qL AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ★ * JOURNAL * *

VOL. 15 DECEMBER, 1938 No. 12 On a business visit your hotel is doubly important. You then want the utmost in comfort and conve¬ nience, to turn you out each morning 100% effi¬ cient and "raring to go." You also demand a local address in every way worthy of your own prestige and standing. The Hotel New Yorker meets these two needs—and meets them so completely that it is chosen by men of affairs. Make it your head¬ quarters. You'll say that it is the most thoroughly satisfactory hotel you have ever known. 25% Reduction to Diplomatic and Consular Service

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■ 34TH STREET AT EIGHTH AVENUE, Ralph Hitz, President • George V. Riley, Manager CONTENTS (DECEMBER, 1938) Page

Service Glimpses 701 The Eighth International Conference of American States By George H. Butler 703 For Christmas Cheer By Lewis Rex Miller 705 Press Comment 706 The Indian Did Not Vanish By D’Arey McNichol 707 Can the American Foreign Service he Improved? By F. S. 0 710 Gratitude By Cecil B. Lyon 712 Latest Flashes 714 Photograph—Malaga 715 An Evening with Aissouia By Edwin C. Kemp 716 Cornelia Bassel By Christine Sadler 718 Editors’ Column 720 Friendly Hospitality News from the Department thoughtful service . . . utmost VALVE By Reginald P. Mitchell 721 make these ships outstandingly popular with News from the Field 724 seasoned travelers. A Political Bookshelf Cyril Wynne, Review Editor There are lots of things you’ll like about these ships, hut Foundations of British Foreign Policy, 1792 whether you’re returning from a stay abroad or just “on to 1902 your way over” you’ll want to travel in perfect comfort and get the utmost enjoyment out of your voyage. That’s where A Century of Diplomatic Blue Books, 1814- these ships can really toe the mark. They offer every luxury 1914 and modern convenience—hospitality that’s sincere—large Reviewed by Yale 0. Millington 726 comfortable staterooms—grand food—service by a staff ex¬ Benjamin Franklin pertly trained and really interested in seeing that you get Reviewed by George Verne Blue 727 what you want. These are a few of the many reasons why Foreign Service Changes 728 the Manhattan and Washington are chosen, not once, but again and again by experienced travelers. Visitors 730 Department of Commerce Changes 731 THE MANHATTAN AND WASHINGTON Marriage 732 are the largest and fastest passenger liners ever built in Births 732 this country and as an American you’ll be proud of them. On board there’s everything you could ask for—tiled swim¬ Consular Residence, Portuguese East Africa ming pool—gymnasium—acres of deck space—deck sports By Samuel G. Ebling 733 —movies,—dancing every evening—and above all a congenial From the 1934 and 1935 Volumes 744 crowd. You can “be yourself” and have a grand time. In Memoriam 746 Letter 746 WEEKLY SAILINGS TO ALL EUROPE The Vice and the Explorer Every Wednesday at noon a l iner sails By Arthur B. Emmons, 3rd 746 direct to Ireland, England, France and Germany. Also “American One Class” liners direct to London and Liver¬ Trade Agreement Notes pool. Rates are low, too. By Edward /. Mullins 750 Miss Will Harris 752 Ask your TRAVEL AGENT for complete details. George Wheeler Wolf 752

Issued monthly by American Foreign Service Associa¬ United States Lines tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as ONE BROADWAY, NEW YORK second-class matter August 20, 1934, at the Post Office, in Washington, D. C., under the act of March 3, 1879. Oflicet in Principal (itict 697 Photographed on the Prado, Havana

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Mr. and Mrs. Clinton MacEachran enter¬ Forrest Geerken and his bride. taining Colonel James Roosevelt aboard the American yacht Intrepid in Halifax Harbor last A ugust.

The Miami Post of the American Legion visits Ciudad Trujillo en route for Los Angeles. John Melby sends this photo, showing himself, Leon Cowles, Beirut costumes: Consul General Ely E. Consul General William Blocker and Vernon Fluharty. Palmer, Mrs. Palmer and George Palmer. major

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FOREIGN JOURNAL eft PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION VOL. 15, No. 12 WASHINGTON, D. C. DECEMBER, 1938

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF AMERICAN STATES

By GEORGE H. BUTLER, Department of State

FINAL plans were approved on November 12 Reverend John F. O’Hara, President, Notre for the participation of the United States in Dame University. the Eighth International Conference of American The Honorable Charles G. Fenwick, Professor of States to be convened in Lima, Peru. International Law, Bryn Mawr College. The list of members of our delegation as announced The Honorable Dan W. Tracy, President of the on November 14 and 18, is: International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. Chairman of the Delegation: The Honorable Elise F. Musser (Mrs.) The Honorable , Secretary of State. The Honorable Kathryn Lewis, Executive As¬ sistant to the Presi¬ Delegates: dent of the United The Honorable Al¬ Mine Workers of fred M. Landon, For¬ America. mer Governor of Kan¬ Advisers: sas. Dr. Herbert Feis. The Honorable Adolf Dr. Alexander V. A. Berle, Jr., Assistant Dye. Secretary of State. Mr. Laurence Dug¬ The Honorable Lau¬ gan. rence A. Steinhardt, Dr. Ben M. Cher- to Peru. rington. The Honorable R. Mr. Paul 0. Nyhus. Henry Norweb, Minis¬ (Mrs.) Louise Leon¬ ter to the Dominican ard Wright. Republic. Mr. Eugene P. The Honorable Emi¬ Thomas. lio del Toro Cuevas, Secretary-General: Chief Justice of the Dr. Warren Kelchner. Supreme Court of Press Officer: Puerto Rico. Mr. Michael J. Mc¬ The Honorable Dermott. Green H. Hackworth, Secretary to the Chair- Legal Adviser of the han: Department of State. Mr. Cecil W. Gray. 703 Assistant to the Chairman: violence, and without the threat of such resort. Mr. George H. Butler. That is a great gain for the human race. The Secretaries: consolidation and safeguarding of the ground thus Mr. Frederick B. Lyon, won will be a principal consideration at Lima. Mr. William P. Cochran, Jr. The delegation will reach Panama while a re¬ Mr. Hayward G. Hill, gional conference of Foreign Service Officers is Mr. H. Gerald Smith, meeting there. It is hoped that the Secretary can Mr. Milton K. Wells, find time to address one of the sessions of that Dr. Albert A. Giesecke. conference. The delegation sailed from New York on Novem¬ Post-conference plans are indefinite. The date ber 25 aboard the S.S. Santa Clara, some of the of adjournment of the conference is, of course, members doubtless a little breathless from the not known at this time. It is probable that most usual last-minute preparations. members of the delegation will return direct to There has been great public interest in the Lima the United States from Lima. However, Mr. Dug¬ Conference, if press comment and radio broad¬ gan, Chief of the Division of the American Re¬ casts are fair indicators. That interest is justi¬ publics, and Dr. Cherrington, Chief of the Divi¬ fied. If the twenty-one American Republics con¬ sion of Cultural Relations, will visit other coun¬ tinue to demonstrate that international relations tries after leaving Peru. Mr. Duggan’s itinerary can be carried on through a system of consultation, will lake him through Ecuador, , Vene¬ orderly procedure, and pacific settlement of inter¬ zuela, Haiti and the Dominican Republic; while national differences, it will be a major triumph Dr. Cherrington will travel south to , across for principles and ideals which have received some the Andes and up the east coast. These visits are severe jolts in our modern times. It is, to indulge in line with the Department’s policy of develop¬ in the vernacular, no pushover. Inter-American ing more direct contact between officers of the relations involve serious problems, conflicting in¬ Department and officers in the field. The policy terests, differences of race, language, institutions is a particularly constructive and helpful one at and culture. Yet it has been proved that the a time like the present when the conduct of in¬ problems and disputes which inevitably arise are ternational relations involves many complex and susceptible to solution without resort to force and rapidly changing situations and problems.

\ view of Lima showing Cathedral VI14 FOlt CHRISTMAS C1IFFR

By LEWIS REX MILLER (Extracts reprinted by courtesy from an article published in the , 1936 weekly magazine section of The Christian Science Monitor.)

BECAUSE an American a century morial is a plant which brings his illustrious name ago had a love of growing things, America again into prominence each year, and at a glori¬ today has a Christmas flower: the poinsettia. ous season. Happy the man whose monument is Because this gentleman of ante¬ a flower! bellum days saw much beauty in a humble little In this year of the Pan-American conference, it Mexican plant, shops and homes glow at the holi¬ is especially appropriate that the achievements of day season of the year with a brilliant dash of Joel R. Poinsett should be recalled. For he was crimson. one of a few men who early caught the vision of Because Joel Roberts Poinsett, first American a united America, North and South—united, that Minister to and later Secretary of War is, not under a single government, but in the pur¬ under President Van Buren, took some cuttings of pose of perpetuating free and democratic govern¬ Euphorbia pulcherrima home with him from his ment. He came onto the stage of world events foreign post to Charleston, just at the moment when South S. C., and lavished care upon America was breaking away them, a considerable industry from the rule of Spain, when, has sprung up, an industry to use the words of a British which deals in such delightful statesman, a new world was commodities as beauty and being called into existence to Christmas cheer. redress the balance of the old. Over the broad expanse of Just at the time when the the United States at Christmas- was being tide glows the poinsettia. In promulgated, Poinsett was in New England, these hothouse the center of things, first as a blooms stand out in striking special emissary, and later as contrast to the ice and snow the first United States Minister and evergreen of a wintry to Mexico. At every oppor¬ landscape. In southern Cali¬ tunity he threw himself, some¬ fornia, acre upon acre of the times at considerable personal same bright blooms stretch risk, into the struggle to make like a coronation carpet under his own country and its south¬ a blue December sky. And ern neighbors free from Euro¬ growers of the choicest stock pean domination and dictation. in poinsettia-land ship cut¬ By the time he came of age, tings to florists all over the young Poinsett had decided nation on a vastly larger scale that he wanted to be a soldier, than Joel Poinsett ever would Joel Roberts Poinsett and set about laying the foun¬ have dreamed when he brought dations of a military career at his little handful of cuttings to his ancestral home the military academy in Woolwich, England. But in South Carolina. his father had other plans for him, and brought Many a statesman and diplomatist has had his him back to Charleston to study law'. Law proved name perpetuated on a marble shaft. Parks and no more attractive to Poinsett than medicine had public gardens teem with busts and statues of illus¬ been, and soon he was off again, to spend seven trious persons. But few' indeed are the men of af¬ or eight years traveling in Europe and western fairs whose memory is preserved by a living plant. Asia. Here he learned something of at This is the rare privilege of Joel Poinsett. A first hand, for he had personal interviews with man who rendered great services to his country, such eminent persons as , Metternich, and throughout a picturesque and eventful career Alexander I, Necker and the Prince de Ligne. was much in the public eye, his principal me¬ Small wonder that President Madison found im- 705 mediate use for this accomplished young traveler, PRESS COMMENT and shipped him off on a special mission to South America, which was to be a long series of First Line of Defense adventures. Even at this early date, before the There are many indications that military ex¬ outbreak of the between Great penditures, already enormous, will be sharply Britain and the United States, Poinsett found great stepped up in the appropriations for the coming sections of South America preparing to break fiscal year. And the portents are arousing little away from Spain. In Buenos Aires he encour¬ or no important protest. On the contrary, it is aged the revolutionary parties, and, proceeding to taken for granted by the overwhelming majority Chile, he actually took command of some of the of Americans that in the present state of world Republican forces, attacked the Spaniards and re¬ insecurity the Nation’s defenses must be built up, captured some American merchant vessels which cost what it may. they had seized when it was rumored that Spain Our real first line of defense, however, is neither and the United States were at war. When war the Navy, the Army nor the air establishment. broke out between the United States and England, They constitute the last desperate means the Na¬ Poinsett wanted to return home, but was prevented tion must employ to keep itself immune from in¬ by British naval authorities at Valparaiso from vasion. They are called into action only when embarking, so he crossed the diplomacy has failed. The ac¬ Andes, sailed from Buenos tual first line of defense is Aires — and arrived home to found in the skillful and effi¬ find that the war was over. cient conduct of our foreign re¬ Then came an interlude of lations, a task entrusted to the several less adventurous years. President and the Department Poinsett served two terms in of State. the South Carolina Legisla¬ As a great power with far- ture, and was elected to Con¬ flung interests, the complexity gress in 1821. But hardly had he taken his seat at of our foreign relations has steadily increased over Washington when he was sent on an important the years. The problems involved, both in num¬ special to Mexico. bers and difficulty, will become even more for¬ The choice of Poinsett was not surprising. Few midable now that the world has been flung back Americans knew Iberia and South America, Old into a state of international anarchy. Thus the burden Spain and New Spain, as he did. The special on the Department of State, already heavy, is certain mission was successful, and when the time came, to grow greatly during the coming critical months. in 1825, to appoint the first American Minister to Continuation of the niggardly attitude of Con¬ Mexico, Poinsett’s nomination was in the line of gress toward the inescapable requirements of logic. For four years he represented his country American diplomacy would do much to render in the capital of its neighbor on the south. And meaningless the generosity the House and Senate then it was that he came upon a little plant with show towards the fighting services. And the need bright red, petal-like leaves, which interested him. of getting a better perspective on the issue is clear The pionsettia was still in embryo, but the Christ¬ to all who examine the relative scale of our war- mas flower of today was on its way to fame and preparation and peace-preservation expenditures. popularity. Since 1935, which marked the collapse of the The poinsettia was launched, but Poinsett’s ca¬ London naval and the beginning of dy¬ reer was far from over. When certain of his namic developments in Europe that had their fellow citizens of South Carolina placed the in¬ climax at the recent Munich parley, American ex¬ terest of their State above the interest of the penditures for armaments have been rising by leaps Union, Poinsett sided with in and bounds. Now in the neighborhood of a billion opposing their nullification measures. With char¬ dollars, the defense budget has already doubled in acteristic forthrightness, Poinsett even formed a four years and is almost certain to mount higher. military company in Charleston to support the In the same period, total appropriations for Administration, and was supplied with arms from the Department of State and the Foreign Service, Washington. including the building fund and international ob¬ When President Van Buren formed his Cabinet ligations, claims and trust funds, rose from only in 1837, Poinsett became Secretary of War and $15,695,593 for the fiscal year 1935 to $17,019,200 (Continued on page 746) (Continued, on page 750) 706 The Indian Did not Vanish

A New Indian Service Policy

By D’ARCY Me NICHOL, Department of the Interior

AS we came toward the end of the history books many ways, to be sure, but which is as Indian we used to read at school, there was always as it was before 1540. In Maine there are Indians a chapter in which the Indian troubles of the last who speak no language but their native Passa- century were scrambled together. Sioux and maquoddy. And in the heart of Iowa’s richest Apache, Modoc and Nez Perce shrieked their last corn lands is an island of Sac and Fox Indians, war-whoops, the Army chased redskins over blis¬ to whom one has to speak through an interpreter. tering deserts and into mountain hideaways, cov¬ As for their manner of making a living, fal¬ ing itself with alkali dust—and at last it was all lacy and fact are about equally current in the over. The Indians were locked up on their reser¬ popular conception of the Indian. Perhaps the vations. The chapter ended on the words: “And fallacy most often encountered is that all Indians so, the West was won at last. New settlers are rich; they own oil wells; they drive twelve- poured in. New cities came to birth. The Indian cylinder motor cars, which they abandon if they had made his last stand—and lost. ’ should get stuck in a mudhole. Another idea From such reading we carried away a definite equally wrong is that the Indians live off the impression that the Indians were headed for ex¬ bounty of the Government; they wouldn’t work tinction. Rum and white man’s diseases had got if they had to, and at any rate don’t have to, the better of them. In a little while, we felt, and since an indulgent Great White Father doles out often were told, the Indians would follow the buf¬ the necessities of life. falo into the happy hunting ground. Later, when For years, long before any depression hit the we traveled out West, w'e picked up cheap Indian country, Indians were living off refuse dumps, curios in tourist shops. We would have a me¬ their houses were disease-ridden heaps of flimsy mento of the vanished American race. and grocery boxes. Reservations had their shanty Now, to our surprise, we are beginning to learn towns from the beginning. In a survey made in that the final chapter was written too soon. The 1928, more than 70 per cent of the Indian popu¬ Indian has not vanished—in all likelihood, he is lation was existing on an annual income of less not going to vanish. than $200 per capita. Twenty-five per cent had Toward the close of the last century the In¬ less than $100 per person annually to spend on dian population reached its low ebb at about food and clothing. Two tribes, the Osage in Okla¬ 250,000. Then for some time it barely held its homa, and Klamath in Oregon, accounting for own. And at last it began to make slight gains. 2.2 per cent of the population, had incomes in For the last seven years, since 1930, the Indian excess of $500. These were by far the richest population has been increasing at a rate greater of the tribes. than one per cent per year—one of the fastest Since that survey was made Indian administra¬ growing population groups in the country. Even tion has been overhauled. Indian owned resources the full-blood population shares in this increase, are being conserved and developed, through In¬ a fact which will certainly surprise those who dian initiative, as never before. But this is get¬ had thought the Indian had gone with the buffalo ting ahead of the story. We had better under¬ herds. stand some of the reasons for the distressing The Indians are still with us. But what are poverty which Indians in recent years have ex¬ they like? How do they make a living? What of perienced. their future? Essentially, the Indian problem is a problem As to the first query, the truth seems to be of land shortage. The National Resources Board that Indians have remained Indian to a surpris¬ studied the matter in 1933 and discovered that ing degree, whether we like it or not. In some two-thirds of the Indian population had not areas of the Indian country this is more notice¬ enough land or not enough arable land for sub¬ able than in others. In the Southwest, for in¬ sistence living. Following the enactment of the stance, Navajo and Pueblo continue a scheme of General Allotment law of 1887, Indians had lost life which European civilization has molded in land at the rate of almost two million acres per 707 T year In less than fifty years, a vast area of 86,- Government employees, who Papagos 000,000 acres passed forever out of Indian hands. were lodged on his Reservation go to In less than fifty years, 138,000,000 acres dwindled and directed his affairs, usu¬ scoot to 52,000,000 acres, and of this remaining area ally without consulting him. a large part was sterile desert. Add to this situ¬ It is exactly on these points ation the fact that Indians did not possess the that the present administra¬ credit necessary to work the land they owned. tion of Indian Affairs is op¬ They could not, like the white farmer, go to a erating. In June, 1934, a new bank and borrow money on their land or their basic law, the Indian Reor¬ crop expectation. They could not, that is, if the ganization Act, was passed by land was still held in trust by the Government. Congress, the general purpose What they did, instead, was to lease their land of which is to prohibit in fu¬ to white operators and become petty absentee ture the individual allotment landlords. of land, to authorize an an¬ The theory of the allotment law was a laudable nual appropriation of $2,000,- one. It was intended to advance civilization 000 for the purchase of land, among the Indians by encouraging individual to set up a revolving credit enterprise. Enterprise, growing out of the private fund of $10,000,000, to per¬ ownership of property, would speedily bring the mit and encourage the organ¬ Indian out of his backwardness and place him ization and incorporation of on a par with white men. His large communally Indian tribes, to assist Indian owned reservations were divided up, a piece of students seeking higher edu¬ land going to each Indian. When each had been cation, and to give preference given his “allotment” the land left over was to Indians in employment in called “surplus,” no provision being made for the Indian Service. This law, the children to come. The surplus land was unlike any other legislation turned over to the Government and opened for ever passed on behalf of the homesteading, the Indians being paid when and Indians, was not compulsory. if white homesteaders proved-up and paid their Each Indian tribe was asked to money. Some 60,000,000 acres were lost to the vote on its adoption, and out Indians by this device. The remaining losses are of the 266 separate tribes and to be accounted for through the sale of individual bands holding these referenda, allotments. 189 accepted and 77 rejected The theory broke down. Indians did not adopt the Act. In terms of popu- in any considerable degree the idea of private ownership of property. And when white farmers, Below: A medical demonstration with a long tradition of agricultural practice behind them, failed to make a success of farming, it was hardly to be expected that Indians would succeed. They grew progressively poorer. Their children, for whom no provision had been made, found themselves landless and in no way equipped to compete in the foreign world that lay beyond the Reservation boundaries. The obvious remedy is more land—land, and credit with which to make profitable use of the land. A further obvious need is for greater self-determination among the tribes, a chance to use initiative and judgment. In the past, the Indian has been too hampered by gov ernmental supervision. All the Indian’s planning and thinking was performed by

