Castles of County Carlow Writers Over the Years Have Claimed That There Were Over 150 Castles in County Carlow

-· -··--·. ROYAL HOTEL - 9-13 DUBLIN STREET A Personal Hotel of Quality BRAMBLETRIM LTD. 30 Bedrooms En Suite, Choice of Three Conference Rooms, STAPLESTOWN ROAD, CARLOW Weddings, Functions, Dinner Dances, Private Parties. Consultancy & Advisory Services in the Biological & Food Served All Day. Phone 0503/31621 Environmental Sciences & Publishing

ED. HAUGHNEY & SON, LTD. Jewellers, Fashion Boutique Fuel Merchant, Authorised Ergas Stockist 1~41. 62-63 Dublin St., Carlow POLLERTON ROAD, CARLOW. Phone 0503/31367 OF CARLOW Phone(0503)31346

CIGAR DIVAN TULLY'S TRAVEL AGENCY NEWSAGENT, CONFECTIONER, TOBACCONIST, etc. TULLOW ST., CARLOW. Phone 0503/31257 DUBLIN ST., CARLOW

BRING YOUR FRIENDS TO A MUSICAL EVENING IN CARLOW'S UNIQUE MUSIC LOUNGE EACH GACH RATH AR CARLOVIANA SATURDAY AND SUNDAY. Phone No. 27159 NA BRAITHRE CRiOSTAi, CEATHARLACH BUNSCOIL AGUS MEANSCOIL SMYTHS of NEWTOWN SINCE 1815

DEERPARK SERVICE STATION MICHAEL DOYLE TYRE SERVICE & ACCESSORIES BUILDERS PROVIDERS, GENERAL HARDWARE DUBLIN ROAD, CARLOW. PHONE 31414 "THE SHAMROCK", 71 TULLOW ST., CARLOW Phone 31847 THOMAS F. KEHOE Specialist Livestock Auctioneer and Valuer, Farm Sales and Lettings, SEVEN OAKS HOTEL Property and Estate Agent. DINNER DANCES* WEDDING RECEPTIONS* PRIVATE Agent for the Irish Civil Service Building Society. PARTIES * CONFERENCES * LUXURY LOUNGE 57 DUBLIN ST., CARLOW. Telephone 0503/31678, 31963 ATHY RD., CARLOW EILIS Irish Made Souvenirs, Fancy Goods, Soft Toys, Greeting Cards, AVONMORE CREAMERIES LTD. Whipped Ice Cream, Chocolates, Sweets. GRAIGUECULLEN, CARLOW. Phone 31639 138 TULLOW STREET

THE CARLOW BOOKSHOP MICHAEL WHITE, M.P.S.I. 143 TULLOW STREET, CARLOW VETERINARY & DISPENSING CHEMIST PHONE 0503/31674 PHOTOGRAPHIC & TOILET GOODS PROP: MRS. E. McHUGH 39 TULLOW ST., CARLOW. Phone 31229

CARLOW SCHOOL OF MOTORING LTD. ST AFFORDS (VAL SLATER)* EXPERT TUITION KENNEDY STREET, CARLOW. Tel. (0503) 31494 39 SYCAMORE ROAD. Phone 31991 Electrical Repairs and Spares

A. E. COLEMAN ST. LEO'S SECONDARY SCHOOL MOTOR & CYCLE DEALERS 19 DUBLIN ST., CARLOW. Phone 0503/31273 CONVENT OF MERCY, CARLOW

CARPENTER BROS. CARLOW DISTRICT CREDIT UNION LTD. LUXURY LOUNGE, BAR, FUNERAL UNDERTAKERS "IT'S WHERE YOU BELONG" BARRACK ST., CARLOW BURRIN ST., CARLOW. PHONE 0503/31994

DARRERS STORES "FINEGANS" Better Value in Drapery and Grocery, Today and Everyday LOUNGE BAR 142 TULLOW ST., CARLOW. Phone 31387 TULLOW ST. & POTATO MARKET, CARLOW DAILY DELIVERIES

CORCORAN (CARLOW) LTD. L & N SUPERSTORE MINERAL WATER MANUFACTURERS FOR 160 YEARS EASY PARKING* EASY SHOPPING* FANTASTIC PRICES CARLOW TULLOW ST., CARLOW. Phone 31263

PRESENTATION COLLEGE, CARLOW CO-EDUCATIONAL SECONDARY SCHOOL KELLISTOWN CHICKENS Widest Range Of Subjects Offered PEMBROKE, CARLOW Phone:31612,31206,42262 Phone(0503)43927

SWANS ELECTRICAL, T.V. & VIDEO KENNEDY ST, CARLOW HOSEYS RETAIL STORES & WHOLESALE FRUIT MERCHANT Carlow's largest Electrical Dealer STAPLESTOWN ROAD, CARLOW Established 1947 JOHN J. TRAYNOR & CO. M.I.A.V.I., M.f.R-.E.E. HEGARTY'S SUPERMARKET AUCTIONEERS, VALUERS & ESTATE AGENTS, INSURANCE BROKERS TULLOW ROAD, CARLOW District Office: First National Building Society. Director: W. E. Byrne Newsagent, Grocery, Meat, Gas COLLEGE ST., CARLOW. Phone (0503) 31712 CARLOVIANA 1990/91 No. 38 Contents: i Editor Tomas MacGabhann

,, Cun1p Carl••< J Printed by The Nationalist & Leinster Times ~ Bishop Lennon ...... 2 I.S.S.N. 0790-0813 ------1 Cardinal O Fiaich ...... 2 Sean O'Leary ...... 3 Preserve or die Museum Report ...... 3

THE Greeks had a word for it; the Irish dream about it; Deerparks ...... 4 the Chinese make a proverb of it. Think only of this: Armorial Shields ...... 5 "You cannot carve rotten wood." It follows that wood should not be allowed to rot, but should be used in its Ireland and Holland ...... 6 prime or preserved, where possible, for future use. Clonmelsh ...... 7 Preservation? Conservation? This is one of the aims of the Old Carlow Society, as indeed of other such socities I gCuimhne ...... 7 and a basic need for humanity and the world. A state Culm Crushers ...... 8 withou the means of some change is without the means of its conservation, said Burke. Christmas Legend ...... 9

One thing that has not been preserved is the Berlin Dog Licences, 1870 ...... 10 Wall: it has crumbled. "Sceptre and crown must tumble Address from the Chair ...... 12 down, and in the dust be equal made, with the poor crooked scythe and spade." So, man-made division O'Connell and Carlow ...... 13 has not passed the test of time or stability. Na bris Sweathouse ...... 1 7 reacht! Past Christmases ...... 18 It is further stated by scientists that the ozone layer is disappearing: in due course the Earth will overheat Graveyuard inscriptions ...... 19 and either burn up or be flooded by melting ice. Either Paddy Dowling ...... 21 prospect is not attractive and it seems that, unless man is more careful in usage of things material, the Carlow Castles ...... 24 destruction of the Earth if not the firmament is coming. Man in all parts of our sphere must exercise caution Ballybeg & Slievedurda ...... 27 and by self-control(?) bring on the means of Events in Carlow, 1990 ...... 28 preservation and avoid destruction of himself and the Earth. Secretary's report ...... 29 In protecting and projecting the revival of the tongue Officers and members ...... 30 of Grainne Mhaoil it was adumbrated: "Ach ma cabhraimid-ne lei beidh si cionntach ann i fein muna dtiurfaimid trean agus slan as." This also applies to· We acknowledge with grateful thanks the efforts of our· contributors written our Earth - if we help, we will bring it strong and and photographic and sponsors. In healthy through the crisis. especial we thank The Nationalist & Leinster Times for access to its files and Eagarth6ir, 1990. allowing helpful extracts.

COVER: This year's picture shows Eddie McDonald and Donncha <5 Dulaing after the unveiling of the McCall Memorial at Killalongford on September 9, 1990. Through the efforts of Eddie McDonald, Clonmore, John McCall, historian, writer and nationalist has been commemorated at his birth place. John's son, P. J., poet and nationalist, is also commemorated on the memorial. _ A large crowd enjoyed a glorious Sunday of celebrations which began with the O Riada Mass celebrated in the old chapel of Clonmore, where John McCall attended school in 1820, as there was no schoolhouse at the time. After the unveiling, and refreshments which were served by a hard-working ladies' committee, the proceedings were brought to a close by a concert of the McCalls' ballads. A souvenir booklet of the celebrations is available from Eddie McDonald, Clonmore, Co. Carlow. Photo: W. Ellis.

1 OBITUARY Bishop Patrick Lennon

The tragic death in a car accident of Bishop Patrick Lennon, retired bishop of Kildare and Leighlin on January 12, 1990, shocked members of the Old Carlow Society, of which he was patron, and the whole community. Bishop Lennon was born at Borris, Co. Carlow, on June 22, 1914. He studied for the priesthood at Maynooth College where he was ordained on June 18, 1938. Continuing his studies for a further two years, he obtained a doctorate in divinity with a thesis on the Eucharist. He was appointed on the teaching staff of St. Patrick's College, Carlow, in 1940, where he remained for 26 years, the last ten years as president. On July 3, 1966 he was ordained Titular Bishop of Vina and Auxiliary to Bishop Keogh and P .P. of Mountmellick. On Bishop Keogh's retirement, he was appointed to rule the diocese of Kildare and Leighlin on September 25, 1967, continuing to do so Late Bishop Patrick Lennon until his own retirement on December 10, 1987. The unusually large attendance of church and civic dignitaries, together with representatives from the parishes of the diocese at the Requiem Mass, spoke louder than words the esteem in which Bishop Patrick Lennon was held. It was a sad commentary on our times that the obsequies of such a man should be marred by a bomb scare. The late Cardinal Tomas O Fiaich summed up the character of Bishop Lennon in the opening paragraphs of a tribute which he penned for The Nationalist & Leinster Times: "When I got word of Bishop Paddy Lennon's death in such tragic circumstances, it was his great human qualities that immediately came to my mind. "'Think of someone you've met who more richly deserved the title of gentleman,' I said to myself by way of a challenge, and I had to give up." Cardinal Tomas O Fiaich

It was with a great sense of loss that the news of Cardinal Tomas O Fiaich's sudden death on May 8, 1990, was received throughout Ireland. He was leading his annual diocesan pilgrimage to Lourdes, a function he looked forward to each year. The late Cardinal visited Carlow on more occasions than any other occupant of the primatial See of Armagh. His first visit to the town as Primate of All-Ireland, was to take part in the 50th anniversary celebrations of the opening of St. Clare's Church, Graiguecullen, in 1979. Bishop Laurence Ryan's ordination as co-adjutor in Kildare and Leighlin in 1984 was the next official function which the Cardinal attended in the town. It was Bishop Ryan, when president of St. Patrick's College, who welcomed Cardinal 0 Fiaich on his first official visit to the seminary. Only a few months before his death, he visited Carlow to Late Cardinal Tomas O Fiaich take part in the obsequies for the late Bishop Lennon. Some members of the Old Carlow Society will remember an earlier visit that Cardinal 0 Fiaich paid to Carlow, when as vice-president of St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, he delivered a lecture to the society on the theme, "The Clergy and the Fenians", at their March meeting in 1972. According to a report in The Nationalist & Leinster Times, it was "the best attended meeting of the O.C.S. for years." Cardinal O Fiaich will be remembered as an historian of international repute. But he was also interested in local history, and edited the Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society, for many years. It was significant that a copy of the Journal was included among his books which were carried in the offertory procession at his Requiem Mass. The esteem in which this great Irish Churchman was held was nowhere more pronounced than in his native Armagh, where the loyalist controlled council, immediately adjourned its meeting which was in progress, when the news of Cardinal O Fiaich's sudden death was announced. W. E. May they rest in peace. Photos: Courtesy Nationalist & Leinster Times

2 OBITUARY Mr. Sean O'Leary

Last year's Carloviana had only gone to press when we learned of the death of Mr. Sean O'Leary, who had been honorary secretary of the Old Carlow Society for 21 years. He had submitted his usual comprehensive report and list of members for the 1989/90 Journal, and had checked the proof before his final illness. Sean O'Leary was a native of Cullahill, Co. Laois, and on qualifying as a teacher, took up an appointment at Graiguecullen N.S. He was also qualified to teach Irish to teachers, and set up classes in the Carlow area. He was involved in all the parochial activities of Graiguecullen. When it was decided to transfer St. Anne's Church from Carlow to Graiguecullen, Sean was secretary of the committee set up to raise the necessary funds. The project was completed in 1929 when St. Clare's Church was opened. He was also secretary of the committee which was responsible Late Mr Sean O'Leary for the building of the St. Fiac's Schools in 1941. · But it was as secretary of the Old Carlow Society that Sean O'Leary was best known to our readers. This is the first issue of Carloviana since 1968 that lacks Sean's detailed annual report of the society's activities. When we say 'detailed', we mean just that, for Sean was renowned for his comprehensive report on the year's lectures and outings in each issue. His minutes of annual and committee meetings were also noted for their completeness and accuracy. Researchers of Old Carlow Society's affairs will be grateful for the industry of Sean O'Leary in recording events. This writer has the experience of knowing that his reports have been consulted on two occasions in the recent past to verify facts. Sean in his retirement years was always ready to conduct visitors on historical tours of the town. The County Carlow Museum was another of his interests, where he was happy to explain the exhibitions, particularly to schoolchildren. The Old Carlow Society will miss his enthusiasm for promoting the study and recording of our local history. . W. E. May he rest zn peace. Museum report By Kevin Kennedy

HIS year, 1990, major establish an Interpretive Centre particular, Paddy Maddock who improvements have (i.e. continuous audio visual has given so much of his time taken place in the display). This would give the and energy to the museum. T museum. The new museum another dimension and The museum committee committee quickly set about would take us out of the static intends holding an exhibition formulating a development plan museum class. during the summer of 1991. The which would be attainable in the Other improvements will be of theme of the exhibition will be shortest possible time. The a standard acceptable to the "The Emergency Years (1939- following improvements have National Museum. 1945) in County Carlow and already taken place: There has been a marked neighbouring areas." 1. Erection of 5 external signs improvement in the number of It is hoped to display objects, ,(bilingual). foreign visitors this year. Our photographs, uniforms and 2. Painting of walls, ceilings, thanks to our caretaker/curator, documents relating to industry, windows, doors, etc. in entrance, Michael Scully, who is doing a agriculture, sport, education and reception areas. wonderful job; to the staff of the national service. We would 3. Carpeting of stairs, Carlow UDC who were always like to take this opportunity to landings, reception areas. most helpful; to Carlow Signs for appeal to everyone for relevant 4. Refurbishing of toilets to their work for us. Special thanks material. Please contact Mr. the highest hygienic standards. to Alec Burns for his advice and Kevin Kennedy (chairman), 6 5. Provision of new entrance encouragement. Finally, our Oakley Park, Graiguecullen, door over which is erected in thanks to the committee - Carlow, tel. 0503-42666; or Mr. mirror glass the logo of the old Seamus Murphy (secretary), Seamus Murphy (honorary Carlow Society and museum. Martin Nevin, Jim Moran, secretary), Pollerton Little, In our future plans, we hope to Michael Denieffe and, in Carlow, tel. 0503-31926. 3 Deerparks By Michael Gibbons and Tommy Clarke

