SUMMARY INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION REPORT

Supplementary Appendix to the Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors

on the

SOUTHERN PUNJAB BASIC URBAN SERVICES PROJECT

PAKISTAN

This report was prepared by the Borrower and is not an ADB document. The IEE is available on request.

18 December 2003

Supplementary Appendix H 2

SUMMARY INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

A. Introduction

1. In compliance with the ADB’s environmental requirements, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of the proposed Project was conducted. For the initial screening, ADB’s checklist of environmental parameters for all the infrastructure development projects was used. The potential major impacts or benefits of the Project were identified next and an analysis of whether or not a further study was warranted followed. The Summary IEE (SIEE) summarizes the screening of potential environmental impacts of the Project, suggests mitigation measures, and describes the institutional requirements and an environmental monitoring program. The SIEE is based on the information gathered during feasibility study, a review of the reports available with tehsil municipal administrations (TMAs), and on data collected during the Loan Fact-Finding Mission by ADB staff. The proposed Project aims to facilitate sustainable urban development in the 21 Project towns by addressing critical environmental improvement needs.

2. The subprojects concerned with urban and environmental infrastructure improvements and (i) sewage treatment facilities; (ii) water supply; (iii) solid waste management; (iv) territory link roads; and (v) relocation of slaughterhouses. Description of subproject is provided in the following sections and their design parameters and scale are summarized in Table 1.

3. The Environmental Protection Regulations (1997), as well as ADB regulations stipulate that an IEE is necessary for the subprojects. The land development requires infrastructure development and is mostly agricultural land. The development of infrastructure will enhance environmental quality in the project towns though temporary minor impacts that will occur during construction can easily be mitigated.

B. Description of the Subprojects

4. Sewerage System. This includes extension and rehabilitation of sewerage system and construction of new wastewater treatment plants in 19 of the 21 towns 1. This component includes rehabilitation of existing and laying of new sewers, rehabilitation and construction of new disposal stations (49), construction of new sullage carriers (48 km length), where needed, and construction of one or more treatment plants in each city (a total of 32). The Project will provide primary and secondary municipal sewer lines whilst the residents of each low-income area supported with project technical assistance will provide house connections. The wastewater treatment plants2, would considerably improve the overall environmental quality in the towns.

5. Depending on soil permeability test at waste stabilization pond sites, the bed of the ponds will be lined with clay to prevent wastewater from leaching into the ground and contaminating the groundwater. The process is capable of achieving BOD removal efficiency of 80 to 90%. The process is most effective and economical in hot climates as the rate of bacterial activity is higher under warm climatic conditions.

6. Water Supply. Distribution systems will be extended and/or rehabilitated for poorly served low-income communities in 7 towns. In these towns, the groundwater is scarce, very deep or brackish. This sub-component will include the provision of 57 new tubewells, new

1 Two towns (Ahmadpur East and ) are already implementing this component out of their own resources 2 To minimise operating costs, waste stabilisation ponds (lagoons) have been proposed Supplementary Appendix H 3 transmission mains, ground storage reservoirs, and construction/rehabilitation of distribution systems. In , it will also include the rehabilitation of ageing distribution systems through the replacement of old and chronically leaking pipes. The development and/or expansion of water distribution systems will focus on intra-urban low-income areas.

7. Solid Waste Management. Improvement in the collection and disposal of solid waste will remove the cause of blockage of sewer lines. Hence, improvements in the sewage system will only be sustainable with corresponding improvements in the solid waste management system. Sub-projects will improve collection and disposal of solid waste including hospital wastes. This sub-component will include (i) community support through waste minimization with concentration of waste to neighborhood collection points, (ii) procurement of equipment/vehicles for collection and disposal of solid waste to landfill site; (iii) development of landfill sites; and (iv) incinerators for hospital waste. 8. Low Income Area Road Links. This component will aim at the improved access of low- income communities to their town center and local neighborhood, which will improve economic activities. All road links (54 km in length) will follow existing right-of-way. 9. Slaughter houses. This sub-component will comprise the construction or relocation or rehabilitation of existing slaughterhouses in 11 towns, in an effort to improve hygienic conditions in residential areas, and to improve the handling of wastewater as well as solid waste from these slaughterhouses where it is causing serious environmental hazards.

