n tlf lll pbl pr ld b prt f dvn nptn h tp t OMNIPOTENCE AND TIME 0 d rl brd: n n d n thn tht d nt d hr r ndd n thn Gd nnt d h VIII. OMNIPOTENCE AND TIME ln bt tht nt b f n nblt bt b f h rlv f prptl rttd Mn vrn t f nn-vrn n th thr hnd nt bd thn t d thr n rn In th frth rtl f tn tnt-fv f th frt prt f th h Gd nnt d t Summa Theologiae St h r th tn hthr Gd h rn hh n hlf v fr Gd fln t n brn t bt tht th pt hld nvr hv bn A h rtr vrnt t th h hv lt t t tht ht h hd t h prnt thr rnt fr th nr hh h n nd phl prtn rthr thn n nn ndn fnll n t rjt: n th thr rnt fr ttrbtn f th pt Gd d nt rtr th r f vrnt t th t Gd th pr t hn th pt h frt rnt tht h hv lt th h dtrrnt t lhr n n Gd n d thn tht r pbl n thlv h nd n tht thr n ll b r l fnd t t vn ht t th blnd nd lf t th dd: a fortiori thn h h n t ndr n bjtn hh f rtr ntrt n d thn h pblt r rl fr th fr ll pnt f v: ndntl ft f t bn dtd t n t rthr thn nthr h nd rnt tht Gd pr d nt dnh nd Gd n rtnl dtr thn tht hv bn d tht th xt Gd t n b bl t d htvr h bl t d n th n r: bt t pbl t h h n brn t bt tht th pt t bfr Srt vr rn Gd ld brn t bt tht thn hh r d hld nvr hv bn d t ll n brn t bt tht fr n nd hnfrth hld n lnr h ld nt rn: lrl thrfr n tht Srt h rn xt: bt h n th pnn b ntnd tht h n brn t Gd n brn t bt tht h h nt rn h fnl rnt bt tht t hld nvr hv bn blt f ld? dpnd n prtlr ndrtn bt vrnt If n h lt hr vrnt nl hn n th pt n hr An hn h rh th pnt n h ndrtn f th vrn n t Gd n rtr ppl t hrt hn th tp r tht t brn bt tht th pt hld nt hv hv lt t nd hrt r prtnt thn vrnt a bn ntrdtr ft: jt t nvlv ntrdtn t fortiori Gd n rtr vrnt tht Srt ttn nd tht h nt ttn t nvlv Ant th rnt St h frt nv th thrt ntrdtn t tht h t nd tht h dd nt t tht f St r h rt t th nn Eth Gd h n h t t tht h ttn n th pt t tht h dd d vrthn nnt rtr vrn ftr h h flln h nt t t tht t nvr It b nl ndntl t txt hd vn r t f dn rlr n th Mddl Srt ttn r rnnn tht t dtd n th pt bt t A n dnnr-tbl nvrtn btn dr f Cn nt ndntl t th pt tht ht pt nnt b ndn It nd St tr n rrdd n th lttr De Divina Omni- nt Gd pr tht dnhd t p bt th nbr potentia, hh prntd n Mn Patrologia Latina (vl 4 f pbl thn t d Gd n rtr nnr t hrt bt ff tr n ntnd tht r rn h nnt h nvr hv nnd n r thn h n dr d tht h rht: Gd ld nt rtr vrn bt nn-vrn nvr hv lt hr vrnt nl b h dd nt nt t Whthr r nt An nln rrt h rnt n bjtd: If Gd nnt d n f th thn tht h t nflt tthr th dtntn btn thn bn d nt nt t d n h nvr d nthn xpt ht h pt nd ftr nd th dtntn btn thn tll nt t d t fll tht h nnt d nthn t ll xpt hppnn nd nt tll hppnn hr r thn tht dd hppn n th pt nd thn tht dd nt hppn: th ht h d A rlt hll hv t frnl tht Gd thn tht dd nt hppn r n n jt pt th tht nt n t rn td b h nnt h nln h 02 PART THREE: OMNIPOTENCE OMNIPOTENCE AND TIME 0 dd—tht t thr nt hppnn bln t th pt jt hn ht h hppnd r hn ht ll hppn h rl h th hppnn f th thn tht dd hppn Slrl tn hthr Gd n brn bt th pt n th tht th ftr ntn bth ht ll hppn nd ht ll nt hppn : n brn bt th ftr: hthr jt I n t n t f thn not n t hppn t n th future tht t nt brn bt ftr fft Gd n t n t brn bt n t hppn hr f r n nr dffrn pt fft btn thn tht hppn nd thn tht d nt hppn : nl ntl Gh h rd nt ttrbtn t Gd pr th frr fr ntn n b nnl ndvdtd t vr th pt In h On prn fr thn t hppn h hthr thn n th thn tht hppn r n r tht n nnt rtnll pr fr thn t have th thn tht d nt hppn prt ttr fr hthr t hppnd t th t f prr (Gh 6 8 h h bln n th pt th prnt r th ftr nt ttr f ht Gd n r n d bt ttr f ht n t lr bt th vn pt t hlf th n nbl In n th prtv rprnt dfflt h n Gd brn t bt tht ht pt hld ttn tll t b brht bt hh nptbl th nvr hv bn h rpl : rprntn t fait accompli. A f th pblt ppld nl t pt thn hr lr t Gh rnt d nt rr nvtn A dfndr pblt t b fnd n prnt nd ftr t r htvr f prr fr th pt ld tht f prtv nrll n th ln t th nnt nt b th nrn th ftr tht b prtv r nrll ht ftr nnt nt b ftr t thr r thn hh n ddrd t hn bn nd nthn nd fll bt bt r nt bt th l rht: tht I hld rd prtv ddrd t Gd Aftr ll prtv ttrd t hr td r nt rd hr frnd r nt hn bn hv t b ttrd ld bt prr b d frnd tht th thr hld b lr r rn h r th nd f lntl Mrvr thr n rn h prr hld b d thn hh th h r n th d f th rld ll n th prtv nl rthr thn n th bjntv r pttv ntnnt hh hv prftl ntrl pt tn: ftr ll th frt thr n ftn d n htr f phlph nd thl f pttn f th rd rr r nt n th prtv rn n tht Gd ld brn bt lf-ntrdtr tt f fr th pt nt n ntrt f G M pn nd C S ffr bt h rfl t pnt t tht h v d nt Gh pl: th rdntn M nldd th prr t h t th : `lvr 0 rd fr ll vl pt prnt nd t If th prr nnnl r t b vn nn thr thn thn n bth b nd nt b bt ht nt n th ntr f thn t bv n tht nt b f ndrtn bt th ndbtdl nthn: r hrd tr trn t Gd prtv d bt b f lt n ht Gd n nbl brn bt ht nt h nl nthn It h h v th b d t d fr f xtn t thn tht n th hv xtd th nnt nt hv xtd It h bn prvl rd n r n t tht thr nthn nhrnt n th ntn f tn tn brd n dd nt blv