Access to Financial Services in Brazil
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This file has been cleaned of potential threats. If you confirm that the file is coming from a trusted source, you can send the following SHA-256 hash value to your admin for the original file. 45729aa579becc2d9db9727b842b6c34a223a6b7036de6d3ae076c51df795c92 To view the reconstructed contents, please SCROLL DOWN to next page. The text that follows is a PREPRINT. Please cite as: Grasel, D.; P.M. Fearnside, A.S. Rovai, J.R.S. Vitule, R.R. Rodrigues, R.P. Mormul, F.D.F. Sampaio & J.A. Jarenkow. 2019. Brazil’s Native Vegetation Protection Law jeopardizes wetland conservation: A comment on Maltchik et al. Environmental Conservation 46(2): 121-123. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892918000474 ISSN: 0376-8929 Copyright: Cambridge University Press The original publication available at http://journals.cambridge.org/ <publisher link> https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892918000474 1 1 TITLE: Brazil’s Native Vegetation Protection Law jeopardizes wetland conservation: a 2 comment on Maltchik et al. 3 4 AUTHORS: DANIEL GRASEL1,*, PHILIP MARTIN FEARNSIDE2, ANDRÉ SCARLATE 5 ROVAI3,4, JEAN RICARDO SIMÕES VITULE5, RICARDO RIBEIRO RODRIGUES6, 6 ROGER PAULO MORMUL7, FLÁVIA DUARTE FERRAZ SAMPAIO8, JOÃO ANDRÉ 7 JARENKOW1,9 8 9 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do 10 Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970, Bloco IV, Prédio 43.433, 11 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 12 2 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, CEP 69067-375, 13 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil 14 3 Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, LA 70803, 15 Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA 16 4 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas – 17 CFM, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rua Eng. -
Shared Interest's Guarantee Fund for South Africa
42 Community Development INVESTMENT REVIEW Unlocking Local Capital for Development: Shared Interest’s Guarantee Fund for South Africa Donna Katzin, Shared Interest Robert Rosenbloom, Strategic Philanthropy Advisors, LLC Introduction s the world grapples with growing income disparities that leave more than three billion of the planet’s people in poverty, and as the current recession shrinks the pool of public and private resources available to remedy the situation, inves- tors and policymakers across the globe are seeking high-impact, cost-effective Astrategies and tools to reduce the cavernous income and wealth gap and create bridges out of poverty.1 South Africa is a stark case in point. In 1994, when the country replaced apartheid with majority rule and elected Nelson Mandela president, South Africa was one of the most unequal nations on earth, with the preponderance of the country’s wealth concentrated in the hands of 9 percent of the population.2 Eighty-four percent of that wealth was deposited in the country’s four major banks, which by and large did not extend credit or most other banking services to blacks, who made up 80 percent of the population.3 That year, after the country transferred political power, but left economic power concen- trated in the same minority hands, Shared Interest was launched to provide U.S. inves- tors with a catalytic vehicle to help reverse apartheid’s legacy of institutionalized race-based inequality. In creating a model that would respond to South Africa’s particular conditions and needs, Shared Interest established a guarantee fund that moved highly capitalized South African banks to lend to community development financial institutions (CDFIs), coopera- tives, and emerging enterprises that, in turn, have supplied credit, affordable homes, and jobs to more than one million low-income black (including mixed race) South Africans. -
How Brazil's Notorious Criminal Justice System Violates the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Layla Medina
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law American University International Law Review Volume 31 | Issue 4 Article 3 2016 Indefinite Detention, Deadly Conditions: How Brazil's Notorious Criminal Justice System Violates the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Layla Medina Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/auilr Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Medina, Layla (2016) "Indefinite Detention, Deadly Conditions: How Brazil's Notorious Criminal Justice System Violates the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights," American University International Law Review: Vol. 31: Iss. 4, Article 3. Available at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/auilr/vol31/iss4/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COMMENT INDEFINITE DETENTION, DEADLY CONDITIONS: HOW BRAZIL’S NOTORIOUS CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM VIOLATES THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS LAYLA MEDINA* I. INTRODUCTION -
IFC Financing to Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa Key Highlights