Meandering streams erode fertile soil herds of cattle and sheep, fishing equipment for Indians on the Pacific coast and in Alas¬ ka, equipment for limber cutting operations, and so on, through the whole range of economic activity. Easy credit is not in itself a good thing. What is important, for the Indians, is the planning that goes on before a loan is made. It is the planning for the management of tribal resources which will train them in the economics of making a living. One example. The Mescalero Apache Indians of have borrowed a total of $242,200, of which $163,000 came from the revolving credit fund. The money was used to build new houses and to buy farm equipment. At the close of business in December, this total indebtedness had been reduced by $58,000, or at a rate of 24 per cent for the year. These facts standing alone are remarkable enough, but they become more remarkable still when it is explained that as late as 1934 an Indian Office official reported that about 600 of the 718 Mescalero Apache Indians were camped lation figures, this around the Agency office, living in tents, in brush means that about tepees, or in board shacks, in conditions of ut¬ 250,000 Indians most squalor. Many of their hovels were vermin are carrying on infested and disease breeding. Their subsistence under a new order. was derived from the lease money paid them by This figure in¬ white lessees, supplemented by rations. For years cludes the Indians this tribe bad remained static numerically, any of Oklahoma and tendency to increase being offset by a high mor¬ Above: Navajos volunteer labor Alaska, who were tality rate, largely the result of their unsanitary on a public building brought under the living conditions and poor diet. Today these In¬ law at a later date. dians have moved away from the Agency to land Out of the tribes accepting the law, a which has been assigned to them by the tribal total of 79 tribes have written and adopted council. On each assignment is a new home and constitutions of their own making. Of these, new farm equipment. Any family that does not 51 have become chartered corporations, which make good use of the equipment thus furnished it permits them to carry on in much the same will be moved off the land by the tribal council manner as an incorporated municipality. That and a family willing to carry the burden will take is, these tribes may make leases of tribal land and its place. The point is that these conditions were collect the rent in their own name; they may make not laid down by the Government. If they had contracts; may borrow money from the revolving been, the chance of their being adhered to would fund and relend it to individual Indians or to tri- be slight. The Indians themselves have stated bally conducted enterprises. At the beginning of the conditions, and if these are not met they will the present year (1938), loans had been completed be asking their fellow tribesmen to explain why. to 48 Indian corporations, and in the last six In this, and in a dozen other instances, the months of 1937, approximately $1,200,000 had Indians have given abundant evidence of their actually gone into tribal treasuries. ability to do a better job of management than the Translated into terms of life on an Indian Res¬ Government, in the past, was able to do for them. ervation, these facts about chartered corporations Indians appear to have an innate political sense. and loans mean seed to plant, equipment for In treaty-making days they bargained shrewdly, preparing the soil and harvesting the crop, breed¬ when given a chance—that is, when they weren’t ing herds on which to build individual and tribal (Continued on page 747) 709 Can the American Foreign Service be Improved?

By F. S. 0.

A NUMBER of articles and letters have been in office. With abolition of the “spoils system” published in the JOURNAL during the past a tremendous, epochal change was accomplished, twelve months dealing with betterment of the of which we are all the beneficiaries and of which American Foreign Service. The following com¬ perhaps some of us are not always appreciative. ments and suggestions are offered by one in the I do not subscribe to the following opinion of a field, who has never been on duty in Washington, Washington observer: and who may present a viewpoint different from that of one who has spent several years in the De¬ “There is probably more politics inside of the partment, studying the machinery and its opera¬ Service than outside of it. Little groups or tives at close range. At the same time, distance cliques of career men can bring about the pro¬ lends perspective. It also promotes speculation and motion or advancement of their friends under theorization. If any part of the following seems the terms of any efficiency bill that can be too theoretical or idealistic, may the writer at least written.” be excused from any personal displeasure or any I believe that devotion to duty, industry, in¬ intention to criticize individuals in responsible po¬ telligence and correct conduct at a post have been sitions, whether past or present. The sole purpose controlling factors in the promotion of officers in is to supply a few ideas, somewhat at variance with the great majority of cases. But my own experi¬ some others previously presented, in order that the ence, contacts and observation have led me re¬ problem may be viewed from all angles. luctantly to conclude that in numerous instances, I believe that the directors of the Foreign Service it is at least open to question whether promotion are men of unassailable integrity and superior abil¬ has been entirely the result of demonstrated merit ity, and that they are animated by a sincere desire and relative superiority. The Foreign Service, of to do justice to all. Being such, I think they will course, is not unique in that respect. Even the recognize the desire of the writer to aid, if possi¬ wisest judges sometimes fall into error and the ble, in finding standards for a truer and more most capalde directorates must rectify serious per¬ comprehensive appraisement of personnel. I be¬ sonnel mistakes. lieve that the merit system should not be aban¬ It is not to be inferred that intentional favori¬ doned in favor of seniority or any other plan of tism or deliberate oversight marked the apparent selection, but that it should be strengthened and instances of undeserved promotion or lack of de¬ enforced, as fairly and effectively as possible. Un¬ served promotion. There were what appeared to less one considered that some imperfection existed be errors of judgment, which may have been due in the present system, however, he would have no to inadequate or unbalanced reports (as indicated cause to recommend changes. The recent FOREIGN by the G. I. C. of October 19, 1937, and, for non¬ SERVICE JOURNAL discussions indicate that the sub¬ career personnel, by the G. I. C. of November 8, ject is not a forbidden one and I understand that 1937), or to over-valuation of favorable traits of the matter of additional Foreign Service legisla¬ personality with under-valuation of deficiencies in tion is receiving Departmental consideration. character or intellect. Everyone in a position of Development of the Present System authority has his preferred collaborators, who have It is the declared object of the laws establishing gained his favor, he is convinced, by superior qual¬ and regulating the Foreign Service that admission ities of fitness for their tasks, and by nothing else. to it and promotion within it shall be dependent To others, at a distance, it may occasionally ap¬ solely upon competitive merit. If preferment rested pear otherwise. upon political factors, as in the old days, every The present personnel directorate consists of Foreign Service officer would know that advance¬ three Assistant Secretaries of State. With engross¬ ment, or even continuance, in the Service would be ing duties flowing from their departmental func¬ due far more to his personal and political influ¬ tions, and heavy responsibilities to the Secretary, ence at Washington than to his work and conduct the President and Congress, it is my impression— 710 THE AMERICAN FQRE1GN SERVICEJOURNAL 0 although I may be wrong—that they have little nel Ratings. One of these would be designated by time for the detailed study of the record of each of the Secretary of State as Personnel Officer, who the 725 officers in the classified Foreign Service would act as Chairman of the Committee. A ma¬ necessary to a correct estimate, from the evidence jority vote of the Committee should determine an available, of their relative efficiencies and right to officer’s tentative rating and in case of dissent, the promotion. They occupy themselves personally, no dissenting member should have the privilege of doubt, with the choice of Ministers from the Ser¬ incorporating his reasons. All tentative ratings vice and with assignments and advancements of would be subject to approval or disapproval by Counselors and Consuls General, as well as with the Personnel Board, as at present. This change some consuls and secretaries in emergency or key would be within the scope of the present law, positions. The rest of the personnel administra¬ which requires that no officer below Class I shall tion, including the compilation of records and the be assigned for duty in the Division of Foreign formulation of proposed ratings, must be left, I Service Personnel, but it does not restrict the num¬ presume, to one officer, the Chief of the Personnel ber of such officers. (This is submitted without Administration, assisted by his divisional aides. reference to any past or present occupant of a In my opinion, this places too great a load of place in the Division.) detail and too concentrated a responsibility upon 2. An officer, upon request, should be informed one man. (It may be recalled that the provision of his rating, position in his class, and the reasons for the establishment of one officer as director of given therefor, without disclosure of sources of in¬ the Federal Civil Service was a major factor in formation. If dissatisfied therewith, he should have the defeat of the 1938 Re-organization Bill.) Even the right to petition for a reconsideration of his if all the officers of a service comprising 725 per¬ record and the privilege of a nersonal appearance sons were housed in one building, or in one city, before the Committee, if practicable. Following a where the Personnel officer could meet reconsideration, if the Committee by them individually several times a year, majority concludes that his rating he would have a big job. But with should be changed, it will so recom¬ officers scattered over the world, with mend to the Board, for definite action. many not getting to Washington once Under the present law, any such change in four years, with great variations in in rating would probably have to await post problems and opportunities, with the next biennial listing. fleeting glimpses of some and intimate 3. There was formerly an annual Re¬ presentation of others, it is practically view Board, made up of high-ranking impossible, I would think, for one man, however field officers, but it was found to be unsatisfactory. competent and alert, to evaluate justly, impartial¬ I believe that an amendment should be made to ly and precisely all the career personnel. It is true the present law, at the first occasion, to provide for that he is assisted by two or more officers in the an annual review, in the odd year, of the biennial Personnel Division, but they are not officially list of ratings, in order to permit the taking of termed or empowered as associates, or members of appropriate action in exceptional cases, both of an executive committee. He may accent or disre¬ outstanding service beyond the line of duty and of gard their advice and. as I understand it, he gross misconduct or inefficiency, as well as the alone is held responsible for ratings, prior to appeals of officers for reconsideration of records. their review by the Personnel Board. In connection with this kind of review, it may Principle Recommendations be of interest to note that on February 23, 1938, Senator O’Mahoney of Wyoming filed in the Sen¬ If, as I assume, the majority of ratings in Classes ate an amendment he prooosed to offer to the Gov¬ 2 to 5 and about 80 per cent of the ratings below ernment Re-Organization Bill to set up reviewing Class 5 are those made up tentatively—and in ef¬ boards in each Government department to hear fect definitely—by the Personnel Officer, I would appeals of employees regarding their efficiency respectfully offer four suggestions. These sugges¬ ratings. While not applicable to the Foreign Ser¬ tions relate to the establishment of efficiency rat¬ vice, such provision embodies an important prin¬ ings only. In his capacity as director or chief per¬ ciple in fair, adequate and satisfactory personnel sonnel administrator of the Foreign Service, the administration. present functions of the Personnel Officer would 4. In making up ratings, I feel that more weight not be affected. should be given to Service experience than seems 1. Three officers of Classto have I should been theconstitute case heretofore.the The gap be- Executive Committee for Foreign Service Person¬ (Continued on page 739) 711 C

-C

*

Qratitude

By CECIL B. LYON, Third Secretary, Santiago

Drawings by R. Beach

‘My master, he catehee one piece small girl.”

MY wife met Chung Poo on a visit to Peiping at times proved startling to the more timid of my some years ago. Her host had hired a passengers. As time progressed his love of the ricksha for her personal use. Chung Poo Chevrolet developed into something akin to passion was its puller, but in spite of his charm she might and at no time of the day could I enter the garage never have remembered him had it not been for without finding him polishing it in a most caress¬ the fact that his ricksha was No. 27, allegedly her ing manner. Feeling that some sublimation was lucky number. Upon our transfer to Peiping a in order I proposed to him that he learn to drive. year later we sought him out and he became a member of our domestic staff. His first commission was a journey to Shanghai to meet my father who was arriving for his first visit to the Orient. Chung Poo’s unique manner of announcing the birth of our daughter nearly resulted in my elder’s having a stroke, for as he stepped down the gang plank Chung Poo shouted at him, “My master, he catchee one piece small girl.” Chung Poo’s primary duty was to pull my wife’s ricksha, but he was far more interested in the posi¬ tion of “watchee car boy,” which means that he would sit in the rumble of our Chevrolet coupe whenever we drove about the ancient capitol of and prevent little rascals from stealing the top of the gasoline tank, hub caps and other small gadgets while we were in the movies or curio shops. He also became most adept at piloting when I would reverse, though his admonitions of “More backside, master,” bellowed from his stern perch “Most adept at piloting when I would reverse.” 712 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

His ecstatic expres¬ I no can eat, I no sion informed me good for anything. that my proposition Please master let me had been not unlike stop. I do anything offering a partner¬ master, only no ship in the House of wantchee drive car.” Morgan to a soda Like a stern task¬ jerker. master I drove him Lessons began. I back to his job only took him to the polo to have him flunked field and round and by the municipal au¬ round the muddy flat thorities when he took we circled, backed, his examination for and shunted. It is a driver’s license. He no understatement to was told he might say that Chung Poo apply again in two did not take to driv¬ months. Perhaps it ing. After one week was a word to the we seemed to have Mayor’s secretary progressed not at all that helped him to and our efforts had pass that time. Of been rewarded with that I can not be but two shattered ga¬ sure, but I do know rage doors and a collapsed nolo pavilion, through that one month later he was the proudest possessor both of which in an impulsive moment he had of a driver’s license in all China. A few months later driven. Faced with the prospect of imminent de¬ when I returned from home leave with a brand new, struction of my comparatively new Chevrolet I glistening, 1938 Model Ford I thought his joy had decided to dispose of it and purchase an ancient, reached its peak, and it was merely to make con¬ tank-like Buick, which 1 felt Chung Poo in all his versation that I asked him one day how it had zeal would be unable to destroy. To safeguard happened that he had never married, the state of my own life I hired to teach him a chauffeur. The bachelorhood being unusual in a Chinese of his latter sage individual, I believe, thought he had age. Only a week ago did I realize the weight of fallen upon a well feathered nest and intentionally my words, for he came to me meekly and said: or otherwise contrived to stretch the period of “Master, I wantchee you should borrow me thirty tuition well into months. Half way through this dollars. I find one nice Chinese girl. She crazy era Chung Poo came to me in my office one day: about me master. Oh she like me very, very much. “Master, I wantchee be ricksha boy again. 1 no So T going to marry him.” wantchee drive car. I so nervous I no can sleep, I lent him the Ford for his wedding trip.