n r thn An dd tht Gd ld t Mhl tt n h ppr rnn bt th t nd ht hd bn dn bt t prv th h dd nt th (60 h hn tht n f th rnt brht nt th rrn ppl tht An d t th ndtnl nt ntn r fll It n th f l pr n hh f ht th A rfl rdr f n ld rlz ntrvn tt nl th tn f th trr tht th rrt t ntrd th dn f Gd pr hvn f hh r r brvr tht brd tn vr th pt nt t hthr Gd n change th pt bt prtlrl nrdbl: hthr h n bring about th pt thr Gd nr nn l Whn ndr rlv nt nd ndr l l vrn- n hn th pt r hn th ftr f b th n n vnt n hh n ntrvn th ntn f brd lt 04 A EE: OMIOECE OMIOECE A IME 0 t nrt brdt If n vnt C ndrd th f tnl? W h: Wh dnt dn ftr th n prdn vnt thn t ld b pn t t brn bt C n n hv rtrnd nd n th hvnt td brvl? It rdr tht th vnt hld hv rrd (tt 60 6 ht r fll—thr h d dn n hh t vn n h tt r thr nthn th dnn prvd nt t b ffnt ndtn f th nnl nhrnt n th ntn prv brvr r h d nt ( nnt v h lb S thln thn blph n rtrptv tht th brvr t b l ndtn f th dnn t prr— prr tht n hld nt hv bn drnd th ld b t pl t dp f th l bt n rtn hpr f hh I rd n th nppr t brd tn h hf rtnll rjt nl h? h nt prr t th fft tht f n h bn ntr-xpl r thr b nbr f thr ndpn- drnd Gd hld n h nt t hv drnd I dnt xplntn f h flr t dn n tht t th t f th dtr h hld thn hv d Mrvr thr thrd pbl t hh tht t n nt t drn t tht t Sh prr f r b ltr b dvrd tht n th n th r ndd rtnlzd nt b ppl t ntn f brd tn bt brv nd th rprt f thr rd hd bn fl If th b n ppl t dvn frnld xrd n dvn t th hppn ftn nh th hf ll bn t trt h n ntn- t f th hpr: Gd lrd n thn I n t tn r thn th rprt f th rtrnn brv tt th prr nd thn rntd t dr h rl: hr flr rnt nt rtrptv prr: `Ethr r n h drnd r nt If th prr nnt b M nln thrfr th If nn r t l f tp nrd f nt t prfl h rnt rthl f tn A ( tht xprn v rnd fr hldn th prfrn f A nrn th prbblt f th prv rrn f tp th ftlt rnt nt tn prtn: If r f vnt E nd ( tht xprn v rnd fr rrdn A n ftd t d r prtn ll b l f r nt th tn hh t vr nt n h pr t prfr—tht fr ntrll b td An fftv rfttn f th ftlt ll ll tnn th pblt f h trn t prfr t nd fln—thn t rft th rnt t h tht nnt fft th pt On ld thr fr h t bndn n r thr f th blf r l n n f f n hh n th nfrn fr t bndn th blf ( tht t vr pbl fr h t hv ll nt b lld t If d nt t prtn ll nt nld ndpndnt f h ntntn t prfr A r nt f hthr b lld t pbl t p fr If d nt t pr- n vnt hd rrd dbtl t nrl hn bn tn ll nt b lld t Yr tn prtn ll ld rthr bndn ( r ( thn ( b hv th prjd nt b fftv n prvntn r dth tht ( t hld d fr vr tp f t f n r n In rdr t brn t h t b rtnl t t n rdr t prtlr r rd t v p ( thn ( r ( I nnt brn bt th pt tht th nvlvn n ppl t fr- n rnt tht n ld t dd h (rtt 60 nld tt nvnt tr A rtn trb h r On tt nt thn hv thr ptn prpnd thr brv n ln hnt n dtnt rn: th r bnt tn : fr x d drn t f hh th trvl ththr t f hh th hnt nd t f hh th rtrn h Whl th brv ( A pt E r prbbl r bnt th hf dn n rdr t th t t brvl (2 A n pr t prfr dn fr ll x d nt jt fr th frt fr nd h jtf ( I n n tht E h rrd prt fr ntntn t th b n tht n th n n th pt hn hf hv prfr A (thr dlbrtl r b dnt dnd fr nl fr d th In th vnt f vdn hh lh th th thr n rlt hv bn dtr h hh t thdr nd hn nnt n dvn ld nvn h hf tht h tn rr- tht brnn bt th pt pbl 06 PART THREE: OMNIPOTENCE OMNIPOTENCE AND TIME 0 If brnn bt th pt lll pbl thn t tht th pt tht prnt t f lln t b th n th pr f n nptnt bn ll b th pr t tht th lt rd bt t t b pld nv brn bt th pt Of r Gd ll nt vn f h n brn Cn n fft rll prd t ? If nt f bt th pt ndn ht dn bt thn h nnt th rrt n th ntn f brd tn nftr th ftr thr h ftr ht ll b th ntrdtn n tr ht dtnh fft fr hn ll ltrtn hv bn d nd nthr Gd nr tht f t vnt lnd b ntnt njntn th n ltr th ftr n r thn n ltr th pt th rlr nd th fft th ltr t thr r rnd t rnn bt th ftr l brnn bt th pt ndpndnt f n thll ndrtn fr tnn th dffrnt ttr t n Gd brn bt th pt? W t nt d f nt: thr t lt nthn n- tr n 4 BC tht Gd ld t b tht nt fndd hrnt n th ntn f n fft tht ltn th t nd n lnr tr tht h ld prvnt th fndtn f ? t f v p th dnd tht hld prd t If tt rht d nt rll n th W n tht fft n t h r t dtnh btn nd fft Gd ll nt prvnt th fndtn f n n tht n l rltn? fndd bt t b tht h tll n In jt th In tt tr th tr n l rltn I n n ntntn nt t d nd t hh ndr th drt ntrl f prtlr hn nt (th prrv th pr t d thr prr th hf dn Othr rnt phlphr If tt rht thn thr nthn nhrnt bt hv pntd t tht t pbl t prfr n t A n rdr t prr bt th pt nd t rtnl nd n ppl t brn bt n vnt E hh rlr n t thn th prfr- frnld Indd tt thr f rrt ld tlf n f th t ( Chhl 60 In rdr t t n th prbl f dvn frnld f ftr ntnnt xprntr t td pttrn n brn nntd th r trtbl h prnpl dfflt n th ttr tht f rtn lr vnt fr ntn I r r: Gd frtld th n f d n dvn thn thr d n th brn vnt r th nd nt th fft f th vnt t hv bn nr n dvn r l Gd frtlln f th l nvlvd n th r-rn t ht xpl nrnd thn n prnpl nfrtllbl On tt h th h nt tht rvr tn pbl bt v t b tht t nl ftr d h frl nd ntnntl tht th rdr f prtl rnn (th dn f