C. Description of the Environment 10. Physical Resources all project towns are classified as urban or semi urban. The area is characterized by low-rise development with occasional medium-rise development containing significant areas of poor quality infrastructure and housing, interspersed with small area of open wasteland and urban agriculture. Geographically the Project area can be divided into three zones; sandy desert area, mountainous region and plain areas including river plains. The soil of the project area varies. The major soil type is alluvial and can be found a few feet below the surface. Generally the lowest part of the plains are silt clays and silt clay loams, the mid reaches are occupied by loamy/loamy soils, the upper most belt is coarse tortured. Rivers, canals, streams and nullahs pass within and in close proximity of the project area. Muzaffargarh Canal, D.G.Khan Canal, Sutlej and Chenab rivers and Sangarh Nullah are important water resources in the project area. The groundwater depth in the Project area fluctuates between approximately 7 to 25 meters. Where sweet, groundwater is used for municipal and drinking purposes.

11. Climate of the project area is extremely hot in summer and cold in winter. The summer from April to September is very hot. The winter from mid November to end of January is sufficiently cold. The month of May, June and July are dry and hottest when the temperature soars up to 51 degree centigrade, but the nights are comparatively cool and moderately pleasant. Precipitation rates in the project area range between 20 – 200 millimeters annually with most of the rainfall occurring during the monsoon months. 12. Ecological Resources There are no endangered varieties of flora. The Flora of the project area constitutes primarily of agriculture crops and other naturally occurring species. The agricultural species include cotton, wheat, pulses, vegetables, fruit plantations etc. Naturally occurring species include shrubs, grasses and trees.

13. Little wildlife is present in the project area due to uptake of different wildlife habitats as a result of extensive cultivation and dense human population. Faunal species present in or close to the project area include wintering birds e.g., Houbara Bustard, Raptor birds. Grey and Black Supplementary Appendix H 4 Partidges, Hog deer, Caracal and Blind Indus dolphin are among other important species of the area. No adverse impacts are envisaged on the indigenous species in the area.

14. A total of 10 protected areas are present in the project area, however there is no threat to these areas during or after construction, since the environmental improvements are restricted to only the core urban areas. A list of protected areas, their distances (in kilometers) and direction from different city/towns of the project area is detailed in Table 2. None of the protected areas lie within five kilometers of the outer periphery of these cities/towns3. 15. Human and Economic Development The subprojects are located in principal towns of the tehsils (administrative division of a district). The towns in southern Punjab have experienced a rapid increase in population due to rural-urban migration. Southern Punjab is a canal irrigated agricultural area, with primary crops including cotton, wheat and orchards, and mangoes. All project towns are market towns for agricultural produce of the area. Industrial development has taken place in some towns especially Multan and Muzaffargarh where a number of agro-based industrial units are located. Government provides education, health and veterinary care in towns and all major local banks provide services in all project towns. There are under-serviced areas and katchi abadies in all towns, where municipal institutions do not provide water supply, sewerage and solid waste disposal services. Water supply is perceived as a problem in six towns where ground water is brackish and existing water supply system is under severe pressure. There are no sewerage treatment facilities in any of the towns. Untreated sewerage is drained into minor canals and watercourses and is used for irrigation. Surface drains and sewerage lines are in poor condition in many towns and sewage ponding is not uncommon in several localities of many towns. All towns are connected with a road network, and have all communication facilities including power supply from the national grid. 16. Quality of Life Average household size in project towns is 7.4 persons. Safe drinking water is not available in many towns. Sewerage system, storm water drainage and solid waste disposal are problematic in all towns.

D. Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 17. Water Supply System. As the sub-component will include construction of new tube- wells, transmission mains and distribution systems in towns, engineering controls for dust suppression will be put in place as necessary. The PHED guidelines for design allow for a maximum of 220 liters per second per day where sewerage system is available. These standards assume unaccounted for water (losses) included in the above figure. Chlorination has been suggested in the water supply system and as low quantities of chlorine will be used in the drinking water so there will be no major environmental impact. However chlorine can cause health hazards to workers which can be mitigated by employing safe/proper chlorine storage and handling procedures and adequate monitoring. The water supply system would be given sufficient operating budget to cover consumables. Inadequate budget is the main cause of operation and maintenance failure. An assessment of operational capacity and maintenance of the facilities is also necessary since lack of capacity can result in inadequate operation and maintenance.