713 Latest Flashes

The American Institute of Public Opinion (the er joined, or common draw and stud were played. Gallup Poll) depends on more than 600 field re¬ . . . The Passport Division says 48.7 per cent of porters situated in all parts of the United States the travel of Americans abroad is for recreational in conducting its polls, normally, two weeks being purposes. . . . Newbold Noyes, associate editor of required for a complete survey on one subject, The Washington Star, told a radio audience here and with personal interviews now the rule from in November that American travelers spend $5,- 3,000 to 50,000 voters, depending on the problems 000,000,000 abroad annually as compared with involved. . . . Television has progressed so rapidly only $150,000,000 spent yearly in the United recently that one large moving picture company States by foreign travelers. ... It isn’t generally has announced that television sets for home use known, but the F. S. O. who writes the daily radio will be placed on the market before the end of the bulletin broadcast to the field “covers” the twice- year, while is expected to have two weekly White House press conferences to keep mo¬ television stations, the most powerful in the world, mentarily abreast of news of the President . . . F. S. on the air next Spring. ... As a grim, grisly O. travel orders from early 1940 onward may name reminder of the heavy traffic toll taken in Wash¬ a giant liner called Mayflower, or Constitution, or ington, a flag is hoisted daily in front of the Dis¬ Mount Vernon, for these are some of the sugges¬ trict Building at Fourteenth and Pennsylvania, a tions made for the Leviathan’s successor now due black flag with skull and bones for launching next July 15. . . . to signify a traffic fatality on the Have you noticed how many preceding day, or a white flag to American newspapers now pre¬ mark a “no death” motor rec¬ cede major news stories, nota¬ ord. . . . This is a big year for bly those from abroad, with a . On Novem¬ brief 25-50 word background ber 15 the Treasury put into cir¬ summary. . . . Washington’s culation the new Jefferson nickel 12-year-old controversy over the (heads, it’s Jefferson; tails, it’s selection of a site for an air¬ his Monticello home), the first port has ended with choice of nickel coinage since the Indian- Gravelly Point (located oppo¬ Buffalo five-cent piece issued 25 site Haines Point and Bolling years ago, almost one billion and a quarter of the Field - Anacostia Naval Air Station) where an latter having been minted. ... A few days ago the area of 750 acres is scheduled to be converted National Park and Planning Commission chose a into a suitable airport to cost approximately $7,- point on the south bank of the Tidal Basin, 000,000. . . . Several F. S. O.’s visiting the De¬ close to the Highway Bridge, for the proposed partment have suggested to this column, still in Thomas Jefferson Memorial, for which Congress its experimental stage, that it should stress the has set a cost limit of $3,000,000. In addition, a lighter and not-too-serious side of Americana, i.e. Jefferson three-cent stamp was issued recently. current songs, current popular movies, current . . . The District of Columbia on November 14 book suggestions, sports, interesting Army, Navy as an experiment put into use 310 parking meters and Merchant Marine developments, philately and for collecting rentals for curb space in the main the like. ... As for movies, among the Fall-early part of the downtown business section. . . . The Winter crop of movies three stand out for their American Legion announced it now possessed 10,- markedly American flavor: “Brother Rat,” a tale 498 posts, its all-time high, and that it was striv¬ of Virginia Military Institute, “Arkansas Travel¬ ing for a 1,000,000-member goal for 1939. . . . er,” and “Men with Wings,” a story woven around Calling all poker players: A mathematician at U. S. aviation history. ... As for current song Princeton’s Institute of Advanced Studies recently hits, the radio features “I’ve Got a Pocketful of attempted to devise a mathematical formula de¬ Dreams,” “All Ashore” and “Small Fry”. . . . signed to beat the game of poker, which was New York shops have just come out with a long, claimed to work in a two-handed game where five long overdue boon to F. S. O. husbands repeat cards were dealt face down and no draw, but it husbands: a spare with every pair of ladies’ became too astronomically intricate if a third play¬ hose. . . . R. P. M. 714

AMONG the many sects found in Islam, few are brings a pressure of blood on the brain that both L more interesting than the Aissouia, a fanatical excites and disorders the mind. group with branches found all across North Africa. The music had not been going very long, and It was in the city of Kairouan in Tunisia in 1919 the young men were beginning to get well into the that I had an opportunity to attend one of their swing of things, when one of them dropped down meetings, although for two years I had heard the on all fours and started running around in wild cir¬ rising crescendo of their drums coming every Thurs¬ cles. The sheik grabbed him by his shirt, and began day night from one of their zaiouias or meeting feeding him with some broken glass out of an houses near my own residence in the city of Tunis. earthen bowl. This he devoured gratefully and With two Americans, recently demobilized and rapidly. By this time another of the faithful had making a trip to North Africa before returning to begun to show signs of having got the “power.” America, we had been seeing the sights of Kairouan Two assistants pulled his shirt off, doubled him for a couple of days, when a visit to the Aissouia over with his bare abdomen against the sharp edge was arranged through an Arab acquaintance. of a long sabre, and holding either end, carried At the agreed time in the evening our guide led him thus about the room. us through the native town to the local zaiouia Along the walls of the zaiouia were hung a large where we were courteously greeted by the sheik of number of long steel spikes or skewers, about the the group, and sealed against a wall on a white¬ diameter of a pencil, and from two to three feet long, washed brick bench covered with a rug. Presently with a large wooden ball at one end and the other the ceremonies began with the seating of several end drawn to a needle point. We were given one blind musicians on the ground in a half circle to of these to examine, and tested the point on our one side of where we were sitting. They began to thumbs. Another young man who showed evidence play on their simple instruments, chief of which of the “power” was then grasped by the two as¬ was a drum like a deep snare drum, beaten with a sistants, his shirt pulled off, and two of these long switch rather than a stick, which gave a peculiar spikes were thrust through the loose flesh over the slapping sound to the usual drum beat, and is lower ribs, several inches sticking out the other characteristic of the Aissouia music. side. He was given the wooden ball ends to hold At the same time one or two dozen members of himself, and was left to dance about the room in the sect had formed a row and were beginning to his own way. dance. This dance consisted of no more than rising A fourth was soon ready, and two spikes were upon the toes in cadence with the music, throwing thrust through Iris cheeks, coming out either side the head hack violently at the same time, and all of his mouth. He was given the ball ends to hold, crying “Allah il Allah” in unison. and was left to his own devices. The “power” was This rising, jerking and crying was led by the working rapidly and the two assistants quickly music from a very slow movement through a cres¬ threw another man down upon the ground, and cendo to a fast and furious tempo, which stopped held him W'hile they drove a spike deep under his suddenly to absolute quiet, rested for a few seconds, collar bone, striking the wooden ball in time to the then beginning, rising and stopping again. It can music with a long bone, making a dull clicking be easily understood that this rhythmic action, espe¬ sound. cially the violent jerking back of the head, also The music kept up its incessant rhythmic cres¬ found in other similar dervish ceremonies, soon cendo, the frenzy of the group of dancers became 716 increasingly greater, more and more fell under its type of religious fanaticism with its peculiar psy¬ spell, and faster and faster. The dozen or more chological and physiological phenomena is of spe¬ into whom the spikes had been thrust were running cial interest. It may be mentioned that no blood about in great excitement, almost within touching whatever resulted from the wounds made by the distance of my two friends and myself. At the glass, spikes and swords. This is characteristic of same time the shrill ululument of some women hid¬ this variety of hypnosis. den behind a musharabia or latticed screen at one It was reported that in the wilder parts of end of the room only added to the noise and Morocco, where the Aissonia sometimes ran loose confusion. on the highway, any live animal, dogs, or even For a while the scene was as wild as could be small children might be torn apart and eaten in the asked for, but after a time one of the fanatics began same way as the chickens. While this seems logi¬ to show signs of lessening strength. The sheik, cal, I cannot vouch for more than what I saw who had not joined in the excitement, and had been myself in Kairouan and Tunis. If it ever occurred, keeping a careful watch of the proceedings all the it is doubtless long since stopped by the French while, grasped him as he passed by and spoke a administration. It would explain, however, the few words quietly but very earnestly into his ear. stories that have come down from the past regard¬ The fanatic grew calm, looked about as if coming ing the sacrifices of children to the fiery idol of out of a dream, picked up his clothes, and left the Ball in Carthage, which is situated on the tramline assembly. One after another the fanatics were between Tunis and Sidi-bou-Said. Parents, even caught, spoken to in the same quiet way, and de¬ the most savage ones, hardly pick up their children parted. In time the music stopped, we took our in cold blood and throw them into the furnace. leave of the sheik, and followed our guide through But it is not difficult to understand how, in times the native city to the small French hotel outside of social crisis, with a fanatical ceremony like that the city walls where we were stopping. At that of Aissouia, children might be easily thrown as time no European lived within the walls of a city sacrifice into heated furnace, even though the act of some 25,000 Arabs. was keenly regretted afterwards. The reported find¬ It is probably not so easy to visit the seances ing of a common grave near Carthage containing of this fanatic group at the present time as it was the charred bones of many children, would bear twenty years ago. Therefore the experience of this out. seeing at first hand an example of this particular (Continued on page 732)

Houmt-Souk, Djerba Cornelia Bassel

By CHRISTINE SADLER

(This article is reprint¬ ed from the April, 1938, issue of the “National His¬ torical Magazine.” The two cuts were loaned to the Cornelia Basse! of JOURNAL through the kind¬ Clarksburg, West ness of Mrs. Frances Park¬ Virginia inson Keyes, editor.)

BEHIND the sedate gray walls of the State De- her for information other mails have failed to 1 partment works an attractive soft-voiced wom¬ yield. an from West Virginia who is “affectionately known Officially, the Assistant to the Director of this over more of the earth’s surface than any other important school is described as “responsible in American!” She says she was born on a Thursday, many ways for the sub-administrative work in con¬ and she certainly personifies the truth of the old nection with operation of the School.” Also, to con¬ saying that “Thursday’s child has far to go.” For tinue to quote the same official, she “acts as con¬ both figuratively and literally, she has gone a far sultant and adviser to the newly-appointed officers. way. “To a considerable extent her duties involve the Her name is Cornelia Bassel and there is no direction and supervision of the students and place other position like hers in all the world. She is the assistant in constant communication with the the Assistant to the Director of the nation’s For¬ Chiefs of the various Divisions in the Department, eign Service Officers’ Training School and at this and others who lecture to the student officers. post she comes in constant contact with the smart young men Uncle Sam is training for key positions “She answers inquiries regarding the Foreign in the Foreign Service. Service School and the Service in general.” She comes to know their personal characteristics Miss Bassel has proved that not only can a as does no one else in the Department and be¬ woman fill this responsible and unique position, comes their trusted confidante. To her they bring but that actually in some ways a woman is better questions and problems they would hesitate to take adapted to it than a man would be. to any other State official. When the young officers leave the School for Miss Bassel returns their trust by being always their assignments in different parts of the world, on hand to see that certain aspects of their prob¬ they do not forget her kindnesses. She still is often lems which might easily be overlooked receive their most intimate touch with the Department proper consideration. She is on friendly terms which is their boss, and in the letters which pour with many mothers of the young officers who write onto her desk from faraway places come human 718 ^HE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL bits of news and confidences never to be found in with the Post Office Department for three years. formal official reports. Then she went to the Department of State to be in If she could accept all the invitations which urge the office of Foreign Personnel. This office deals her to “come out and let us show you this inter¬ directly with all diplomatic and consular officers esting part of the globe,” Miss Bassel would be abroad, and while there she was in the office of the spending 12 months of the year at diplomatic posts Chief of Personnel. —taking her pick between the large foreign cities She came to the School in 1929 as assistant to and the romantic outlying places which are but the Director, James B. Stewart. Contrary to the dots on the map to most Americans. popular belief, the Foreign Service Officers’ Train¬ She has accepted some of the invitations, and she ing School is not a preparatory school, but a train- hopes to accept others. Two summers ago she joined one of her “young couples” in Tallinn, Es- thonia, and went with them into Eastern Europe. After excursions into many parts of Russia, she went to and down to Budapest where James B. Stewart, her first school “boss,” was located. With another couple she travelled through Finland and to numerous interesting places in Scandinavia. In her opinion, a single trip w ith one of her young couples is worth a half dozen of the usual tourist variety. Miss Bassel’s American ancestry dates back to pre-Revolutionary days. William Norris, her great- great-grandfather, was an officer in the French and Indian War and also in the War of Independence. His son, John Norris, Miss Bassel’s great-grand¬ father, enlisted at the age of seventeen and was present at Yorktown when Cornwallis surrendered. Miss Bassel is one of seven children born to her parents. Her father, John Bassel, was a distin¬ guished lawyer. Her mother’s brother, Charles Lewis, was a Judge and a Member of Congress. Her mother’s grandfather, Asher Lewis, came to Clarksburg from Philadelphia. Both Miss Bassel and her mother were born in the same house, al¬ though the mother was born in Virginia and Miss Bassel in West Virginia. Patrick Henry signed the Cornelia Itasscl and her sister, Caroline, original deed for the property on which this house as children stood. It is still in the family. Her sister Ellen is the wife of John W. Davis, ing ground for those already in the Service. It Democratic nominee for the Presidency in 1924, was organized in its original form in 1924, but did and former Ambassador to England. Another of not reach its present status until 1931. her sisters, Caroline, married a son of Senator The period of instruction in the school today is Nathan Goff of West Virginia. not prescribed, but is usually from three to four Miss Bassel came to Washington during the months. When candidates for admission to the World War, while Mr. Davis was Solicitor Gen¬ Service are successful, they are sent first to nearby eral. Because of her knowledge of French and consular offices to assist in the work there while German she was offered a position in the Military acquainting themselves with the routine duties and Intelligence Division, where she served until the responsibilties which will be imposed on them war ended. later. The great service which women rendered to their The School plays a part in providing the United country in this phase of war work is not generally States with a highly trained, efficient, and demo¬ known, but there were several young women whose cratic organization for “carrying out intelligently training and intelligence made them invaluable to and precisely such foreign policies as the Govern¬ their country during the war period. ment of the country may adopt, and to perform After the Armistice, Miss Bassel was connected such other duties as may be assigned to it.” 719 EDITORS’ COLUMN Foreign Service Educational Committee In the October issue of the JOURNAL announce¬ ment was made of the appointment of a committee FOREIGN JOURNAL by the Foreign Service Association “for the pur¬ rUfvoi. is DECEMBER. 1938 No. 12^7 pose of studying from all angles the problem of the education of the children of Foreign Service PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN Officers, of describing as clearly as possible the nature and extent of this problem, and of suggest¬ SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. ing practical ways of dealing with it.” The first The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscrip¬ tion in the United States and abroad at the rate of $4.00 a meeting of the committee was held early in No¬ year, or 35 cents a copy, payable to the American Foreign vember at which time a preliminary survey was Service Journal, care Department of State, Washington, D. C. This publication is not official and material appearing herein made of the situation and view’s tvere exchanged as represents only the personal opinions of its authors, or of indi¬ viduals quoted, unless otherwise specifically indicated. to tvays and means of obtaining information on the basis of which studies could be made. Through the Copyright, 1938, by the American Foreign Service Association cooperation of the Division of Foreign Service Personnel data was obtained on the number of JOURNAL STAFF children in t he Service broken down into age groups. It is believed that these statistics, which GEORGE H. BUTLER, Chairman give a preliminary indication of the extent of the PAUL H. ALLING CHARLES W. YOST educational problem of Foreign Service officers, HENRY S. VILLARD , Editorial have never before been available. They are of HERBERT S. BURSLEY Board such general interest that certain of the figures are REGINALD P. MITCHELL given below. Of the 720 officers in the Service 356 RICHARD H. POST, Secretary are married and have children, 70 are married but HARRY A. MCBRIDE Business Manager CHARLES B. HOSMER Treasurer have no children, while 186 are unmarried and 8 are widowers. The children of Foreign Service officers fall into the following age groups: The American Foreign Ages Boys Girls T otal Service Association 5 yrs. and under 110 83 193 6-12 years 117 99 216 The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service of 13 - 18 years 65 79 144 the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering Over 18 years 63 51 114 esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. Totals 355 312 667 Honorary President It will be observed that the age groups corre- CORDELL HULL Secretary of State spond roughly with the pre-school, primary school, secondary school and college periods of education. Honorary Vice-Presidents From the preliminary exchange of views among the SUMNER WELLES Under Secretary of State members of the committee at the first meeting cer¬ ROBERT WALTON MOORE Counselor tain tentative conclusions were drawn. Thus it was FRANCIS B. SAYRE Assistant Secretary of State GEORGE S. MESSERSMITH Assistant Secretary of State the general view that the committee could probably ADOLPH A. BERLE, JR. Assistant Secretary of State be of only minor assistance with respect to the pre-school age group since the majority of children CLARENCE E. GAUSS President in that group presented no particular educational ROBERT D. MURPHY Vice-President problem. However, it is planned to explore the HENRY S. VILLARD Secretary-Treasurer situation with such organizations as the Children’s Bureau with a view to seeing whether any sugges¬ EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE tions might be offered which would assist Foreign JAY PIERREPONT MOFFAT, Chairman Service Officers and their wives in training children JOSEPH E. JACOBS, Vice-Chairman; HARRY A. MCBRIDE, JOHN CARTER VINCENT, SELDEN CHAPIN of the pre-school age. Although the members of the committee seemed to feel that it might be able Alternates to offer helpful suggestions and to make recommen¬ CHARLES B. IIOSMER, HENRY S. VILLARD dations regarding the education of children in the Entertainment Committee: primary school group, it was the general impres- SELDEN CHAPIN AND LEWIS CLARK (Continued on page 732) 720 News from the Department