RCHAEOLOGISTS other game. The deer provided It is clear from this account that who themselves may meat for noble, royal and the management and keeping of not specialise in the episcopal feasts and hunts. No deer entailed the construction of medieval period occas­ self-respecting Norman lord felt a large enclosed compound ionallyA take time out to dabble in properly equipped without one guarded and nurtured by and chase down minor features on his estate. From a brief parkers. It was by all accounts a of the medieval scene from perusal of the sources it is clear very sophisticated operation. sheelas and bee boles to rynne that they were an important holes and stoups. Yet, to our component of the early medieval An account of the Ballydonegan knowledge, archaeologists have landscape in Ireland and were or (Oak Park) deerpark is of such failed to comment on the certainly a common feature of importance we reproduce it country's largest medieval and the seventeenth-century land­ below in full, from Calendar of post-medieval archaeological scape. Justiciary Rolls oflreland, 1305, site. In order to remedy this Dublin Catherlagh: situation we humbly introduce Earliest reference: you to the neglected world of Law case of 1305 "Ricard de Burgo Earl of deerparks. Deerparks are a Ulster v. Will Waspayl. It is fascinating but little-known We have been able to track found by the jury that William, feature of the Irish landscape. down a number of early at the time when the Earl was in They are a common site. Over references to deerparks and the the King's service in the last war 100 alone are listed as townlands hunting of deer in Leinster and in Scotland, caused to be made in in the Townland Index of Connacht. Knox (1902) from the the soil of said Earl outside the Ireland, many more survive as inquisitions taken on the death paling of his park of subdenominations of townlands of William, Earl of Ulster in Ballydonegan, a pit (fossata) but and they are to be found in at 1333, notes a very large deerpark not for deer (feris) as the Earl least twenty-nine of the thirty­ at Loughrea (present day complains, but for taking foxes. two counties. They have yet to be Earlspark townland - part of) And likewise that William's taken seriously as important "there is a park for the Earl's men, in said time, sometimes by field monuments in their own wild beasts containing seven licence of the Earl's parker of right. The only recent article we carucates of land (840 acres said park, sometimes without it, know that deals with some Irish approx.) ... it is worth nothing entered the park and ascended examples is that by Hugh Weir beyond the keep of the beasts." A the oaks and other trees, and cut in The Other Clare (1986). It is further mention is of a park of the branches and carried them to time archaeologists paid some one carucate which was worth William's manor; and there they serious attention to them. 13s 4d in the cantred of were burned, and otherwise Montramolynan and the grant expended in his servicee, with Everyday feature of of free chase and warren held by William's assent. Likewise, that Sir Maurice Fitzmaurice 1244, in William's servants broke the medieval landscape Conmaicne Cuile, present-day paling of the park, and carried it County Mayo. In thirteenth­ to his manor, and there it was Deerparks, an everyday century County Wicklow there burned in his presence, with his feature of the medieval was a famous royal deerpark at knowledge. Likewise, that John landscape in England from the Glencree. The earliest reference Waspayl, Simon Cadel, John early thirteenth century, were we have come across is from the Bockele, and Puderlyn le Clerk, introduced to Ireland along with calendar of justiciary rolls. An taking with them William's fallow deer and rabbits by the account (1305) of a law case greyhounds, entered said park to Normans, though red deer were gives a humorous and revealing take deer (feris) without licence, hunted for sport and food long account of a deerpark at but took nothing; William then before the advent of the Ballydonegan (present-day Oak being at Catherlagh at the pleas Normans. With so little Park, County Carlow). The case there, who knew nothing of it. fieldwork carried out on the was between the Earl of Ulster Likewise, that when a deer (fera) landscape archaeology of Richard de Burgo and Willia~ came out of the park John medieval and post-medieval Waspayl. William was accused Waspayl and other men of Ireland, it is not surprising that of poaching the Earl's deer with William chased it, and one of deerparks have received so little greyhounds and spears and them shofit, and when the arrow attention. The over-emphasis on digging a pit outside his park. He was found in the park William military, religious and political was also accused of stealing demanded it from the parker, aspects of medieval settlement timber and, significantly, of threatening him unless he to the almost complete exclusion breaking down the paling which should return it. And likewise of both the social and sporting surrounded the park in addition William entered the park dimension has resulted in to threatening the parker and without licence and with a small deerparks being ignored. stealing a spear from the hands spear, called "fawe" shot The primary function of a of David, son of the parker. For (sagittavit) a deer which within deerpark was to enclose and his troubles, William was three days died, and afterwards provide a safe haven for deer and committed to jail for three years. he took the spear from the hands 4 of David, son of Thomas, sub­ them. A licence was required to the largest discreet archaeological parker, who found it. But the hunt within them and a deer monument in the country. It has parker finding the deer slain, parker managed and looked yet to receive detailed study by sent it to Edmund le Botiller then after both the deer and the park. archaeologists or architectural being at Tylagh (Tullow). They were often surrounded by historians. It is adjudged that the Earl quite massive earthworks. Some Along with fallow deer, good recover his damage against were entirely stone built. Seen in wine and deerparks, the William, to be taxed by the court. isolation they could quite easily Normans also brought with And let William be committed to be mistaken for travelling them rabbits and though gaol. And let him have prison for earthworks. It is clear from medieval coney burrows proper three years: and afterwards let Weir's article (1986) that the have yet to be identified here as a him be redeemed according to Norman fashion of enclosing distinct monument type, the the form of the Statute. deer for easy sport and food was occasional occurrence of Afterwards, William made copied by at least some of the 'Coneyburrow' and 'Coneygar' fine as well for said trespass, as native Irish lords including the as townland names strongly for others imputed to him, as McN amaras and O'Briens in suggest their presence. County , appears in the rolls of pleas of Clare. The construction of Kildare, for example, has three plaints of the term of S. Michael deerparks continued into the 'Coneyburrow' townlands. a. r. XXXIV.. " mid-seventeenth century and form an integral feature of the Detailed survey and A number of Co. archaeology of the plantation excavation needed Carlow examples period. Writing about County Deerparks and indeed coney Leitrim in the mid-seventeenth burrows are deserving of a major There are a number of other century, · Tadhg O'Roddy # Carlow examples: study in their own right. Our mentions the building by Sir knowledge of the archaeology of 1. Part of the lands of Frederick Hamilton of a good these sites is miniscule. It is in Paulville (Tullow) called 'The stone-built deerpark, for red inverse proportion to their size New Deerpark' (1720), a deer, four miles in circuit, north­ and to their importance in the reference to 'The Small west of Manorhamilton (Logan, Deerpark' (1 760) and 'The make-up of a medieval and post­ 1971). medieval estate. A detailed Middle Deerpark' (1767). survey and excavation of a Paulville was one of the Phoenix Park is number of Carlow sites would properties of the Earl of Arran. most famous make an interesting and 2. Deerpark near Bunclody At the height of the Jacobite important contribution to but in County Carlow. landscapes studies in Ireland. 3. The old golf club in Borris wars in the same region, a was originally called 'The Jacobite army is described as REFERENCES: Deerpark' and may have been hiding behind Lord Kingston's Gibbons, Michael (1989). Deers and Bunnies, Irish Association of Professional Archaeolog­ walled in. deerpark ·on the southern slope ists Newsletter, No. 10. Deerparks varied greatly in of the Curlew mountains Knox, H. T. (1902). 'Occupation ofConnacfit overlooking Boyle. Unfortunate­ by the Anglo-Normans after AD 1237'. JRSAI size and scale. The English 32, 132-8, 393-406; JRSAI 33, 58, 74, 179-189, examples averaged between 100 ly, for the Jacobites, Colonel 284-294. and 200 acres. Where possible, Thomas Lloyd known as "Little Logan, John (1971). 'Tadhg O'Roddy and two surveys of Co. Leitrim.' Breifne, 4, No. 14, they incorporated a wide variety Cromwell" ordered his troops 318-334. of land types giving the deer a inside the deerpark wall and Mills, J. (Editor), Calendar of the J usticiatry drove out portions of the Rolls of Ireland, part 2. (1914) p.133. broad range of suitable Roberts, Edward (1988). 'The Bishop of environment, tall timber coppice Jacobite forces sheltering Winchester's Deer Parks in Hampshire, 1200- woods and thick undergrowth behind it (Simms, 1965). 1400.' Pro. Hampshire Field Club Archaeological Society, 44, 67-86. intermingled with pasture and The most famous and largest Simms, J. G. (1965). 'Sligo in the Jacobite meadow. Cattle and sheep were deerpark in the country is of war, 1689-1691,' The Irish Sword, 7. course the 1, 750-acre Phoenix Weir, Hugh, W. L. (1986). 'Deerparks of also reared within them. Clare,' The Other Clare, 10, 54-55. Deerparks were of necessity Park reduced somewhat from its original 2,000-plus acres. The ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: large and required substantial Our thanks to Graham Saxby-Soffe, amounts of surplus money and park walls were built in the mid­ RCHME, for information on English labour to construct and manage seventeenth century making it deerparks.

Regular readers of Carloviana will notice that there are two armorial shields on the cover this year. The arms of Carlow County (by permission of Carlow County Council) are included this year, as the magazine caters for the whole county, we thought that only right to do so. The explanation of both arms have already appeared in Carloviana and we re-print them below: Arms of County Carlow The Arms of County Carlow, registered at the Office of Arms at Dublin in 1655, have recently been adopted by Carlow County Council for municipal purposes. Dublin County Council obtained a grant ( ioutp Cuh'm t J of arms from the Genealogical Office at Dublin Castle in 1945 and was the first Irish county in recent times to use heraldic arms. Carlow, Kilkenny and Tipperary, however, are the only Irish co.unties whose arms date back to the seventeenth century. The arms of Carlow are Ermine a fesse party per pale, dexter argent a lion rampant gules, sinister gules two lions passant gardant or. - Carloviana No. 3, 1949.

. . The Arms of Carlow Town -. Argent a castle triple towered party per pale, on the central tower a staff, thereon a flag per pale or le] and vert, charged with a lion rampant gules. - Carloviana No. 1, 1947.

5 Early Christian connections between Ireland and Holland By Jan Vermuelen

AST summer I visited I think he succeeded in the Ireland, together with south (where I live) while the my girlfriend. For doing people there had had Celtic this we had several ancestors. Some 15 kilometres reasons.L from the place where I live the First of all, we wanted to see people did find (in 1933) an old the country, its beautiful Celtic graveyard where they landscape, the boglands, the found a sword, which perhaps stony walls which we only had belonged to the most important seen on pictures. The last 10 "king" of the Celts in the Low years I've also read a lot about Countries in 700 before Christ historical Ireland. It is rich of was born! He lived there in a poets, who wrote poems coming "rath" and Willibrord is the right from the unsentimental patron of this city. heart; rich of conflicts about fundamental human problems; rich of stories about the Little Personal reason to People; rich of monumental be Celtic minded relicts of the Old Celtic religion, Jan Vermuelen, the contributor but also rich of stories about of this article, is a teacher in I think Willibrord was Celtic Early Christian faith, art, U den, Holland. He has also minded, although he went to the monuments and science. worked with a group helping Pope. He had to go to the Pope, A special interest for me was, the old, sick and handicapped. because otherwise he had never and still is, the transition of the He has been interested in the had the opportunity to do his people from the Old Celtic history of the U den area over work as he wanted to do. I think religion to the Early Christian the past 7 years where an old he had a personal reason to be Celtic graveyard was found in faith, because there are 1933. Celtic minded. Let us see the historical connections between dream of his mother, just before the part of Holland where I live, he, for the first time, saw the south, and Ireland. William Ellis and last but not daylight in 657 A.D. His Seven years ago I started to least the owners of guesthouse posthumous biographer Alcuin study the life of the Early Verona in Carlow, I got the oppor­ of York (734-809 A.D.) preserved Christian Anglo-Saxon monk tunity to see what was left from this story for the people who Willibrord (657-739 A.D.), who that place. It was an were and are interested. worked and lived in Ireland for unbelieveable experience for me about 12 years (from 678 'til 690 to see the old cross at Killhogan Willibrord's mother dreamt A.D.). burial ground. Is it really true about the moon at night. It had a that Willibrord had worked there scale-form. Suddenly the ends with his twelve companions? ("horns") of the scale began to Willibrord's stay The study about Willibrord, who glow. The light became stronger in Ireland was the famous founder of the and stronger and after a while Early Dutch Christian commun­ the moon was full. Suddenly, the Last year, I bought a book ity in the late 7th or early 8th full moon began to spin around about Willibrord. It was written century, got a new dimension! and fell down. It fell to the by a Dutch professor called A. G. One of the most interesting mother who swallowed the Weiler. In this book, Mr. Weiler aspects of Willibrord for me is moon. Her belly was lightened. mentioned the place which could his attitude towards the two The next morning the mother be identified as the place where head-streams of Early Christ­ went to a priest who told her that Willibrord did stay in Ireland. I ianity: the Old Irish Celtic she would give birth to a son who suppose the name "Clonmelsh" Christian Church and the would bring "light in the is already known to most of the Roman Church. darkness of time." readers of this magazine ... In theyear690A.D. Willibrord A typical aspect of this dream, Mr. Weiler also referred to an left Ireland to Christianise the I think, is the importance and article called "Rath Melsigi, Low Countries. Although he role of the moon. The moon, I Willibrord, and the earliest could have had a natural reason have understood, was of great Echternach manuscripts," to go to the Frisians, who were importance in the Old Celtic written by Daibhi 6 Cronin. also speaking a north-Germanic religion. Anxious I was to search and language, he succeeded more in In this dream the moon is the see the place called Clonmelsh. the southern part of the Low Thanks to Thomas Clarke, Countries. • Continued page 7 6 Clonmelsh ... the European connection By Hugh Dolan

HERE has been much had at least one inmate who had discussion recently on formerly been a monk at Old Ireland's place in Eur­ Melrose in the time of Boisil and T ope, most of it relating Eata. to 1992 and further European Mr. 0 Cr6inin mentions an integration. It is timely, incident in Merovingian history therefore, to consider the when the eastern Frankish King historical links between Ireland Sigibert III died in 656 under and Europe and more particularly suspicious circumstances. the district of Clonmelsh. Grimoald, his rival had the " References to the latter are made King's only son, Dagobert, in an article "Merovingian tonsured and placed in the politics and insular calligraphy, hands of Desiderius of Poitiers ... the historical background to the with instructions that he be Book of Durrow and related taken to Ireland. In his place manuscripts," by Daibhi 0 Grimoald set his own son on the Cr6inin; in "Ireland and insular ~ Austrasian throne. art, AD 500-1200," published by : Nothing was known of the Royal Irish Academy, 1987, .i:i Dagobert's whereabouts until edited by Michael Ryan. ~ years later when the Austrasian The article refers to Wilfrid of Killhogan Cross aristocracy learned that he was York, a bishop who had still in exile in Ireland. Wilfrid of Frankish connections. He also Melsigi (Clonmelsh). These were York arranged for his return. Mr. had connections with the Anglo­ referred to several times by Bede 0 Cr6inin states that if he were Saxon community at Rath (0 Cr6inin, 1982-1984) "Centred looking for Dagobert in Ireland on the figure of Egbert, Rath he would begin the search at Holland and Melsigi provided the launching Rath Melsigi. As further links Ireland pad for the Frisian missions of are forged between Ireland and Uuictbertand Uuilibrord, whose Europe it is interesting to reflect • Continued from page 6 personal contacts with Wilfrid sign of bringing light in the on the connections between are also well attested." Bede is Rath Melsigi (Clonmelsh), darkness. But still the moon also the source of the England and the European reflects the light of the sun! Like information that Rath Melsigi mainland. people (can) reflect the light of God! I think of the moon as identical symbol for the people in relation to the sun and God IgCuimhne was metaphorical - the definite answer for people to solve the problem concerning our - Com6radh She