18. Wastewater Treatments and Disposal. Stabilization ponds because of their low construction and operating costs offer a significant financial advantage over other recognized treatment method in small communities. The main issue is area of land required and effects on neighbors. If lagoons are located remotely from town centers this involves construction of long sullage carriers. These can add considerable cost to the design and the open surface transport of raw sewage is contrary to general good practice, which requires treatment as near as

3 None of the proposed sites for various components of the project (including landfill site, waste water treatment plant and slaughter house lie in the vicinity of the afore mentioned protected area. Supplementary Appendix H 5 possible to the point of generation. In case effluents, which are to be applied to crops, the magnitude of pollutant removal or standard will be applied to prevent crop contamination. Pond beds will be lined with clay in locations that indicate potential leachate contamination of groundwater. Treated wastewater will meet Punjab EPA’s Discharge Regulations and discharged into the Chenab River The attraction of lagoons is that their operation is minimal. If managed correctly they can be odor free and provide a commercially valuable effluent. However they are susceptible to the occurrence of floating surface scum mats and these must be removed regularly, otherwise they will pass out in the effluent and give unsightly high levels of suspended solids. Also the edges of the lagoons must be trimmed regularly to stop long grass growing, which is a favorite breeding ground for mosquitoes.

19. Solid Waste Disposal / Landfill site. Environmental damage from solid waste disposal typically can include contamination of soil, groundwater, surface water and air quality. Adverse impacts result from improper sitting, inadequate design and poor operation. Under favorable hydrologic conditions, contaminated leachate from solid waste can through the unsaturated soil beneath the solid waste facility and enter groundwater. In designing a solid waste disposal system, social and cultural issues arise during the sitting of the facilities. Facility sitting needs to conform to land-use plans. Sitting should provide for enough land area for a buffer zone to minimize aesthetic impacts. Consideration should be given to proximity to residential developments (because of noise and truck traffic impacts, as well as gas migration), prevailing wind direction (because of dust and odor), and groundwater flow because of water supply wells and receiving surface waters. For control of smell, vectors and rodents, a regular top cover of soil should be applied every day. This should ideally be 25 cm thick. Adequate supplies of cover material must be sourced and kept available. Ponding of water must be avoided as it encourages mosquito breeding and putrescence of tipped material, which will cause leachate percolation. Drainage channels sub surface, for recycling of leachate, and inserted ventilation tubes for venting of methane gas are normal in well run landfill sites but the practicality of such measures in this context seems doubtful, due to lack of operational experience. It may be worth considering privatizing the landfill operation. In this case a base-tipping fee must be established and weighbridges will be needed; additionally trainings be imparted to the TMAs to monitor landfill operations (the training needs have been addressed in para 44). The proposed composting plants should be incorporated into any long term plans and provision made for sorting and recycling. Other harmful impacts associated with waste collection operations can result in accidental spills during hazardous waste collection causing health and safety risks to workers, soil and water contamination. Mitigation measures will include heath and safety trainings and adequate monitoring.

20. Road Links. No irregular adverse aspects are anticipated from the proposed road link works because they only constitute improvements to the surfacing. . Although road links will help in the development of the prosperity of an area, they can also cause an increase in traffic accidents, particularly among young children. Where roads introduce fast or heavy vehicles into a previously pedestrian area, speed limit signs, road bumps, and a community publicity campaign in schools on road safety should be considered.

21. Slaughter House . Resettlement of persons occupying sites where a slaughterhouse is to be built may be necessary due to impacts of improper disposal and storage/handling of solid and liquid wastes. This could result in losses in health risks and odor nuisance. Offsets from the community of minimum 100 meters from project location should be followed. The slaughterhouse must be designed to incorporate adequate disposal of solid and liquid wastes. Solid wastes are offal and animal skins. Liquid wastes are essentially blood. These have a commercial value and can be sold. However contingency plans must be included in the design for occasions when supply exceeds demand. Also in the case of infectious diseases the Supplementary Appendix H 6 slaughterhouse may have to deal with single or multiple numbers of infected carcasses. Some disposal plan should be drawn up, in conjunction with the veterinary authorities.

(i) Environmental Problems from Construction Impacts

22. The environmental impacts associated with the construction stage may include (i) disruption to traffic in the construction area while laying sewer lines (ii) increased air pollution due to increased dust and other volatile chemical substances (iii) noise and vibration, (iv) disruption of water systems due to cut and filling and other earth works in lagoons and landfills (v) Interference with utilities, irrigation cannels and blockage of access ways. These impacts will occur only during the construction period. 23. Mitigation measures will include (i) rerouting the traffic during construction stage; (ii) maintaining the optimum moisture content during handling of soil, spraying water to minimize dust, and maintaining safe distance between asphalt plants and public facilities including education facilities; (iii) strictly controlling the construction works that create noise and vibration by prohibiting night work near residential areas; (iv) careful planning/design to avoid areas of siltation and erosion; (v) pumping stagnant water, and providing adequate drainage systems; (vi) stabilizing landfill and lagoon embankment side slopes. (vii) proper construction practices and adequate monitoring. All these mitigation requirements will be included in the contract document for the contractor. All the impacts are temporary and manageable. 24. There are potential social impacts during construction, which mainly stem from negative interactions between project activities and local communities, for example, intensive scheduling of construction activities, or inappropriate timings of construction traffic. These can be mitigated by good communication with local communities, the provision of information and developing provisions regarding accepted worker behavior, management of the construction schedule and development of socio-economic actions. 25. Borrow pit operations should be strictly controlled e.g. location of borrow pits for provision of embankment material for lagoon slopes, tips for excavated materials, and cover material for landfills. Ex-borrow pit areas should be rehabilitated. E. Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures

26. All of the measures under discussion are designed to enhance the environment. In addition, waste water treatment plants, if correctly run, can become wildlife habitats and encourage migratory birds. Solid waste disposal landfill sites can at the end of their life be turned into parks or recreation areas. The water supply drinking water stations can act as a community focal point and foster good relations among neighbors. F. Land Acquisition and Resettlement Needs

27. The ADB policy on involuntary resettlement requires persons to be compensated for loss of income, irrespective of whether they have legal tenure rights or not, for this project no involuntary resettlement is anticipated, stakeholder consultations during the field work has confirmed this as have the respective TMAs. Landlords, tenants and squatters, if any, will be compensated under the prevailing Land Acquisition Act and ADB’s IR Policy. Resettlement is not considered a major issue.

Supplementary Appendix H 7 G. Institutional Aspects

1. Institution and Laws

28. In 1974 Ministry of Housing and Works established an Environment and Urban Affairs Division (EUAD). Through an ordinance in 1983, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) was created at the federal level, with powers to control pollution and preserve the living environment. Under this ordinance provincial EPAs were organized, with the focus on industrial pollution and urban problems. They also regulate solid waste disposal, sewage handling and wastewater treatment.

29. In December 1997, the 1983 ordinance was passed in the National Assembly as the 1997 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act. This act requires EIAs and IEEs for all developmental projects. Through this act some responsibilities had also been assigned to provincial EPAs, with the federal EPA retaining supervisory and regulatory responsibilities.

30. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 (The 2000 Regulations) promulgated under PEPA 1997 were enforced on 15 June, 2000. The 2000 Regulations define the applicability and procedures for preparation, submission and review of IEEs and EIAs. These Regulations also give legal status to the Pakistan Environmental Assessment Procedures prepared by the Federal EPA in 1997.

31. A lack of quantitative standards rendered laws ineffective and difficult to enforce. Fines and penalties were not commensurate with environmental damages. In general, it has been less expensive to pay fines, rather than implement measures of environmental protection. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 had addressed these shortfalls. The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) promulgated under the PEPA 1997 specify standards for industrial and municipal effluents, gaseous emissions, vehicular emissions, and noise levels. The PEPA 1997 empowers the EPAs to impose pollution charges in case of non-compliance to the NEQS. Standards for disposal of solid waste have as yet not been promulgated. Applicable NEQS standards are mentioned in Table 3, 4, and 5.

32. Pakistan has a three-tier system of governance, (i) federal, (ii) provincial and (iii) local. The principal federal agency with environmental responsibilities is the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Most of the powers of the Federal EPA have been delegated to the provincial EPAs. The IEE or EIA has to be submitted to provincial EPAs to whom the Federal EPA has conferred powers for review and approval

33. The country consists of four provinces, where the system of governance is congruent to federal structure. In Punjab the main environmental responsibilities are assigned to the Provincial Environmental Protection Agency (PEPA). Under the recent devolution of government, certain programs are being transferred to the districts.

2. Roles and Responsibilities

2.1 General

34. TMAs Role: As the project proponents, the TMA’s for each town/tehsil will be responsible for ensuring the implementation of the environmental mitigation measures recommended in each IEE related to the subcomponents of the project. The TMA will be responsible for establishing the environmental monitoring system and monitoring and reporting Supplementary Appendix H 8 the environmental impacts. The TMA will also ensure that the environmental performance of the sub-components of the project is in accordance with governing legislation.

35. Federal/ Punjab Environmental Protection Agency: EPA’s role as a regulatory and monitoring body will ensure that various project related activities are in compliance with the requirements of applicable National Environmental Legislation. Relevant sections of the guidelines are shown at the end of this chapter, as reference

2.2 Planning and Design of the Operations

36. The TMA’s will obtain all relevant clearances and necessary approvals required by the Government of Pakistan i.e., Punjab Environmental Protection Agency prior to or during the commencement of the respective operations.