By REGINALD P. MITCHELL, Department of State

The Secretary chairman of the award committee, and Mr. E. P. Secretary Hull was elected an honorary mem¬ Thomas, president of the Council. They were ac¬ ber of the Society of the Cincinnati, a patriotic companied by Mr. C. G. Pfeiffer, president of the organization, according to announcement made on National Council of American Importers, Inc., Mr. October 18. Simultaneously the Society also elect¬ John Abbink, president of Business Publishers In¬ ed to honorary membership Crown Prince Gustaf ternational Corporation: Mr. E. L. Bacher, man¬ Adolf, of Sweden, and Rene de Saint Quentin, ager, Foreign Commerce Department, United French Ambassador to the United States. On the States Chamber of Commerce, and Mr. F. E. same date the Secretary issued a statement to the O’Neill, president of the Fulton Iron Works, St. press expressing condolences upon the death of the Louis, Mo. Honorable . He described Mr. Bar¬ On November 1 the Secretary delivered an ad¬ rett as one who “labored for so many years for the dress on the subject, “The Outlook for the Trade promotion of better inter-American relations” and Agreements Program,” at the World Trade Din¬ under whose wise direction “the Pan American ner held in connection with the twenty-fifth Na¬ Union increased in prestige and importance from tional Foreign Trade Convention at the Hotel Com¬ a small commercial bureau to an effective inter¬ modore, New York City. national organization.” On November 2 the Secretary was unanimously On October 19 he received Dr. Hu Shih, newly reelected by the governing board of the Pan Amer¬ appointed Ambassador of China, in his first call ican Union as chairman of the board. at the Department. On November 10 he called at the Turkish Em¬ On October 24 the Secretary was honored by bassy to express condolences upon the death of being presented the Captain Robert Dollar Me¬ President Kemal Ataturk. On November 11 he morial Award by the National Foreign Trade Coun¬ personally bade farewell at the Union Station to cil, the first time this award has been made. The Ambassador Suvich, of Italy, upon the latter’s award was created by the members of the Dollar departure for Rome to retire from the Italian family to perpetuate the memory of Captain Dol¬ . On November 12 he attended lar, an active member of the Council at the time a reception at the Cuban Embassy in honor of of his death, and to inspire others to “carry on,” Colonel , the chief of the con¬ and to be bestowed annually upon the individual stitutional army of Cuba, who paid an official in the United States, who, in the judgment of a visit to the United States. committee of the Council, shall have made during the preceding calendar year the most outstanding The Under Secretary contribution towards the advancement of the for¬ The Under Secretary delivered two addresses eign trade of the nation. The award was made recently. On October 31 he spoke at Johns Hop¬ in the Secretary’s offices by Mr. John F. Tinsley, kins University in , , under 721 ihe auspices of the National Conference of Jews lips, represented the Government in according a and Christians on the subject, “The Influence of formal welcome to Cardinal Mundelein, of Chi¬ Religion on Political Science.” On November 6 cago, upon the latter’s arrival in Naples on No¬ he spoke in Washington over the facilities of the vember 5 to report, in his official capacity of National Broadcasting Company on the subject Papal Legate, to Pope Pius on the recent Euchar¬ of the Pan-American Conference scheduled to be istic Congress held at New Orleans. held at Lima beginning December 9. The Ambassador was accompanied by Edward On November 12 he was host at a stag dinner L. Reed, Counselor of the Embassy, and Captain at the Sulgrave Club in Washington in honor of Thaddeus A. Thomson, Jr., Naval Attache and Colonel Batista. Naval Attache for Air. As part of the ceremonies in Naples, a luncheon was tendered Cardinal Mun¬ Assistant Secretary Sayre delein by Rear Admiral Henry E. Lackey, com¬ Assistant Secretary Sayre delivered an address mander of the Mediterranean squadron, aboard on October 29 at the annual meeting of the North¬ the cruiser Omaha. Ambassador Phillips, with eastern Ohio Teachers’ Association at Cleveland, Mr. Reed and Captain Thomson, accompanied the Ohio, on the subject, “The American Adventure.” Cardinal on a special train to Rome, where the On November 1 he delivered an address on the entire remaining staff of the Embassy was present subject, “Religion’s Task Today,” at a meeting of in the royal waiting room of the railway station. the National Stewardship Convention held at Chi¬ The Ambassador was quoted in press dispatches cago. On November 2 he delivered an address on as stating that the honors accorded Cardinal Mun¬ the subject, “Christianity Faces the World,” at a delein by the Embassy had been requested by meeting of the House of Bishops of the Protestant President Roosevelt because of the high esteem Episcopal Church at Memphis, Tennessee. in which the Cardinal is held by both Catholics Assistant Secretary Messer smith and non-Catholics in the United States, particu¬ larly in the Middle West. Assistant Secretary Messersmith delivered an address at the annual meeting of the National For¬ Ambassador William C. Bullitt eign Trade Council at the Hotel Commodore, New The Ambassador to France, Mr. William C. Bul¬ York City, on November 2. His subject was litt, conferred with President Roosevelt on Oc¬ “Some Observations on New Conditions and New tober 13 and again on October 19, on the latter Problems of Government and Business in the For¬ occasion at Hyde Park. On October 26 the Am¬ eign Field.” bassador proceeded by plane to Bermuda, where Assistant Secretary Berle he planned to rest for approximately one month. Assistant Secretary Berle spoke on November Ambassador Joseph P. Kennedy 13 in New York City over the facilities of the The Ambassador to Great Britain, Mr. Joseph National Broadcasting Company, and on November P. Kennedy, delivered an address on October 19 20 in New York City over the facilities of the at the annual Trafalgar Day dinner of the Navy Columbia Broadcasting Company, both speeches League in London. being on the subject of the forthcoming Pan- American Conference at Lima. Ambassador Laurence A. Steinhardt The Ambassador to Peru, Mr. Laurence A. Stein¬ Ambassador Alexander W. Weddell hardt, departed from New York City on October The Ambassador to , Mr. Alexander 22 and arrived at his post in Lima on Novem¬ W. Weddell, was appointed on October 19 as ber 3. delegate of the United States at the Chaco Peace Conference in Buenos Aires to succeed Mr. Spruille Ambassador J. Butler Wright Braden, Minister Designate to Colombia. Allen The Ambassador to Cuba, Mr. J. Butler Wright, Haden, Vice Consul at Buenos Aires, who has been arrived at Habana on November 2 in returning serving as secretary to the delegation, was appoint¬ from home leave. ed Assistant to the Delegate, in order that he might act for the delegation during any absence of the Minister Ambassador. On October 29 the Ambassador de¬ The Minister of Yugoslavia, Mr. Arthur Bliss parted from Buenos Aires on the SS Brazil. Lane, spent four days in Rome during the first week of November. During his stay there he con¬ Ambassador William Phillips ferred with Ambassador Phillips on official busi¬ The Ambassador to Italy, Mr. William Phil- ness. 722 Minister R. Henry Norweb had time to write he might The Minister to the be the Kipling of our for¬ Dominican Republic, Mr. eign corps.” R. Henry Norweb, ac¬ Minister Fay A. Des Portes companied by Mrs. Nor¬ web, arrived in Washing¬ The Minister to Guate¬ ton by airplane on Novem¬ mala, Mr. Fay A. Des ber 14 from their post in Portes, was approved by Ciudad Trujillo. He was President Roosevelt as temporarily detailed to the chairman of the American Department in connection delegation to the Central with his duties as a dele¬ American Regional Radio A. W. Weddell gate to the forthcoming Conference scheduled to A. B. Lane Pan American Conference have convened at Guate¬ at Lima, and planned to sail with the delegation mala City on November 24. Mr. Harvey B. Otter- from New York City. man, of the Department, was named vice chair¬ man of the delegation. Minister Findley Howard Minister-Delegate The Minister to , Mr. Findley Howard, The Minister-Designate to Colombia, Mr. arrived in Washington by air on November 5 from Spruille Braden, who served as delegate of the Asuncion, having made the entire journey by plane United States at the Chaco Peace Conference held via Sao Paulo, where he spent several days, Rio, in Buenos Aires, departed from that city on Oc¬ and Miami. He remained in Washington during tober 15 and arrived in New York City on Novem¬ the greater part of a week and in New Y ork City ber 2 on the SS Pan America. The Department for several days before proceeding to his home announced on October 1 that the President had in Columbus, Nebraska, to spend I hanksgiving given his approval to steps necessary to raise and Christmas with members of his family. the status of the American in Colombia Minister Franklin Mott Gunther to the grade of an Embassy, and that he had The Minister to Rumania, Mr. Franklin Mott indicated his intention of designating Mr. Braden Gunther, visited several missions in Europe during as Ambassador to Colombia as soon as the neces¬ early November, returning to his post on Novem¬ sary action had been taken by Congress. The ber 11. newly-appointed Ambassador of Colombia, Senor Don Miguel Lopez Pumarejo, presented his let¬ Minister Frank P. Corrigan ters of credence to President Roosevelt on Oc¬ The Minister to Panama, Dr. F rank P. Corri¬ tober 28. (Announcement of the Colombian Em¬ gan, departed from New Y ork City on October bassy was made in the JOURNAL for November, 29 on the SS Talamanca. He stopped en route in 1938, on page 684.) Costa Rica before returning to Panama. Special Assistant to Secretary Minister Resident Paul Knabenshue Mr. Lynn R. Edminster, Special Assistant to the Secretary, delivered an address at the twenty- The Minister Resident to Iraq, Mr. Paul Knaben¬ first annual session of the shue, was the subject of the following paragraph National Association of in a daily feature column of , Secre¬ taries and Directors of of of October 18: “One of the Agriculture held at Miami, romantic figures of our , on November 15. diplomatic service is ad¬ His subject w'as “Farm venturous, scholarly Paul Surpluses and the Trade Knabenshue, our Minister Agreements Program.” in Bagdad, who has in¬ Division of Cultural Rela¬ troduced both golf and tions air-conditioning to Iraq (Mesopotamia), where the Mr. Richard F. Pattee,

F. B. Howard heat hits 125. . . If he (Continued on page 753) 723 News from tlic Field

LIMA he should run, not walk, to the nearest entrance. Lima has had a busy winter (summer, to you!) Foreign Service officers have been scarce. The with visitors. Among them were Senator Green ship on which the American Minister to of Rhode Island and Senator MacKellar of Ten¬ and Mrs. Caldw'ell were returning to their post nessee, with his campaign manager, Mr. Clift. after leave in the United States, was in port over Mr. Warren Pierson, President of the Export- night. Mrs. Orme Wilson passed through on her Import Bank, was here with his wife for ten days. way to Buenos Aires by air. Ambassador Ar¬ Edward Tomlinson, mour’s son also went Latin American com¬ through en route to mentator for N.B.C., Chile for his vacation. was a visitor in June, The Ambassador and making preparations for Mrs. Steinhardt, who broadcasts from Lima have been on leave in during the Pan Ameri¬ Europe and the United can Conference in De¬ States, are expected back cember, and making his in Lima early in No¬ annual trip ‘‘down un¬ vember, in time to pre¬ der.” He continued on pare for the Conference. to Chile before return¬ Everything in Lima now ing to New York. hinges on the Confer¬ Dr. Frank Tannen- ence. Buildings are be¬ baum, Professor of His¬ ing rushed to comple¬ tory at Columbia Uni¬ tion, paving hurried, all versity, and author of houses compulsorily two books on Mexico, painted, all available spent several weeks in accommodations thor¬ the interior, including a oughly canvassed, a new visit to Bolivia, collect¬ Eighth Pan American ing material for a book Conference Avenue cut on Peru. through Callao, old Eben Comins also vis¬ buildings refurnished, ited the interior. He is the Conference rooms an artist, painting the refurnished, old monu¬ heads of native types. ments and archeological He has already done ruins cleaned up and sets in Mexico and restored. , and if any¬ Peruvian archeology one has a chance of see¬ continues to receive ing the thirty Peruvian Moscow’s Santa Claus-like figures are known as much attention from the examples of his ability ‘‘Grandl alher Frost.” The fir trees symbolise the New Year. The Russian sign advertises playthings. United States. Among at the New York or San Dr. Walter G. Nelson, U, S. P. H. S., contributed the specialist visitors Francisco World Fairs, this photograph. were Dr. and Mrs. Her- 724 j HI /^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICEJOURNAL jgj

belt J. Spinden of the Museum; Dr. and HELSINKI Mrs. Wendell Bennett of the American Museum of The following lesson is presented for the in¬ Natural History; and Dr. Edgar Lee Hewett, formation of those linguistically inclined members President of the American Institute of Archeo¬ of the Service who are contemplating a study of logical Research, who is putting the final touches the Finnish language, but who as yet know noth¬ on his book for laymen on South American ing of its nature: Archeology. “Kokoo kokoon koko koko.” WILLIAM P. COCHRAN, JR. “Koko kokoko?” ‘'Koko koko.” T ranslation: “Gather together the whole pile.” “The whole pile?” “The whole pile.” L. RANDOLPH HIGGS.

Mr. and Mrs. Warren Lee Pierson being greeted at Mr. Bert Fish, the American Minister to Egypt, Lima airport by Third Secretary Cochran. Mr. Pier¬ sailed September 10 from the port of Alexandria, go¬ son is President of the Export-Import Bank of ing to his country to spend his annual leave. His Washington. Excellency is shown in the middle of the above photo¬ graph taken before his departure. To his right is Mr. Gordon Merriam, first secretary of the Legation, and to his left is Mr. Scott, the Commercial Attache. SHANGHAI Behind them from the right is Mr. Fletcher, Ameri¬ On Saturday, September 24, the American staff can Consul General at Alexandria, and Mr. Gaudin, of the Shanghai gave a tiffin party to Vice Consul. bid farewell to Consul General and Mrs. Frank P. Lockhart, and to welcome back Consul General BARCELONA C. E. Gauss. On October 4 Messenger Chang Ting-wha, who The following delightful letter, addressed to has been eight years with the Consulate General, the Consulate General, cheered up the staff at married Miss Woo Ding-hsing in a typical Chinese Barcelona recently: ceremony attended by the entire Chinese staff of “New York, August 30, 1938. this Consulate General. Messenger Chang is a “Dear Sir: son of Messenger Chang Cheng-kung, who has “I am one of the boys off the S. S. served with the Consulate General for the past when the ship was there. I am asking you to do 28 years. me a favor please. I married a joung lady and HORACE H. SMITH. (Continued on page 734) 725 A Political Bookshelf

CYRIL WYNNE, Review Editor

FODNDATTONS OF BRITISH FOREIGN POLICY . . . 1792 ning comment which is by no means the least TO 1902. Edited by Harold Temperley and Lillian M. valuable part of the work. Penson. , The University Press, 1938. xxx. Obviously much of the matter included has a 573p. decidedly contemporary interest. In a private A CENTURY OF DIPLOMATIC BLUE BOOKS, 1814- memorandum, hitherto unpublished, of a conver¬ 1914. Edited by Harold Temperley and Lillian M. sation between George and Stratford Canning, the Penson. Cambridge, The University Press, 1938. xvi, former says, “Great Britain maintains a policy of 600p. her own, suited lo her position and Constitution. In “Foundations of British Policy,” the editors, She will be no party to a general interference in who collaborated with G. P. Gooch in editing the the concerns of other states; though prepared to eleven volume series, “British Documents on the interfere on special occasions in her opinion justify¬ Origins of the War,” present a selection of pub¬ ing such interference. . . . Great Britain is ready lished and unpublished documents dealing with to live on terms of amity wfith arbitrary Govern¬ British foreign affairs from the rise of the Younger ments, why should they not do the same with re¬ Pitt to the death of Salisbury, containing official spect to free States, so long as nothing be done papers, private letters, speeches and other public by the latter to violate their rights or to prejudice statements of policy. their just interests. . . Great Britain in communi¬ Their first principle of selection “has been to cating with despotic Governments does not com¬ give representative extracts from different cate¬ plain of their principles of Government: why then gories of documents,” and to have the documents should they complain of her free institutions and show what is specifically the British point of view, the spirit of her nation in dealing with Her? Not, bearing in mind that “Englishmen never say all on the other hand, a British Interest to have free they mean in published documents or in public Slates established on the Continent. Much better speeches, so that secret dispatches and private let¬ and more convenient for us to have neighbors, ters must supply the key to what our statesmen whose institutions cannot be compared with ours thought important.” ir. point of freedom.” There are documents from the Foreign Office In the present era of international conferences, archives, including material between the years two memoranda by Palmerston, of November 8 and 1885 and 1896 not yet open to the public, and 18, 1863, not before printed, are interesting. The from the archives of Paris, and The Hague, first contains the following: “Here w'ould be 13 or and free use has been made of the private papers 14 States some of them no doubt with two repre¬ of Lords Russell, Granville, Tenterden and Strat¬ sentatives. What a Babel of Tongues and what a ford de Redcliffe (Public Record Office). The Confusion of Interests. It is not likely that war authors also had access to the private Clarendon, would follow out of it, but there would not be Gladstone and Wellesley papers. much Chance of any considerable Results.” And The two hundred documents are arranged chron¬ the second: “It is quite certain that the Delibera¬ ologically under the various Secretaries of State tions of a Congress would consist of Demands and for Foreign Affairs, and each document, or series Pretensions put forward by some, and resolutely of documents, is prefaced by a short introduction resisted by others and that there being no Supreme explaining its significance and summarizing the Authority in Such an assembly to enforce the policy which it represents. These introductions, Opinions or Decisions of the Majority, The Con¬ scholarly and informing, yet lively, form a run¬ gress would separate leaving Many of the Mem- 726 THE /^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL bers on Worse Terms with Each other than when BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, by Carl C. Van Doren. Pp. they met.” xix—845. Viking Press. New York. 1938. $3.75. In Document 18, taken from Hansards’ Debates, The famous younger son of an obscure but large 24 June, 1835, Palmerston says, “In the case of a Boston family has been brought to life again in civil war, proceeding either from a disputed suc¬ the pages of Mr. Van Doren’s biography. Ten cession or from a long revolt, no writer on nation¬ years of careful research and writing went to pro¬ al law denied that other countries had a right, duce this study of one of America’s greatest citi¬ if they chose to exercise it, to take part with either zens. The result is well worth the pains. of the two belligerents.” Franklin’s lifetime of eighty-four years spanned From the private Granville papers is taken Gran¬ the best part of the great eighteenth century. ville’s General Statement of Foreign Policy, of the Broad in time, his life’s adventure was equally 12th of January, 1852 (Document 47), another wide in space: Travels on both sides the Atlantic, document now first published, taking up such in the small towns and in the large capitals. At topics as the protection of citizens abroad and ease in the council chamber, he was equally at non-intervention, and devoting a paragraph to home in the boudoir. In a period of writers and discussion of the personal qualifications demanded thinkers he ranks among the foremost; but gener¬ of those entering the diplomatic career, and of alization on his genius is meaningless unless it is their efficiency and discipline. broken down into the several elements which com¬ In the introduction to the memorandum of the posed it. conference between the Prince de Polignac and Every school boy knows that Franklin proved Canning regarding the question of Spanish Amer¬ the identity of lightning with electricity by means ica occurs the following statement: “Canning’s ac¬ of a string with a kite at one end and a key at tion settled that the New World should develop the other; but it was the man of science, not the unhindered by the arms of Europe. It remained curious experimenter, who invented the lightning under the protection of the British Fleet until the rod, conceived the idea of electricity as a fluid and United States was strong enough to put the Monroe applied to it the terms “positive” and “negative.” Doctrine into practice.” Still the scientist, he anticipated the Malthusian Of the one hundred and forty-nine documents theory by pointing out (in 1750) the relation be¬ here first published, in whole or in part, it would tween the growth of population and the means of seem that the importance of the majority lies more subsistence. He even theorized on the merits of ir the fact of first publication than in an addition crop insurance. to the knowledge of British foreign policy. As business man, with journalism for a profes¬ A forty-seven page index adds materially to the sion, Franklin attained a secure position which value of the work, and it is attractively printed opened the way to a political career with diplo¬ and bound and of a convenient size for handling. macy as its highest goal. He was a born improver “A Century of Diplomatic Blue Books” is com¬ without the excessive zeal of the professional re¬ plementary to the one just discussed, and was de¬ former. He was instrumental in organizing the signed primarily to give a list of the titles of first subscription library and the first volunteer Foreign Office Blue Books from Castlereagh to fire company as well as the American Philosophi¬ Grey, together with the dates on which they were cal Society and the school from which has grown laid before Parliament—dates hitherto unavailable the University of Pennsylvania. He reorganized except by tedious search through the Journals of the Post Office system, interested himself in the the House of Commons or of the House of Lords. problems of heating (the Franklin stove and a new Also given are the dates of the Addresses from design for chimneys) and observed that in warm one or the other of the Houses of Parliament call¬ countries light-colored clothing is preferable to ing for the documents. The two dates serve as dark. Self-taught in four languages, he suggested guides to Parliamentary debates. There are in¬ spelling reform. Neither theoretical nor practical forming introductions describing the publication knowledge by itself satisfied him; he learned to policy of successive Secretaries of State. play several musical instruments, and then wrote This volume, unique in many ways, will be of on the theory of music. His interest in optics led immense value to all those engaged in research in to his invention of bi-focal glasses. the foreign relations and history of Great Britain But all this versatility, and much more, was not and of other countries, and will have a continuing the full measure of the man. The improver of the use. It contains information nowhere else to be Post Office could also indite love letters of the found in a single volume. greatest charm, and in idle whimsical moments he YALE 0. MILLINGTON. (Continued on page 750) 727 Foreign Service Changes