A n rdr t nnd tht Gd th prv prdtn f d n brn bt E nt nrl n th nrl th Gd ld th b nvd trnndn t n th nnr th rdr f tn If th thn th ft tht n tr d t b th thn nt f trnt tht th np- f th l rltn r dtl ndr th ntrl f tn nvlvn th nhrnt nn f tht nt hn bn ll nt h tht t b th tr hh th hll fllr f th hv ptrd Gd r- rthr thn th fft vn th bttl-rnd f hn xtn fr hh tr tt nt thrfr lv t nlr h r t bv th pt prnt nd ftr dffrnt prt f th dtnh btn nd fft Mr rl t t fld pn t th dvn vn If tt nt rrt lv t nt h r t dtnh btn rlr nd Gd hld prhp b ptrd nt nhbtn ttnr ltr Clrl th dtntn btn rlr nd ltr nnt tr bt trvlln fr pnt t pnt f th fld n t hr b drn n tr f nd fft nnt tht f hn t vnt f El th nd E2 th fft thn E2 ltr Mn phlphr th n prtlr thll b hv thn El r ndd t lr h r t dtnh btn rd tht th ntn f t hn nt n nhrnt n pt nd ftr r vn f th rld nt dtrnt S prphlt hv blvd—nl tt—tht nnt n tt v tht th ftr dtnhd nt nl Gd bt hn bn t hv pr t brn bt fr th pt b bn prtll ndtrnd: fr thr r 08 PART THREE : OMNIPOTENCE OMNIPOTENCE AND TIME 0 nbr f pt vnt f hh thr nt t dtrnn nd thr jt n nl nfnt trnl pbl f And thr n rn fr thnn f th pt lrd fftn th pt t f n Gd xrn rvr `thr n n n hh th ftr nt: f thr n b prtn frntl ld b nr t prvd n ptn th trth-vl h trth-vl nnt dtr- xplntn f nnt frnld f fr hn tn n thr n rn h th hld b xlvl pt- thn th dtntn btn pt nd ftr n b tnd rthr thn ftr-tnd prptn blrrd tt nt n th nd t fndr n th It b d tht th tn r t dtnh dfflt th In rld vrnd b th nvrl btn pt nd ftr? n brd n: t nt f ld prtn f dvn rvr lt n l thn n rld n vr b n ttn n hh ld dntf rtn vnt hh vr vnt ltn th th hl f dvn fr th vnt t nd thn hv t n t nr : th trnt th ntn f t vnt bn t th t h pt vnt r ftr vnt? h I thn rrt : bt th thr t l n hrp n dfflt th tt nt prl tht t d t l f h ttn r nnl pbl W t ptr th r f t nd htr b hh pn t nl p th prnt h ptr d n dffrnt b dtrnt nd ndtrnt On n v th ftr b lrd rttn bt th b pn nl t th prnt p nd d nt ht t t ntl trn th lf On th thr v th ftr p r nt t rttn—t th vr lt th ntn btntl bln—nd t nl trn th lv tht b r fr tn rt nt th bln nd fll th p f th b n tt v thr r nt nl p ltr n th b bt l p rlr n th b tht ntn bln: n nt nl trn frrd th p nd fll n th bln bt trn b p r t nd fll n bln thr t h ptr nd th thr bhnd t hrnt nl f n th trnn b thn xptnl: f thr r lr nbr f l rltnhp rnnn brd n th rld t ld b dfflt t prt th th h f pt prnt nd ftr t ll In th l f th pn b ftr hl thr t b lr n n hh n tl bt th p f th b tht n l pn hn th n f tht lt thn th n f pt prnt nd ftr In tt tr thr nt nvrl t- tn thr nl rn brd nd t d tht thr l rltn prtd n th nrl nnr h plblt f th tr dpndd rll n tht ptn h dfflt l plpbl f n brd tn dvn prrtv tht fnt ll r n n drtn OMNIPOTENCE AND GOODNESS 111 b bld tll l dnd fr h n W n tht tht t tr t f h: I OMIOECE A h nnr n b vd b Gd GOOESS W n l tht: hln nl r tht nptn d nt nld h nnr ll b vd b Gd f nd nl f Gd v th th pr t d rn n t fl t t prftl d nnr An th pr t n th pr t fl n tn hh S rl n nld: th ppt f nptn tht thh Gd nptnt h nnt n Y n f l Gd n d d thn Gd n v th nnr f h h : th ndtnl h trth dpnd n th pblt f t ntdnt nd t nnt l If n vn n hr de facto th nnr n t b dnd S dn h h fr l prv t th Arnn tht vrt thr r t lt thn hh Gd n d prt fr th tn ld b prrth thh nttd nthn hh t t r thr h n ft d Edrd ppld t thr n dn tht Gd nrl Ablrd hlf pt fr th frt hrn f th dl Spp hl nd h ll nrl dtrnd t tht hh d h tht t nt n rnn hn t b Gd ll Onl f ntr hv rd tht t t b trtl pn tht t nt n rnn ht t n tht t nt n pbl fr Gd t d thn d n thr h tbl t fr rn S f tht Gd ld n t ld nt b fr nt nd h dn ld nt b ttr fr rn r ttrbtn t Gd th pr t d thn flh pr Whnvr Gd nt t d thn h n d t bt hn h t n th h hv rd tht Gd nt fr t d d nt h t d thn (b t ld b rn t d rn thr h bn drnt h fr h nj frd thn h l l th pr t d t t ll t t thr thn h h dn On f th rlt nd Ablrd n tht th pnn n npplr n n tll n f th t ntrtn ntrbtn t th dbt thln h tht t ffnv t th rndr f Gd: tht f Ablrd In th ffth hptr f h Introduction to Theology vn pr rtr n t thr thn d t Ablrd III (prntd n Mn Patrologia Latina, vl 8 pp 04- rpl tht th pr t t thr nt thn t b prd 0 Ablrd d th tn hthr Gd n r f: t r f r nfrt l r blt t l t nd thn r bttr thn thn th thn h h d nd hthr t n W ld b h bttr ff f ld nl d ht h n rfrn fr tn h d h tn h ht t d S thln tht Gd n t thr dfflt t nr thr th r th n thn h d n th n tht f h dd nthn ld prvnt On th n hnd f Gd n r nd bttr thn thn h t n tht n Ablrd rtrt ht ll tht th h h d h nt n nt t d : ftr ll t t Gd n t n h n ffrt Whtvr h d r rfrn fr dn dn r ntr th rnt tht nnr t b pbl f lft ndn fr th bt pbl rn hvr hddn fr lvtn f th r t b jtl pnhd Ablrd nt n th b Whtvr h h dn h bn rht nd jt: tt n th ndrln dl prnpl rdn t hh p hn t ld b njt fr h t hv lft t ndn S t ff q' ntl " pbl p ntl pbl q' " . prd r tht Gd nnt t xpt n th h h n ft td f ntr-xpl