IFC Financing to Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa Key Highlights IFC is working to develop solutions to close the micro, small, and $342 million for trade finance. In fiscal year 2011 alone, IFC MSME medium enterprise (MSME1) financing gap, collaborating with commitments in the region were $1,095 million. In addition, IFC’s 69 financial institutions across 23 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. microfinance institution (MFI) clients had 157,000 loans outstanding to micro-enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa by end of 2010, totaling As of June 2011, IFC committed a total of $1.8 billion to $128.3 million. Similarly, IFC’s SME financial institution (SME FI) MSME finance in Sub-Saharan Africa, $1.48 billion for long term clients had 34,000 loans outstanding to SMEs by end of 2010, finance (including $220 million for funds supporting MSMEs), and totaling $4.2 billion in this region. MSME Financial Intermediary Portfolio, June 2011 IFC’s Committed Portfolio in MSME Financial Institutions IFC’s Regional Committed Portfolio in MSME in Sub-Saharan Africa2 Financial Institutions 1,400 2% 1,200 13% Europe & Central Asia 1,000 East Asia & the Caribbeans 6% 34% s n 800 Latin America & the Caribbeans o illi Middle East & North Africa 600 M 11% South Asia 400 Sub-Saharan Africa 200 19% 15% WORLD 0 FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 MSME Loans by IFC Clients, December 2010 MSME Loans by Microfinance Institutions MSME Loans by SME Financial Institutions IFC was able to survey or extrapolate outreach data from IFC was able to survey or extrapolate outreach data from 23 SME FI 17 microfinance clients in 12 countries, 53 percent of these clients clients in 12 countries, 35 percent of these clients received advisory received advisory services from IFC. -
Best Practices in Collections Strategies
Number 26 November 2008 Best Practices in Collections Strategies Past-due or non-collectible loans are part and parcel of the financial sector. As past-due rates surpass expected limits, though, this piece of the credit cycle can become a true problem. While often seen as a final step in the lending cycle, collections 1 actually plays a much more integral role in the overall process. In recent years microfinance institutions (MFIs) have sought to develop new and more effective strategies for collections. This increased attention to collections is in part due to an industry-wide emphasis on credit promotion and analysis as well as to the changing and increasingly competitive environments in which MFIs are operating. Drawing from the experiences of collections programs throughout Latin America 2 and through the implementation of initial collections activities in India that are mainly focusing on Individual lending methodology, this InSight explores “best practices” and considerations that an MFI should take into account when attempting to successfully implement collections activities. I. The Role of Collections Collections is an integral part of the credit Collections is an important service cycle. that helps to both maintain clients and free up money for lending again. It is a strategic process that is key to generating good habits and a payment culture among clients. It can also be seen as a business activity whose primary objective is to generate returns for the institution, converting losses into income. MFIs should view collections as an essential piece of the credit cycle, not just the final step. During the collections process, institutions receive feedback on policies and activities within each sub- process of the lending cycle: promotion, evaluation, approval, and disbursement. -
The Role of Social Policies in the Education of Children and Poor Mothers in Salvador, Bahia
Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal – Vol.4, No.22 Publication Date: Nov. 25, 2017 DoI:10.14738/assrj.422.3901. Gomes, C. (2017). The Role of Social Policies in the Education of Children and Poor Mothers in Salvador, Bahia. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, (422) 17-26. The Role of Social Policies in the Education of Children and Poor Mothers in Salvador, Bahia Cristina Gomes Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO Mexico Carretera al Ajusco 377, Mexico City, CP 14200 ABSTRACT This article explores the narratives of women beneficiaries of different social policies in the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, analyzing mothers discourses, attitudes and practices in the relationship to their children and, in particular, their commitment to supporting school tasks and their participation in school activities. Additionally, and especially, it looks at their daily work to instill the value of education, as well as practices and commitments between generations of mothers and children with the aim of preparing children with the aim of preparing the new generations to reach a higher level of human development, greater autonomy and increased well- being in their future trajectories. The qualitative methodology was applied: sixteen interviews with beneficiary mothers of social policies in the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, and results were explored with the method of Speech Analysis. Results show that mothers from poor families who receive the benefits of social policies are inter- generationally involved with their commitments. Mothers were even returning to schools, both for personal fulfillment and to give their children an example of the high value that they give to education. -