The following changes have occurred in the Aaron S. Brown, Bloomfield Hills, Mich.—Mex¬ Foreign Service since October 8, 1938: ico City. Harlan B. Clark, Brookfield, Ohio—Zurich. Perry Ellis of Riverside, California, American William E. Cole, Jr., Fort Totten, N. Y.—Van¬ Vice Consul at Mazatlan, Mexico, has been as¬ couver. signed American Vice Consul at Habana, Cuba. Jule L. Goetzmann, Moline, 111.—Habana. John H. Madonne of Waco, , American Edmund A. Gullion, New Castle, N. Y.—Mar¬ Consul at Bern, Switzerland, has been designated seille. Second Secretary of Legation al Bern, Switzerland, Gordon H. Mattison, Wooster, Ohio—Naples. and will serve in dual capacity. John F. Melby, Bloomington, 111.—Ciudad Leslie E. Woods of Cambridge, Juarez. Massachusetts, American Consul at Herbert V. Olds, Lynn, Mass.— Cork. Ireland, has resigned from the Habana. ' Loreign Service, effective January 6, Elim O’Shaughnessy, New York, 1939. N. Y.—Warsaw. In the non-career service: Paul P a d d o c k , Marshalltown, Iowa—Mexico City. Charles H. Taliaferro of Harrison¬ G. Frederick Reinhardt, Oakland, burg, Virginia, American Vice Con¬ Calif.—Vienna. sul at Merida, Mexico, has been Milton C. Rewinkel, Minneapolis, appointed American Vice Consul at Minn.—Vancouver. Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada. Charles W. Thayer, Villa Nova, Robert Jakes, 3d, of Nashville, Pa.- -Berlin. Tennessee, American Vice Consul at David A. Thomasson, Henderson, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, has Ky.—Naples. been appointed American Vice Con¬ Ray L. Thurston, Madison, Wis.— sul at St. Pierre-Miquelon. Toronto. Edwin N. Gunsaulus of Minnesota, American Vice Consul at St. Pierre- In the non-career service: Miquelon, has been appointed Amer¬ Herbert J. Jackson has been ap¬ ican Vice Consul at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. pointed as American Consular Agent at Buenaven¬ Gordon L. Jorgensen of Lincoln, Nebraska, tura, Colombia. American Vice Consul at Osaka, Japan, has re¬ signed from the Foreign Service, effective Septem¬ The following changes have occurred in the ber 27, 1938. Foreign Service since October 29, 1938: Robert Leslie Pettigrew has been appointed as American Consular Agent at Cap Haitien, Haiti. Franklin Hawley of Ann Arbor, Michigan, American Vice Consul at Lille, France, has been The following changes have occurred in the assigned American Vice Consul at Hankow, China. Foreign Service since October 22, 1938: The following Foreign Service Officers, Ameri¬ In the non-career Service: can Vice Consuls at their respective posts, have Duncan M. While of Louisburg, North Carolina, been assigned to the Foreign Service School, ef¬ has been appointed American Vice Consul at Dub¬ fective January 17, 1939: lin, Ireland. W. Stratton Anderson, Jr., Carlinville, 111.— Earl Brennan of New Hampshire, American Havre. Vice Consul at Regina, Canada, has been appoint- 728 JHE /^MERICAN J7QREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

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729 ed American Vice Consul at Surabaya, Java, Neth¬ erlands Indies. George L. Fleming of Missouri, American Vice Consul at Kingston, Jamaica, has been appointed American Vice Consul at Victoria, British Co¬ lumbia, Canada. ...suggests the Savoy- Plaza with its home¬ Edwin J. King of Waynesboro, Pennsylvania, American Vice Consul at Dublin, Ireland, has like charm...with its been appointed American Vice Consul at Rangoon, gracious service . .. spaciously luxurious India. rooms .. . superb cui¬ Robert M. Newcomb of Illinois, American Vice sine ... and delightful Consul at Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, has eni ertainment. been appointed American Vice Consul at Welling¬ ton, New Zealand. A 2t)C/o discount from Lyle C. Himmel of Esmond, South Dakota, room charges is allowed members of the Foreign American Vice Consul at Rangoon, India, has Service. been appointed American Vice Consul at Sydney, Australia. HENRY A. ROST Managing Director Fred E. Waller of Washington, D. C., Ameri¬ can Vice Consul at Moscow, Union of Soviet So¬ GEORGE SUTER Resident Manager cialist Republics, has been appointed American Vice Consul at Lille, France. SAVOY-PLAZA Overlooking Central Park FIFTH AYE., 58th to 59th Sts., NEW YORK VISITORS The following visitors called at the Department during the past month: October To the Joreign Service Officers H. L. Milbourne, Windsor 11 William C. Bullitt, Paris 12 C. Offie, Paris 12 of the United States Robert F. Woodward, Rio de Janeiro. 13 Ernest L. Eslinger, Halifax 13 ♦ J. Butler Wright, Habana 13 Ralph C. Busser, Leipzig 17 THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬ William W. Heard, Cartagena 17 Katherine C'. Taylor, Berlin 18 ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ Frederick L. Washbourne, Florence 18 ice in writing your bond. Special attention G. Oury Jackson, Tela 20 John Farr Simmons, Ottawa 20 is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ Patrick Mallon, Singapore 20 ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes George C. Minor, Moscow 20 Bolard More, Lagos 20 in this service. Homer M. Byington, Montreal 21 Ray Speer, Ankara 21 ♦ Harold M. Granata, Naples 21 Alice Alexander, Riga 22 UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND John Randolph, Quebec 22 GUARANTY COMPANY Prescott Childs, Barbados 24 Robert Newbegin, II, Istanbul 24 Lee H. Bowen, Manager Marguerite Marie Wartel, Lille ...... 25 1415 K ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. Jacob B. Beam, Berlin 25 Marie Louise Dilke, Paris 27 Telephone—National 0913 R. Y. Jarvis, Hankow 28 Orsen N. Nielsen, Munich 28 Douglas MacArthiir, Paris 29 Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide.” Karl de G. MacVitty, Amoy 31 Daniel V. Anderson, Bombay ...... 31 Harold B. Quarton, St. John 31 730 Donald C. Dunham, Athens 31 Robert G. McGregor, Mexico City 31 November Maurice W. Altaffer Zurich ___ 1 WOODWARD & LOTHROP Herschel V. Johnson, London 1 John A. Lebos, Riga 1 10th, 11th, F and G Streets Hugh Corby Fox, Mexico City 2 Washington, D. C., U. S. A. John B. Faust, Santiago 4 David J. D. Myers, Retired 4 Findley Howard, Asuncion 5 "A Store Worthy of the Nation’s Capital” William A. Smale, Cork 5 Thomas C. Smith, Copenhagen 5 Augustus Ostertag, Cherbourg 7 Dudley G. Dwyre, Panama 8 J. Kenley Bacon, Port-au-Pirnce 8 Edward T. Wailes, Brussels 8 How Your C H. Hall, Jr., Trinidad 9 F. H. Houck, Plymouth 10 Marion Teresa Whitner, Habana . 10 Christmas Shopping Can Be A Pleasure

You can sit by the fireside and do your Christmas shopping in a glorious way—with Wood¬ ward & Lothrop "at your service." Make our your list and mail to Mrs. Tolson, she will do her utmost to find just DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE CHANGES what you have in mind (or Officers who have recently returned to their posts after a sojourn in the States include Mom- even make up your mind for mercial Attache Charles A. Livengood, Rome, and you). Please do not forget to Assistant Commercial Attache Homer S. Fox, Lon¬ don. mention age, size and ap¬ Commercial Attache H. Lawrence Groves, Mrs. proximate price you wish to Groves and daughter Carol, sailed on November 2 for Brussels, Belgium. Mr. Groves’ original ap¬ pay—and when you "leave it pointment as Acting Commercial Attache at Shang¬ up to us”—a little more about hai was cancelled due to the fact that Commercial Attache Julean Arnold is returning to China with¬ what they are like. Write im¬ in the near future. Mr. Groves will take charge of the office in Brussels, while Commercial Attache mediately, for Christmas is Thomas L. Hughes returns to Washington in the just around the corner. capacity of Chief of the Foreign Commerce Service. Paul P. Steintorf, Assistant Commercial Attache, and Mrs. Steintorf reached Tokyo early in Oc¬ ★ tober, after triennial leave spent in the States. On October 26, Mr. Steintorf proceeded to Manila Address your communications to to take charge of the office during the absence of Woodward 8C Lothrop, Washington, D. C., U.S.A.; attention Mrs. Marion Trade J. Bartlett Richards, on leave. Tolson. She will personally shop for Trade Commission Earl C. Squire and family you and send your order according sailed in October for London. Early in Novem¬ to instructions. ber Mr. Squire proceeded to Warsaw to serve as

731 Acting Commercial Attache in the absence of Com¬ EDITORIAL mercial Attache T. 0. Klath, who will return short¬ (Continued from page 720) ly for triennial leave. Assistant Commercial Attache John Embry has sion that the major task of the committee would be been transferred from Instanbul to Cairo; Assist¬ in attempting to find means of facilitating the edu¬ ant Miles Hammond has been cation in the United States of children in the sec¬ assigned to duty in Washington. Assistant Trade ondary school and college age groups. All officers Commissioner Archibald R. Randolph has been in the Service (and their wives) will be interested transferred to Bogota, Colombia, from Panama and gratified to learn that the Committee has been City. assured the hearty cooperation of the Office of Edu¬ Assistant Trade Commissioner Warren S. Lock- cation of the Department of the Interior in the wood and family returned to the States in Sep¬ study of the general problem of education of chil¬ tember. At the conclusion of his triennial leave, dren of Foreign Service officers. It is expected that Mr. Lockwood will enter private business, with a small group of experts from that Office will be headquarters in Washington. appointed to cooperate and advise with the Foreign Assistant Trade Commissioner E. Service Association committee. Edward Schefer sailed on November After it has had an opportunity to 18 for his post at Manila. obtain and study additional data Hungerford B. Toward, Assistant now being sought, the committee may Trade Commissioner at Shanghai, find it desirable to prepare a ques¬ has returned to the States for duty tionnaire for parents in the Service. and leave. Meanwhile the committee will be Joseph A. Frisz, Clerk to Com¬ glad to receive suggestions and com¬ mercial Attache, Santiago, Chile, ar¬ ments from all interested persons. rived at his post on October 18. All parents in the Service who have, or who expect to have, educational problems are AISSOUIA urged to communicate with the committee. In the (Continued from page 717) event that parents desire that their communications Although such extreme measures are no longer on this subject be considered confidential, assur¬ practiced, it is curious to see the continuation of ance is given that such confidence will be rigor¬ so ancient a rite. An explanation of this survival ously respected. may be found in the climate, the simple resources of the people and the prohibition of alcohol by the MARRIAGE Mohammedan religion. An American friend then Crain-Hildebrand. Miss Agnes Elizabeth Hilde¬ living in Sidi-bou-Said had a young Arab servant brand and Mr. Earl T. Crain, Vice Consul at Al¬ who was a member of Aissouia, and she said that geria, were married on September 19, 1938, in after he had attended one of their seances he was Bern, Switzerland. a wreck for several days through complete nervous exhaustion. It would appear, therefore, that the BIRTHS sect is patronized by excitable young men as a A son, Christopher Charles Johan Seibert, was means of getting rid of their extra energy, much as born on August 19, 1938, to Mr. and Mrs. Elvin the Western young man goes on an occasional alco¬ Seibert. Mr. Seibert is Third Secretary and Vice holic bender. It is in line with this reasoning that Consul at Bangkok. By mistake an incorrect an¬ most of the members of the sect are young fellows nouncement of the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Sei¬ in their late teens or early twenties. As they get bert appeared on page 693 of the October issue of older they are allowed to express their devotion in the JOURNAL, for which apology is here made. prayer rather than in the hypnosis of their younger A daughter was born to Consul and Mrs. George brethren. The sheik of the group we saw in Kairouan M. Abbott, of Marseille, France, on October 2, was apparently in his early thirties, old enough to 1938, in , Norway. have outgrown the dances, yet young enough to A son, John Henry Geerkin, II, was born on retain an active interest in the good work. October 11, 1938, to Mr. and Mrs. Forrest K. For a description of the ululument of the wom¬ Geerkin at Colon, Panama, where Mr. Geerkin is en, which is heard on all occasions of excitement Vice Consul. or rejoicing, the reader is referred to the works of A daughter, their second child, was born in Lon¬ Herodotus. Our own Hallelujah, from the old don on November 12, 1938, to Mr. and Mrs. W. Egyptian Hallel, is a conventionalized form of this W. Butterworth. Mr. Butterworth is Second Sec¬ ancient North African expression of joy. retary of Embassy in London. 732 The Consular Building

Consular Residence Quarters at Lourenco Marques, Portuguese East Africa

By SAMUEL G. EBLING, Consul, Lourenco Marques

ON July 14, 1937, the Department issued which is an important factor in comfortable liv¬ mimeographed instruction (Diplomatic Serial ing conditions in the tropics. On the ground floor No. 2810) announcing that Congress proposes to three rooms are occupied as the office, while an appropriate funds gradually to provide heavy ar¬ enclosed porch and hallway are used for the stor¬ ticles of furniture for consular residences in rent¬ ing of archives. Living quarters comprise (down¬ ed quarters, thus reducing the necessity for ship¬ stairs) entrance verandah, hall, living room, din¬ ment of personally-owned furniture by officers. In ing room, pantry and kitchen (upstairs), three pursuance of this policy adopted by Congress bedrooms and bath. The building is surrounded household furniture was ordered during the fiscal by a large garden and has detached quarters for year ended June 30, 1937, for twenty-six residences four native employes, a laundry, storage room and including the residence quarters at Lourenco garage for one car. Marques. In former years officers who did not bring their The consulate at Lourenco Marques was estab¬ own furniture with them to this post, often ex¬ lished in 1898, when the office was removed from perienced difficulty in obtaining satisfactory fur¬ Mozambique, the former capital of Portuguese nishings for the residence quarters. Furniture East Africa. Of all African ports, Lourenco Mar¬ purchased locally is very expensive and of in¬ ques is the most remote from Europe and the ferior quality. There are three local shops where United States, being slightly over nine thousand furniture can be manufactured on order by native miles distant from New York. cabinet makers. Although there is an abundance The city of Lourenco Marques is located of desirable tropical woods, upholstery and finish in the southeastern part of Portuguese East Africa. leave much to be desired. Native laborers are able The port and business district are built on re¬ to copy any style of furniture from designs or claimed tide flats on the north bank of Espirito illustrations submitted by the purchaser. Local Santo river and are confined by a crown of hills. cabinet makers usually require from one to three The residential district is built on these hills, to months for the manufacture of custom-built fur¬ the north and east, extending to bluffs overlooking niture. As an alternative many local residents ob¬ the western shore of Lourenco Marques Bay. tain second-hand furniture at auction from persons Combined office, with residence accommodations, leaving the colony. The supply of furniture of¬ is at No. 24 Rua Infante Don Henrique, on Reuben fered at auction is extremely variable, and a new Point (Ponta Vermelha), which juts out between arrival often has to wait several months before bay and river and is one of the most healthful any desirable furniture is offered at auction. parts of the town. The difficulty outlined above has now been ob¬ The principal officer occupies the residence viated by the receipt from the Department of a quarters. The consular building comprises nine quantity of attractive household furniture which rooms and is particularly desirable owing to its has made possible the furnishing of the local resi¬ high elevation assuring a maximum of ventilation dence quarters. NEWS-FIELD mander Roscoe Hillenkoetter, naval attache and assistant naval attache, respectively, assigned both (Continued from page 725) to France and Spain but with headquarters in I would like you to go to the house and ask why Paris. Capt. Cogswell and Lt. Commander Hil¬ she does not answer my letter. I may have the lenkoetter paid a visit of about ten days, during wrong address, I lost the address therefore I can which they made a trip to the Catalonian front tell you how to get there. and got some practice ducking Franco shells. “Directions Col. Stephen Fuqua, military attache, has re¬ “You know where the S. S. was tied cently visited the Valencia, Madrid and Ebro up before sailing for New York you follow the fronts. At the latter he witnessed, from the trolley-car around by the cemetery to the end of Loyalist side, part of the the line follow the road to a railroad bridge keep Franco counter-offensive going about a half mile more you come to another around Gandesa. railroad bridge the second house on the right is the one every one know her here is her picture The accompanying pho¬ her name is Anita you know me I tograph of Lee Worley, work on the S. S. . In a few days I of Valencia - appendicitis shall be sending for her. Please find her Thank fame, shows the heard he you 99 grew while dodging (Signed) GARLARD bombs and shells in that city. He says it was of Incidentally, Vice Consul Lee Worley and John Caragol, our Catalan expert, found the young great assistance in carry¬ lady, something of a feat in a city of more than a ing on consular work, million people and plentifully supplied with trolley-¬ since all the “guardias” cars, cemeteries, railroads and girls named Anita. and “carabineros” were The Embassy and Consulate General were hosts tremendously impressed in August to Capt. Francis Cogswell and Lt. Com¬ Lee Worley by the imposing growth.

Photograph taken at the reception of the American Consulate in Para, Brazil, on July 4, 1938, at which Consul Seltzer (third from left, seated) gave an address in the Portuguese language. Dr. Deodoro Men- donca, Secretary General of the State of Para, is fourth from the left, seated. At the extreme left is George H. Pickerell, American Foreign Service Officer, retired. Mr. Pickerell was American Consul in Para for many years. Since his retirement in 1924 he has been living in Para with his son. 734 Share Your Travels with a Million Families

THE Editor invites you to sub¬ mit to the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE narratives and photo¬ graphs that portray your travel adventures. As a Foreign Service Officer with first-hand knowledge of geography, you are equipped to render this practical service to the cause of geographic education. Manuscripts should be written as personal narratives, describing your observations in lands you know, and preferably accompanied with human-interest photographs. Be¬ fore preparing a manuscript, it is advisable that you submit a brief outline of your proposed article. You will receive liberal payment for all material accepted for publi¬ cation. You will also have the satisfaction of adding to the pleas¬ ure and knowledge of more than a million reader-families through¬ out the world.

Left: Monks from Kumbum Lamasery, China — a GEOGRAPHIC photograph taken by Capt. Hans Koester, pilot.

The NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, caber, LH,.D., LL.D., Eduor, WASHINGTON, D. C.