O the readers of Carlo­ viana, the subject of culm balls may be old T hat - if that is so the readers may be the ones to add to our knowledge. This preliminary study is focused on you though you take for granted all you know. But it is also focused on those who think they know nothing or next-to-nothing on the subject - the purpose is to sharpen your awareness of a special local interest which may not linger long beyond the present generation. The areas of Co. Carlow to the north-west by reason of their geographic position bordering the Castle­ comer collieries and those of Laois played a major role in the old days in the use of culm as a domestic fuel. The Rossmore coalfield is the Co. Carlow centre and the mines along the Ridge above Old Leighlin are shared by Carlow and Kilkenny. Culm-crusher at Baunleath Photo: w. Ellis. Culm or debris assistance, it was no easy job; but often there was a rather the time taken depended on the suffocating sulphur content. But sold cheaply amount being prepared. the balls (often called "bombs" The women took over then, locally) made a cosy and The culm or debris of the coal squatting beside the pile or inexpensive open fire. was to be had at the mine mouth sitting on a low stool. A fistful of The manual method of very cheaply, it created an the mixture ~as taken and making fire balls was practised obstruction if not cleared away shaped to th~ size of a duck egg; up to recent times in the upper and it was scarcely economic to an expert with sti:ong muscles western region of Co. Carlow transport to other local depots so c~mld shape a ball _m each ha~d and in the adjacent borders of the country people took what simultaneously. With no barrier Laois and Kilkenny also as far they needed in their own pony cream or rubber gloves the away as Slieveardagh in Co. and car. At home it was piled up "_blackened" hands took some Tipperary. Local tradition at the gable-end of the time to recover. verifies this rather than any farmhouse or an out-house - written records for there are there may even have been a scarcely any. A later innovation small coalhouse. Usually before A well-ventilated traces this use of culm, too, and the winter set in, some, if not all, this is only documented by the of the culm was prepared for the fireplace necessary survival of those elementary making of culm balls. The culm contraptions or machines - the was spread on a flagstone. culm shooter (sometimes called a pavement, a layer of yellow clay The balls were then dried out­ '"bomber"). The shooter might be or marl was put on top with a side or piled on the hob. When made by the inventive dash of water to loosen it up and hardened the surplus was stored countryman or by the local usually some more culm to top it in reserve for winter use. After blacksmith-it was of iron with up. The ratio of culm to the Christmas or before Easter there wooden grips. A short cylinder binding material was about lOto might have to be another session. or plunger was inserted by one, with practice littte of mixing and making. A well­ means of its arms-length hands measurement was necessary. ventilated fireplace was into the soft culm mass, taking Then the mixing began - the necessary, either a raised grate up a fill of the mixture. This was strongest man with the heaviest or a flue operated by a hand then ejected by a disc operated brogues trampled the pile until it bellows: the balls rather glowed by another long handle, the ball was of a manageable consistency. and then blazed, there was little might be used as a roll or might Of course he could have or no bitumen in the local coal be further shaped to the familiar 8 ovoid. A double shooter further indebtedness to the officials of fuel during World War II forced speeded up the work. Little work Carlow Co. Council with people back to available has been done to recover and assistance with the survey of the resources. the date, 1883, cut on record these shooters as yet, they sites, and to Councillor Mary the Orchard stone could be a do not survive the ravages of McDonald who accompanied me conscious effort to commemorate time unless coated with a to most of them, to her mother, the construction of the crusher - preservative. To the best of my Margaret who at 91 years though there is now no way of knowledge no one is recorded for remembers it all, to the Nevin confirming that. Co. Carlow, perhaps they may be family and Stephen Donohue To date, some twenty-five waiting to be identified. Many who encouraged the work. crushers have been recorded for are known in Kilkenny and Those crushers facilitated the Co. Carlow, in townslands of Tipperary but that is mainly due provision of the culm-cum-clay Augharue, Ballinacarrig, to a folk life enthusiast there. mixture, speedily and with Bannagogle, Baunleath (2), greater ease than the foot­ Clogrenan, Closutton Coolcullen slogging method. Animal power (2?), Coolnakeeran, Coolnakisha, Marked on Ordnance (horse-donkey-pony) superceded Johnduffswood, Lacken, Moan­ Survey maps manpower. The horizontal arm more (?), Old Leighlin, Orchard, of the wheel was attached to the Parknakyle, Powerstown, harness of the animal and the Raheen, Ridge crossroads, Another very solid indication wheel was rotated as the animal Seskin Upper (2), Tomard of the use of culm as a domestic trudged around and around the Upper, Tomard Lower and " fuel is the culm grindstone. edge of the platform. However, Wells. Is it possible that the Several of these survive in Co. manpower could not be totally doubtful ones can be confirmed Carlow - one close to Carlow .:; eliminated as someone had to and perhaps new ones added to itself, at Ballinacarrig Bridge on lay down the culm and the clay that list? An extension of the the west bank of the river, one at in the path of thew heel and keep localities of people who made Orchard near Leighlinbridge the water supplied. And women­ culm balls would depend on the which has a date cut on it, one at power was less easily dispensed interest of the readers- all such Closutton by the main road close with though men were less data is invited and will be to Muinebheag which was averse to operating the culm greatly appreciated. There may resited as near as possible to its shooter! be some terms in Irish original situation when the road associated with the work - was being widened in the 1980s. these would certainly be worthy Fortunately, the crushers in Co. World War II of being preserved and of course Carlow were marked on the fuel scarcity old photographs of the work in Ordnance Survey 6" maps when progress would now be very these were charted in the 1830s valuable. It is hoped that there and early 1840s: a similar Since culm was a bye-product will be an opportunity to collect service was accorded the of coal-mining its use could have and acknowledge any informat­ Kilkenny examples. However, extended back in to the 17th ion that may be offered, at a talk these massive stone wheels are century. It was certainly being by the writer for the Old Carlow not easily disturbed so most of manufactured (literally) into fire Society early in the new year them have survived and those in balls in the 18th century, when it is hoped to have a the way of road works in Co. throughout the 19th century and showing of the film made at Carlow have been preserved well into the present century, Closutton for the National nearby. I must acknowledge my when the scarcity of domestic Museum.

Christmas Legend (At Greccio on Christmas Eve, 1223 AD, Francis of Assissi made the first crib. As he placed the wooden bambino in the straw during the Mass at midnight, it came to life for some seconds in his hands).

This Miracle - It petal-pushed through bed of stone It fountain - leaped through desert sand; It birdsong - pierced through world of moan -

Bambino warming in your hand, Wooden stiffness loosed to greet Your marvelling mouth, as sky and land In rippling fire did meet ...

0 Poverello, Bethlehem was Miss Kathleen Murphy, Newtown,! yours and the late Mrs. Elizabeth At Greccio that midnight sweet. McGuire photographed at the Yes, lowly Francis, Heaven Kildreenagh Cross, thought to be itself was yours! A.S. 9th century. Plwto courtesy of Michael Smyth, Newtown. 9 Bagenalstown Dog Licences, 1870 List ofpersons licensed to keep dogs within the petty sessions district of Bagenalstown for the year ending 31st March, 1870, contributed by MARTIN NEVIN.

No. of Mrs. Sarah Ireland, do. 1 James Connolly, Donore 1 Dogs Thomas Boyle, do. 1 James Murphy, Carrig 1 John Tennant, Carrigbeg 2 Rosanna Donahoe, Francis Shirley, Clowater 2 Col. RMJ Annesley, Ballinaboley 1 Edward Doran, Aughabeg 1 Macomville 2 Thomas Carpenter, Mary Carpenter, Rateen 1 Messrs. S. Crosswait and Co., Knockabranna 1 Patrick Maher, Clomony 2 Bagenalstown 5 Thomas Bambrick, Anagar 1 John Aughney, Kilcarrig 1 P. J. Newton, Esq., William Seabrook, Augha 2 Edward Rose, Dunleckney 4 Matthew Curran, Tomnasock 1 Ballywilliamroe 2 The Hon. A. Moreton, Patrick McArdle, James Higgins, Aughabeg 1 Eastwood 3 Raheenwood 1 Peter Murphy, Bawnree 1 James Stewart, Thomas Mooney, Matthew Byrne, Seskinryan 2 Ballywilliamroe 2 Tinnegarney 1 Mrs. Rebecca Lett, Kilcarrig 2 Michael Moore, Kilcarrig 2 Edward Kinsella, Richard Daley, Ridge 1 John I. Esq., Ballynockan 4 Ballyryan 1 James Daley, do. 1 Thomas Singleton, Esq., John Doorley, Cloreen 1 Thomas Mahony, Bagenalstown 1 Daniel Hanlon, Ratheadon 1 Rev. R. McKee, Nurney 1 Banagagole 1 John Dray, Bohermore 1 Major J. C. Vigors, Burgage 3 Thomas Phelan, Donore 1 William Brennan, Laurence Lawlor, John Murphy, Ratheadon 2 Old Leighlin 1 Coolnakisha 1 Peter Corcoran, Maria Maher, Ballynockan 1 John Kieran, Ballynockan 1 Bagenalstown 1 Abel Kidd, Bohermore 1 0. A. T. Mason, Esq., Denis Murphy, Augha 2 Thomas Goacher, do. 2 Bagenalstown 2 William Tobin, Bagenalstown 1 Richard Lyons, Kildrena 1 Philip Brennan, Tinnegarney 2 Thomas Collier, Oldtown 2 John Scott, Lorum 1 Captain George Warden, Patrick Roache, Monemore 1 Luke Parker, Killenane 1 Benjamin Bowe, Ridge 1 Ballywilliamroe 1 Thomas Kennedy, Cloruske 2 Mrs. Elizabeth D. Steuart, John Maguire, Kildrena 1 Michael Donahoe, Orchard 1 Steuarts Lodge 4 Michael Byrne, Denis Rodgers, Dunleckney 1 Mrs. Salter, Bagenalstown 1 Ballyloughan 1 William Kain, Nurney 1 Michael Kehoe, Carrig 2 Mrs. S. Wall, Leighlinbridge 2 Michael Wal ton, Ballinkillen 1 James Hayes, Bagenalstown 1 James Agar, Ballymoon 1 Captain W. Persse, Luke Roache, Banagagole 1 Edward Maher, Bagenalstown 2 Pierce Magrath, Esq., Ballyloughan 1 Patrick Brennan, Wells 2 Bagenalstown 1 James Magrath, N urney 1 Robert Williams, Corries 2 Thomas Murphy, Seskinryan 1 Michael Timmon, George Chapman, Esq., Patrick Murphy, Anagar 1 Banagagole 1 Wycham 2 Michael Kehoe, Gormona 1 John Connolly, Thomas Rothwell, Edward Murphy, Labinasye 1 Old Leighlin 2 Ballywilliamroe 1 William Byrne, Martin Kavanagh, Jacob Griffith, Ballyryan 1 J ohnduffwood 1 Monemore 1 James Nolan, Coolnakeeran 2 John McDonald, do. 1 John McDonald, Bohermore 2 ,Mary MacNally, Raheenwood 2 Henrietta Daly, Augharoo 1 Robert Salter, Cloneen 3 George Wynne, Kilgraney 2 George O'Neill, Kilgraney 1 John Kearney, Ratheadon 1 John O'Neill, Ballinkillen 1 Charles Corrigan, Kildrena 1 Frances Doran, James Barton, Bagenalstown 1 Robert Nolan, Bagenalstown 1 Parkakile 1 John Kearney, Ganahary 1 Michael Bergin, Bawnree 1 Edward Doran, Ridge 2 Laurence Timmon, do. 1 John Purcell, Lacken 1 Peter Brady, Augha 2 Philip Murphy, Anagar 1 Michael Purcell, John Gorman, Newtown 1 Thomas Bolger, Dunleckney 1 Old Leighlin 12 John Nolan, Augha 1 Michael Lyons, Fenniscourt 2 Arthur Rice, William Seabrook, James Comfort, Ridge 1 Bagenalstown 1 Newtown 1 Michael Corcoran, Thomas Scott, Patrick Walsh, Ballywilliamroe 1 Dunleckney 1 . Ballywilliamroe 1 Thomas Agar, Coolnakisha 2 Mrs. Catherine Casey, Henry Williams, Kilgraney 2 Thomas Haydon, Rathellan 1 Bagenalstown 1 George Hemninngway, Charles Kinsella, do. 1 Patrick Joice, do. 2 Slyguff 2 · Mrs. Anne Cummins, Thomas James, Kilgraney 3 William Grother, Kilgraney 1 Coolnakisha 2 Margaret James, Slyguff 1 John Wynne, Old Leighlin .1 John Reddy, N urney 1 Daniel Moore, Bagnelstown 1 Hugh Phealan, Seskinryan 1 James Maher, Ballycormack 1 William Brophy, William Delany, Rathvinden 1 John Doyle, Ballinaboley 1 Leighlinbridge 1 Thomas Tennant, Clowater 3 John Agar, Slyguff 1 James Hawe, do. 1 John Griffith, Ridge 2 C. Thorp, Esq., Garrett Byrne, Fenniscourt 2 Patrick Browne, Boherduff 1 Bagenalstown 3 Thomas Fenlon, Seskinryan 2 Patrick Hogan, Kilgraneey 1 10 Anne Smith, Seskinrea 1 Michael Meaney, Banagagole 1 James McDonald, do. 1 John Kavanagh, Old Leighlin 1 Philip Harding, Tinnegarney 1 John Byrne, do. 2 Michael Neill, Banagagole 1 James McArdle, Bawnree 1 Laurence Nolan, Ballynockan 1 John Fitzgerald, Coolnakisha 1 Patrick Kelly, Seskinryan 1 William Hatton, Kilree 1 Patrick Carpenter, Moanduff 2 Annesly Boughton, Patrick Maguire, Boherduff 1 James Keating, Bagenalstown 1 Leighlinbridge 1 Laurence Doyle, Ballyloughan 1 John McDonald, Coolnakisha 1 James Magee, Rathellan 1 Michael Darcy, do. 1 Richard Minchin, Seskin 1 James Hughes, Monemore 1 Thomas Landerkin, William Doyle, Bagenalstown 1 Thomas Maher, do. 1 Seskinryan 1 Matthew Millar, Bohermore 1 Thomas Connolly, Michael Somers, Killenane 2 Wyndham Wynne, Esq., Old Leighlin 2 Laurence Flemming, Bawnree 1 Corries 3 John Tierney, Ballyloughan 2 Thomas Nolan, Knockbaun 1 F. R. Malcomson, Esq., John Macabe, Tomnasock 1 John Burroughs, Newtown 1 Kilgraney 2 James Maher, Thomas Byrne, Rathellan 1 Timothy Brennan, Ratheadon 1 J ohnduffswood 2 Patrick Kerwan, Seskinryan 1 Christopher Reilly, Michael Doyle, Seskinrea 1 Patrick Prendergast, Corracrut 1 James Townsend, Ridge 1 Closutton 2 Mark Scanlon, Rathellan 1 Rev. Daniel Nolan, Mary Cahill, Donore 1 Thomas Maher, Coolnakisha 1 Leighlinbridge 1 Mr. Thomas Ward, Richard Wynne, Slyguff 2 Daniel Walsh, do. 1 Bagenalstown 3 Timothy Carpenter, Raheen 1 Thomas Maher, Donore 2 Mr. George Young, ~ John Murphy, Labinasye 1 Patrick Pender, Ganahary 1 Ballywilliamroe 2 Richard Kinsella, Baunleath 1 John Robinson, Bagenalstown 4 Michael Murphy, Bernard Deegan, Michael Brennan, Seskinrea 1 Bagenalstown 1 } Bagenalstown 2 Michael White, Ballyvannon 1 Mr. John Kehoe, do. 6 John Murphy, Carribeg 1 James Clear, Banagagole 2 Patrick Corcoran, Monemore 1 Martin Murphy, Snugsborough 1 Martin Breen, Edmund Lyons, Moanduff 3 James Hoey, Old Leighlin 1 Leighlinbridge 1 John Foley, Augha 3 Michael Hogan, Bagenalstown 1 Simon, Stapleton, do. 1 William Smith, Ridge 1 Patrick Foley, Mensal Lodge 2 Patrick Foley, Banagagole 2 Margaret Comerford, Ridge 1 James Foley, Moanduff 2 Edward Wynne, Parknakile 1 James Elliott, Rathwade 1 Mary Byrne, Ballywilliamroe 1 James Molloy, Raheen 1 Patrick Foley, Bawnleath 1 Owen McDonald, Donore 1 Thomas Wilkinson, James Curran, Killenane 1 Patrick Walsh, Newtown 1 Parknakile 1 Robert Harton, Coolnakisha 1 Thomas Bambrick, Bawnree 1 Nicholas King, Ballyloughan 1 Martin Hughes, Kildrena 1 James Scanlon, Bohermore 1 William Tyndall, Kilcarrig 2 Margaret Nolan, Augharoo 1 George Burroughs, Slyguff 1 James McDonald, Killenane 2 William Brennan, do. 1 Nicholas Brennan, Michael Broughan, Bohermore 1 Patrick Lynop, do. 1 Parknakile 1 Thomas Cloven, Ballinkillen 1 Thomas McDonald, do. 1 Joseph Murphy, Raheenwood 1 Patrick Lawlor, Old Leighlin 1 Annesly Shirley, John Evans, Ballywilliamroe 1 Ellen Meany, Monemore 1 Knockabranna 2 James Farrell, Ballyryan 1 Michael Carton, Kilcarrig 8 Thomas Purcell, Bawnree 1 Richard Hayes, Monemore 1 Elizabeth Fenlon, Corracrut 1 James Tyndall, Kilgraney 2 John Doyle, Gormona 2 William Nolan, Stephen Nolan, Corri es 2 John Ryan, Leighlinbridge 2 Ballywilliamroe 1 Thomas Dermody, Mr. Patrick B. Kehoe, Orchard 1 Thomas Neill, Rath ell an 1 Leighlinbridge 2 James Wynne, Slyguff 1 Daniel Fenlon, Labinasye 1 Daniel McGrath, Raheenwood 1 Thomas Dempsey, Nurney 1 Mary Minchin, Mr. Ralph Lett, Ballycormack 3 James Mara, Seskinrea 1 Coolnacuppogue 1 Mr. Joseph Kidd, Slyguff 4 James Fenlon, Corracruit 1 Morgan Kerwan, Seskinryan 2 James McCabe, Clonmore 1 John Rodgers, Kilcarrig 1 Edward Mailey, Rathellan 1 Brian Byrne, Knockagarry 1 Peter Bolger, Kilcarrig 1 Rowland Parker, Patrick Donahoe, John Keeran, Ballynockan 1 Bagenalstown 1 Seskin Lower 1 Betty Murphy, Moneybeg 1 William Murray, Dunleckney 2 John Noonan, Newtown 1 Richard Byrne, Kilcarrig 1 Pierce Kearney, Ballinaboley 1 John Meany, Seskin Lower 1 Loftus Hatton, Slyguff 1 William Condall, Rathellan 2 Thomas Kehoe, Newtown 1 Richard Murphy, Seskinryan 2 Patrick Nolan, James Maher, Clomony 1 Joseph O'Neill, Bagenalstown 1 Ballywilliamroe 1 John Rourke, Lorum 1 William Ruddock, Newtown 3 Thomas Burgess, do. 4 Mr. John Parke, Carrig 3 John Smith, Seskinrea 2 Patrick Nolan, Bagenalstown 2 Jeremiah Mulroney, Robert Kehoe, Rathvindon 3 Doctor Scott, do. 5 Farnnafroney 1 Patrick Brennan, Maurice Connolly, Seskinryan 1 John Kinsella, Leighlinbridge 1 Bagenalstown 1 William Murphy, do. 1 Mr. Joseph Deighton, Michael Murphy, do. 1 Henry Rice, Rathellan 1 Bagenalstown 2 Thomas Tracey, Donore 1 Eliza Joice, Ballinaboley 1 James Doran, Raheen 1 John Shelly, Kilree 2 William Wilkinson, Bohermore 1 Peter Nolan, Newtown 1 John Kelly, Slyguff 2 Peter Walsh, Bagenalstown 1 Joseph Byrne, Ballinkillen 1 John Maher, Kiletock 1 John Hughes, do. 1 Joseph Neill, Parknakile 1 James Kavanagh, Slyguff 1 John Ashmore, Ballinkillen 1 Martin Cody, Lacken 1 Patrick Kinsella, Rathellan 2 Michael Hennessy, Corries 1 Richard Lewis, Bagenalstown 1 Martin Lacey, Bagenalstown 1 Michael McCormick, John Breton, Ballynockan 1 Mr. Thomas B. Moore, Bagenalstown 2 John Hooper, Augha 1 Oldtown 2 Patrick Byrne, do. 1 Mr. Gerard Cullen, Ballyellen 2 11 From the chair By Martin Nevin