2.3 Implementation of the Operations

37. Co-ordination with Stake Holders: TMA’s will ensure that co-ordination with the regulators (PEPA – Punjab Environmental Protection Agency) is maintained throughout the operation.

38. Environmental Management System: TMA’s will ensure that for each project an Environmental Management Plan is prepared during the planning phase and the same be submitted to the EPA for review and approval. The EMP should cover the design, construction and operation phases of the project.

3 Monitoring Program

39. TMA’s will ensure that for each project a monitoring program is prepared and implemented to monitor compliance with the EMP and effects of the project on sensitive receptors (if any). The monitoring plan should have institutional arrangements (such as involvement of TMA, PEPA and other relevant organizations); monitoring parameters; monitoring mechanism; reporting mechanism; and training needs. Under the powers conferred to PEPA by the 2000 Regulations, the agency may externally monitor various project related activities in order to ensure that the project operations are in compliance with the requirements of applicable National Environmental Legislation.

40. Emergency Procedures: TMA’s will prepare contingency plans to deal with any emergency situation that may arise during different operations e.g. medical evacuation and communicate these to the regulatory agencies if required by these agencies.

41. Training: The TMA’s will be responsible for the selection and training of their staff for effective project execution.

4. Coordination with other programs

42. Co-ordination with other programs will be required at least with regard to two issues. All activities of staff training, especially at TMA level will need to be coordinated with similar activities planned under the Devolution Support Program to avoid overlaps and duplication in training programs. Similarly, the sub-project in Multan will need to be coordinated with the UNDP supported National Urban Poverty Alleviation Program, which focuses on the propagation of community self-help, approaches to sewerage improvements. Supplementary Appendix H 9 5. Consultations with EPA

43. Consultations were held with the Provincial EPA in Lahore. They have indicated that IEEs should be submitted to their district office in Multan for review and comment.

6. Institutional Development and Environmental Training

44. TMAs have knowledge and expertise in dealing with urban services related engineering matters. However, their capacities for environmental and social issues may need to be enhanced. For an effective implementation of an environmental management and monitoring plan, with interaction of other stakeholders, like overlapping state functionaries, and community members, monitoring of the private operations, they will require capacity building. It has been noted during the preparation of the Project that operations staff in the all TMAs, particularly smaller TMA, require technical support and training.

7. Public Consultation and Disclosure

45. Political leaders, local councilors and informal leaders including leaders of women groups were asked to state their current perception of priorities for improvements to the urban environmental infrastructure in each project town. The focus group discussions conducted a part of the qualitative socio-economic surveys under the assignment yielded the prospective beneficiaries perception of priorities where in most towns, sanitation and sewerage were mentioned as sectors that required intervention and improvements most urgently, followed by solid waste management and water supply. Details for each town are given in individual town reports. 8. Environmental Management Plan

46. The environmental management plan will be enacted during the planning and construction phase and will include specific mitigation measures, environmental monitoring requirements, institutional arrangements and budget. A monitoring program must be the first step for the TMAS to manage the implementation of the new projects. The EMP should include:

(i) Technical aspects:

a. Roles of PEPA, national executing agency, and project management (usually the project management is responsible for the detailed monitoring, using consultants as needed, to follow TOR prepared by PEPA). b. Administration and coordination (usually the EMP will involve a steering committee with membership from all significantly affected national agencies).

(ii) Report preparation, including frequency and distribution;

(iii) Cost estimate;

(iv) Funding: Recommendations for sharing of costs and for financing;

(v) Benefit/cost analysis: .An approximate evaluation of benefits versus, costs for the EMP, based on with and without EMP conditions, to show that the EMP is cost beneficial (not just additional overhead}. The EMP should .be the minimum cost- program needed to protect sensitive affected environmental resources; and

(vi) Provisions for periodic review/revision: The EMP should include provisions for Supplementary Appendix H 10 annual evaluations of the data collected, in order to delete collection of data, which are not needed, and to add collection of important data not included in the program.

H. Findings and Recommendations

47. It is expected that the subprojects and components for the town will have negligible impacts on the environment which could be mitigated through adequate mitigation measures and regular monitoring during the design, construction and operation phases. The Project is expected to bring about significant improvements in personal, household and community hygiene, and environmental sanitation thereby increasing the quality of life and community health.