MEXICO CITY

Ave Atque Vale Mr. and Mrs. Newbegin Commander and Mrs. Dillon Mr. and Mrs. Shaw Mr. and Mrs. Winters Mr. and Mrs. Gibson

Dinner September 22, 1938

Consomme a la Newbegin Baked Ham a la Star Shaw Roast Turkey a la Waltz me around the World Gibson, Potatoes au Gratin, New Green Peas Dillon Salad a la Drop Anchors And By George its lee Cream a la Winters Hats off to the Coffee

Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. De Vault Mexico City

735 YOKOHAMA CIUDAD TRUJILLO A hurricane of unusual violence struck this city Third Secretary McClintock has contributed the during the night of August 31 accompanying photograph, with the comment: and early morning of Sep¬ “It is a picture which I took of my chief, Min¬ tember 1. The cellar of the ister Norweb, with his son Henry aboard the Consular Building was flood¬ Minister’s snipe sail boat, the Monna. His boat ed with rain water, which had with my snipe, the Elenitci, comprise the sailing to be bailed out by special section of the local yacht club, which forms the pumps, since there is no mod¬ background of the picture. The Minister and I ern sewage system in Yoko¬ in fact introduced the sport of sailing to the Do¬ hama. Damages to electrical minican Republic and have been flattered by find¬ apparatus, garden and various fixtures aggregated ing that our Dominican friends have speedily fol¬ about three hundred dollars. lowed our example, although as yet no real sail¬ ing yachts have appeared in these waters, as the BUCHAREST Dominicans favor motor craft.”

PARIS Of course, there are English speaking garcons at the Cafe de la Paix, but the stack of saucers which had disappeared into the sweet young thing’s hand¬ bag—unobserved, as she had hoped—“for they make such duchy souvenirs, my dear!”—called for a wider Anglo-Saxon vocabulary than Waiter No. 7 had acquired during his years of Penrod dispen¬ sation at this cosmopolitan serving station. The ensuing polite disturbance had attracted our atten¬ tion from PARIS-SOIR in time to hear the charm¬ Minister Franklin Mott Gunther, accompanied bv ing soucoupe collector whisper to her companion: Mr. Nathaniel Spear, Jr., head of the American “And now I guess I’ll be arrested and you’ll have Delegation to the F. I. D. A. C. Congress, and Maj. another excuse to see that handsome young man Annskewicz, Secretary of the American Delegation, at the Embassy who got us out of our last scrape.” lay a wreath on the tomb of the unknown soldier at Bucharest, Rumania. Previously the American To our raised eyebrow the waiter responded that Delegation had given the Rumanian F. 1. D. A. C. all he wanted was to count the “chiffre des con- branch a handsome American flag.—S. T. Mills. sonnnations” on the disappeared saucers, that 736 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

Mademoiselle could keep them for souvenirs, for they would be included in the bill, explaining: “le ■ reglement de la maison, Monsieur, puisqu’une ving- acfpfi A true Ambassador of good will with taine de mille fichent le camp comme ca tous les its friendly hospitality, perfection of ans,”—and would we not please make Mademoi¬ appointments, excellent service and cuisine, selle understand that lie had no X-ray eyes to see the Plaza is the through a tightly closed bag. popular New York The fifty franc bill surreptitiously transferred headquarters for to the garcon ended his inquisition, somewhat in members of thelDip- his favor, and carried with it its own reward, for lomatic Service all instead of facing a long evening in our own some¬ over the world. The what boring company, it proved all too short over Persian Room for some sparkling extra-sec in the Bois. dining and dancing EDWIN A. PUTT. adds the final cos¬ mopolitan touch to SANTIAGO this internationally Since our last report from “down under,” the famous hotel. hunting season has closed and the fishing season A 2 5% discount from has opened. Our commercial attache, Merwin Bo¬ room charges is allowed han, has just returned from a quick trip to the members of the Foreign Service. lakes and reports that he caught a rainbow trout HENRY A. ROST that measured 60 centimeters. He claims that he Pres. & Managing Director has a photograph of this stellar catch which he will pass along later. His assistant, Charley Knox, is getting acclimated to Santiago in the rapid way which bachelors always do. John and Dorothy Faust left on October 14th on their triennial leave and four days later Cecil and Elsie Lyon with their two small daughters arrived at Valparaiso. The latter are now vigor¬ ously following up the matter of a house. They have been welcome additions to the “Santiago Square Dance Club,” which, under the encourage¬ ment of the Armours, meets twice a week. We now have two squares of eight persons each and are assiduously practicing a barn dance which is ex¬ pected to be included in the program for the open¬ ing of the Chile-U. S. Cultural Institute. Our new military attache, Colonel Ralph Woo¬ ten, is an old resident of Santiago, having served Take a “tropic holiday” aboard a spotless turbo-electric liner. See exotic port, enjoy here previously in the same capacity during Am¬ exciting ship-board games, bright entertain¬ bassador Culbertson’s regime. He flew down in ment and wonderful meals. August from the United Slates, accompanied by a Cruises from New York mechanic, and will keep his plane at the Chilean . EVERY SATURDAY to colorful Costa Rica, with 2 calls at Havana and a visit to the Panama military airfield at El Bosque. He and Mrs. Canal Zone .15 Days . . $210 up. . EVERY WEDNESDAY to Puerto Colombia Wooten have taken the house formerly occupied (Barranquilla) and Cartagena. Colombia. S. A., with 2 ealls at Kingston, Jamaica, B. VV. I., and by Commander and Mrs. Merrill and have been a visit to the Panama Canal Zone. kept busy getting in touch with their many friends 15 Days . . $210 up. . ALTERNATE SATURDAYS to Santiago, Cuba; here. Puerto Barrios, Guatemala; Puerto Cortes. Hon¬ duras 12 Days . . $165 up. A staff party—and a successful one—was held Above rates in effect until Dec. 15, 1938 in September to wish farewell to Helen Spining, who has been the Ambassador’s secretary for four r£Fl £r years, before she left for the United States to be 6KBAr#"' * married. The stafF gave her one of the popular Other guest cruises from Philadelphia and New Orleans. copper trays that are made locally. Apply any Authorized Travel Agent or , Pier 3, N.R., New York City. The wife and daughter of Consul General Dow are expected to return on November 15th from 737 their trip to the United States and Europe. Mr. Dow has been kept busy during recent months by Rotary Club and other activities. One phase of the latter consists of helping one of the local public schools (each Rotarian being assigned a school) to maintain a restaurant where under¬ nourished children are supplied lunch without cost. The main topic of conversation at presenl (Oc¬ tober 29th) is the presidential election which was held only four days ago. According to the pre¬ liminary returns, the candidate of the Popular Front, don Pedro Aguirre Cerda, won out by a small majority. Senor Aguirre is understood to speak English, having visited the United States on several occasions, including a detail as Financial Counselor of the Chilean Embassy in Washington in 1919. He is an expert on agrarian and educa¬ tional problems and is expected to devote much at¬ FOREIGN tention to these matters. The globe-trotting columnist of the Scripps-How- ard papers, Ernie Pyle, spent this past week in SHIPPING Santiago and continued today on to Buenos Aires by plane. Charles Thomson, chief expert on for the Foreign Policy Association, is n L here at present for a few weeks before continuing tL to Lima (and the Pan American Conference) via Bolivia. Warren Pierson, of the Export-Import The world over everyone Bank, spent a week here last month and was much likes the internationally feted by local banking and official groups. known Bowling Green steel EUROPEAN The Ambassador’s son, Norman, Jr., spent two lift vans for foreign ship¬ OFFICES months with the Armours, returning early in Sep¬ ment of household effects tember to enter Princeton University. Mr. Ar¬ and art objects. Carefully LONDON Tottenham Court Rd., mour’s aunt, Mrs. Whitehouse, and uncle, Mr. prepared and loaded by London, W. Allison Armour, made the trip to Buenos Aires expert packers, all articles aboard the Brazil and are expected to reach San¬ are safe from point of PARIS 29 Rue de la Jonquiere tiago next week via the southern lake route, to origin to destination in remain here for a three-week visit with the Ar¬ these sealed steel vans. VIENNA mours. Walfischgasse 15 The Federal Storage Plans for several intellectual events of impor¬ Company is the Exclusive BERLIN tance are under way. The popular and successful Agent in Washington. Wichmannstrasse 7-8 summer school held the past two years by the University of Chile is to be continued this year, opening in January. One of the American lec¬ turers, Dean Frances Burlingame of Elmira Col¬ lege, is here now. Also to be held in January is the first American conference on intellectual co¬ operation which is expected to attract an interest¬ FEDERAL STORAGE ing group from Europe, the United States and other American Republics. Miss Heloise Brainerd of the Women’s League COMPANY for Peace and Freedom and formerly with the Pan E. K. MORRIS, President American Union is here now and engaged in or¬ 1701 FLORIDA AVENUE ganizing peace groups in Santiago and Concepcion. She addressed the Santiago Rotary Club at its WASHINGTON, D. C., U. S. A. last session and was very well received. EDWARD G. TRUEBLOOD. 738 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

GAN THE F. S. BE IMPROVED? (Continued from page 711) tween “satisfactory” and “very good” is too wide; it does not take heed of the much nicer grada¬ tions in human character and ability. There should be sub-classification, as permitted by the law, which might be called “very satisfactory.” A more or¬ derly and logical sequence in nomenclature would be “satisfactory,” “good,” “very good,” and “ex¬ cellent.” These were the designations used in the Foreign Commerce Service bill passed at the last session of Congress, and vetoed for other reasons. The insertion of the rating of “good” might re¬ quire an amendment to the law but a sub-division of “satisfactory” into “satisfactory a” and “satis¬ factory b,” or as above suggested, would not. There should also be, and doubtless are, gradings on a numerical basis in the same category, to per¬ mit a more exact “order of merit” for promotion, as required by the law. The mandate of the law is that all officers rated “satisfactory” or above shall be promoted. Tbe ap¬ propriations for Foreign Service salaries are nor¬ mally little below the amounts asked for and they are deemed adequate by Congress to advance per¬ sonnel under the law and provide for new appoint¬ ments. Due to complete revision of the personnel list every two years it might follow that if, say, 60 per cent of the officers are rated as “excellent” or “very good,” they would get all the promotions financially possible in a two-year period and then would come up for similar ratings on the new list, so that those rated “satisfactory” would never get promotions. The 1938 lists contained the names of no officers in the classified grades who had been last promoted in 1934 or theretofore. The remedy for this dilemma is to give more value to service experience (by restoring the one-half point for six months in a class or a similar credit), establish a sub-classification between “satisfactory” and “very good,” and reconsider for future reference the records of any who may have been advanced prematurely. It might also be advisable to extend the normal minimum periods between promotions from eighteen months and two years in the respec¬ tive classes to two and three years. A man’s mental ability and moral character can¬ not be measured like his physical weight or stat¬ ure. Elements entering into efficiency ratings under the Act of 1931 are “character, ability, conduct, quality of work, industry, experience, dependabil¬ ity and general availability.” (“Personality” is not expressly named. I Experience is included in the list and all of the other elements are improved by it if the officer is diligent and conscientious. I 739 fear that too much attention has been paid to out¬ increases within classes. The Army and Navy, in ward grace and charm, wealth and social enter¬ commissioned personnel, have about as many taining, and too little to exact knowledge of duties, grades as now exist in the Foreign Service. With initiative in office direction, discretion in quasi- fewer classes, the Senate would have less to do public relations, energy and volume of personal with confirmations, and the power of confirmation work. Again, I may be wrong. carries a responsibility which may be invoked Is it not more reasonable to believe that an offi¬ should a serious emergency overtake the Service. cer who has served well for four or five years in a class will prove better qualified for more impor- Retirement and “Selection” tant post than one who has served I disfavor lowering the present in such class for only eighteen compulsory retirement age from 65 months or two years? There are to 62 or 60 and I believe that the probably more disparities in age voluntary retirement privilege after and service experience in the For¬ 30 years’ service is adequate. The eign Service than in any other age of 65 has been generally ap¬ branch or division of our Govern¬ proved in private business and pub¬ ment’s activities, with similar length lic service as a rational retiring of existence. I doubt if the Navy limit for those in executive posi¬ records would reveal the average tions, although exceptions are made age of its rear admirals to be 52.2 for those of outstanding ability and years, with an average Navy expe¬ sound physical equipment. Aside rience of 24.7 years. These were the from the Post Office Department, averages for our Class I officers, as computed in 1 understand that the prevailing practice in United Mr. W. P. Cochran’s graphs appearing in the De¬ States Government departments calls for retirement cember, 1937, issue of the AMERICAN FOREIGN at 70, with option at 68 after a certain length of SERVICE JOURNAL. He also indicated the average service. In the Foreign Service officers must retire age of Class II officers as 49.3 years against 51 at 65 while American clerks are retired at 70. for Class III and 48.9 for Class IV officers, and the As a rule, retirement systems provide for a longer average service experience of Class II officers as service before retirement of executives than for 22.7 years against 22.4 for Class III officers and clerical employees. 20.9 for Class IV officers. I doubt if the Army or Men of initiative, self-training and industry usu¬ Navy personnel records would reveal similar aver¬ ally show greater ability and sounder judgment at ages in corresponding ranks. If the information 65 than at 60 or 55. In the Foreign Service offi¬ contained in the magazine Time (October 10, 1938) cers of this type reach their zenith of executive is correct, the average age of 46 brigadier generals utility and representation value between the ages in the United States Army was 59 years 2 months, of 60 and 65. They have been looking forward to and the average age of 21 major generals was 61 those five years as the culmination of their careers, years 2 months, on June 30, 1938. even though they may not have reached Class I or Other Views Class IT. They are freer of financial worries, as their children have grown up and become self- Assignments. I am much interested in the new supporting. To cut them off at 60 or 62, with a and scientific appraisal of officers with regard to slash of fifty per cent in income will blight their posts. This should result in (a) the saving of reasonable hopes, and work a financial hardship thousands of dollars annually in the avoidance of on them and any dependents. It will also deprive misfit assignments, (b) improvement in service ef¬ the Government of capable officers of ripe expe¬ ficiency through increased usefulness of each officer rience and matured judgment, and add fifty per and (c) happier personal and family situations at cent to our tax burden for each office refilled. posts. I can recall many cases of what appeared to be unwise assignments. In the past three years I Comparison of the Foreign Service with the know four officers who received assignments that Army and Navy is not wholly apposite. The ser¬ were unsuccessful, for different reasons, as evi¬ vices of military and naval officers are keyed up denced by their early transfer to other posts. We to the emergency of war, to that super-efficiency can all recall such cases. of men who may hold the fate of the nation and the lives of millions in their nower of instant de¬ Classification. I favor retention of the present cision and dynamic action. The Foreign Service system of classification of officers and disfavor re¬ has periods of real emergency, as recently evi¬ duction of classes with greater latitude for salary denced in China, Spain, and Central Europe, but 740 T. hrough its world-wide organization of assembly plants, sales offices, distributors and dealers, General Motors is in a unique posi¬ tion to facilitate delivery and subsequent ser¬ vice on its products in any part of the world.

CHEVROLET . CHEVROLET TRUCKS . PONTIAC OLDSMOBILE . BUICK LASALLE . G. M. C. TRUCKS CADILLAC

GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION EXPORT DIVISION 1775 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY

741 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

there are scores of quiet posts whose requirements are well met by vice consuls, as current lists would indicate. There is also the consideration of pro¬ viding a peace-time reserve of trained military and naval officers, which accounts in part for training MERCHANT MARINE of the AIR more officers than the Services require. This con¬

On duty or on leave, Pan American sideration is absent in the Foreign Service. will take you there three times faster, Promotion “by selection” has been mentioned, and more comfortably. Service to 41 with the corollary of automatic retirement for fail¬ ure to be selected. Precedents to justify the prac¬ tice have been cited in the Navy. The Reader’s Digest, July, 1938, condensing an article from Fortune, “You’ll Never Get Rich,” recounts that “selection promotion” was started in 1916, apply¬ ing then to grades above lieutenant commander. Officers passed over were obliged to retire. “There were dark hints of politics and favoritism,” says the article. In 1934 the selection was ordered to apply to all officers above ensign. “This was to relieve the stagnation caused by some 800 officers inducted during the war.” It may be inserted here that there has been no such induction into the Foreign Service and that any group stagnation has been the result of the reclassification of July 1, 1924, which carried to the upper classes scores /fWEnrc/tw of younger officers who had been in the diplomatic R/a/9 SYSTEM service. This condition has been corrected, to a considerable degree, by appointments to minister- ships and by the vicissitudes of time. The experience of the Navy was unsatisfactory, as shown by the bill passed by Congress June 15, 1938, and entitled “Promotions and Retirements in Outstanding the Line of the Navy.” It increased navy officer personnel by 16 per cent and liberalized the pro¬ Foreign Banking Facilities motion and retirement features of pre-existing leg¬ islation. During the Senate debate on the bill The foreign banking organization of The Senator Walsh stated: Chase National Bank includes branches “The selection board informs us that they have and representatives on three continents very little difficulty in selecting the first 20 per supplemented by thousandsof correspon¬ cent and comparatively little difficulty in select¬ dents. Branches are located in London, ing the lowest 20 per cent. In the 60 per cent Havana, Panama, Cristobal, and San between it is somewhat of a gamble in certain cases where the records are good as to which Juan. In addition, the bank maintains officer is better than the other. The result has offices for its representatives in Rome, been that a large number of officers in the very Berlin and Mexico City. Through an prime of life have been retired from active affiliate, The Chase Bank, branches are duty.” (Congressional Record, June 13, 1938, operated in Paris, Shanghai, Hongkong p. 11912.) Declaring that the new bill made some improve¬ and Tientsin. ments in Navy personnel administration but did THE not go far enough, Representative Hobbs in the House (Congressional Record, June 15, 1938, p. CHASE NATIONAL BANK 12261) predicted that there would come “another day” and he proposed as further betterments: (1) OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK “a permanent board of retired admirals, sitting Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation as long as may be necessary each year, studying in detail the records of every officer, the efficiency 742 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL reports and their backgrounds,” (2) “to require the promotion board to make a written report of its reasons for selecting or rejecting each offi¬ cer for promotion,” and (3) “to give every man who feels aggrieved by any decision, the right of appeal.” He declared that the excess of officers in the Navy, which had brought into operation the “plucking” or “selection” hoards, was due to putting into the service too many young officers, adding, “The base of the pyramid of naval officer personnel is too broad and its top is too narrow. The obvious remedy is to narrow the base and broaden the top. The base should be narrowed per¬ manently. The top should be broadened tempora¬ rily until we have given every deserving, fit officer an honest chance to go to the ton on his merit.” The bill went a step in this direction by increasing the authorized officer personnel of the Navy from 6,531 to 7,562. I do not believe in curtailing useful careers and sacrificing matured ability in order to gratify the youthful urge for speedy advancement. In keeping with medical progress and the lengthened span of human life, it would he more logical, perhaps, to extend the compulsory retirement age to 67 or 68. The more recent trend is away from the slo¬ gan “Make way for youth!” Governor Lehman of New York, on April 7, 1938, signed the Wads¬ worth bill forbidding discrimination against em¬ THE ployment of persons over 40 in the State’s civil service. He said: “The time has come for government to en¬ "AMERICAN WAY" courage private business to retain in its employ older men and women. In my opinion it is For Passengers and Freight decidedly against the public interest to pursue any other course. Government, therefore, should TO AND FROM set a generous example to private business.” I remember hearing a talk by Ambassador Her¬ THE rick at a luncheon of the American Club in Paris, given in honor of Consul General Thackara, who MEDITERRANEAN retired in 1924 at the age of 76. Mr. Herrick (then nearing 70) said: “My first predecessor, AND Benjamin Franklin, didn’t arrive in France until he was 70, but, as the man said to the waiter who BLACK SEA brought him the oxtail soup, ‘Isn’t that going pretty far back’?” We cannot all be Franklins or ♦ Herricks but we can all hope for greater wisdom at 70 than we now possess. If any lowering of the present retirement limits Home Office: or adoption of a “selection system” in the Foreign Service is contemplated, I believe that, in justice AMERICAN EXPORT LINES to all the men in the Service, to those who will 25 BROADWAY - - - NEW YORK enter it hereafter, to the Government and the tax¬ European Headquarters: payers, a thorough investigation should first be made to determine if the advantages of the change VIA GARIBALDI, 3 - - , ITALY will not be out-balanced by its ill-effects. 743 Consul General Leland Morris (Athens) after he made a prom¬ ise “to rip the hrim off my 75c local straw hat if I couldn't beat this great beef of a Vice Consul (Walworth Barbour. at right) on the golf links.”