HIS has been an extra­ of Local Historic Societies initiated to say thanks to Mr. Pat Doyle, ordinary year in the runn­ a project, a rather novel one I Muintirna Tire and Dr. Pat Jones ing of the Society, in that, might add, and sponsored by Fuji, of the O.C.S., both of whom very T changes had to be to re-photograph some of the ably assisted me when called on by effected in the rules to comply with scenes from the Lawrence the ICA to judge their schools the instructions of the Registrar of Collection in the National Library project displayed in the museum Friendly Societies. This was done to commemorate the centenary of under the title "Carlow Man of the at an E.G.M. in the Royal Hotel, the collection by way of recording 20th Century." I would also Carlow on October 18 when rules 5, the changes that have taken place congratulate the ICA on their 12 and 13 were altered accordingly. over the 100 years. Because of the initiative and to express our Basically, the restructuring aligns immensity of the scheme, it called delight at being able to co-operate. the operating functions of the on all local history societies to I wish to express my thanks to Society with the calendar year. participate by recruiting from our secretary, Ms. Rose Murphy, Starting this year, the annual within its ranks a photographer who diligently recorded the accounts, duly audited by a who would look after the local meetings throughout the year; to qualified auditor will be submitted scenes. In this regard the FLHS Ms. Anne Kearney, treasurer, who by December 31 thereby clearing produced for each society willing to had to re-arrange the accounts into the way for the holding of the 1991 involve itself photostat copies of a format recommended by the annual general meeting early in scenes together with two films. On auditor and who together with the January. behalf of the Old Carlow Society, secretary organised the outings Mr. Seamus Murphy undertook to with such precision that they were The Eigse Carlow Festival was put his photographic skill into all a great success; to the vice­ an outstanding success this year operation. chairman, Mr. Kevin Kennedy and once again, has left us all with who deputised for me on a number many cherished memories. From My congratulations to the hard­ of occasions during the year. A the gala opening at the Courthouse working committee who effected special word of gratitude to our to the closing slide show on the many enhancing features to the editor, an t-Uasal Tomas Mac historic sites of County Carlow, in museum in the short period of six Gabhann for the unfailing high the Royal Hotel, it was one months and I know that we all look standard of the Society's annual continuous series of exciting forward to viewing the exhibition journal. events. The Society is proud to which they are planning and As chairman, I am honoured to have participated through one of 'Y'hich will be on display during the have had the opportunity to work its members, Mr. William Ellis, Eigse Festival of 1991. The theme with each and every member in the whose ever increasing collection of "The Emergency Years, 1939-45 - promotion of this Society and I slides is very much in demand. A County Carlow Perspective." thank you all for your co-operation During the year, the Federation May I also take this opportunity throughout the past year. Bagenalstown Dog Licences - Continued Patrick Brennan, Kilcrut 1 John Landerkin, do. 1 Maurice Curtin, John Walker, Ballinaboley 1 James Tobin, Dunleckney 1 Bagenalstown 1 Morgan Byrne, Orchard 1 Thomas Hogan, Kildrena 2 John Landerkin, Rathduff 1 Patrick Courtney, John Aylward, Royal Oak 1 William Foster, Leighlinbridge 1 Philip Quinn, Kilenane 1 Bagenalstown 1 John Conwell, Rathornan 1 Michael Whealan, William J effars, Charles Duffield, Esq., Upper Seskin 1 Seskin Lower 1 Rathduff House 3 William Semple, Slyguff 1 William Aylward, Anastasia Holden, James Claxton, Bagenalstown 1 Bagenalstown 1 Ballinaboley 1 Peter Connolly, Kilcarrig 2 Edward Pierce, do. 1 Terence Byrne, Carrig 2 Martin Meany, Monemore 1 Thomas Noonan, Orchard 1 Patrick Kelly, Ballycormach 1 James Kelly, Bagenalstown 1 John Reeves, Burg age 1 John Maguire Esq., Edward Wynne, Slyguff 2 Mr. S. Carter, Kilcarrig 2 Bagenalstown 1 Robert Backus, James Kane, Bagenalstown 1 John Gough, do. 1 Bagenalstown 1 John Murphy, do. 2 Thomas Kelly, Ballyloughlan 1 Michael Curran, Boherduff 1 John B. Warren, do. 3 Dominick Burke, Ballymoon 1 John Nolan, Augha 1 Thomas Delaney, Thomas Byrne, Ballinkillen 1 Patrick Kinsella, Leighlinbridge 3 Thomas Cummins, Bagenalstown 2 Richard Nolan, Coolnakisha 1 Eliza Meany, Parknakile 1 Bagenalstown 1 Michael Redmond, James Young, Slyguff 1 Thomas McNally, do. 1 Ballinkillen 2 John Cummins, Nurney 1 Johanna Hughes, Slyguff 2 Walter Cleary, Heath 1 Laurence Flemming, Michael Redmond, do. 1 Dunleckney 1 I Total 561 John Doyle, Seskinryan 1 John Walsh, Kilcarrig 1 Michael Rafter, Nurney 2 William Murphy, Michael McDonald, Bagenalstown 1 I Bagenalstown, 1st April, 1869. J ohnduffswood 1 Mary Murphy, Ratheadon 1 George Tunstead, Patrick Curran, Boherduff 2 I John B. Warren Ballycormach 1 Ephraim James, Newtown 1 Clerk of Petty Session 12 O'Connell and Terror in Ca.rlow By R. P. Murphy