nt th prnpl : nd b dbl On th thr hnd f t n nnr n h t dntn fr ntn tht thr bn nn t hr t hn Ablrd t lr tht h ld b bttr thn h : fr f nt h nt t th flln prptn tr: 2 PART THREE: OMNIPOTENCE OMNIPOTENCE AND GOODNESS h nd hrd b n ff n hr th nd blt: bt t nnt b d t nt t rdbl nt f nptn h dtntn drn btn pr nd thr hl th flln prptn fl: xr ppl nl n th f bn f ltd pt hr It pbl fr th nd t b hrd b n ff t thr r fr dtntn btn blt nd pprtnt pbl fr n t hr th nd th blt t d htvr n dr nt ffnt fr nptn bt hvbl b fnt bn th ffnt lf-ntrl (If fr ntn th nd ld nh t b dbl bt thr t lt thr nt t ft thr p lbrt f ndffrn n-n nt df n rht nr fr vlntrn r rthr b nt nnt b Ablrd prprd fr th bjtn tht Gd ld drv ttrbtd t bn hh d nt hv th blt t t n r n rttd fr n f h nnt d thr thn h d It thn n Ablrd Gd l nt nl nptn bt nt h f Gd tn ndr pln: h ll l th pr f vlntr tn : ln tht h nnt b dntl th th ntr nd dn hh ntt h t prn t ll t h d n ltr ptblt n dffrnt ntxt Ablrd thr f nptn bttrl ttd b St h nt tht lbrt f pntnt nh t Gd rnrd nd n 40 th Cnl f Sn ndnd th prptn vlntr tht thr bn n nd fr lbrt f tn tht Gd n t nd rfrn fr tn nl n th nnr ndffrn nd t th t tht h tll d t nd rfrn fr tn nd nll Ablrd lr th bjtn tht f Gd n nl n n thr nfrth Cthl thln ptd tht d thn t tht pt t t hh h d th h n- Gd ld t thr thn h d n ft t ptn t vr fr t t t nd h ntr n lnr An xplnd h th t b rnld th th trth nhnbl W t dtnh btn tthn tprl tht Gd n d nl ht fttn nd jt t d : lftn t th xr f pr nd tthn th t th pr tlf If t th nl tbl t fr dn thn h rd fttn nd jt n b ndrtd n t n In th frt n fttn nd jt tn n prr njntn th th n trl f Gd: vrb nd th rtrtd n rfrn t th tl rld nd Gd n d--nl-t-t nd t Gd pr n th rtrtd n Wth th rtrtn th prptn fl: fr t n th: Gd n d nl ht t t ld b fl t : fttn nd jt thn r t f fttn nd jt tn n prr Onl-t-t-n Gd d njntn th th vrb n hh h n plftr fr nd nl bntl n njntn th th vrb thn th rfrn h tprl lftn hh n b tthd t th xr ll b t nn-pf prnt nd th prptn ll b tr f dvn pr Ablrd r prlll t th ptl lf- ndrtd n th n: Gd n d nl ht f dd t ld b tn tthd t xr f hn pr Of hn bn fttn nd jt (S.Th. I 2 2 2 n : "Qd ld pt fr vl dttr vl d tnt nnt -hn-h--n-dr-lnd vl tpr ft t nn l (nznr 2 4 C dtr d nn ptt fr n d t nvnn t tht bn bld t nld: t ptt ntll dpltr Un d d h d d conveniens et iustum, pr ntlltr nn h vrb est, t d rtrntr d Whn-h--n-dr-lnd h nnt tnd pr prntb t rfrtr d ptnt Et fl t d dtr : t n n: Deus non potest facere nisi quod modo conveniens est et Ablrd dn n tnhn xhbtn f dltl iustum. S vr pr nntr h vrb potest, d hbt v - brlln ntrdn r rnvntn nbr f dtntn plnd t ptd h vrb est, nfbtr dd prn nf: t rt lt vr b h n: Deus non potest facere nisi id hh r f rt prtn n dl l nd th l f quod, r faceret, esset conveniens et iustum.' 4 PART THREE: OMNIPOTENCE OMNIPOTENCE AND GOODNESS h t bt br p prhp bt lrfd n th rtr ld hv bn bttrd n nthr rtbl rld ntprr d f pbl rld Spp ll th b nthr nd prr nd f rtr pbl rld hh thn r tl b th n lph bnz ll nn blvd tht th th bt f ll If dffrnt pbl rld r tl thn n th d pbl rld In th hth hptr f th frt prt f h `lph ld n lnr b th n f th tl rld h Theodicy h tht Gd pr d njnd th n dtntn tht An n n thn b pt fll l nfnt dn ld nt hv fld t h th bt A Whhvr pbl rld tl th flln prptn lr d nd f vl jt lr vl nd f d ld b tr: Gd t hv hn th bt rld ndr pn f hvn dn Whtvr Gd h dn fttn nd jt n th tl rld vl If thr r n bt rld h ld nt hv hn t rt t ll It ppr tht rld tht n nd ffrn t th flln prptn ld nt nrl b tr: ld hv bn bttr bt tht n lln: f th lhtt f Whtvr Gd h dn fttn nd jt n lph t xtn vl r ln n th prnt rld t ld b dffrnt rld n th trnl trth dnd tht phl nd Indd n rld vr dffrnt fr lph t ld vr ll rl vl r pbl thr r n f th nfntl n b fl pbl rld hh ntn th nd t ll b tht th An pt t hlf th tn hthr Gd h th bt f ll rld n th hh d Gd nfntl pr t bttr ht h h d nr btl nd prfl bt pr jnd t d n prd nl th bt: nnd If bttr tn n dvrb th nr dfntl th d nt ntrn Gd r ntt h h Gd n d `n: Gd h d vrthn h h d n th t nd bt nthn hh d nt ntl ntrdtn: bt t pbl If t bttr n djtv thn hv t thn hh ll b bttr thn th bt tlf t hv dtnh : hv t dtnh btn ntl nd dntl ntrdtr ft prprt f th thn tht Gd h d Spp fr ntn bnz dtnh h n ptn fr tht f Ablrd tht hthr Gd ld hv d n bttr If h h fft t ndr bblr n th tp f n- n ld Gd hv d hn ntr bttr thn t th ptn Unl Ablrd h l tht thr rld bd th nr t b n th ntv: rtr tht r b ntr tl rld r pbl—tphll pbl tht th bttr thn r b ntr ht b r tbl rtr nt hh bld Gd t h th bt rld nt bt th ld nt b hn bn t ll On th thr hnd t tphl bt rl nt Ablrd n h trn t tr f n ndvdl hn bn tht Gd ld hv d h ld hv rpld tht t p f pblt hh nt vn n bttr n thn h nd t l tr tht vn n pf nptnt Gd ld tlz ndd t bbl rtr f Gd Gd ld hv d bttr rtr thn tht h dpt btn th h l Ablrd nd bnz —vn th t xltd nl ntr dd nt xht h pr thn tht Gd t hv hn th bt rld nd th h f rtn xlln l An