I. Conclusions

48. The Project will improve the environmental conditions and health of about 3.6 million poor inhabitants in the 21 small towns and will strengthen the environmental planning, management and monitoring functions of the TMAs. Full environmental benefits will only be achieved through effective operation and maintenance. Individual IEEs conducted on all the subprojects conclude that an EIA will not be necessary based on the findings that the Project will not cause significant environmental problems and the potential minor impacts are manageable through proper policy, planning, public relations, and good construction and supervision practices. The Project has sufficient contingencies, should it require additional mitigation measures to be put in place. SUMMARIZED DESIGN PARAMETERS AND SCALE Dera Ghazi Description Ahmadpur East Hasilpur Tamewali Khan Taunsa Jahanian Kabirwala Khanewal General Design Year 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 Population Annual Growth Rate (%age) 5.14 3.14 3.93 3.06 4.43 3.74 3.92 2.65 4.58 2.43 Projected Population 1,397,624 223,890 203,821 61,054 68,515 518,234 109,198 50,725 160,789 257,751 Sewerage System Design Period for Sewers (year) 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 Desin Period for Pumping Stations (year) 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 Average Wastewater Generated (as %age of Water Consumption) 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 Infiltration (%age of average wastewater generated) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Storm Water Allowance (%age of average wastewater generated) 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 Number of Pumping Stations 5 1 2 4 1 2 1 3 Lane Sewers Length (M) 121,755 41,742 7,569 24,230 20,217 31,498 17,533 79,539 Main Sewers Length (M) 29,358 7,379 2,145 10,914 5,730 5,604 12,032 11,665 Sullage Carriers (M) 10,470 1,000 2,000 6,810 1,000 2,700 1,000 2,300 Wastewater Treatment Treatment Plant -1 Design Population (Year 2025) 389,783 61,054 48,685 518,234 109,198 40,654 160,789 29,820 Average Wastewater Flows (Cu. M/day) 77,863 9,757 7,780 103,522 21,813 6,497 32,119 5,953 Land Required (hectare) 75.60 13.68 11.00 97.44 21.95 9.72 32.20 7.00 Effluent Quality (BOD, mg/l)) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Design Capacity (Cu.M/day) under the project 38,932 4,879 3,890 51,761 10,907 3,248 16,060 2,977 Treatment Plant -2 Design Population 1,007,841 11,120 10,071 56,631 Average Wastewater Flows (Cu. M/day) 201,326 1,777 1,609 11,305 Land Required (hectare) 186.48 3.30 2.83 13 Effluent Quality (BOD, mg/l)) 50 50 50 50 Design Capacity (Cu.M/day) under the project 100,663 889 805 5,653

Supplementary Appendix H 12

Khairpur Dera Ghazi Description Bahawalpur Ahmadpur East Hasilpur Tamewali Yazman Khan Taunsa Jahanian Kabirwala Khanewal Treatment Plant -3 Design Population 8,710 163,826 Average Wastewater Flows (Cu. M/day) 1,392 32,706 Land Required (hectare) 2.90 32 Effluent Quality (BOD, mg/l)) 50 50 Design Capacity (Cu.M/day) under the project 696 16,353 Water Supply Design Period for Tubewells (Year) 2,015 2,015 2,015 2,015 Design Period for Distribution System (Year) 2,025 2,025 2,025 2,025 Design period for Rising Main (Year) 2,015 2,015 2,015 2,015 Water Consumption Per Capita Per Pay (Litres) 225 225 225 180 Max. day Demand (of average day demand) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Peak Hour Demand (of average day demand) 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 Capacity of Ground Water Storage (%age of average daily demand) 25 25 25 25 Number of Tubewells 13 13 27 3 Capacity of Each Tubewells (Cusecs) 2 1 1 1 Ground Water Storage (Cu. M) 10,439 4,539 17,247 980 Length of Distribution System (M) 22,928 Length of Rising Main (M) 16,000 9,620 22,179 4,740 Water Distribution Vehicles (number) Solid Waste Per Capita Solidwaste Generation (Kg.) 0.45 0.42 0.40 0.35 0.35 0.45 0.38 0.35 0.40 0.42 % age Solidwaste Collection (as of generation) 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 Density in Landfill (tons/cu.m) 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Design Period for Vehicle and Equipment (Year) 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 Design Period for Landfill Site (Year) 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 Proposed Landfill Site Area ( Hectare) 36.03 6.48 5.26 1.62 1.62 14.98 2.83 1.62 4.05 8.10 Supplementary Appendix H 13

Khairpur Dera Ghazi Description Bahawalpur Ahmadpur East Hasilpur Tamewali Yazman Khan Taunsa Jahanian Kabirwala Khanewal