T should be remembered that in the period consider­ ed in this paper elections I bore little resemblance to those with which we are familiar. In the first place there was no secret ballot. Each voter voted in public and everyone who wished could know how he voted. Then only males who had freehold property having a yearly rental value of £10 were !' allowed to vote. Until Catholic Emancipation in 1829 freeholders of an estate having a yearly .• value of forty shillings (£2) had the right to vote. Such people were known as forty shilling freeholders. This franchise had been changed so as to deprive the lower and most numerous class of Catholics of such considerable power. An attempt had been made to do this at the enactment of the Catholic Relief Bill of 1793 but in the debate leading to this it was pointed out that this would deprive j,wo­ thirds of the Protestants of the Daniel O'Connell vote, so the matter was dropped. Portrait by Thomas H. Carrick, reproduced by kind permission of It does give some idea of the Carlovian, St. Patrick's College, Carlow magazine. probable number of forty shillings freeholders as the total named lives. If the estate (farm him; if that be admitted and population of Carlow was about or other real estate) was leased that he finds a Roman 75,000 (1), of whom about 25% for a term of years it was not Catholic or any class of were males of voting age (7) considered to be freehold even if tenantry is so completely regardless of their other this term was 999 years (8). under other influences as not qualifications and about 20% or At this stage I should give to be able, however willingly, 3,750 were Protestants of voting some explanation of the value of to follow the honest impulse of age. Two-thirds of these would money at that time. Just five his own convictions, I would have been forty shilling years later during the Famine it ask yourselves, what course freeholders, i.e. about 2,500. was computed that £1 would be he has to pursue, but to Assuming the same proportion !< enough to buy sufficient yellow endeavour, by all means in his of Catholics to be forty shilling meal (Indian cornmeal) to keep a power to have his lands freeholders it may be suggested person alive for thirty-four tenanted by men who have that as there were about 8,000 weeks (2). In other words, forty independence enough to act ·.~ landless men there were about shillings (£2) would probably under the direction of their 4,500 Catholic forty shilling feed and clothe a man for a year own natural convictions and freeholders who like their with a few shillings left over. affections ... Protestant counterparts had lost The fact that freeholders were "My conscience does not tell the vote at Emancipation. These tenants of the great landowners me that I have been a tyrant figures are conjectural as the obviously meant that they were, as some of my enemies have 1841 census lacks assessments at least to some extent, under his described me but while I am relating to sects. There were, in control in a manner which the willing to grant that landlords fact, less than 2,800 voters since following extract from a letter have duties as well as rights, I the minimum qualification had from Lord Courtown (3) will am equally prepared to been raised to the £10 freehold. explain. maintain, what has of late At this stage, the term been so well said that 'freehold' meant that the landlords have "rights as well freeholder had an estate either " ... It cannot be supposed as duties." directly owned by him or leased that any landlord will quietly for a life or for lives. The word suffer himself to be stripped of I remain my friends, life referred to that of some the fair and legitimate Your landlord and wellwisher, named individual, not the lessor, influence which property, COURTOWN. and could be extended for three duly exercised, confers on November 25, 1840. 13 Apart from the electoral was that used by the landlords, more direct and violent means. differences existing between i.e. the threat of eviction. The (5) This extract is taken from a 1840 and 1990 there is another second was the direct method or pamphlet which was sent to the difference which was of some intimidation of probable government in England in an importance. At present parlia­ opponents or their families. This attempt to get them to send mentary representatives are was, of course, the only method soldiers to protect the supporters paid a salary but this was not the outside of appeal to the political of the candidates, particularly of case in 1840 nor for nearly sympathies of the voters, which those who supported Mr. Bruen. another fifty years. A candidate could be used by the opponents Most of this pamphlet accuses elected to parliament had to pay of the powerful landlords. In the not only O'Connell, Yates and his own expenses while sitting in situation which faced tenants their supporters but also the that parliament, in other words who were brought to the Catholic clergy of using their he had to be a man of hustings by their landlords it pulpits to stir the Catholic independent means which in the would seem to many that the population to attack and to case of the Irish landlord who only way of getting them to threaten any Catholic voter who ran for election meant that he resist the lord's wishes was by did not vote for O'Connell. had to be a rich man with recourse to threats of violence. enough tenants paying him The reason for mentioning these about £1 per acre per year (the facts is to draw attention to the "Excited people average rent) to keep him in difficulty that any opponent of to madness" London for the parliamentary either Bruen or Bunbury would term. Just what this cost would, expect to meet in an election. The of course, depend on the lifestyle platform on which O'Connell "Invasion of Mr. O'Connell of the incumbent but would contested the election was the with a corps of agitators - certainly run into, at least, repeal of the Act of Union and as rebellion preached up as a several hundred pounds per might be expected in the duty - preparations to annum. Under these conditions situation he reminded the disorganise the county. a member of parliament Catholic voters of the ancient "The county of Carlow was probably expected that the antagonism of the Protestant in a state of profound people whom he represented ascendancy class to the Roman tranquility until the month of owed him the duty of voting for Catholic population and claimed May last, when it was first him. This would explain the that if the Union continued the announced that a dissolution meaning of Courtown's last five Protestants would be in a of parliament would take words. position to go back to the well place without delay. Mr. remembered intimidation, not O'Connell put his beloved son, only of the Catholic clergy but of Daniel, in nomination as a Land in excess the ordinary population. He also candidate for the representat­ of 16,477 acres said that he really supported the ion of the county, and he claims of the forty shilling followed up the announcement At this stage it is as well to freeholders to a return of their by taking the field himself five consider the extent of the power ancient privilege of the right to weeks before the election and wielded by the types of men who vote, a privilege which went long before the dissolution were candidates at the elections. back to 1430 (9) and which had took place, and in his train The candidates in the election in been taken from them after the were . . . other notorious question were Mr. Bruen, Mr. Williamite wars. It is hard to agitators who possessed Bunbury, Mr. Yates and Mr. assess just how important the neither character nor stake in O'Connell. Mr. Bruen was the Repeal would have been to the the country and were reckless owner of Oak Park and had voters of Co. Carlow, most of in the sanguinary course they holdings in Carlow which whom would have been far from pursued. Mr. O'Connell . . . exceeded 16,477 acres. Mr. being rich men. One wonders if denounced Colonel Bruen as a Bunbury had a comparatively the economic factors caused by man "Unfit to live in such a small estate of a mere 4,960 the Union would have offset the country as Ireland" and acres. The former was the effects of the power of the excited the people to madness largest landholder in Co. landlords. The promise to by telling them that the Carlow. The two next largest support the claims of the forty struggle for their liberation were Lords Bessborough and shilling freeholders might well was about to take place; and and Cou:rtown with 10,578 and have antagonised the £10 that if successful the Tories 7,395 acres respectively (4). freeholders who were, after all, would hang and transport Either of these might have the voters and who might well them, decimate their priests, supported the candidacy of jealously guard their prerogative and poison the Queen who either Bruen or Bunbury and from an absolute minimum of had sent him to command the would have directed his tenants 4,500 forty shilling freeholders, people everywhere to rise en accordingly. Mr. Yates does not including all those whose masse against their hereditary seem to have been a large freeholds spanned the gap oppressors ... " landholder in Co. Carlow, or at between freeholds valued at least his name does not appear forty shillings and those at £10. In addition to this probably in the list of owners of holdings It was claimed, as the exaggerated description of what of over one acre in this county., following extract shows, that the O'Connell may have said there (3) Mr. O'Connell was, of course, influence of the voters was are some descriptions of the son of the Liberator, and not unduly affected by factors which activities which are taken from from Carlow at all. There were at had little to do with the hustings reports of petty sessions, as e.g. least two ways of influencing and that the opponents of Mr. the following statement made by voters. The first and less direct Bruen, at least, had recourse to a man who had voted in the last 14 election against O'Connell and declined to attend and register ... commit no riot - do injury to who was expected to do so again, whilst several persons, male and none. The least approach to was made under oath in the female whose parents had turbulence or violence would Court of Petty Sessions in exercised their right by voting at make me abandon the contest. Carlow. "I was in the chapel on the last election were dragged But I know, men of Carlow that Sunday. I was knocked down out of the chapels and assaulted you are too steady and too sober and dragged out . . . cut and - their clothes torn off - their to be guilty of any riot or bruised and pelted with stones. lives endangered, etc .... " violence. You know full that The priest was in the chapel as A letter that O'Connell wrote whoever commits a crime Mass was going on at the time. to the electors of Carlow is strengthens the enemy. The police came to my quoted in its entirety in this -Arouse then, men of Carlow, assistance or I would have been pamphlet and some interesting arouse! It was the glorious killed on the spot." extracts are given here (5, 6). struggle in Clare that carried The bench sentenced the Catholic Emancipation. Let a chapel rioters to various To the electors of the County of still more glorious struggle in penalties amounting to £22 and Carlow. Carlow win the repeal. the prisoners were removed ... Hurrah, then for Carlow and preparatory to their removal to repeal!" the county gaol. In half an hour Dublin, June 16, 1841. I am your ever faithful and after the conviction . . . the devoted servant, agitators held a meeting at "Fellow countrymen I am Daniel O'Connell (5). j< which the penalty was ashamed of you ... Nay more I subscribed and paid to the chief accuse you of a crime - of an Before concluding, the results constable by a man named atrocious crime - of a crime of this election will probably ,~ Whalley and the prisoners were against country, against interest anyone who has read liberated. religion, against every constitut­ this far. They are as follows: In another part of this ional principle of morality ... Sir Bruen - 705 elected pamphlet there is this: Robert Peel was, in this country Bunbury - 704 "Mr. O'Connell addressed an the friend and formentor of Yates-697 immense multitude in Bagenals­ Orangeism. He it was who O'Connell - 696. town. He said, "The blood of Fr. declared that the Orangemen, Walsh is still unrevenged. He even while they were shedding was brutally murdered by the the blood of Catholics had no Against any form Orangemen. I tell you his blood fault but the excess of loyalty! of violent threats remains on the ground, although "The same Peel is the leader of unseen by mortal eye, and will Bruen's party ... Is it possible remain there for one hundred that any Catholic or that any In conclusion, while it must be years as long as it remains liberal Protestant can vote for admitted that as one would unavenged. Would they vote for Bruen? ... expect the main thrust of the faction that murdered their Bruen is a supporter of Stanley O'Connell's message was priests in cold blood? etc., etc." and of his scorpion bill. The against any form of violent elector must be worse than a threats there was always the scorpion who votes for Bruen at possibility that when this letter Downright lying the next election ... propaganda was read out at meetings (as he ". . . Arouse then, men of directed that it should), the Carlow, arouse. Electors and predominantly illiterate masses While it is more than possible non electors arouse, one and all. that much of this is the sort of who would be a large percentage Hold public meetings. Enter into of the people present would be so downright lying that was a part resolutions to discountenance of all election propaganda it aroused by the first half of the every supporter of your bigoted letter that they would not bother seems probable that some of it and truculent enemies ... did occur even though the to wait for the rest and it will probably be admitted even by ~ government took no notice of the "Again I address especially pamphlet other than to refuse the Catholic electors of the the most inveterate admirer of the request for troops. In relation County of Carlow. Do they know the peaceful approach of the ,, to this the following extract of what Bruen and his party call Liberator that the references to one of the resolutions taken at a the people of Ireland? They call Peel and to 'Bigotted and meeting in Carlow courthouse the Catholic people 'Savages.' truculent enemies' and to the on January 18, 1841, and chaired They call the venerable and description of Catholics that by Horace Rochfort the High anointed Catholic priesthood even the most ignorant members Sheriff is given: 'Surpliced ruffians' and a of the established Church were "11. Resolved - That it 'Demon priesthood.' They call ceasing to use were highly likely appears ... that large numbers of the Catholic religion 'An abject to inflame those classes which persons have assembled at night superstition' and 'vile idolatry.' traditionally have no other in Rathvilly and at other places ". . . The Irish are too method than violence with and, under the command of numerous, too brave, too good, to which to answer their leaders . . . proceeded to the endure much longer provincial opponents. residences of several farmers degradation. The repeal of the In fact, it seems impossible for whose names had been union is essentially necessary to anyone to learn from history and previously returned without the prosperity and peace of to regulate their lives so as to their concurrence on the list of Ireland ... achieve their political ends by applications to register " ... Meet, discuss, resolve. But peaceful means. If there is freeholds and put them in dread let all be peace and order. anyone who doubts this let him and terror of their lives if they Agitate but violate no law - • Continued page 20 15 CARLOW MISCELLANY

Compiled and photographs by William Ellis.

Very little is known of the history of Clonmore castle. It is believed to have been built c.1180. John McCall in his history of Clonmore, is of the opinion that the Clan O'Toole or O'Byrne had a castle of a modest nature on the site and that when the English conquered the country they added to its .... strength from time to time. As can be seen from the ruins now standing it was a building of some

consequence.Some interesting features can be seen in the ruins. At the top of the S.E. is a gargoyle called the 'Pooka head.' A doorway at the base of the same tower, the lintel of which has a cross carved in relief on it, probably a grave­ slab, re-used from the early monastery which flourished in Clonmore in the sixth century. One of the remaining vaulted rooms in the castle is known as the 'ballroom,' in latter times it has been used as a threshing barn .

.A This young lady is admiring the piscina which is still to be seen in the old parochial church ruins of Cricrim. Cricrim is situated in the present-day parish of Clonmore.

St. Patrick's Well, Rathvilly, .._ where by tradition the Saint 1111"" baptised Crimhthann, King of South Leinster, together with his wife and infant son. We read in Bishop Comerford's 'Collections'*, 'that . Crimhthann built and endowed with land 40 churches in Hy-Kinnsealach, and Eastern Leinster,' after his conversion. * Collections, Dioceses of Kildare and Leigh/in.

16 CARLOW MISCELLANY Continued Recently, Pat Lynch of Bannagagole, Old Leighlin, informed Martin Nevin, chairman, OCS, that there was a Sweathouse on his land. When we visited the site to inspect it, Pat explained that it was used by people suffering from fevers. The house would be filled with furze bushes and they would be set alight and kept burning until the stones are hot. The ashes were then l raked out and the person needing the cure would crawl in. The lower opening would be closed up and the heat retained in the stones would make the person sweat. While there are a large number of sweathouses recorded in Ireland, this is the first one that we have heard of in County Carlow. If there are i others, we would like to hear of them. :J,"' E. Estyn Evans in his book, Irish Heritage, The i- Landscape, The People and their work, mentions that sweathouses were heated by turf fires and that people suffering from rheumatism used them. He also recounts that girls on Rathlin Island would use them to improve their complexions, particularly before visiting the Lammas Fair at Ballycastle.

So, our predecessors also had their saunas! Close-up of Sweathouse with entrance arrowed.

Kevin Kennedy, c:IMinmaD ol County Carlow Museum Committee (left), Martin Nevin, chairman Old Carlow Sodely {cenlre) and Pat Lynch after examining the interior of the Sweathouse. Past Christmases in Carlow By Alec Burns

NE of the first signs. of to have a special train one year bottles of whiskey or port and a Christmas in the early on the Sunday before Christmas calendar; also a harm brack. part of this century was Day to market his supply on the Publicans gave a free drink on 0 the Turkey Market English market. They all gave Christmas Eve. The Christmas which was held in the space great employment to women Candle was a great tradition beside the Town Hall. Long pluckers for weeks before then, lit by the family members tables with scales were provided Christmas. on Christmas Eve night and for displaying the birds which As regards Christmas placed in a window, and in the were solely "American Bronze" shopping, this was confined to a centre of the table at dinnertime. as the white turkey had not few days before Christmas as Going to Mass that morning appeared on the scene then. Of money wasn't all too plentiful (no midnight Mass then) was the course, the usual buyers then then. If children could get a new big event of the day as was the would be out on the edge of the article of clothing, no matter exchanging of greetings with all town trying to purchase for their how small, they would be doing your friends. Hardly anyone left firm from the carts coming into very well. The majority would be their home on that day. town but generally, sellers lucky to have something in their St. Stephen's Day meant that preferred to come to the market stocking on that morning. the Wren Boys would be in town. and sell by weight. Christmas boxes were a usual They came over from Athy, The poultry merchants in gift to good customers in grocery generally, and created a great Carlow were Frank Slater, shops. Generally, they contained stir around. A great custom after Walter Kehoe, Joe Parker and tea and sugar, currants and dinner was to visit the crib in Bill Moore. Slater seems to have raisins, other ingredients for Graiguecullen, St. Dympna's been the largest dealer as he had making the pudding; small Hospital and maybe the convents. Another highlight was the dance in the Ritz Ballroom. It would be packed out, with people from all parts, as it was one of the largest dance halls in the country then; some dances were held in the Town Hall and Deighton Hall on that night, also. Another great event of that period was the "calling of the waits." Three Graiguecullen men - Jack Gamble, "Reid" Farrell and another - would go all through the streets of the .town at night. One would carry a storm lamp; Reid would give a blast on a melodeon; and Jack would shout "good morning Mr. This nativity and Mrs.... it's a fine, frosty scene is morning at 3 o'clock and all's from the well." Sometimes he would make East a mistake in the house and give window of Duiske the owner the benefit of a family Abbey, although he might be a bachelor Graigna­ or even a childless couple. When managh, he would come a few days later to which was collect alms for his trouble, he presented to the church would get short shrift for in 1872. The making such a mistake. scene is of Previous to the festival every course only house got a good scrubbing a small section of down, windows painted, this curtains washed, delph on the beautiful dresser cleaned up and a good and coat of whitewash everywhere. colourful three light Sprigs of holly decorated all stained pictures and the mantelboard glass over the fireplace. Mottoes were window. Photo: W. Ellis. • Continued page 20 Graveyard inscriptions By Kevin Kennedy