thn tht Gd t hv hn d rld bt An thrfr fr fr blvn tht th th ld hv hn thr bttr n rfltn thn ntrl bt f ll pbl rld dd nt vn blv tht th thl f dpt hh flr t ntprr phl- rld n th bt f ll t pbl tt dbt h nd phr n th fld f th W r d t ntrvr btn f rtr n th rld d ll t ld pbl hv prtn f th rht nd prtn f th d r tltrn bn d tht f rld ndvdtd b th nd f nd fr n thr drn thnr thr t h jntr rtr tht xt n t th tl rld ld nt hv bn nl tn hh rht nd rll bltr: fr ntn bttr rld t h ndvdl rtr n th rld ld hv th tn th th t flf nn h nptn bn bttr rtr f tht nd thn t nd h nd f ln t t trdtnl Chrtnt hh hd l-l ntn 6 PART THREE: OMNIPOTENCE OMNIPOTENCE AND GOODNESS f rlt Ardn t th dtrn t n vn t thr Of St pbl f t nft ld b fr h nt nbr f tn frbddn nd ht Wd nfnt t fr th bt rll xldd bt v n xptnl rtn thr ptn Mn htvr rn ll nt jt n prbl tn r n bltr tn M t b rht rltv t ll Slrl n ttr hr th rnl l prt thr r All tr bt Art nnn t th : ll n ptn pn t hh r lll nd n All Chn rtn hh th nt nt hh r ll n t rtn thr nt n nl tn All rd rn nt ndrtd hh bld n b l All prtl Evl nvrl Gd: h rlt b hh Ablrd nd bnz jd th dvnt And pt f rd n rrn n pt rlt f rhtn nt f 6dn h ttd xpltl On trth lr Whtvr IG nh b Ablrd h d nt t hv bn n f hr ln r ftn tn tpl f Chrtn thd n th nbr f tn bd n t frltn Clrl f n ft thr btn ld hv bn frl rjtd b thln blv tht Gd nt fr t d nthn rn nd tht t h An Whthr An r bnz hd th rrt n vn pnt thr nl n tn hh rht fr rl pprh t th rltnhp btn nptn nd dn nt thn n t nld tht Gd nt fr t t n nt thn t b ttld b ntrl thl ln A r f tn thr thn n n th nd hptr tht dffrnt v n th dvn It n rnd t Ablrd An nd bnz tht nld f trnl trth r rfltn f dffrnt thr Gd ld d n rn: h f th thrfr hd prbl f th ntr f ll trth hr tht dffrnt nt n ntn fr th rl nd phl vl n th nvr h f th dvn pr t d d rflt dffrnt nptn f th prbl f vl ht r ntrtbl fr th h pt ntr f rl dn A n th nd hptr hr r rlt f rhtn : th hv t prv n th f f th hpp t lv th rltn f th dpt t th phlphr vbl vl rnd tht Gd d nt nl d rld bt f tht hr lv th thll prbl t th bt f ll pbl rld t ptn f n th f t n th prr f rl phlph thr thr nr hr rhtn ftn th fr f nntl th n d th ntrdtn f th thll pt th phlph- ptn f th prnpl tht th nd jtf th n l prbl hrdr r r t rlv bnz fr ntn hl ntn tht fllbl rtr l rlv hv t b rl ht n r r rtn f th bdn f rtn n thn r f thr n prdn d nd xpt Gd fr n blt rrnt f th nd A nntlt th fnd t r thn llt th t jtf vl n th f d A ll- t th n th thr hnd nnt jtf n b nd: f n tn f Gd bd b blt tndrd t ld nt b jtfd b n tht t frd prt f d nvr n r thn rdr ttd b hn bn ld b jtfd b d nd h bnzn pprh ll xprd n f tn f p Essay on Man: E GO O EASO A E GO O AI

If th rnt f th prv hptr h bn rrt thn thr n h bn th Gd f trdtnl ntrl thl: th npt f Gd prpndd b hlt thln nd rtnlt phlphr n nhrnt n If Gd t b nnt I hv rd thn h nnt b tbl If Gd t hv nfllbl nld f ftr hn tn thn dtrn t b tr If Gd t p rpnblt fr hn dn thn dtrn t b fl n n th ntn f Gd h fr ll n bt th thr f nn thr lr ntrdtn Onptn prhp b pbl n ltn f rvn hrnt frltn bt nptn hl pbl f ntn fr htr dtrn f prdtntn ndt fndtn fr dvn frnld f ndtrnd hn ndt hr nnt f r rnt h bn nd b tl tbl nnt nptnt ll-d bn h nr hv ndrtn h bn vr ltd n Onl t f th trdtnl dvn ttrbt r nld t fr dtld trtnt If th r nptbl th thr prprt rbd t Gd tht f r nh t h tht nthn n p th ttlt f th dvn ttrbt t thr ttrbt—h tht f bn rtr f hvn nd rth— jtl b rrdd bn r ntl thn nptn nd nn t th trdtnl rl ntn f Gd nd th hv nt ndrd hn Strt Mll rfltn n th prbl t b th prn f vl nd d n th rld t th nln tht t ld nl b lvd b nldn th xtn f Gd bt dnn dvn nptn nldd h h n th flln nnr : h thn r th nt rlt f ntrl thl n th tn f th dvn ttrbt A bn f rt bt ltd pr h r b ht ltd nnt vn njtr f rt nd prhp nltd ntlln bt prhp l r nrrl ltd pr thn th 22 COCUSIO THE GOD OF REASON AND THE GOD OF FAITH 2 h dr nd p rrd t th hppn f h rtr b ltd b th l f ntr hh prt n th trl bt h t hv thr tv f tn hh h r r fr rld I t pbl t nv f bn hh h n bd bt nd h n hrdl b ppd t hv rtd th nvr fr tht hh h nd h phr f prtn th hl nvr? prp ln Sh th dt h ntrl rln pnt t nd n d f Gd r ptvtn thn th nl fr hn h nd n r bdd nd h ntl prdt h r fr th thn f thr rl r nr rvltn lrn t prdt r tthd t bjt h r r hv (Mll 88 4 bd W ttrbt thht t th n th b f ht th th thr lp nd th thr hnd nd d th thr It ll b rd tht th dt f Mll ntrl rln bd It nt f r nl t hn bd tht n dffr n r thn th dt f hlt nd rtnlt phl- ttrbt ntl prdt W ttrbt thht f pl ph d fr th Gd f Abrh I nd b drbd nd t nl Whn d t th n-pnr t n th Srptr Crtnl nn f th rnt dvlpd n th pprprt t f d h bhv n h tht t th prnt r ld rl t th xtn f Gd th th prftl ntrl t tht h thn tht I n t fd h ttrbt drbd n th td p S ppl r hpp t ttrbt thht f pltd nt h bn tn n th prnt r f rnt nd t ptr I t ttrbt thht f pl nd fr th xtn f Gd If t rrt tht th Gd f trdtnl t d h ttrbtn f thht t th ptr n ntrl thl nnvbl thn thr