Infrastructure Law of Brazil 2
Marçal Justen Filho Marçal Justen Filho rd edition 3 Cesar A. Guimarães Pereira 2 Cesar A. Guimarães Pereira revised and expanded Editors Editors Infrastructure Law of Brazil Competition Law – Regulatory Agencies – Public Procurement Infrastructure Law of Brazil – Public-Private Partnerships – Government Contracts – Energy Competition Law – Regulatory Agencies – Public Procurement – Public-Private Partnerships Government Contracts – Energy – Telecommunications – Transport and Logistics – Oil and Gas – Telecommunications – Transport and Logistics – Oil and Gas Mining – Basic Sanitation – Waste Management – Corporate Taxation – Environmental Law – Mining – Basic Sanitation – Waste Management – Corporate Construction Contracts – Arbitration – Enforcement of Judgments and Awards against State Parties Bilingual versions of Relevant Statutes Taxation – Environmental Law – Construction Contracts – Arbitration – Enforcement of Judgments and Awards against State Parties – Bilingual versions of Relevant Statutes Área específica da obra Direito Administrativo 2012-2013 Áreas afins do livro Direito Público Econômico. Direito da Infraestrutura. Direito Concorrencial. Direito Processual Civil. COLEÇÃO FÓRUM Arbitragem INTERNACIONAL DE DIREITO PÚBLICO Público-alvo/consumidores da obra Advogados brasileiros com atuação internacional. Advogados estrangeiros com interesses no Brasil. The idea of writing this book came in 2010 as a Empresas multinacionais brasileiras e estrangeiras. Faculdades e estudantes de Direito brasileiros. natural result of our professional -
Bootstrapdreams.Pdf (1.428Mb)
CONTENTS Preface IX Abbreviations Xlll INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 1 THE INTERNATIONAL ROOTS OF MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT 19 Chapter 2 THE EMERGENCE OF U.S. MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT 44 Chapter 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF U.S. MICROENTERPRISE PROGRAMS 78 (Julie Cowgill, coauthor) Chapter 4 FORMING A MICROENTERPRISE PROGRAM: CASE STUDY PART' 120 (Julie Cowgill, coauthor) Chapter 5 MATURATION OF A MICROENTERPRISE PROGRAM: CASE STUDY PART" 159 Chapter 6 CONCLUSION: MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT, 201 CONTRADICTION, AND PRACTICE Notes 219 References 225 Index 245 0.. CHAPTER 1 THE INTERNATIONAL ROOTS OF MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT Conventional banking institutions do not make loans to the poor, especially to rural women. The bankers I met laughed at me. -YUNus (1997) After the bank's eighteen years in business, one could estimate that conservatively half a million families were able to throw off a life of destitution and begin living with a modicum of honor and dignity as a result of intervention from the Grameen Bank. -COUNTS (1996) [T]he development community is riding the microcredit band-wagon given that it is consistent with the dominant paradigm of self-help, decentralization. and given that structural adjustment programs have forced the poor into self-employment. -McMICHAEL (2000) A major source of the excitement surrounding microenterprise develop- ment has been the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh (Ryan 1997; Brill 1999). The statement by Mohammed Yunus, the bank's founder, describes his struggle to offer microcredit in the 1970s. The second statement captures the popular acclaim surrounding the bank and the hopes for future mi- croenterprise development. Many U.S. MDPs were modeled after famous southern programs such as the Grameen (Wahid 1993a; Counts 1996). -
No Time to Waste: Payment for Urban Environmental Services As a Tool to Support Invisible Recyclers in Brazil
ANA PAULA RENGEL-GONÇALVES* & ELENA AYDOS† No Time to Waste: Payment for Urban Environmental Services as a Tool to Support Invisible Recyclers in Brazil Introduction ...................................................................................... 388 I. The Waste Crisis in Brazil .................................................... 390 II. Waste Pickers’ Precarious Reality in Brazil ......................... 393 A. Race, Gender, Age, Education, and Income .................. 394 B. Health and Safety Concerns ........................................... 396 C. Prejudice and Exclusion ................................................. 397 III. Legal Framework for Inclusion of Waste Pickers in the Waste Management System .................................................. 398 A. Early Municipal Schemes .............................................. 399 B. Waste Management Regulation at the State Level ........ 402 C. Waste Management Regulation at the Federal Level .... 403 1. The National Policy for Solid Waste ....................... 404 2. Other Federal Programs ........................................... 405 3. Remaining Challenges ............................................. 406 IV. The Use of Payment for Urban Environmental Services for Solid Waste Management ................................................ 408 A. Definition of Payment for Environmental Services ....... 409 B. Payment for Environmental Services in Brazil .............. 410 C. Urban Environmental Services and Waste Pickers ........ 411 V. Payment for Urban Environmental -