URING 1984, a Youth Employment Agency scheme supervised by the Old Carlow Society recorded the legible inscriptions on tombstones in 20 graveyardsD in the Carlow area (see separate list for locations). A number of unusual and interesting inscriptions were uncovered, and the following are a selection. In Castle Hill at the rear of Nolan's stonecutters on a mound of earth raised about 8 feet above the level of the street and completely disconnected with the present burial ground of St. Mary's Church of Ireland, can be found the remains of an altar tomb. The following is the inscription: [ The burying place of the family of Galbraith of Old Derrig, Queens County] "Beneath this stone are deposited the bodies of Samuel Galbraith Esq. who [died] in the year 1793 aged 73 years [also] Benjamin Baker, Galbraith Esq. son [of the a] bove Samuel who died on the 24th [of] September, 1821, aged 48 years. [.. ?.. ] Galbraith son of the above B.B.G. [died] Deci 27th, 1821, aged 8 months." The left side of this slab is broken off, hence the words in brackets are missing. An interesting Latin inscription (not now legible) which deserves to be included was on a ... stone in St. Mary's Church of Ireland graveyard, ... Alias Sherloc, his wife with five of their Carlow. children, he died the 16th March, 1718, shee (sic) Fortunately, Robert Malcomson of Carlow died the 6th of September, 1691. translated and recorded it in 1891. The stone is over the grave of Rev. Benjamin Daillon, who died Another inscription to be found in the "Old in 1 709, and reads as follows: Graves": "From France expelled, a martyr to the Faith, Sacred to the memory of McHugh Murphy of .. De Daillon rests this humble stone beneath. Kellistown but late of Carlow Town honest and Nor birth, nor learning, nor could merit save sincere who departed this life 4th January, 1820, '! The staunch old Huguenot an exile's grave. aged . .. Also the remains of his friend the Rev. For conscience sake imprisonment he bore, James Murphy of the order of St. Francis ~ With torturing oft, and tempting o'er and o'er. belonging to the friary of Painstown near Till stripped of all, save honour in the toil, Carlow who died AD 1801. He found his freedom in more generous soil. This, no doubt, proves that there was a And here retired at life's eventful close, Franciscan friary in Painstown. Was the Rev. Soothed by Pauline - the partner of his woes. James Murphy the last Franciscan in Carlow? The loved, fond sharer of his hopes and bliss - Death parts them not - this tomb is hers and his! In Oak Park estate near the farmyard are the Shades of the good, the pius, and the just, remains of an old burial ground (since 1984 when Accept this tribute to his cherished dust, we recorded the inscriptions, the graveyard has If votive tablets may bespeak renown had a major clean-up and restoration). The Or saintly relics consecrate a tomb! following inscriptions refer to some of the Why should the grave obliterate all trace workmen whose families probably worked all their Of Honour, Valour, Sanctity and Grace? lives on the estate: Through the frail tokens we would raise decay, His spirit glows in Everlasting Day." Erected by Patrick Smith (sic) in memory of his son John Smyth (sic) Bricklayr of Painstn New The oldest inscriptions to be found in the Carlow Building he died the 17th March 1781 aged 29. area is in the "Old Graves" on the Barrow Track Here lyes the body of Lawerence Bergin who and reads as follows: lived 40 years in this family during which time 19 he behaved as an honest faithful servant deceased Dec 26 AD 1742 aged 74 years. Hear (sic.) the body of Mary Deegan who List of graveyards surveyed departed this life April this life April (sic.) the Burial grounds . Grave- i Memorials 22t aged 39 years 1738 and also the body of Joen stones Mooran who departed this life June y 12th 1739 aged 16 years. 1. Old graves Barrow 400 Track Did Mary Deegan die twice in April 1 738? 2. St. Mary's Church of 84 31 Ireland 3. Killeshin Church of 295 12 Ireland 4. Killeshin RC Old 92 5. Killeshin RC New 285 Holy Cross 6. Painstown (Oak Park) 24 7. Scots Church Athy Rd. 30 8. Sleaty 96 ~ 9. Bennekerry Old 45 rs= 10. Rutland 93 22 .8 11. Quinagh 25 C .;'; 12. Tinryland 340 4 13. Staplestown 125 19 Homemade grave-marker? at Oak Park 14. Busherstown 17 15. Killerig 10 An inscription recorded in Kellistown graveyard 16. Old Derrig 3 as follows: 17. Ballinacarrig 19 18. Linkardstown 69 Here lieth the body of Owen Cummins who 19. Killistown 143 departed this life the 11th of May 1795 aged 108 20. Pollerton 12 years. Also the body of Elizabeth Kinsella his daughter who depd this life the 9th day of 20. Totals 2207 88 January, 1796, aged 20 years. Is there a sponsor who would enable the full lists to . Example from Staplestown graveyard: he published for the benefit of researchers? Here lieth the mortal remains of Abraham Foorde Royse Esqr second son of Nicholas years. This smal tribute of affection is erected to Foorde Royse Esqr of Vantenan, Co. Limerick, his memory by his afflicted widow Mrs. formerly Lieutenant 87th Reg. and for many Jannette Royse. Also to the memory of their years the Inspector of Constabulary for Co. only child Henry Abraham Royse died 16th Carlow died 10th September, 1852, aged 58 August, 1846, aged 22 months.

Past Christmases in Carlow • Continued from page 18 bury the wren with a small l' hung on the walls with Stephen's Day (when there was ! inscriptions such as: "God Bless plenty of food in the home) was branch of green leaves or small Our Home," "What Is Home to abstain from eating meat, twigs in their hands and Without A Mother," "Merry same as on a Friday. There was a chanting: Christmas To All." A sing-song belief about then that this I was the usual culmination of the sacrifice would keep sickness The Wren, the Wren celebration before going to bed. away from the home for the The King of all birds Where there was a family remainder of the year; many a St. Stephen's Day ! there would be rivalry between family believed in it. Was caught in the furze ! the sexes to see who would be the Another favourite custom on Up with the kettle and down l best. A goose was a must for the St. Stephen's Day was the with the pan dinner with the middle class groups of children knocking on Give us a penny to bury the • while the very poor were well doors and calling for pennies to Wren. satisfied with any meat that could be got, even a bit of the "lad" bacon, the salty stuff from O'Connell and Terror in Carlow America, or a stew. • Continued from page 15 REFERENCES: (1) Rept. of the Poor Law Guardians of Talking a few years ago, one Ireland, 1841. father told me that he was read many of the speeches of (2) The People and the Poor Law in 19th Northern politicians who claim Century Ireland, Helen Burke. Pub. by the· unemployed just before Christmas Women's Education Bureau, 1987. and was at his wits end to know that they would by no means (3) Holdings of over one acre in Co. Carlow what he could do for the dinner give the men of violence an Public Library. excuse for their murders and see (4) Griffith's Valuation. and a few toys for the children. (5) The Reign of Terror in Ireland, Pamphlet He hit on the idea of trapping just how many careless (anon), addressed to the British Govt., 1841, rabbits which he sold to buy the insertions can be found which if available in Co. Carlow Public Library. I (6) Life and Times of Daniel O'Connell, vol. toys and kept some for the taken . out of context could 2, by O'Neill Daunt, Fegan, Sheil. Pub. by J. dinner which everyone enjoyed inflame an ill-informed listener Mullaney, Dublin, 1872. (7) Jules Michelet; Histoire de la Revolution so much, he was encouraged to or reader. If one still doubts let Francaise, vol. 1, p.258. Pub. by R. Laffont. continue getting them for the him ask himself just how many (8) Irish Land Law; J. C. W. Wylie, 1975. truly and exclusively inflamma­ Pub. by London Professional Books Ltd. Sunday dinner afterwards. (9) Constitutional History of England. F. W. A practice at that time, for tory speeches he has read from Maitland, p.87. Pub. by Cambridge University those who could afford it, on St. either side. Press, 1965. I 20 Paddy Dowling of Linkardstown a pioneer of rural electrification By Jimmie Parkes

ADDY Dowling was London, was based. This college born in Linkardstown, was famous for having Thomas near Tinryland, Co. Huxley, who championed P Carlow, in 1904. He Darwin's theory of evolution was one of 7 children, three boys and was a friend of John and four girls. His brother Tyndall, as one of the Brendan still lives in the family Professors. It started off as the home in Linkardstown and his School of Mines but was other brother Kevin also worked transformed by Huxley first into for the ESB. His sisters were the Normal School of Science Angela (Mrs. Lal O'Donnell), and then into the Royal School Kathleen who became a nun, of Science and to'day it is Eileen (Mrs. McHugh, Carlow) Imperial College for Science and and Marie who is married and Technology. The writer, H. G. living in England. His father Wells, author of the Invisible died when he was 13, leaving his Man and a great popular Science mother to raise the family on her educator was one of its more own. This was more common famous students. then; men were usually older when they married and the wives were usually younger. No present-day From his simple beginning, Paddy Dowling bureaucracy Paddy Dowling helped change professor of science there. The the whole face of rural Ireland. College of Science evolved from After obtaining his degree, Where there was darkness, he the Museum of Economic Paddy did a short project in the brought light. Coming from a Geology founded by Sir Robert College of Science on Electricity rural background himself, he did Kane in 1845. This became the Generators and then went to more than perhaps any other Royal College of Science for work for the ESB. He was one of single man to ease the burden of Ireland in 1867 with Kane as the the first eleven of whom only rural life in Ireland. first Dean. The emphasis from three are now left. One of these, He spent his whole working the start was on applied science Maurice Henderson, he remem­ life in the ESB and is now, thank and the teaching, as Paddy bers for his skills in writing God, retired and living in Dublin Dowling remembers, was much Gilbert and Sullivan parodies. and looking very fresh for a man more intensive than in the However, they still got the work of 86 years. · universities. Lectures and done, but in a happy practical classes continued all atmosphere. They had none of day, except for a lunch break. the present day bureaucracy Attended Tinryland The faculties were Science, where you have to be seen to be National School Agriculture and Engineering working despite the results or and Paddy decided on lack of them. He attended Tinryland Engineering. His first years in the ESB were .. National School where he was Like any other student, he did exciting for this young engineer. taught by Mr. Shine and Mr. not work all the time. One of his He, along with those first Brophy. Mr. Shine was the memories of this period is seeing engineers, had the responsibility father of Sr. Augustine, Mercy Sean O'Casey's Juno and the of connecting all the major Convent, Carlow, and of the late Paycock during its first week's towns in Ireland up to the ESB Fr. Paddy Shine who was a great run in the Abbey Theatre in grid, which was supplied with friend of the late bishop, Dr. Dublin. He still remembers with electricity from the Shannon Lennon. feeling the absolute silence there Hydroelectric Scheme at When he was about 13, he went was when the final curtain fell. Ardnacrusha which was the to Clongowes Wood College in Everyone present was too moved brainchild of Dr. Thomas Kildare. Among his teachers, he to applaud. Among the actors in McLaughlin. The ESB was set remembers Fr. John Sullivan, that first memorable performance up under the Electricity (Supply) SJ, who taught him Greek. His which started on March 3, 1924, Act in 1927 with Dr. McLaughlin memory of Fr. Sullivan is of his were Barry Fitzgerald, F. J. as Executive Director and remarkable holiness which was McCormick, Sara Allgood, member of the Board. not linked to any pushing of Eileen Crowe and Gabriel The first major decision of the religion at the boys. There is now Fallon.1 ESB was to supply to individual a movement to promote the It is thought that the College consumers throughout Ireland canonisation of Fr. Sullivan. of Science for Ireland was the instead of selling electricity in He went on to attend the example on which the Imperial bulk to other distributors, some College of Science in Dublin. His College of Science and of whom were already supplying uncle Patrick was registrar and Technology at Kensington, electricity to towns and cities, 21 such as Dublin. This decision Paddy produced was an article By dint of hard work, enabled the ESB to form a single in the Irish Builder and McLaughlin assisted by Paddy integrated and countrywide Engineer on the success of rural Dowling and McManus completed electricity supply system, which electrification in Dumfries in the report and delivered it to the in the long term was of benefit to Scotland. This was a strong milk Department of Industry and the whole country. It avoided the producing area for Glasgow and Commerce by December 22, sectional or local approach of the other nearby cities and 1942. You can imagine, that they other countries which often electricity was invaluable to would have had little peace of resulted in weaker areas being them, as anyone who knows mind eating their Christmas neglected or left out. dairy farming would appreciate. dinner if the report had still been At that time, few towns in outstanding. Ireland, outside of the major Rural electrification was cities, had a local electricity Sean Lemass had approved by the Government in supply. For example, Kilkenny the vision August, 1943, and in October of had no electricity supply while the following year Paddy others like Carlow had a local Jim Hughes raised it in the Dowling was given one month to supply. The Carlow supply came Dail and, luckily, Sean Lemass come up with a report on how the from a dynamo in the old mill at who was then Minister for scheme could be organised and Milford. It gave enough power to Industry and Commerce took up implemented. He did this within light the streets and also power the running. He had the vision to the time limit and this report for 1,500 incandescent bulbs for foresee the great need for rural was used as the basis for the private use. If each house had electrification to improve the lot rural electrification scheme five lamps, this would mean only of the rural dweller and, typical which so changed peoples lives 300 houses out of a total of Lemass, when he saw a need, in rural Ireland. For example, in population of 6,000 made use of he did something about it. 1948, the Commission on the new power.2 In May, 1939, he asked the Emigration and Other Population ESB to prepare plans to supply Problems pointed to the Rural First inland town rural areas with electricity. A Electrification Scheme as one of detailed investigation was the factors which would help in Britain and Ireland undertaken, directed by Dr. create rural employment and Thomas McLaughlin with two also improve living conditions. The Carlow supply was assistants, one Paddy Dowling The report prepared by Paddy installed by Gordon and and the other Alphonsus J. Dowling was widely acknow­ Company. Mr. J. H. Gordon, McManus, from Donegal, both ledged to be a model of its kind president of the company, had of whom were qualified and, in later years, Paddy this to say about Carlow: engineers. Dowling was a respected figure The little town of Carlow Not surprisingly, the outbreak at electricity conferences with only about 6,000 of the Second World War in Sept­ throughout the world. inhabitants has through its ember of the same year put an W. F. Roe, a native of Kilkenny Town Commission and end, as the ESB thought, to any City, was appointed to run the general inhabitants, put immediate plans for rural scheme with the assistance of larger towns in the background. electrification. During the Paddy Dowling. Paddy later It is the first inland town in Emergency, they had enough took over from Roe. The the whole of Great Britain and problems getting supplies to problems which faced them were Ireland to be lighted keep their existing network immense. throughout with electricity. going without worrying about In 1894, three years after the extending their supply lines into Over one million supply was first switched on, the rural areas. Carlow supply system was taken They had reckoned without poles needed on by the Alexander family of Lemass. In the autumn of 1942, Milford. The engineer in charge he wrote to the ESB Board For example, they estimated was Mr. Hooper who later set up asking were their plans for rural that for the whole scheme, they .. an electrical supplies shop in electrification completed. You would need over one million Dublin Street, when the town can imagine their surprise. poles to carry the cables; they was connected to the main ESB There was a severe drought would need copper cable to cover grid in 1928. throughout Ireland which the whole of Ireland; they would The towns were being looked restricted the output of need transformers for all the after but nothing was Ardnacrusha; they were sub-stations. And they had to happening about bringing depending on irregular supplies start travelling all over the electricity to the rural areas. of very poor quality British coal; world seeking these in the midst Paddy Dowling, around 1937, a severe electricity shortage was of a war which was tearing the was the person who put forward threatening. On the world front, world to pieces. the idea of bringing electricity to the German armies were at the Paddy remembers the first the rural areas. He did this in gates of Stalingrad. And yet, poles coming in on a four mast typical Irish fashion. He asked here was Lemass demanding sailing ship from the Balkans. his cousin, Jim Hughes, who that they continue with rural All the ESB engineers were there was a shadow minister in the electrification. Paddy Dowling's to see it come up the Liffey. Fine Gael Government for memory of this is that he was on In operating the scheme, they advice on how to best push the his holidays at Bettystown and decided to supply electricity · idea. got a telegram from McLaughlin initially to one district in each Hughes said, "Give me the to come back to Dublin to work county and to use this as an ammunition and I'll raise it in on this plan. And come back he exemplar for othe districts the Dail." The ammunition did. within that county. The scheme 22 worked on the basis of a local accusations of favouritism Brendan Dowling of Linkards­ canvasser signing up people in a because the parish priest of town; Patrick Wall of Wall's local area. Enough people would Bansha, Canon John Hayes, Forge; Michael Esmonde of have to sign up to make founder ofMuintir na Tire, was a Graiguenaspidogue; James Cole connection economically viable. strong personal friend of W. F. of Ballybar and Reginald Maher Seamus Murphy of Pollerton Roe who was also active in of The Fighting Cocks which Little was one of these local Muintir na Tire. The ESB was the last district in Carlow to canvassers for Carlow. They scotched these accusations by be connected. It is interesting also decided to use the parish as inviting representatives of that the grain drier at Brendan the unit with which they would Cahir parish to come to Dublin Dowling's farm mentioned in work. By doing this, they were to go over all the documents and Kilfeather's article is still there. able to tap into the very strong calculations made by the Among the very last places in parish organisation throughout engineers who chose Bansha. Ireland connected was the Black Ireland. The Cahir people did not travel Valley, Co. Kerry, in 1976. In the When the rural scheme was to Dublin but they stopped intervening years, the whole launched, very few experienced accusing the ESB. face of rural Ireland changed; engineers were available within electric milking machines were the ESB to work on it. W. F. Roe brought in; electric water pumps decided that, to meet the need, he Tinryland first and group water schemes were would have to recruit engineers rural parish introduced. It was even straight from university and suggested in the Dail debates on train them himself. The the Rural Electrification Scheme enthusiasm which these young The one area which Paddy in 1945 that the day would come. engineers brought with them accepts might have been chosen "When a girl gets a proposal was one of the strengths of the for more than just economic from a farmer, she will enquire Rural Electrification Scheme. It reasons was Kilsallaghan, Co. not so much about the number of was a big responsibility but they Dublin, which was the first cows but rather concerning the coped with it and developed parish to get a supply in electrical appliances she will more quickly themselves. There November, 1946. As well as require before she gives her were some funny sides to this. wanting to choose a district close consent, including not merely When the engineer in charge to Dublin for publicity purposes, electric light but a water heater, was introduced to one local it also happened that Larry an electric clothes boiler, a committee, the old P.P. who was Kettle, the local councillor, was vacuum cleaner and even a probably the chairman, blinked, on the ESB board. This Larry refrigerator. sniffed and exclaimed. "Bless Kettle was a brother of Tom This is what Paddy Dowling, my soul! Has the boy been Kettle who was one of the one of Carlow's sons, helped confirmed yet?" founders of the Land League. bring about. It is a revolution he, Brendan Laffen, now in Tom Kettle, in answer to and the people of Carlow, can be charge of the CIMS Centre at the Redmond's call, joined the proud of. Perhaps now is the Austin Waldron Regional Dublin Fusiliers and was killed time when Carlow should be Technical College, was another in action in France in 1916 in the thinking of commemorating young engineer who started off Somme. Paddy Dowling to show our his career with the ESB. One of Not surprisingly, Tinryland pride in him and his his first jobs was to take charge parish, Paddy's home parish, achievements. of a crew putting up poles across was one of the first rural areas to a farmer's land. When the REFERENCES: be linked up, in May, 1947. 1 David Krause (ed.), The Letters of Sean farmer appeared with a shotgun Paddy was adamant that no O'Casey, Volume 1, 1910-1941, pub!., Cassell demanding "Who's in charge skulduggery was involved in (London), 1975, page 108. 2 L. D. Bergin, Carlow Switched On, in L. D. here?," the crew who were more this decision. He agrees that it Bergin and W. Ellis (ed.), The Nationalist experienced and probably used was helped by the fact that his Centenary, 1883-1983, page 73. to this, immediately pointed to 3 T. P. Kilfeather, New Look Farms in Co. brother, Brendan, had a large Carlow, in Sunday Independent, February 27, Brendan, "He's the engineer in farm there and was willing to 1955, page 7. charge." Brendan must have join in the experiment. Among ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: been diplomat enough to cope for the first to get a supply was Many people helped me with this article. Any he was able to tell the tale later. Patrick Wall of Wall's Forge. errors or mistakes, however, are not due to In talking about the scheme, anyone else but are mine alone. Wall was a small farmer and had Much of this article is based on the very fine one of Paddy Dowling's great a blacksmith business. At the book, The Quiet Revolution by Michael Shiel, words is "skulduggery." It was time, he said the big advantage published by The O'Brien Press, Dublin, in 1984. It is well worth reading. very important from the very for him was that he was able to Paddy Dowling very kindly gave me his time start to avoid any accusation of finish a job at the forge and then, and I spent a very interesting afternoon any underhand dealings in listening to him bring alive for me the with the help of electric lighting, struggles and fun he had along with the other allocating areas which would do the work in the yard. Before engineers in the ESB at that time. The personal get a supply. Early on they had this, daylight or lack of it insights of this article are all due to him. Mrs. Ronnie Shorten, a niece of Paddy an opportunity to refute any dictated what work he could do. Dowling, gave me background information accusations of skulduggery. In Rural electrification was still and Mr. John Dowling, a nephew, supplied 1948, in Tipperary, two parishes, some old photographs. I am grateful to both for news in 1955 when T. P. their help and encouragement. Bansha and Cahir, were strong Kilfeather of the Sunday Dr. Norman McMillan, who is an expert on contenders to be the first in the Independent did a tour of the John Tyndall and on the history of technical and science education in Ireland, kept me from county. Bansha won, as giving a farms of Carlow to look at the straying in my account of the Royal College of better economic return, even revolutionary changes brought Science in Ireland. though Cahir had a better sign 3 Mr. Martin Nevin suggested this topic and about by rural electrification. both encouraged and pushed me when up. He did a profile of farms from all necessary. Without him, none of this would The choice of Bansha led to over Co. Carlow including have been written. 23 Castles of County Carlow Writers over the years have claimed that there were over 150 castles in County Carlow. Tommy Clarke has succeeded in identifying the sites of 93.