t b fl n nl btr nfn bt th ntr f thht bt I rnt t tblh—h n n f th rnt n d nt h t dn tht thht n b ttrbtd t thn d ft ffrd fr th xtn f Gd p • - r t t b nd: nr f vr dffrnt nd f hrdr hr n rn h n n th thr hnd d th rnt f nd Knt t h h t b d f flh nd bld t hv thht nd I n tht thr nnt b prf vn f Gd n vd n th nnr rn t dn a priori tht n rtft ht hv thht f Mll Indd h d I n tht I nt lf d n lbrtr? Whthr h dvn bn nvbl nt t dd t b n rnt I thn thrfr I nt n rtft Whn hthr Gd nvbl hv t br n nd If r nlnd t ttrbt thht nd nld t th tn: ht th tt f thn bn nvbl? A ptr t b th n r tr nd nt ntn nvbl nl f t fr fr ntrdtn: tht nfrtn t th tr f nfrtn nt th th h r bt Knt Wttntn nd th ptvt hv pn f nld f t r rl hdl ld n td thr r trnnt rtr f nvblt h th t f trn It b ptr d nt xhbt th ndtn ld dn b th phlphr t b nt- nfrtn th ntn n bhvr n prt f lf-ltd ftr fr rn nnntd th th bt th r rht d f th pprprt nd tht thr nfrtn-trn t tht frd fr ntrdtn nl nr nd nt pt d nt nt nld Cptr r nt lv ffnt ndtn fr nvblt Crtnl t t b nd nl lvn bn n thn nffnt f n rnt fr th ndtn f th rld t W ttrbt nld t nl n th b f r brv- th xtn f Gd t b vld: fr f prpnnt f th tn f thr bhvr pld th r nld f thr rpr- ll rnt ld l tht t tll lf- tr f thr nd nd thr nr pt h ttrbtn ntrdtr t ntn tht th rld nt xtn t f nld t bn hnd n hnd th th ttrbtn f f nthn dr nd pr t t bt f r th nd f nld dr If n bn t b dntfd th th Gd f trdtnl nd pr dffr fr t —t nl ttrbt rl th thn lrl vn f h nt nnt nd n- prptn pptt nd vr blt bt nt nttn ll ptnt h nld nd pr t b rbl prr nd h t th f hn bn nd h nld nd pr t nt Or ttrbtn f th t hn tlf bd n bhvr 24 CONCLUSION THE GOD OF REASON AND THE GOD OF FAITH 2 nd prdtll n lnt bhvr h prptn nd trn vdn tht th r rntd b n lvn rn tht I thn prptn d nt bln t n n prn h nd th l xpl n h th pblt f dbdd rthr thn nthr n n n hv th thht tht 2 nd thht thht nnntd th n lvn rn (6 2 4 r tht th n rtr thn th n Wht hr r dfflt bt th xpl nd Gh rnz thht my thht h thn tht th r xprd tht n th nvd thr n lr f nrn b th nd rttn b hnd If thr Gd h h th tn how many nd r t r th xpl t thht ht th thht his thht? If Gd h n n rtrn fr th dntftn nd ndvdtn f dbdd bd thn thr n dvn bdl bhvr t rv th nd t h fd th h ttn hld n tht b f ttrbtn t h f thht nd nld hv hr dbdd nd t ll? dbt ld b In phlphl trdtn th trlt f Gd rht t rjt th d tht hr hv rltt hl hh t r nt hrdr t blv tht h h thht r lt nl thr rltt hl h th pr t thn t h nd th ltnt thr pl ffnt btn n trl hld nt tht th rltt hl bn rd pn b Gd nd th trl Id tht r th rl bjt f htvr nthr bdd nd thrh nnn fr? It nld nn h Arttl nd th Arttln t hv tht thr n b n rn fr rjtn n dvn nn-trl d l ln btn nld nd trlt : ndd d f n hh nt t lt d rn fr rjtn An ptd th thr tht trlt ntl nld nn-trl btn r nd h n nrn th tn hthr Gd h nld In th f Gd tht ht nd nt tr t nr An rt : th tn how many dvn prn thr r An nd thr h trlt f n bn th rn h t h ntn nd thln hv thht tht ll tht th lht f rn ld th tp f t ntn rrpnd t th tp f trlt In h tht th dvn ntr ntnttd h tn De Anima II t d tht plnt hv n ntn b f thr ` n prn hr th dvn ntr? dffrnt n trlt A n ntv pr b t rv d tht th rrt nr (nl thr ld b vn nl b rvltn ttr nd th ndrtndn vn r ntv b t And f r Gh xpl nt t ll nt t h h r prt fr ttr nd nxd t d n De Anima III n ld bt t prv tht thr r dbdd nd h n Gd t th hht pnt f trlt t fll tht bt nl t v ntnt t th ntn tht thht ht b h t th hht pnt f ntn (S.Th. I 4 xprd th n rn xprn th Mt ntprr phlphr fnd trlt h h r f dbdd nd ht prhp l b r prblt npt nd fnd t hrd t nv n - xhbtd n th nn ntrtn f n rtft nt tlf trl nr Cn dbdd hv thht r ht rrd t b hn hnd r rtft If tprtr t th thn dbdd nd pbl? dvdd tlf nt ll p f tl nd thn frd tlf tr Gh h rd th tn nd llntd t th nt l bfr I ht ll b nlnd t tht n ntrtv xpl : dbdd nd t r thh n I ht t bt fr ltrntv drptn f ht hd hppnd t n tht vr prd f t rltt hl v nl h t tp f lltrtn f th ntn f dbdd th nbr t 26 nd tht th n f nbr pll t Enlh ntn rdn t th bv d (A =1, B = 2, t nd r nl t th trdtnl ntn f th rvld nd ntrl rd f Gd h rvld rd f Gd nvd t frthr n tht th n lthh th t lbrt prtn r tn nt phl tprn th th hl All lnt xprn f th nfnt nld f Gd: hthr f th lrl pbl nd r n nptl dfflt I bt prdd rll ( n th rtn n th ll t lhzzr tht ld thn hv nlv vdn tht th thht nrll ft r b nrl hn ffrt f ptn (l th Eptl xprbl b th Enlh ntn n tn r bn rntd f St l h ntrl rd f Gd th rld tlf n- 26 CONCLUSION THE GOD OF REASON AND THE GOD OF FAITH 2 drd Gd rtn nd n xprn f Gd ntlln I n f n fl trtnt f th phlphl prbl h rld nt thht f th xprn f Gd nd nvlvd n nvn nn-bdd nd tv thrht n th tht r rd nd tn r th xprn f r th nvr: t ndd rr t fnd n tht phlphr thht thn n tht ld b t th rld Gd vn n ttpt t lv th prbl I ld rtnl nt bd hh trdtnl thl ld hv rrdd bjtn- l t n tht th prbl r nlbl n th prnt bl pntht Sh pnth h fnd n h n rnt hptr I hv nl hntd t thr ntr: t t