Description Mian Channu Jalalpur PirwalaQadirpur Ran Shujabad Alipur Jatoi Kot Addu Jampur Rajanpur Rojhan General Design Year 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 Population Annual Growth Rate (%age) 2.79 4.26 2.38 2.49 2.9 3.58 4.61 3.78 5.08 3.09 Projected Population 137,288 100,420 33,258 112,215 62,330 101,666 275,646 144,341 168,398 25,506 Sewerage System Design Period for Sewers (year) 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 Desin Period for Pumping Stations (year) 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 Average Wastewater Generated (as %age of Water Consumption) 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 Infiltration (%age of average wastewater generated) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Storm Water Allowance (%age of average wastewater generated) 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 Number of Pumping Stations 3 1 1 2 1 2 7 2 2 2 Lane Sewers Length (M) 38,684 52,814 5,687 8,121 7,768 16,532 59,952 11,568 21,570 2,413 Main Sewers Length (M) 7,662 4,586 1,375 7,083 3,299 3,629 10,925 3,235 5,390 1,740 Sullage Carriers (M) 3,000 1,000 300 1,600 1,500 1,000 3,000 3,640 5,200 1,000 Wastewater Treatment Treatment Plant -1 Design Population (Year 2025) 53,012 100,420 33,258 88,326 62,330 101,666 133,691 144,341 33,611 15,150 Average Wastewater Flows (Cu. M/day) 10,602 20,060 5,315 17,644 9,961 20,309 26,706 28,834 6,714 2,421 Land Required (hectare) 12.60 20.16 8.17 17.96 13.68 20.16 26.79 30.00 8.17 3.92 Effluent Quality (BOD, mg/l)) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Design Capacity (Cu.M/day) under the project 5,301 10,030 2,658 8,822 4,981 10,155 13,353 14,417 3,357 1,211 Treatment Plant -2 Design Population 42,720 23,889 42,916 134,787 10,356 Average Wastewater Flows (Cu. M/day) 8,544 4,772 8,573 26,925 1,655 Land Required (hectare) 9.84 5.81 9.84 26.79 2.90 Effluent Quality (BOD, mg/l)) 50 50 50 50 50 Design Capacity (Cu.M/day) under the project 4,272 2,386 4,287 13,463 828 Treatment Plant -3 Supplementary Appendix H 14

Khairpur Dera Ghazi Description Bahawalpur Ahmadpur East Hasilpur Tamewali Yazman Khan Taunsa Jahanian Kabirwala Khanewal Design Population 41,556 99,039 Average Wastewater Flows (Cu. M/day) 8,311 19,784 Land Required (hectare) 9.84 20.16 Effluent Quality (BOD, mg/l)) 50 50 Design Capacity (Cu.M/day) under the project 4,156 9,892 Water Supply Design Period for Tubewells (Year) 2,015 2,015 Design Period for Distribution System (Year) 2,025 2,025 Design period for Rising Main (Year) 2,015 2,015 Water Consumption Per Capita Per Pay (Litres) 225 180 Max. day Demand (of average day demand) 1.5 1.5 Peak Hour Demand (of average day demand) 2.25 2.25 Capacity of Ground Water Storage (%age of average daily demand) 25 25 Number of Tubewells 1 Capacity of Each Tubewells (Cusecs) 0.5 Ground Water Storage (Cu. M) 2,723 908 Length of Distribution System (M) 27,378 Length of Rising Main (M) 3,300 Water Distribution Vehicles (number) 3 Solid Waste Per Capita Solidwaste Generation (Kg.) 0.40 0.38 0.35 0.40 0.35 0.38 0.42 0.40 0.40 0.35 % age Solidwaste Collection (as of generation) 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 Density in Landfill (tons/cu.m) 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Design Period for Vehicle and Equipment (Year) 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 Design Period for Landfill Site (Year) 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 Proposed Landfill Site Area ( Hectare) 4.00 2.43 1.21 3.24 1.62 2.83 6.88 3.64 4.05 0.81

Table 2: List of protected areas in Southern Punjab

Name of city Protected areas Direction Distance (kilometers) from city Bahawalpur · Lal Sohanra North East 30-35 national Park

· Cholistan game East 20 – 25 Reserve

· Indo-Pak Border Belt, Game Direction not 100 specified Reserve South · Bahawalpur 8 – 10 Reserve Forest, Wildlife Sanctuary Ahmad Pur East · Cholistan Game East 15 – 20 Reserve

· Abbassia Reserve South 15 - 20 Forest, Wildlife Sanctuary Hasilpur · Head Islam/Chak South East 15 - 20 Katora Game Reserve Rajanpur · Kot Sabzal Game West 15 – 20 Reserve Kabirwala/Khanewal · Pirawala Wildlife Kabirwala - 5 – 10 Sanctuary North East