ARDRISTAN: "On the lands of Ardriston stands a castle." Ref Down Survey. AUGHA: "Two castles on the lands of Acha (Augha). A letter from the Ref Down Survey. Irish Parliament BALLENEKEL Y now BURTON HALL: "On Ballenekely stands a castle in good repair." Ref Down Survey. to Henry VI in 1435 BALLIAHEW now KYLEBALLYHUGH: "On Balliahew stands a castle." Ref Down Survey. "Also the Countee of Catherlagh, in the south­ BALLINKILLEN: "Site of castle in Ballinkillen. west partie of the citie of Dyvelyn (Dublin) Ref Ordinance Survey Field Letters. within this XXX yeare was oon of the keyes of BALLINREE: "Ballinree has the ruins of a castle." the said lande mydway betweene the said citie Ref Ordinance Survey Field Letters. and the out parties, it is inhabyted with BALLINTRANE: "The old castle of Ballytrarney in enemyes and· rebelx save the castles of Foert. (Barony of Forth). Catherlagh and Tillagh (Carlow and Tullow) Ref Patent Rolls of James 1, 22nd Feb. 1604. and within this Ix yere there were in the said BALL YBAR: "Brian McDonoghe Ballaghe Kavanagh, countee of Catherlagh CXLVIII. castelx and Chief of his sept, he is upon protection, his house pyles defensible, well routed, bataylled and Castle Balliboghare in O'Dorne." (!drone). inhabyted, that now been destrued and under Ref Carew Calendar 1601-1603. page 447. the subjection of the said enemies." BALLYCRINNEGAN: Possible castle site. In the Inquisitions of the Province of Leinster 3rd Sep. 1639 Ref Collections of Kildare and Leigh/in, page 15. called Ballycrenegan Castell and in the "State of Ireland 1598," called Ballycramgain Castlayn. BORRIS: Morgan Kavanagh was seized of the castle BALLYELLEN: "Upon Ballilin (Ballyellen) stands a town and lands of 'Borres.' castle." Ref Down Survey. Ref Inquisition at Carlow, 15th Sep. 1637. BALL YLOO: "The chief, Morier McDonoghe Kavanagh CARLOW: Ruins on the east bank of the Barrow. A late of the sept of Ballyloo is dead, his sept in rebellion, his 17th century sketch of the then intact castle appears in house the Castle of Ballyloo." 'Grose's Antiquities of Ireland' and two late 17th Ref Carew Calendar, 1601-1603, page 447. century sketches can be seen in 'Thomas Dineley's BALLYLOUGHAN: "In Ballylorighan are the ruins of Journal' (1680). four castles." The four sections of ruins that remain CARRIG DUFF: "In the centre of Carrigduff an old castle represent only one castle. ruin covered with ivy." Ref Ordinance Survey Field Letters. Ref Ordinance Survey Field Letters. CARRICKSLANEY: Possible site. "Upon Carrickslaney BALLYMOGUE: Ballymogue castle in the south of the stands a house." Ref Down Survey. townsland. A pile of stones in the "Castle Field" are all CASTLEGRACE: "William le Gras, son of Edmund le that remain. Ref Ordinance Survey Field Letters. Gras, Grants to Edmund Butler of Ireland, and his BALLYMOON: "Upon Ballymonny (Ballymoon) stands heirs, Castrum Gras in Forth." "Endorsed, the deed of a castle." Ref Down Survey. Gras's Castell in Forth." BALLYNUNNERY: A photograph of the castle ruins Ref Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Vo .. 1, No. 340. appears in J.K.A.S. vol. XI, page 301. Also a sketch Between 1299-1305. from Thomas Dineley's Journal (1608) in J.R.S.A.I. CASTLEMORE: Upon Castlemore stands a castle. vol. 7, 1862/63, page 47. The ruins were levelled in Ref Down Survey. recent years. CASTLETOWN: Upon Castletown stands a castle. A BALLYTARSNA: "In Ballytarsna the ruins of a castle. small section of the original castle is incorporated in Ref Ordinance Survey Field Letters. the present Castletown Castle, the residence of Mr. John Monahan. BALLYVOLDEN: "Upon Ballimolden (Ballyvolden) stands a castle. The castle is now represented by a CHAPELSTOWN: Grant from the king, James I, to Sir moated site to the east of the Ballon-Rathoe Road. Charles Wilmott, of the castle, town and lands of Possibly the castle of Baldwin de Carreu. See Register Chapelstown. Ref Patent Rolls of James I, 26th Jan. 1612. of St. Thomas Abbey, Dublin. Charter no. ccclvii. CLOCRISTICK: Possible site, suggested by the name. In Ref Down Survey. the Carew Mss. Microfilm National Library, Dublin, BENNEKERRY: "Ruins ofGraiguecastle about 50 perch called Clochroistic, i.e. Roche' Stone (Castle). off the Carlow-Tullow Road at Bennekerry, the stones CLOES INCH now ORCHARD, near Leighlinbridge: of the castle were removed about 1809 to build Cloes Inch in county Carlow containing a ruinous Bennekerry House. Ref Ordinance Survey Field Letters. castle. BESTFIELD formerly DUNGANSTOWN: "Upon Ref Inquisitions of the Province of Leinster. 25th Sep. 1635. Ducanstown (Dunganstown) stands a castle." Over CLOGHKEIT: Possible site suggested by the name. the years stones from the ruins have been carted away "Cloghkeit in the parish of Killinane." for building purposes, but some traces are still clearly Ref Advertisement for auction of land in Kil/inane 1868, discernible on the east bank of the Barrow. "Parish Bundles, Co. Library, Carlow. l 24 CLOGRENNANE: "The Manor of Cloughgreenane wheron stands a faire house (castle) in repair." Ref Down Survey. "The castle of Clogrennane is four square but little as are the manner of the castles in that land." A sketch of the castle appears in Thomas Dineley's Journal J.R.S.A.I. vol. 7, 1862/63, page 42. Ref Calendar of Carew MSS 1515-74. CLOGHNA: Grant from James I to Sir John Davys the castle, town, and lands of Cloghna. Ref Patent Rolls James I 27/2/1617. CLOGHNEKEARTIN: An indenture dated 24th Feb. 1589 whereby Sir Edmund Butler of Clogrennane grants the "castle and lands of Cloghnekeartin in Tullefellem" (Tullow) to Thomas Kavanagh of Callan, Co. Kilkenny. Ref Calendar of Ormond Deeds. Vo. VI, No. 58. CLO NEG AL: Clone gal (Huntington) castle was built as a tower house in 1625 by the 1st Lord Esmonde. It was remodelled with additions in 1680 and again 1720. Ref Burke's Guide to Country Houses, Vo. 1, page 157. CLONMACSHANE: Clonshannon alias Cloghneshan­ non. Clogh McShoneen = Jennings Stone (castle). Ref Act of Settlement & Explanation 3/3/1680. CLONMELSH: Grant from James I to Theobald Viscount Butler ofTulleophelim (Tullow) "of a castle, four cottages, sixty two acres arable and fourty four Photo: W. Ellis. pasture in Clonemulskye" (Clonmelsh). Carrigduff Castle. Ref Patent Rolls James I 20/12/1607. FRIARSTOWN: "On Fryarstown stands a castle." Ruins CLONMORE: In 132 Sir Anthony de Lucy, the Justiciary now consist of part of the west wall standing in a pile of carried extensive repairs to the "Castrum de rubble. Ref Down Survey. Clonmore." Ref Annals of Friar Clyn. GARRYHILL: Grant from the king to Gerald, Earl of Kildare. "An old castle, six messuages etc. in Garkhill." CLONMULLEN: Grant from the King James I, to James Patent rolls James I 31/5/1609. Hamilton. A castle and a mart - land in Clonmullin. 141213rd year James I. GARRYHUNDON: Grant to Theobald Viscount Tullow, from James I of a castle, six cottages, and one hundren CLONOGAN: "An old castle on Clonogan." and twenty two acres in Carrickebroughan otherwise Ref Down Survey. Garriehondon. Ref Patent rolls James I 20/12/1607. The commissioners found that the chief dwelling of GRIGUEALUG: Castle site shown on 1839 Ordinance "the manor of Clonogan was formerely a castle built Survey Map and marked 'in ruins.' for the defence of the Country. GRAIGUENASPIDOGUE: "On Grange Pedough Ref J.K.A.S., vol. 7, page 127. (Graiguenaspidogue) stands a castle." Ruins now Clonogan house built in 1827/7 from the stones of levelled. Ref Down Survey. Clonogan castle. Ref Ordinance Survey Field Letters. GRANGEFORD: See calendar of Justiciary Rolls 1305, CLORUSKE: Possible site, suggested by name. vol. I, page 36. "In state of Ireland 1598" described as one of the chief castles of the County. Also mentioned CLOSUTTON: A moated site known locally as "The in the Earl of Norfolks Estates in Ireland. J.R.S.A.I. Bawns." Called Clogh Ireton in the Down Survey. vol XXII, page 58. Morogh son of Gerald "Sutton" Kavanagh, was in GURTEENVACAN: The said Richard Eustace should dispute with Sir Peter Carew about lands in Idrone in "build the said castle of Gurtinevackan substancially 1569. with lime and stone, a height above the vaulte with a CLOWATER: "Site of Clowater castle in the north battlement and a slate roof, and make a stoane wall centre, in a stockyard which is the property of the about, and also make a stronge gate of oak timber and widow Tennant." Ref. Ordinance Survey Field Letters. boords."20/2/1600. Ref J.K.A.S, vol. 8, page 161. HACKETSTOWN: A castle formerly stood at COPPENAGH: "Coppenagh castle, a roughly built Hacketstown stated to have been coeval with that of structure about 30 links square." Clonmore and to have been built by the same person. Ref Ordinance Survey Field Letters. The site is now occupied by the local Catholic Church. CRAANS: Castle site is shown on the Down Survey Map, Ref Collections of Kildare & Leigh/in, page 233. in the northern part of the townsland. HAROLDSTOWN: Indenture between Thomas, Earl of DOWNIN GS: "In the north side of Downings the site of Ormond, where the Earl grants to Hugh Geankagh the an old castle." Ref Ordinance Survey Field Letters. castle and lands of Ballyroyll (now Haroldstown). DUNLECKNEY: Upon Dunlackey (Dunleckney) is a Ref Ormond deeds, vol. 5, No. 256. castle. Ref Down Survey. JOHNSTOWN: "Upon Johnstoune stands a castle." FENAGH: Castle site now occupied by a church. Home of the Wall family since the latter part of the Ref to Castle ofFinfagh 1279(Fenagh) in the Earl ofNorfolk's 14th century. Johnstown house built on Castle site. Estates in Ireland, J.R.S.A.l. vo. XXII 1892, page 53. Ref Down Survey. 25 Interior view of Ballymoon Castle. Photo: W. Ellis.· KELLISTOWN: "Upon Killkstoune stands a castle." NEWSTOWN: "A castle in Newstoun." Newstonae alias Ref Down Survey. Cloghnoa inquisition at Carlow, Sep. 1625. KERNANSTOWN: "On Cargan (Kernanstown) stands a Ref Down Survey. castle." Ref Down Survey. NURNEY: "Upon Urney (Nurney) stands a castle. KILBRIDE: "A castle in Kilbride." Ref. Down Survey. Ref Down Survey. PAINESTOWN: (Oak Park). Upon Painstown stands a KILKNOCK: "On Kilnocke there is a castle out of castle. Ref Down Survey. repair." Ref Down Survey. "Recovery by Sir Peter Carew against Peter Barrye of KILLERIG: "A castle on Killerrigge." Ruins consisting Paynston, of a castle and certain lands." of a heap of rubble about Yz mile to the west of Tullow­ Ref Carew Mss. vol. 605, page 17, 8th Feb., Castledermot Road. Ref Down Survey. 11 year of Elizabeth I. KILLENANE: Upon Killmoan (Killenane) stands a PARK: Upon ye lands of Parke stands a decayed castle. castle. Ref Down Survey. Ref Down Survey. KILLENORA: Possible site. In 1372 the earl of Kildare, Of the nine septs of the Kavanaghs named at the the then Viceroy offered Donnchad McMurrough 20 beginning of 17th century, number four is the sept of marks as a reward for the safe keeping of the royal road Park descended from Art More, "the chief was between Carlow and Kilkenny, and the triumphant Muriertaghe McMorishe Kavanagh, he, with his sept is chief gave his receipt from his seat at Fynnor now in rebellion.' Ref Carew Calendar (1601-1603), page 447. Killenora. PORTRUSHEN: Possible site. Upon Dortrishen stands a Ref Edmond Curtis Medieval History of Ireland, page 242. house. Ref Down Survey. KILLENURE: Grant by William Sheeth and Arthur POULMOUNTY (Ballinalour): Chief Baron Finglas in Kewaneghe, Merchants, to Sir Edmund Butler of 16th cen. included the Pass of'Pollemouinty' in the list Tullow, of "All their messuages, castles etc in of the passages in the kingdom notorious for their Killenure. Ref Ormond deeds, vol 5, No. 92, 4/7/1560. dangerous character. The building of the castle is attributed to Lord St. Mullins (Cahir Mclnnycross KNEESTOWN: Grant from James I to Donatus, earl of Kavanagh) about the middle of the 16th century. Thomond, of Kneiston Alias Caslan Reddery. Caslan Ref The Clan Kavanagh, Temp. Henry VIII. Reddery = The Knight's Castle. By Herbert Francis Hore. Ref Patent Rolls of James I. 30th July 1605. POWERSTOWN: On 23rd Oct. 1537, Pierce, 8th Earl of KYLEBELLE: Appears to be Ballinaboley, Ormond, and his eldest son, James Butler, Treasurer Leinglinbridge. Iri 1358 Sir John de Cornwaille who of Ireland, to reward them for their activity on behalf had acquired the castle of Kylbelle in the marches of of the Crown, were granted the Castles of Rathvilly, Carlow, which had been destroyed by the O'Nolans, Clonmore, Tullow, etc., and Powerstown. received a grant of £40 from the king for repairing it. Ref Calendar of Carew MSS 1515-1574, page 128. Ref Knights Fees in Counties Wexford, Carlow, RATHELLEN: In 1358 John Galbarre was granted 100/s. and Kilkenny, page 76. for his expenses in fortifying two fortalices in LEIGHLINBRIDGE: A reference to a castle here at Galbarreston and Rahalyn (Rathellen). beginning of the 13th century. In 1547 Sir Edward Ref Knights Fees in Counties Wexford, Carlow Bellingham built a castle here the ruins of which are to and Kilkenny, page 76. be seen on the east bank of the Barrow. For more RATHMORE: "Upon Rathmore an old castle." In the detailed information of the castle of Leighlinbridge see "State of Ireland 1598. Rathmore is described as one of 'McLeans Life of Sir Peter Carew.'. the principal castles of the county. Ref Annuary J.R.S.A.l. 1868/9, page 70. Ref Down Survey. LORUM: Castle of"Lowrane." Mentioned in inquisition RATHNAGEERAGH: The nine septs of the Kavanaghs of the province of Leinster 20/1/1627. Inq. Carlow are referred to in "the Calendar of Carew 20/3/1626. "Morgan Kavanagh was seized of the manuscripts" (1601-1603), page 447. No. I is the sept castle, Town, and lands of Loaram. (1) of Gerald Mc Moridaghe Oge Kavanagh, ofSlugh MOANMORE: A castle site recorded on Down Survey Moritaughe, he is upon protection, his sept in Map. rebellion, his house (castle) Rathengerye in O'Dorne MOYLE: Site of castle north west of Moyle house. (!drone). Ref Ordinance Survey Field Letters. • Continued page 31 26 Ballybeg and Slievedurda ByM.Murphy