Photo by Minister MacVeagh

■web with the drumstick of a Mexican le refuses to say which Mexican State such prodigious birds, and since he completed a tour of Mexico it is impossible to verify.

SEAL SINKING IN HONG KONG To comply with the Regulations, Consul Gourley requisitions Vice Consul Cootes’ sailboat and seeks “deep water.”

By Chas. Dunn

HARRY McBRIDE

CIRCUS IN JERUSALEM

The Consulate in Jeru¬ salem. anticipating the current New York Vogue for society circuses, held such an entertainment one evening. Seated (left ) II a g h e h Bey Nashahihi, as doorman of “Palmer's Circus,” and Consul General Pal¬ mer. as proprietor. Vice Consul Iiatchford as a London “Bobby” main¬ tained order.

Roderic and Ophelia Yepis, children of Vice Consul and Mrs. Guaymas, visit the Grand Canyon of Arizona. “Said Joe McGurk to Monnett Davis”

Photo by Janies B. Stewart

Minister Owen with Eskimo children at Kragiassuk, site of Viking ruins.

Mr. and Mrs. S. W alter Washington at their eliarniing home in Bogota.

Two sailfish caught by William C. Burdett (left) and friends at Panama. ^HE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL ^

IN MEMORIAM CHRISTMAS CHEER With deep regret, the JOURNAL records the deaths (Continued from page 706) of: served throughout the Administration. The bot¬ Mrs. Emma Dressier Davison, mother of Mrs. anist-soldier found an outlet for his energies in Frances Davison Bryant, of the American Con¬ greatly strengthening the military establishment of sulate General at Callao-Lima, on July 26, 1938, the United States. His term of office completed, in Washington, D. C. he again retired to his plantation. Flavius J. Chapman, 3rd, of Roanoke, Virginia. His services to scholarship had been consider¬ Mr. Chapman, a former Foreign Service Officer, able. He had presented collections of natural his¬ died in Yungkang, Chekiang, China, on Septem¬ tory specimens to scientific societies in New York, ber 25, 1938. Philadelphia and Charleston, had founded the Mrs. Nellie Bussey Hewes, mother of Clarence Academy of Fine Arts in Charleston and built the B. Hewes, formerly charge d’affaires ad interim Museum of the National Institution. These were at Panama and First Secretary of Legation at his contributions to natural science and scholar¬ Peking. Mrs. Hewes died on October 12, 1938, ship. They are little known. But everyone knows at her home in Jeanerette, Louisiana. and is grateful for the Christmas flower that Poin¬ Mrs. William G. Rupprecht, wife of the Ameri¬ sett brought from Mexico. Its crimson bracts are can Vice Consul at Ceiba, on October 25, 1938. symbolic of his deeds of valor. Its popularity in William Craig Perkins, formerly American Vice its adopted home augurs well for friendship be¬ Consul at Barbados, who died on November 7, in tween the country of its origin and the United Washington. States. Its annual message of “Peace on earth” Harry Campbell of Wichita, Kansas, retired sums up the aspirations of a New World which is American Foreign Service Officer, died at Beverly trying to evolve an effective guarantee against Hills, California, on October 22, 1938. war and bloodshed.

LETTER THE VICE-CONSUL AND THE EXPLORER In Re: War Risk Insurance By ARTHUR B. EMMONS, 3RD The Editor, Late one December afternoon several years ago, three rather ragged and travel-stained Americans AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, called at the American Consulate in Yunnan-fu. Department of State, Washington, D. C. They had just completed a two months’ trek DEAR SIR: through the Burmese jungles and across the wild mountains of southwestern China. To them the As war, riot and civil commotion insurance has Consulate appeared as a veritable oasis of Amer¬ been practically unobtainable in recent months, ican soil in a considerable desert of unfriendly the Manager of our Insurance Department suggests and, at times exasperating, circumstances. that Foreign Service Officers ought to he notified The Vice-Consul in charge, not one whit dis¬ that they should write for the war risk insurance, turbed by the disreputable appearance of the three and receive an answer refusing such insurance, to bearded travelers, immediately extended the hand of file away for future reference, in case their per¬ the Perfect Host. Would we not come and dine sonal property should be lost or destroyed by on the morrow? With more alacrity than was reason of war, riot or civil commotion. The pur¬ altogether good taste, we accepted. Were there any pose of such a letter would be to facilitate the arrangements which could be made to help us on subsequent recovery from the Government for re¬ our way? Well, yes, the matter of getting our imbursement for this loss. The effort to obtain baggage to the coast. We spent two delightful insurance would indicate that the Officer had made days at Yunnan-fu. every effort to protect his own property. A friend of mine recently returned from leading Yours very truly, an expedition to one of the great peaks of the Himalaya. He waxed lyric over the help and en¬ C. A. ASPINWALL. couragement which his expedition had received President, Security Storage Company. from the American Foreign Service in India. 746 ^HE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL Eg

Thoughts of

WASHINGTON

FOREIGN Service Officers Have A Particular An advance camp at 22,500 feet on the slopes of Interest In The Many Nanda Devi in northern India, the highest peak which has been climbed. Activities of Government.

• When next you visit The Capital, stay at the insti¬ Whether in Bombay, Rangoon or Peiping I have tution where international per¬ never failed to find, not only a reassuring co¬ sonages reside and great events operation, but more, a delightful friendliness occur. among the representatives of the American Gov¬ ernment abroad. Single Rooms from $4 Double Rooms from $6 THE INDIAN DID NOT VANISH Subject to a Diplomatic (Continued from page 709) Discount drugged on had whiskey beforehand or when some scalawag chieftain didn’t sell out his tribe. Their statesmen, men like Joseph Brant, Tecumseh, Push¬ mataha, Chief Joseph, have left records of unmis¬ takable political genius. But Indian forms of gov¬ ernment were not necessarily democratic in nature. The Iroquois Confederacy, it is true, attempted a remarkable experiment in representative govern¬ ment; but more usually the native leadership was aristocratic or hieratic in form. As a result, in the present effort to set up self-government in the In¬ dian country many tribes are found who do not readily understand the mechanics of democracy. The democratic form is by no means imposed upon Indian groups, and wherever a strong tradition of rulership by chiefs or headmen persists, the new pattern is built around the old. In a number of the constitutions drafted by the tribes, provisions are made by which the hereditary chief works side by side with the democratic council. The pattern is varied, and so is the achievement within the pat¬ tern. Some tribes conduct meetings under parlia¬ mentary rules with as great efficiency and orderli¬ ness as any legislative body one could name. Other tribes, in which the idea of self-government has all but failed, find it difficult to take up the burden. 747 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

Institutions, like muscles of the body, grow with In the field of Indian education, the trend of exercise, and no one watching a tribe falter in its former years has been exactly reversed. Instead use of the machineries of government should count of sending Indian children away from home to the experiment a failure at this early date. distant boarding schools, with the hope of alien¬ The task has only been started. In the vital ating them from Reservation life, it is now recog¬ matter of getting the Indians back on the land— nized that, for most Indians, the Reservation of getting land to put them on, that is—at least will continue to mean home. Accordingly, it is a generation of effort lies ahead of us. If approxi¬ only prudent that, while the economic opportu¬ mately 220,000 Indians (two-thirds of their popu¬ nities of the Reservation are being built up on the lation) are either short of land or entirely land¬ one hand, the young Indian should be trained to less, one can gauge readily enough how slow must make the most of those opportunities. Instead of be the process of repairing the damage. sending him away to school, the Government has Congress, in the Act of 1934, authorized an an¬ brought the school to him—a Reservation day nual appropriation of $2,000,000 for land acqui¬ school which will teach him farming, stock rais¬ sition, but in no year has that amount been ap¬ ing, housekeeping—the things by which he will propriated. Half the authorized amount was ap¬ live. Not the least important part of the new propriated in 1936, the first year in which money educational policy is the in-service training which was made available, and again in 1937, and the has been given each summer since 1936 in connec¬ sum was reduced to $500,000 for the fiscal year tion with some of the larger of the Indian schools. 1938. Thus, to date, a total of $2,500,000 has This work is designed primarily to train Indian been appropriated and spent. With this money, Service teachers in anthropology, rural sociology, and with $2,650,000 of Farm Security (Resettle¬ arts and crafts, and various vocational fields. ment) money for sub-marginal land, a total area These are the highlights of the task and the ac¬ of 1,100,000 acres has been purchased, and 350,- complishment. For years people have talked 000 acres remain under option. Besides, some about the Indian “problem,” and they will proba¬ 350,000 acres, which previously were opened to bly be discussing it for years to come, for it is homestead but had not been taken, have been re¬ not a problem that will solve itself over night. turned to Indian ownership. Some lesser pur¬ The solution will be hastened in the degree that chases have been made under other grants of au¬ we, the administrators, learn to keep hands ofl thority. As a result a grand total of about 2,000,- in matters which Indians can handle by them¬ 000 acres has actually been added to Indian hold¬ selves. And what they can’t handle now, they can ings in the last three years. A good start. learn to handle, given the chance.

Navajo Police Force, with Native Judiciary in front row 748 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL For fast, accurate and reliable telegraph service to Central and South America and to the West Indies, send your messages via dll dmerica Cables

Commercial ujM? Tostal Cables \cK^U Telegraph

tTlackay Hadio

THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

r Cablegrams Via All America ” may be sent from any Postal Telegraph Office

749 Trade-Agreement Notes

By EDWARD I. MULLINS, Department of State

That British Agreement cerpt from Secretary Hull’s speech before the At long last, after about six months of intensive Foreign Trade Convention in New York City on negotiation, a trade agreement was signed on No¬ November 1, 1938: vember 17, 1938, at White House ceremonies. Sec¬ “It is my considered judgment that nothing that retary of State Hull signed for the United States has occurred in recent years or in recent weeks has and Sir Ronald Lindsay, British Ambassador, for served to discredit in any way the principles on the the . basis of which we are seeking to bring about a res¬ The British agreement includes the United King¬ toration of sound economic conditions as a neces¬ dom of Great Britain, Northern Ireland, Newfound¬ sary foundation of durable peace. Nothing that land and other non-selfgoverning British Colonies. has occurred has impaired my profound belief that At the same time a new and revised these principles wil Isooner or later be¬ agreement was signed with Canada. Pre¬ come firmly established as the foundation mier King signed for Canada and the Sec¬ of international commercial relations. The retary of State for the United States. world’s need for the translation of these It is expected that these agreements will principles, as well as of all other basic shortly be proclaimed to go into effect principles of peaceful relations among na¬ provisionally on January 1st, 1939, for an tions, into practical realities is more initial period of three years. urgent and more pressing today than it has ever been.” Turkish Agreement It has been suggested that Mr. H. ]. Wadleigli, A POLITICAL BOOKSHELF who with Mr. Norman Burns of the Tariff Commis¬ (Continued from page 727) sion went to Turkey last March to assist in the negotiations of a trade agreement, has probably could, and did compose amusing erotica for the taken out his “first papers” over there. pleasure of himself and equally full-blooded friends. If behind that benign countenance the Foreign Trade of the United States statesmen of the Old World discovered the astute The foreign trade of the United States for the brain of their peer, Court ladies were also able to first nine months of 1938 compared with the corre¬ discern behind the garb of the philosopher and sponding period of 1937 is summarized as follows: republican the stature of the man. 1937 1938 Decrease The American that Mr. Van Doren depicts is (9 Months ending September) not presented as a rara avis, unique, not typical. Exports §2,338,913,000 $2,260,638,000 $72,275,000 Imports 2,367.357,000 1,434,247,000 933,110,000 Franklin appears instead as typical, even when Imports Exports his individuality is most strongly emphasized. Be¬ Excess $ 27,444,000 $ 832,391,000 cause he was in so many things what others were and are in lesser number, he becomes in his versa¬ The following figures indicate that agricultural tile individualism the type for the national life; exports went against the trend and showed a con¬ and if other names leap to mind for contrast or siderable increase over 1937. comparisons, he must still stand as their equal, Agricultural Imports* Agricultural Exports not overshadowed by them. (9 Months ending September) 1937 $1,279,650,000 $491,753,000 GEORGE VERNE BLUE. 1938 711,728,000 602,490,000

Decrease Increase $ 567,922.000 $110,737,000 PRESS COMMENT * Agricultural imports include such items as coffee, rubber, (Continued from page 706) cocoa, bananas, tea, silk, and other articles not produced in for the current fiscal year. If deductions are made the United States. Approximately two-thirds of these so-called agricultural imports enter duty free and are generally non¬ for the department’s receipts from fees of various competitive with articles produced in the United States. kinds it will be found that the net cost of our In view of the many observations being made actual first line of defense is little more than 1 about the Trade-Agreements Program and the per cent of that for the fighting services. Foreign Policy of the United States since Munich, One is just as much needed as the other. And it may be of interest to quote the following ex¬ in preparing to spend hundreds of millions for 750 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

THIS NEW, ECONOMICAL BRIDGE FLOORING CAN BE LAID QUICKLY

"I-BEAM-LOK" BRIDGE FLOORING extremely durable and offers high is a recent development in steel and resistance to skidding. concrete bridge floor construction. This system, due to its light weight I-BEAM-LOK Bridge Flooring can and high efficiency, may be applied be used to great advantage for both with marked economy in bridge large and small bridges. It is also design. employed for factory floors subject to heavy loading, garage floors, In new bridges it reduces con¬ ramps, wharves, etc. siderably the time of construction, and in the repair or replacement of old floors permits completion of the work with the minimum dislocation An illustrated booklet on I-BEAM- of traffic. The concrete surface of LOK may be had upon request, and the finished floor is well reinforced, our engineers will be glad to submit recommendations as to its use in specific cases. The finished (concrete-filled) flooring is shown at the right. In the picture at the left a section of flooring is being lowered into place. UNITED STATES STEEL PRODUCTS CO- 30 CHURCH STREET NEW YORK, N. Y., U. S. A. Cable Address: "Steelmaker, New York"

EXPORTERS OF THE PRODUCTS OF:

AMERICAN BRIDGE CO. AMERICAN STEEL & WIRE CO. CARNEGIE-ILL! NO IS STEEL CORPORATION COLUMBIA STEEL CO.