th t n fll phlph Arthr nt n n nflntl rtl (nt 6 ld t dffrnt b t n th prn f th dfflt h ntrdd th ntn f basic action. A b tn n nd n th bn f vn th ffr f plbl ltn t th tn hh n d nt b dn nthn l I nd t ld t t b rh prn h ld l t n th b vn fnr nd thb bt t nt b dn tht thr Gd thn l tht I v fnr nd thb nt t I pp tht f ppl l t n tht thr Gd tht bd n b dfnd th l f n b tn If t blv t ttr f fth t trdtnll fth Gd n t n th rld drtl nd tht ntrdr fth n Gd vr nt rtr t fth nt n th trdtnll h h bn hld t thn n nt dfntn th xtn f Gd bt n th pr f Gd h xtn rld ld b Gd bd Mt trdtnl thln ld tn bv tht nl ll ll ld nt fr th hv rjtd th d th hrrr flr t rnz t th dndd n Gd pr t h nvr h trdtnll bn rrdd n xprn h hn ppl r n h rvltn t nt n thr bn f Gd nld nt n th tht r bdl vnt Gd h ld pr r rvl Evn nt h brnd xpr r nld bt n th tht r f rt n t n ttr t h tht h fth rnbl tht xprn f n rtt ll Mt rtt r th thr hnd : h brnd t rtnlt vn r dfflt t tblh f th rld n rtft f Gd nd thr nthn hh h blt tnt dndd b rl trdtn btn th rftn nd nd h r hn dlbrt vn f nt bnd ht th vdn dnd rftn hnd d t t ntnnt r nr ttr h jtftn f th th t prtnt t fr th tht tht th rftn nd rtt n r th thr hnd? phlphr f rln If pt r ftd th tlnt pr ld h nt thn Sn ht tn n th prt f Krrd: h p drt n t Gh rltt hl? `Spp tht th phlphl dfflt bt th ttrbt f S ppl hv ld t hv th blt t r tl nd Gd r ll lrd p : pp tht th v W r th nt- lpt fr rl b tn thht nd phlphr ll rnt r hn t b vld—ld t thn b n hv blvd th t tht h l r tr : vn r rnbl thn n t v th blt tnt? th d nt prvd prlll fr th rltn btn rtr n phlphl rnt nv t b vld— th nd th rld r vn n tln th nt dntfd b rnt nt prvt ln r th rfttn f th bn prtlr bd n prtlr pl : th nt h ntrlt fll r htvr r fvrt—ld t b th l t hv nl pr nd h prdtn r f rnbl t t n hl f lf t t vldt? If th h frtnt flflld nrl bdl nt If thht nr t th tn n t rl t b thn rl tht vn th lp f th ndr-rr r bn prtd b phlphl tn bt th ntr nd xtn f Gd tln thn ll rn t ttrbt th rt fft t his t b rrlvnt t fth n ld dppr t n th f nn-bdd nt h Krrdn pnt h nl th nffn f th h phr f trl prtn th ntr nvr thr phlphl jtftn f n ptn fr r nt blf n Gd n prlll Arhdn pnt fr hh th npt f t d nt pn t nt It prp f r t t n n t prh n ntv tt f th nrt f phlphl dbt 28 CONCLUSION THE GOD OF REASON AND THE GOD OF FAITH 2 t f th vldt r nvldt f rnt fr nd nt th Gd nd thrfr t h th xtn f dvn jd xtn f Gd hll rrlvnt t fth thn fth Ill ll hvr n rrpt th jdnt n r thn v hbt f nd trnn f n b n th pblt f n : th blf f blvr b th fft f h v th dvrn trth nblf f n nblvr b And pt bt th t rntd tht th phlphl tn r rlvnt n xtrnl rld lf-dtrtv n t dffrnt fr n n rl hp t th dfntl ttld n h lft? pt bt th xtn f Gd r prtl th Gvn th phlphl nrtnt h hld bhv? pblt hr prtl lp nt S n blv thlv t hv drt xprn f Gd On thn lr hr n rn h n h hh ld ht t th nd fr prf f h xtn Mt n dbt bt th xtn f Gd hld nt pr fr hlp nd n l n h xprn nd ndd vn th ntr trd- dn n th tp n thr ttr S fnd thn tnll rbd t Gd t rbl tht n h xprn n th d f n nt prn t Gd h xtn pbl Othr l t n Srptr r rl - h dbt It rl n r nrnbl thn th t f nt r lr f dvn rvltn t prvd b th- n drft n th n trppd n v r trndd n lv jtftn fr blf n Gd ntnd h r fr hlp thh h nvr b hrd h ptn b l rnbl h t tht hrh r fr nl hh nvr b n ldr htn t bndn th prt f thr hh Sh prr rtnl hthr r nt thr Gd t dtnhbl fr th rrnt fhn n lr rnn r hthr f thr Gd t pln t h r ndv t hnvr rl trdtn t rrd th Srptr lvtn t nthr tn l ppl n dbt bn n r nprd thn th r f lt t f r th ll hv thr n v bt tht t f thr Gd thn rl rtrt bfr lr prr nd th rl dptn rl prr fr nlhtnnt bt h xtn nd ntr f lr vl ll tlf b tprr fhn Crtnl nnt b l pln t h thn th tttd f n h t t ld b rn t r tht n ld nvr b jtfd n n ntrt n tn prtnt r n tn dfflt ptn thn fr nl n hd ndpn- ld nt l tn bnd hn pr dnt rn fr blvn n th xtn f fr Mr ht n blv n th xtn f lvn bn n Mr hh thr n thr rn t pt It ndd b tht th xtn f Gd St l thht t thn bv tht nl ll ll r phlphl prvrt ld prvnt n fr n t ht - thn dnd b vr n ppl n prf tht t nt bv nd thr n l f prlll xpl f phlphll ndd blndn r ntr phlphr dbtd th xtn f th xtrnl rld nd lntd th l f prf f th xtn f thr nd n f th rnt tht ld th t dbt th bv trth n rh phtr A fr ll ll thr n l f vdn f tht Ann h h n blvd n Gd nd d n n lnr h n dfflt n pntn t vnt n h n lf nd v n h n hrtr hh hv drnd h vn nd prvrtd h jdnt W hv ll rn t fr th jdnt f BIBLIOGRAPHY l A G 66 God and Philosophy, London. - nd MIntr A C New Essays in Philosophical Theology, BIBLIOGRAPHY ndn Gh 6 God and the Soul, ndn - 66 Descartes' Philosophical Writings, ndn (th G E M Unl thr ndtd bl r r td n th txt b n f Anb thr r f pbltn nd p - Onptn Philosophy. - Providence and Evil, Cbrd Arll 6 Aristotle's 'Categories' and 'De Interpretation', Gbf 60 De Libertate Dei et Creaturae, r Oxfrd nt W 4 Std n rn Medieval and Renaissance Ad M Mddl Knld nd th