A Tool to Measure Poverty
IN THIS ISSUE: A SPECIAL FEATURE PAGE 3 B NEWS FROM AROUND THE WORLD PAGE 4 C SPOTLIGHT ON OUR SUPPORTERS PAGE 5 D VOICES FROM THE FIELD PAGE 6 FALL-WINTER // 2013-14 Income and Health and Housing and Happy Employment Environment Infrastructure Families 69 18 20 PERCENT PERCENT PERCENT A TOOL TO MEASURE POVERTY IN PARAGUAY IS ALSO HELPING Reported to be below Reported having access Reported having no the poverty threshold to drinking water in access to electricity TO ELIMINATE IT their homes BY JORDAN CORIZA Education and Organization and Interiority and Culture Participation Motivation 29 56 39 PERCENT PERCENT PERCENT Reported being unable Reported having some Reported having complete to read or write Spanish or full capacity to solve autonomy and ability to problems and conflicts make decisions Scorecard for Curuguaty, a town in eastern Paraguay, where Fundación Paraguaya is working with indigenous groups, rural residents and local business leaders to assess and eliminate poverty uruguaty is a Paraguayan town in the eastern department of Canindeyú. income, strengthen existing jobs and create new ones. The idea worked. But If you’ve heard of it – which you almost certainly haven’t – it’s probably like similar programs in Latin America, Fundación Paraguaya dedicated its early C because its population, which is poor and mostly rural, has been surveyed years to achieving financial self-sufficiency. Doing so required the adoption of and plotted on a map using Fundación Paraguaya’s color-coded ‘Poverty Stoplight,’ what some refer to as a minimalist strategy: focusing solely on providing access an innovative poverty measurement tool that has helped nearly 18,000 families to credit rather than the integrated strategy of urban and rural development overcome economic poverty since the program began in 2010. -
Apr02 UR Social Exclusion
TIONAL BA A NK RN E F T O N R I WORLD BANK R E T C N O E N M S P T O R L U E CT EV ION AND D August 2002 No.7 A regular series of notes highlighting recent lessons emerging from the operational and analytical program of the World Bank‘s Latin America and Caribbean Region BRINGING MICROFINANCE SERVICES TO THE POOR: CREDIAMIGO IN BRAZIL Susana M. Sánchez, Sophie Sirtaine, and Rita Valente Among policymakers and economists, there is a widely- micro and small enterprises. These products typically held perception that microenterprises1 face severe financ- carry very high interest rates and require collateral. ing shortages that limit their growth opportunities. Re- Banking networks also leave many areas, particularly solving the problems of access to finance as well as the poor and remote regions in the Northeast and North of high cost of financing has become the main objective of Brazil, underserved. About 57 percent of all munici- many government programs. palities in these regions have no access to a bank branch, compared to a national average of around 30 With a view to increasing access to credit for percent. Although in many other Latin American coun- microenterprises in the Northeast Region of Brazil, the tries, microfinance institutions have been able to par- World Bank has supported Banco do Nordeste’s tially fill the gap left by larger institutions, in Brazil, CrediAmigo microfinance program since 1997. This note only a small fraction of the potential demand for describes how Banco do Nordeste initiated CrediAmigo microfinance appears to be satisfied by the current as part of its restructuring strategy and how the program supply. -
Sustainable Microfinance and Technology Abstract
Sustainable microfinance and technology Ford Motor Company Fellowship Natalie Kulik Patrice Molinari January 2004 Abstract This paper analyzes the role of technology to achieve financial sustainability and stronger impact of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs). The effects of technological solutions are assessed within the developed framework encompassing major stakeholders and industry drivers. In particular, we examine how technology can solve problems of MFIs and the microfinance industry, decrease information asymmetry between stakeholders and alleviate poverty by increasing microfinance impact and outreach. The results demonstrate that technology is only one of the determinants for MFIs’ sustainability and impact. The paper supports this argument through the analysis of industry trends, risks and opportunities and evidence from selected examples. We argue that the way forward to implement cost-effective technological solutions is a collaborative effort of stakeholders: the establishment of a global entity facilitating not only the technological development of microfinance, but also its institutional strengthening and a broader impact. Table of contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 3 1.1. Boom in Microfinance..................................................................................... 3 1.2. Social importance.......................................................................................... 3 1.3. Industry challeneges ....................................................................................