NATIONAL TUBE CO. TENNESSEE COAL, IRON a RAILROAD CO. battleships, tanks and airplanes more thought must be given to the pressing needs of the De¬ partment of State, it is overworked, it is under¬ staffed, and it is carrying a load of responsibil¬ ity entirely out of proportion to the attention given its essential needs.— Washington Post, Oc¬ tober 26, 1938. MISS WILL HARRIS Members of the Secretary’s office and many other friends in the Department wished “bon voy¬ age” to Miss Will Harris, private secretary to the Secretary of State, on October 25 prior to her de¬ parture on the following day from New York City aboard the S. S. Excam- bion for a two months’ Mediterranean cruise. She was accompanied by Miss Edna L. Lytle, Secretary to Representative Carl Vinson of Georgia, and Miss Mary Lytle of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Miss Harris has been as¬ sociated with Secretary Hull in the capacity of pri¬ vate secretary for a quarter NORTH AMERICA of a century, having served Miss Will Harris with him when he was a United States Representa¬ SOUTH AMERICA tive and a United States Senator, before he became Secretary of State. CENTRAL AMERICA Miss Harris’ cruise will include Gibraltar, CARIBBEAN France, Italy, and the Holy Land. GEORGE WHEELER WOLF PANAMA CANAL On November 10, 1938, the United States Steel Corporation announced the appointment of Mr. Consult your Travel Agent or Wolf as President of its export subsidiary, the United States Steel Products Company, effective January 1, 1939. Mr. Wolf succeds Mr. George C. GRACE LINE Scott, who is retiring from 628 Fifth Avenue (Rockefeller Center) or active service but will re¬ 10 Hanover Square, New York main with the Products Agents and Offices in all principal cities Company in an advisory capacity. At present Mr. Wolf is Vice President of General Motors Export Division and Operations Manager of General Motors Over¬ seas Operations. Of his thirteen years’ association with General Motors, ten have been spent abroad, ceorB.- wheeler w«if where he has become well known to Foreign Service Officers, especially in Argentina, Poland, Germany and Spain. 752 ARTHUR GARRELS The address of Mr. Arthur Garrels, Foreign Service officer retired, was incorrectly reported on page 661 of the November issue of the JOURNAL. Mr. Garrels’ address is 71 East 77th Street, New York. NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT (Continued from page 723) of the Division of Cultural Relations, spoke on November 11 at Atlantic City, New Jersey, at a meeting of the New Jersey Modern Language Teachers’ Association. His subject was “The Di¬ vision of Cultural Relations and the Role of the Modern Language Teacher in the Promotion of Inter-American Cultural Relations.” Two F. S. 0. Conferences Two regional conferences of Foreign Service Officers will be held by the Division of the Ameri¬ GIVE THEM A ROYAL can Republics, the first to be held at Panama No¬ vember 25-, and the second to be held THIS CHRISTMAS at Lima January 3-7. Both will be presided THE PERFECT GIFT over by Mr. Laurence Duggan, Chief of the Di¬ FOR STUDENTS vision. Dr. Frank P. Corrigan, Minister to Pana¬ Watch any student tackle ma, will act as honorary homework on a Royal Port¬ chairman of the conference able—you’ll know why it’s the grandest Christmas gift in Panama, and Mr. Lau¬ of all! You’ll see how much rence A. Steinhardt, Am¬ a Royal means to every bassador to Peru, will act student, from grammar in the same capacity at the school on. Yet the cost is conference in Lima. so small! The conference at Pana¬ ma will be attended by the following officers: Gerald HOME SECRETARY A. Drew, of the Depart¬ FOR THE FAMILY ment; Pierre de L. Boal, Whether your gift is to wives, husbands, parents of Mexico City; Walter F. children . . . the whole Boyle, Guatemala; William family will use the Royal G. A. Drew M. Cramp and Fred K. Portable. Letters, notes, Salter, Tegucigalpa; Wal¬ homework for students or father ... it helps every¬ ter W. Hoffman and Overton G. Ellis, Jr., San Sal¬ body to get ahead faster! vador; Reginald S. Castleman and LaVerne Bald¬ win, Managua; John B. Ocheltree and Robert Y. Brown, San Jose; John J. Muccio, Fayette .]. Flex, Hartwell Johnson, Dudley G. Dwyre and Edward B. Rand. Panama; Carlos C. Hall, Colon; Gerald Keith, Bogota; Nelson R. Park, Barranquilla; Arthur R. Williams, Cali (Cartagena). Arrange¬ ments were made for a number of the officers from Central American posts to make the round- trip by airplane. The conference at Lima will be attended by the following officers; Edward J. Sparks, of the De¬ partment; Wesley Frost and Edward G. True- Royal Typewriter Company, Inc., 2 Park Ave., New York City Washington, D. C., 839 Seventeenth St., N. W. blood, Santiago; George H. Adams, of Antofo- 753 gasta; Renwick S. Mc- I 1 Niece, Valparaiso; Walter T. Prendergast and Harold E. Montamat, of La Paz; TURNER’S Gerhard Gade, of Quito; Alfred T. Nester, of Guay¬ aquil; James H. Wright of Diplomatic School Bogota; John J. Muccio, Panama; Louis G. Dreyfus, ■* A fully equipped and fully Jr., Homer Brett, William staffed institution exclusively P. Cochran, Jr., Mason Turner, Milton K. Wells, devoted to preparation for the Carl Breuer and Anthony Foreign Service examinations. Gembs, Lima. Next course begins on Monday, Mr. Duggan and Mr. Drew sailed for Panama January 30, 1939. City from New York City on November 16 on the SS Talamanca. Following the Panama confer¬ College education a pre-requi¬ ence Mr. Duggan planned to proceed to Lima to site to registration. attend the Pan-American Conference, which opens there on December 9, and remain for the F.S.O. For further information and conference. Mr. Sparks planned to leave New bulletin, address: York City on on the SS Santa Lucia COL. CAMPBELL TURNER for Lima. 1774 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, N. W. In announcing these two conferences, the De¬ WASHINGTON, D. C. partment stated that the purpose was to further the Department’s policy of endeavoring to bring about closer cooperation and more intimate con¬ tacts between the Department and officers in the field as well as between officers stationed in neigh¬ Around the corner or boring countries having common problems and around the world interests. SAY IT WITH FLOWERS Foreign Service Officers Satisfaction Guaranteed John Randolph, Consul at Quebec, accompanied by Mrs. Randolph, visited GUDE BROS. CO. Washington in late Octo¬ WASHINGTON, D. C. Phone NAtional 4278 ber after an extended mo¬ tor trip to Williamsburg, MAIN STORE 1212 F ST. N. W. Richmond, Charlottesville Florists to Washington since 1889 and other historic places in Virginia. They left Washington by automobile on October 31 en route to Our advertisers are friends of the Quebec. Service and of the JOURNAL. If you Jacob D. Beam, Third Secretary at Berlin, ar- j. Randolph cooperate with them whenever pos¬ rived in New York City on sible, and mention the JOURNAL to October 21 on the S. S. Europa and spent the greater part of the week of October 24 in Wash¬ them, it will help your Staff to pro¬ ington before proceeding to his home in Princeton. New Jersey. He planned to visit the Department duce a better and more useful publi¬ again in December before returning to his post. cation. Robert Y. Jarvis, Consul at Hankow, who has

+■— —* been on leave in the United States, met Mrs. Jar- 754 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

vis in New York City on | October 23 upon her ar- rival from London. They visited Washington for sev- eral days and left by train on October 31 for St. Pe- tersburg, Florida, to visit Mr. Jarvis' mother for eral days. They planned to sail from PARENTS on November 18 on the 5. S. President Coolidge en YOU can give your child a superior education from kindergarten up to J. I). Reum route to Hongkong, where Mrs. Jarvis intended to re¬ high school . . . while traveling and liv¬ main until the military situation at Hankow en¬ ing abroad . . . with the world-famous abled her to rejoin Mr. Jarvis at his post. Calvert School Home Instruction Courses. Robert F. Woodward, Vice Consul at Rio, re¬ Used successfully for 30 years to educate ported to the Department on October 18 to begin the children of American Foreign Service a six months’ temporary detail in the Division officials, Army and Navy officers, mission¬ of the American Republics. He had spent ap¬ aries and world travelers. proximately two months in the Division during Write today for your copy of the summer also on temporary detail, at the con¬ the new Calvert School Catalog. clusion of which he continued on home leave at his home in Minneapolis. His present assignment CALVERT SCHOOL was necessitated by the scheduled absence of sev¬ 131 W. TUSCANY ROAD BALTIMORE, MD. eral officers from the Division at conferences dur¬ ing this period. Daniel V. Anderson, Vice Consul at Bombay, registered at the Department on October 31 and spent several days in Washington before pro¬ ceeding to Delaware to visit relatives. He jour¬ neyed to the United States via the Pacific, arriv¬ ing at on the SS Empress of Asia. He vis¬ ited on the West Coast, making a trip by mule back in the Grand Canyon, and proceeded to Washingloti by way of New Orleans. Harold B. Quarton, Consul General at St. John’s, Newfoundland, visited the Department for three days during the first week of November at the end of a home leave he described as the best he ever had. He sailed from Boston on November 8 on the S. S. Nova Scotia for his post. In visiting Mil¬ waukee, Cedar Rapids, Pittsburgh and other cities in the Mid-West he wit¬ nessed several important football games, including the Pittsburgh - Fordham clash. Donald C. Dunham, Vice Consul at Athens, visited the Department during the first week of November on i). v. Anderson a very brief leave in the 755 United States. He departed from New York City on Edwin F. Stanton, Consul at Shanghai, who has November 12 en route to his new' post as Aden. been on home leave, sailed from Los Angeles on Orsen N. Nielsen, who recently was appointed November 11 on the S. S. Lurline to Honolulu, Consul General at Munich upon terminating an and sailed from Honolulu on November 18 on the assignment as Assistant Chief of the Division of S. S. Empress of Canada for Shanghai, where he European Affairs, sailed from New7 York City with was due to have arrived on November 29. Mrs. Nielsen on November 2 on the SS Manhattan. John G. Erhardt. Inspector, was on an assign¬ They planned to avail themselves of leave in Lon¬ ment of inspection in England during late October. don and Paris en route to Munich, where they John Farr Simmons, Consul General and Coun¬ expected to arrive about . selor of Legation at Ottawa, registered at the De¬ Llew'ellyn E. Thompson, Jr., Consul at Geneva, partment on October 20 on a brief visit to the was approved by President United States. He spent about five days in Wash¬ Roosevelt in early October ington and about six days in New York City. as technical adviser to at¬ William W. Heard, until recently Consul at tend meetings of the gov¬ Halifax, drove to Washington from his post and erning body of the Inter¬ spent three days in Washington beginning October national Labor Office, and 17 while on a brief leave before proceeding to his was also authorized to at¬ new post at Cartagena. tend the meeting of that Douglas MacArthur, Vice Consul and Third body in London on Octo¬ Secretary at Paris, visited the Department on Oc¬ ber 25. tober 29 before continuing to Paducah, Kentucky, Hartwell Johnson, Third on home leave to visit at the home of Mrs. Mac- Secretary at Panama, pro¬ Arthur’s father, Senator A. W. Barkley. They ar¬ ceeded by air from Pana¬ rived at New York City on October 27 on the ma to his home in Aiken, S. S. Manhattan. South Carolina, to attend Thompson, Jr. Calvin H. Oakes, Consul at Calcutta, wffiile pass¬ the funeral services of his ing through Paris on leave in October, was tem¬ father, who died suddenly on October 20. porarily assigned to the Consulate General in Paris John B. Faust, Consul at Santiago, Chile, spent due to increased activity as a result of the in¬ approximately one week in Washington in early ternational situation. November at the beginning of home leave, and Willard L. Beaulac, proceeded to his home in Denmark. South Caro¬ First Secretary at Habana, lina. Mr. and Mrs. Faust arrived in New York reported to the Division of City on October 31 on the S. S. Santa Lucia. the American Republics in William A. Smale, newly-appointed Consul at mid-November on tempo¬ Cork, spent leave in Glendale, California, and rary duty due to the as¬ visited the Department on November 5 prior to signment of several other sailing four days later on the S. S. President officers of the Division to Roosevelt for his new post. , conferences outside of the Duncan M. White, of Louisburg, North Caro¬ United States. lina, in late October was appointed non-career Prescott Childs, Consul vice consul at Dublin and sailed for his post on at Barbados, visited the November 16 on the S. S. Washington. Mr. White Department on October 24 served as a non-career vice consul from 1925 to at the end of home leave, 1935 at Leipzig, Surabaya, Praha and Habana, W. L. ltcaulac which was spent princi¬ being commissioned a Foreign Service Officer and pally at his home in Holy- assigned to Habana in October, 1935. Subsequent¬ oke, Massachusetts. Mr. and Mrs. Childs de¬ ly he was assigned to Vienna as Third Secretary parted from New York City on October 28 on the and Vice Consul. He resigned from the service S. S. Santa Rosa for Barbados. last year. Edward T. Wailes, Second Secretary at Brussels, David J. D. Myers, F. S. 0. Retired, who has accompanied by Mrs. Wailes, arrived at New been residing at Lafayette, Georgia, visited the De¬ York City on October 18 on the S. S. Queen Mary. partment on November 4 and stated that he planned Mr. Wailes made a round trip journey by plane to to make his permanent residence in Washington, Los Angeles in connection w'ith the death of his his address being Apartment 604, Stoneleigh Court, father, Mr. Montgomery Blair Wailes, chairman 1023 Avenue. Northwest. of the board and former president of the Edward 756 Photo Courtesy National Aeronautics

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757 Thompson Company, publishers of law books, 27 on the S. S. Manhattan. After visiting the De¬ Brooklyn, New York. Mr. Wailes subsequently partment he proceeded to his home in Nashville, joined Mrs. Wailes at the home of the latter’s lennessee, on November 1 and planned to return family at Salisbury, Maryland. Mr. Wailes prior to Washington again before sailing from San to his departure from Brussels on leave served as Francisco on December 9 for his new post. secretary of the American delegation to the In¬ Rollin R. Winslow, recently appointed Consul ternational Air Law Conference at Brussels. at Rio, sailed from New York City on November Bolard More, recently appointed Vice Consul 5 on the S. S. Argentina for his post. at Lagos, departed from New York City on Oc¬ Douglas Jenkins, Jr., recently appointed Vice Con¬ tober 26 on the S. S. President Harding. He sul at Warsaw, arrived in Washington on Novem¬ planned to disembark at Plymouth and wait in ber 14 on home leave. He left his last post at the England until sailing on November 16 from Liver¬ Embassy in Chungking, China, on October 4 by air pool for his post. He spent home leave on Cape Cod. for Yunnanfu, due to the inability to travel down C. Warwick Perkins, Con¬ the Yangtze because of hos¬ sul at Toronto, accompanied tilities. From Yunnanfu he by Mrs. Perkins, visited the proceeded by train to Hai¬ Department on October 10 phong, French Indo-China, while on a short leave spent and thence by steamer to in Baltimore and Washington. Hong Kong, where he board¬ Herschel V. Johnson, ed the S. S. President Coo- Counselor at London, regis¬ lidge, arriving in San Fran¬ tered at the Department on cisco on November 9. Mrs. November 1 en route on Jenkins, who has been in the leave to his home in Char¬ United States during the lotte, North Carolina, after greater part of the trouble arrival at New York City on in China, joined him and

the S. S. Statendam. G. R. Merrill, Jr they proceeded on leave to Dudley G. Dwyre, Consul Martin’s Point near Charles¬ General at Panama, spent ton, South Carolina. approximately a week in the Carl 0. Hawthorne, Vice United States in early No¬ Consul at Tsingtao, re¬ vember. He arrived at New opened the Consulate at York City on November 7 Tsinan, Shantung Province, on the S. S. Ancon and de¬ China, in mid - November. parted from that port on the The office had been closed same boat on November 15 for more than a year due to for Panama. He spent the hostilities in that region. greater part of his sojourn Harold M. Granata, Vice in Washington. Consul at Naples, visited Homer M. Byington, Con¬ Washington October 21-25 sul General at Montreal, _ . ,. K. MacVitty and with his wife were the drove down to Washington guests of Consul and Mrs. for a two-day stay before returning to his post. Charles B. Hosmer. They proceeded to the home of George R. Merrill, Consul at Harbin, left his Mr. Granata’s family on Staten Island, New York, post on October 5 and proceeded via Siberia and and departed from New York City on November Europe en route to the United States, arriving at 12 on the S. S. Conte de Savoia. New York City on October 27 on the S. S. Man¬ Graham H. Kemper, Consul General at Rome, hattan. spent the latter part of his home leave at Newport, Robert Newbegin, 2nd, recently appointed Third Rhode Island, and New York City before depart¬ Secretary at Ankara, departed from New York ing on November 22 on the S. S. Excalibur for City on November 2 on the S. S. Manhattan en his post. route to his post after spending leave principally George L. Brandt, Foreign Service Officer on in Boston and New York. duty in the Visa Division, has been appointed by Karl de G. MacVitty, recently appointed Consul the Department as one of two advisers to the at Amoy, departed from his post at Sofia on Oc¬ Philippine Government on immigration matters. tober 16 and arrived at New York City on October He planned to depart from San Francisco on the 758 JHE /^MERTCAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL DIRECTORY OF SELECTIVE FIRMS ABROAD

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759 S. S. President Coolidge on crisis and said: “If I buy November 18 for Manila. a passport from you will The assignment was stated you guarantee that there » Pf. to ^e f°r an indefinite pe¬ won’t be war in Europe riod. The other adviser this summer?” • will be Mr. Irving F. Nix- (■ on, deputy commissioner of Immigration and Natu- The Department of State Recreational Association has been very active throughout the year, its Hayward G. Hill, Con¬ latest event being a dance sul at Geneva, arrived at scheduled for ii. c. nm New York City on Novem¬ at the George Mason Hotel o- L. Brandt ber 3 on the S. S. Queen in Alexandria. The Asso¬ Mary and registered at the Department on Novem¬ ciation has entered a team in the Y. M. C. A.- ber 14 upon assuming temporary duty in connec¬ Government basketball league and announces tion with his appointment as a Secretary to the games every Wednesday night during December American delegation to the Pan American Con¬ at the Y. M. C. A. ferences at Lima. * * * Miscellaneous A team representing the British Embassy, headed The Register of the Department of State is ex¬ by Ambassador Sir Ronald Lindsay, and a team pected to be available for distribution by the Divi¬ representing the Department, headed by Mr. Nor¬ sion of Research and Publications in December, man Davis, played a golf match at the Burning possibly shortly before Christinas. It will be a Tree Club near Washington on October 30, the considerably changed publication due to limita¬ British team winning by four to three. tions imposed by the Government authorities au¬ The Department’s team also included former thorized by statute to regulate all regular Govern¬ Ambassador , James C. Dunn, ment publications. All material duplicated in the Richard Southgate, Joseph P. Flack, J. W. Bal- Foreign Service List, and all of the historical data lantine, J. W. Bailey, Edward J. Sparks and which now appears at the back of the book (pages George W. Renchard. The British Embassy team 325-370 of the 1937 Reg¬ also included V. A. L. Mal¬ ister) is being omitted. let, Captain L. C. A. St. J. Furthermore, biographies Curzon-Howe, Colonel R. V. only for members of the Read, T. K. Bewley, Com¬ Foreign Service and those of mander F. J. A. Coleby, H. the Department personnel S. Sims, A. E. Overton and holding administrative or John Stirling. professional positions will * * * be included. This will reduce The Department of State the volume to slightly more Employees Federal Credit than half its present size. Union has announced the October 1 has been approved as a permanent pointment of Mrs. Miriam B. Tracy as bookkeeper- publication date for the Register. Better service cashier to succeed Mr. Chepherd Gordin, who re¬ can be obtained from the Government Printing Of¬ signed to accept employment elsewhere. Mrs. Tracy fice at that time than at any other, and changes has had several years’ experience as a bookkeeper, in the Department and in the Foreign Service, an authorizer of credit and as a cashier. The Union which are usually more numerous in the early made public revealed that it now has 561 mem¬ months of the fiscal year, can be incorporated in bers and over $50,000 in assets. Over $200,000 an October 1 Register, making it more current. has been loaned to Department employees since the Union was organized less than four years ago. * * # It was stated that this help has been a tremendous JEMcK in the Passport Division vouches for this service to employes, and furthermore there have tall story: A woman in a certain state not far been no losses, a profit of approximately $1,700 distant from Washington telephoned the clerk of a having been accumulated for the first nine months court during the height of the recent international of this year. 760 HAVE HIM COME IN!

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