rbl f Evl Studies. American Philosophical Quarterly, 4 Knn A 6 Aquinas, a Collection of Critical Essays, ndn Anb G E M 6 Intention, Oxfrd - 6 Will, Freedom and Power, Oxfrd An St h Summa contra Gentiles, rn- 4 - 8 Freewill and Responsibility, ndn Summa Theologiae, tn nd Enlh txt lfrr dn Krtznn 66 Onn nd Itblt Journal of ndn 6- td S.Th.' flld b nbr f prt Philosophy, 6 tn nd rtl n E 66 Sntn Sttnt nd rptn n Quaesticmes Disputatae de Potentia Dei, rn- 4 British Analytical Philosophy, d A 0 Wll nd A dr 0 La Querelle des Futurs Contingents (vn 46- Mntfr ndn r 0 The Freedom of the Will, Oxfrd rl Gr 4 Three Dialogues, d C rbn Indnpl thr M 'De Servo Arbitrio' . frn r t th tndrd dtn Ctfd 6 Onn nd Indxl frn th Weimarer Ausgabe, td WA trnltn r b Ernt Journal of Philosophy, 64 Wntr fr Erasmus and Luther: Dialogue on Free Will, Cllpr Il capitolo 9 del 'de Interpretatione' di Aristotle, Yr 6 M Evl nd Onptn Mind, 20 Chhl 60 Mn hn t hv ppnd Analysis. Mn nd Patrologia Latina, vl 4 nd 8 r Ch 68 Language and Mind, Yr Mll S 88 Three Essays on Religion, ndn Cpltn A History of Philosophy, Ockham to Saurez, Mltn De Doctrina Christiana, vn ndn Mln Liberi Arbitrii cum Gratiae Donis . . . Concordia, d n St tr 4 De Divine Omnipotentia ed altri opuscoli, d G bn Mdrd rzz - ` Snt n Stllr W Geschichte des Molin- nt A 6 Atn Philosophical Quarterly. ismus, Mntr nznr 2 Enchiridion Symbolorum, rbr Mr Dialogue against Tyndale, d Cpbll ndn rt Euvres, d C Ad nd nnr r 64- td Mrnbr S nd Wlh 62 Free Will, Enld Clff CA flld b vl nd p nbr Oh W 4 Tractatus de Praedestinatione et de Praescientia Dei -, Philosophical Works, trn E ldn nd G C- et de Futuris Contingentibus, d hnr St nvntr brd 6 td ` flld b vl nd p nbr Yr trn 6 Predestination, God's Foreknowledge -, Philosophical Letters, trn A Knn Oxfrd 0 td and Future Contingents, d M Ad nd Krtznn `K flld b p nbr Yr tt M Wttntn hlph f Mtht W Cicero's De Natura Deorum, Cbrd Philosophical Review. 0 God and Timelessness, ndn - 60 On rnn bt th t Philosophical Review. lntn A 6 God and Other Minds, Ith Edrd The Freedom of the Will, d rntn - 4 God, Freedom and Evil, Yr 2 IIOGAY 4b The Nature of Necessity, Oxfrd - 6 bl Wrld The Listener. rr A Time and Modality, Oxfrd IE - 62 h rlt f Onn Philosophy. , 1967, Past, Present and Future, Oxfrd - 68 Papers on Time and Tense, Oxfrd Ablrd 0- rt 6-22 24 2 28 2 tlztn trn v 6 48 6 2 Qn W From A Logical Point of View, Cbrd Ad nd Ev 6 68 8 dtn bn A 6 Wyclif and the Oxford Schools, Cbrd Ad 6 dtrntn (nttn v tt- St n Opera Omnia, d th Stt Cn 0- Anb G E M 4 8 ln 6 8-6 td b vl nbr nd p ntdnt v nnt ll f Gd dtrn ff Snbrn The Coherence of Theism, Oxfrd rt Snd f prr v ptrr 2 dllt l (d 4 Essays on Explanation and Understanding, An 2 2 2 tt M 22-4 0- rdrht 4 8 42 4 4 00-2 0 drtn 8 Urbn W thr hrhn trnt? ,Journal 24 Arttl -2 2 of Theological Studies. Edrd 82-6 0 Arn 8- Er 2 Wttntn 6 Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics, Atn - 20 2 4 64 n nd fr 2 Oxfrd x nd thr 2 n f Gd -8 n v xtn -0 4 nz 64 trnt 4 bn 2- xprn 2ff blf dvn 6 rnr rl -0 fth 2- rnrd ftl 2 bt pbl rld 4- l A 64 blndn 0- frnld ff bd nd nd 2-4 fr t d v fr t ll 84 th 8 06 0 rll fn 66- 8 b f htr 08 r G 2 rhll 84 ftr ntnnt 8ff

Clvn 8- 86 Ctnd - 42 46 Gh 28 4 4 8- 6 hn rl v pprnt 4 0 24 h 8- Gbf Chhl 0 Ch lr 6 lr nd dtnt prptn 6 bb -84 pln r 6 ptr 2 pn G M 0 nvblt 22 0 Cntn Cnl f hptht-ddtv thd 28 ntrtv 22- ntnn 2 2 82 I ntrftl 62- d 6 2 0 rtn 20 trlt 24 tblt 40- n 00-2 ndtrn ff nt A 26 ndffrn lbrt f 6 8 2 4 IE IE nrt 2 pn 2-0 pntnt 2 rnt Cnl f nfrn 2 pnth 26 Stlnr 66 trth-vl p nfnt rr 84 prdx f nptn -8 ttnt 44 nfnt prphl 06 Srz 6 Urbn 4 nfrtn 44 2 pt brnn bt 00ff Snbrn 46 6 nnt nld l 6 ll 2 nttn 2 ln 64 tln 26 vrt 22 prftn 40 tndn 4 vrfblt 2 tr d v t 8-48 vrnt 00- r 6 -40 6 tln 8-40 4 4 vlntr 24 t lntn A 6- d 6 4 lt 6 ltn 6 2 2 Klh 6 plr 2 Knn A 6 8 8 ln 8 Krrd S 2 p A nld f n v f rlt pbl rld 6 4 - fr v ntrl v ddl 62 pblt 2 - pltv v prtl 4-6 pr 6-00 - f ndrtndn v f vn -4 prtl nld Krtznn 40-2 4-8 prr 0-4 prdtntn bnz G prdtblt 2 n E 44 prdt 2 2 prntlt 4 66 rr A 4 ll ptv 4 prvt ln ln hnt 04 prptn 44 60 rpr 6 rt 8 thr M 60 0-4 Qn W 2

M 4 tht -26 rl 24 nnl 4- rvltn Mnn A 2 2 rht v d Mlnhthn 8 l Glbrt 84 Mrnn M 6-8 ddl nld 62 Mll S 22 Shpnhr Mltn -8 nt d 62 t n prfrn St 6 6 Mln 6ff -bttl 2 Mr 4 Sn Cnl f ntn 28- ntn 2 44 nn plt ntrl thl -4 n pr t 0- nnlt 42 Sxt Sth Crl 66 Oh W 8 Srt 6 prtnl Szzn 60 Orn 6 Spnz

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The God of the Philosophers � ��Rt On�: O�N�����N�� the Eternal Truths �� Omniscience and Experience 2� Iv

The God of the Philosophers � ��Rt On�: O�N��N�� the Eternal Truths �� Omniscience and Experience 2� Iv