Khanewal - 5 – 10 North Taunsa/Kot · Taunsa Barrage Taunsa - 20 – 25 Adu/Muzaffar Garh Wildlife Sanctuary South East

Kot Addu – 15 – 20 North West

Supplementary Appendix H 16

Table 3 : NEQS for municipal and industrial effluentsa

Parameters Into Into Inland Water Sewage Treatmentb Temperature or temperature =30°C =30°C increasec pH 6-9 6-9 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 80 250 o d (BOD5) at 20 C Chemical Oxygen Demand 150 400 (COD)d Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 200 400 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 3,500 3,500 Grease and oil 10 10 Phenolic compounds (as 0.1 0.3 phenol) Chloride (as Cl-) 1,000 1,000 Fluoride (as F) 10 10 Total cyanide (as CN-) 1.0 1.0 An-ionic detergents (as MBAS)e 20 20

Sulphate (SO4) 600 600 Sulphide (S-) 1.0 1.0 Ammonia (NH3) 40 40 Pesticidesf 0.15 0.15 Cadmiumf 0.1 0.1 Chromium (trivalent & 1.0 1.0 hexavalent)f Copperf 1.0 1.0 Leadf 0.5 0.5 Mercuryf 0.01 0.01 Seleniumf 0.5 0.5 Nickelf 1.0 1.0 Silverf 1.0 1.0 Total Toxic metals 2.0 2.0 Zinc 5.0 5.0 Arsenicf 1.0 1.0 Bariumf 1.5 1.5 Supplementary Appendix H 17

Iron 8.0 8.0 Manganese 1.5 1.5 Boronf 6.0 6.0 Chlorine 1.0 1.0 Source: Qadar (2003) Notes: a All values are in mg/l, unless otherwise defined b Applicable only when and where sewage treatment is operational and BOD5=80 mg/L is achieved by the sewage treatment system c The effluent should not result in temperature increase of more than 30°C at the edge of zone where initial mixing and dilution take place in the receiving body. In case zone is defined, use 100 meters from the point of discharge d Assuming minimum dilution 1:10 on discharge, lower ratio would attract progressively stringent standards to be determined by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency. By 1:10 dilution means, for example that for each one cubic meter of treated effluent, the recipient water body should have 10 cubic meter of water for dilution of this effluent e Modified Benzene Alkyl Sulphate; assuming surfactant as biodegradable f Pesticides include herbicide, fungicides and insecticides g Subject to the total toxic metals discharge should not exceed level of total toxic metals Table 4: NEQS for selected gaseous pollutants from industrial sourcesa

Parameter Source of emission Standard Smoke Any 40% or 2 Ringlemann scale or equivalent smoke number Particulate matterb Boilers and furnaces: Oil fired 300 Coal fired 500 Cement kilns 300 Grinding, crushing, clinker coolers and 500 related processes, metallurgical processes, converter blast furnaces and cupolas Hydrogen chloride Any 400 Chlorine Any 150 Hydrogen fluoride Any 150 Hydrogen sulfide Any 10 Sulfur oxidesc Sulfuric acid/Sulfonic acid plants 5,000 Other plants except power plants 1,700 operating on oil and coal Carbon monoxide Any 800 Lead Any 50 Mercury Any 10 Cadmium Any 20 Arsenic Any 20 Copper Any 50 Antimony Any 20 Zinc Any 200 Oxides of nitrogend Nitric acid manufacturing unit 3,000 Other plants except power plants operating on oil or coal: Oil Fired 400 Coal fired 600 Cement kilns 1,200 Source: Qadar (2003) Notes: aAll values are in mg/Nm3, unless otherwise defined bBased on the assumption that the size of the particulates is 10 micron or more cBased on 1% sulphur content in fuel oil. Higher content of sulphur will cause standards to be pro-rated

In respect of the emissions of the sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on oil or coal as fuel shall, in addition to NEQS specified above, comply with the following standards Supplementary Appendix H 19

Table 5: NEQS for motor vehicle exhaust and noise

Parameter Standard Measuring Method

Smoke 40% or 2 on the Ringlemann To be compared with scale during engine acceleration Ringlemann Chart at a distance

mode of 6 meters or more Carbon Monoxide New vehicles: 4.5% Under idling conditions, non- dispersive infrared detection Used vehicles: 6%1 through gas analyzer Noise 85 dB(A) Sound-meter at 7.5 meters from the source

Source: Qadar (2003) Notes: a 10 years or older