F at heart you consider yourself a lover of nature and want to get away from I that routine nine to five job, or just want to get away from the hum-drum and pace of city life, to be at one with nature, then the part of the country in which I live will have many attractions for you. Deep in the heart of the country at the foot of the Blackstairs Mountains lie the townslands of Ballybeg and Slievedurda. Here, the people live hand in hand with nature, with the small mixed farms providing a colourful variety of farming practices including the rearing of cattle, sheep, horses and cows with the young calves and lambs being a joy to watch View of Blackstairs Mountain Photo: M. Murphy. in the fields in springtime. Tilling is also practised on a appleblossom and the blooming Southern and Western Railway small scale, with the brown rowan tree are soon shimmering line winds its way under the cut fields making a beautiful all over the countryside like a granite stone bridge and contrast with the lea fields of bridal veil. through the forest at Slievedurda springtime. These brown fields The predominant trees of the with mile stones marking the will have changed to shimmering area are the ash and skeach. distance from Dublin. The trains golden beneath the purple Skeach grow wild and puffed their way along this same heathered mountain of autumn. untouched. "This sacred tree" of route for over 100 years. At When out for a walk in this ancient Ireland is often found sunset in the quiet of the country area you will soon come to growing in the middle of fields. evening, one can imagine that a realise that the local people are The main feature of the ghost train still passes through at one with their natural lowland of this area is the State this place of enchanted beauty surrounds, whether it be at the forest, with its many streams. with phantom passengers from farmhouse gate, sitting on the The pine forest is bordered by far off days. cut stone granite bridge or hazels and interspersed with The dominant landform of the leaning over a timber gate- any groves of old sallies which make area is the towering Blackstairs of the locals will bid you the time for a delightful contrast in which forms the whole eastern of day and always have time for colour. The old closed down boundary as far as the eye can a chat be it hurling, weather, railway line winds its way see with Mount Leinster pisrogues or talk of far off things through the forest and on a walk reigning down like a colossus to and battles long ago; you will along this route one would be the north-east. To the west, Mt. most certainly find it difficult to unlucky not to see either a Brandon rises to complete a refuse the cup of 'tay'. You will rabbit, fox, badger or squirrel in boundary of beautiful mountain feel totally accepted and at home its natural habitat. This area is landscape. and this will give you a sense of also rich in antiquity for the The folklore associated with dignity and importance which is history enhusiast; there are the "Brans" named after absent where the pace of life is many raths and ring forts and Cuchulainn's dogs and Cahir faster. locals would be more than happy Rua's den, can again be had The flora of the countryside is to point them out. One of the ring from the local people. On wet spectacularly colourful and in forts is adorned with "rock art" days, the Blackstairs seem to constant change. The grey of or spiral engravings such as are hang in over the small fields and winter is at first dispelled by the found at the site in Newgrange farmyards of the area. elegant daffodil of March and - many built on hilltop sites. Our area is a place of gives way to the brighter and These strange places with the undisturbed natural beauty wilder yellow of the gorse huge granite stones and without the commercialism of growing in abundance on the top overgrown with bluebell, skeach the renowned beauty spots of of stone and clay ditches while and gorse are really mystical Ireland. So, if you want to be at the mayflower growing in places to be and take you back to one with nature, feel the pulse of clusters shows off its more timid the dawn of Irish civilisation. country life - come visit the beauty along the base and sides Dotting the area are the ruins. areas of Sievedurda and of these same ditches. of small stone cottages - a Ballybeg in the parish of St. This yellow in turn gives way legacy from Famine Ireland. Mullins at the foot of the to the white of May. Hawthorn, What remains of the great Blackstairs Mountain. 27 Some events in Carlow in 1990 By Madeleine Merne

HE year 1990 started off the fore this year, and work has Carlow Lodge is under new on a sad note. We were started on a link road which will management and ownership all shocked and sadden­ by-pass the town proper -it will and has reverted to the original T ed by the tragic death of extend from Askea roundabout name of the old house and our much loved and respected across by Deerpark garage, on grounds there. It is now the Bishop Patrick Lennon. His over between Braganza and Belmount Hotel. Cafes, coffee death seemed so terrible as it Frederick A venue and eventually shops and "chippers" seem to was a violent end for a man across the River Barrow to spring up like mushrooms whose whole outlook on ife was Graiguecullen. New paths are overnight and there is a great about peace and love. He will being laid in Tullow Street at variety to suit all tastes and age long be remembered by people present - and not before time groups. everywhere. May he rest in either! The roads are ripped open The Irish Red Cross Society peace. at many places in town for the marked 50 years of service to the Another great man left us this laying of new gas pipes. All very community with a very nice little year, too. Mr. Sean O'Leary, tiresome for people in general, tree planting ceremony in the Montgomery Street, will be but, I suppose, worth the grounds of the new Sacred Heart remembered by several generat­ inconvenience at the end of the Hospital. The tree was planted ions of people whom he taught in day. by our bishop, Most Rev. Dr. L. Graiguecullen Boys School. He Ryan, and the Sisters of Mercy had a very long teaching career staff in the hospital provided a there and was highly respected Cathedral parish lovely tea for the bishop, Red by both the people of is divided Cross members and friends who Graiguecullen and Carlow. He were present at the planting will also be remembered for his A major change took place in ceremony. involvement in the Old Carlow the parish this year. The The Red Cross Society gives a Society and indeed his interest Cathedral Parish of Carlow was lot of time and energy to helping in all events in Carlow and divided. We now have a new the old folk and invalids. They county. Our sympathy to his parish - Askea Parish. The help out the wheelchair widow and daughters. Cathedral is now under the care· association (who do such During 1990 the town has of Fr. Byrne Adm., Fr. Lawton, wonderful work for people) when taken on a whole new look - CC and Fr. Ahearn, CC. We necesssary and they take the old some of it good and some bad! It welcome the new priests, Fr. folk to their weekly social each is sad to see Murray's shop in Byrne and Fr. Ahearn, to the week during the winter months. Dublin Street closed. It was parish. The Holy Family Church always such a lovely place to at Askea has Fr. T. Dillon as Horror of floods visit, and for many of the older Adm. and Fr. J. Kelly, CC, to Carlovians it will be remembered care of it. Both these priests are remembered for being a pioneer in the sale of well known to us as is Fr. A great number of people will ice cream in the town. What can Lawton. Isn't it nice, though, to· remember the horror of the one say about the Ritz? It is of have "one of our own" - floods in many parts of the town. course wonderful to see bright Carlowman Fr. T. Dillon - at It is a long number of years since new shops where for many years the helm in Askea? we experienced such floods and past stood a neglected and Sadly during the year there our hearts went out to the indeed derelict building. At the has been a lot of vandalism in victims. All the voluntary same time it was sad to see what Carlow cemetery and all over organisations in town were out was Carlow's No. 1 cinema and town in shops and houses. The in force to help - the Fire the lovely ballroom gone forever. vandalism reached a new and Brigade, Civil Defence, Red Cross There have been many new ugly peak in the recent shopping complexes opened all desecration of several graves in Society, Knights of Malta, etc. as over town. The new shops in St. Mary's Cemetery - the well as individuals not Barrack Street are pleasing to cemetery had already stood up to ·belonging to any group who the eye and were built to blend in the ravages of the storms earlier gave of their time to help. It was with the existing houses and this year when many trees came very much appreciated. other surrounding buildings. down and headstones were The Presentation nuns One has to give full marks to the broken. The Crucifix on Calvary vacated their lovely convent in planners of this particular was broken in one of these Tullow Street-due, of course, to shopping area. The houses, flats storms, too. That was what is circumstances beyond their and shops at present under termed "an act of God" but how control. The convent building construction in Gillespies are of can one even start to reason out still stands, but it has been sold. great interest as they retain part why the recent deliberate It will be a sad day for of the original jail wall which is, vandalism to the graves? generations of Carlow people ifit of course, of historical value. A Hotels in town have been is knocked down. It is a lovely new shopping mall is also updated and given a new image. old building. planned for the Thompson site The Royal and Seven Oaks In 1990, St. Leo's Convent of opposite Gillespies. hotels did major extension and Mercy built a magnificent new Road works are very much to refurbishing works. The old • Continued page 29 28 HE year under review has been a very eventful one for the Old Carlow Society. It was a year Secretary's report tingedT with sadness as our secretary, Mr. Sean O'Leary, By Rose Murphy was called to his eternal reward. His passing has left a great void because for a long number of but unfortunately it was marred with journals of other historical years he gave great commitment by inclement weather. societies and often we are asked and dedication to the society Another afternoon outing took for back numbers by those doing both as committee member and place to the mill at Crookstown, historical research. Its editor, secretary. Many fine tributes Ballytore, the High Cross at Mr. Tomas MacGabhann, is to have been paid to him and one of Moone and Bolton Abbey on be complimented on providing the finest would be that the Old August 19. Mr. James Maher, such a fine journal. Our thanks, Carlow Society should flourish owner of the mill, met us and too, are due to The Nationalist & as he would wish. explained how he and his family Leinster Times for the fine During the year, Mrs. Mona had restored it from a quality of the finished product. A Fenlon resigned as treasurer. tumbledown ruin to the fine word of thanks, also, to our The fact that the financial state of restoration it is in today. sponsors who enable us to position of the Society is in such We marvelled at the dedication publish Carloviana at such an a sound state is due in no small and hard work they have given attractive price. measure to her efforts. In the project. It is surely a "labour In conclusion, I wish to thank appreciation of her long of love" and a "dream come the officers and committee association with the Society, the true." We wish him well in his members for their co-operation members unanimously agreed to future undertakings. Before we and help during the year, the make her an honorary life left the mill we enjoyed a lovely many people who distributed member. tea with home-made pastries in circulars and notices, Mrs. Another sad loss during the the "old world" tea room Dooley of Dooley's Fruit Shop year was the death of our adjacent. A visit to the mill and for facilitating us by taking patron, Most Rev. Dr. Patrick its surrounds is a pleasant way names for our outings and last, Lennon, Bishop of Kildare and to spend an afternoon. but not least, The Nationalist for Leighlin. His death saddened all On September 9 we were in giving publicity to our activities. the members but, thankfully, his Clonmore, Hacketstown, for the successor, Most Rev. Dr. John and P. J. McCall Some Carlow Events Laurence Ryan, has agreed to commemoration ceremonies. An become our patron. account of this event has been • Continued from page 28 written about in detail, suffice to gymnasium and games room for say that it was a memorable their college. They have the very Outings occasion and enjoyed by best of equipment there and the On May 28 we had an evening everyone present. ·pupils are very lucky to have outing to Castledermot and such modern facilities for Kilkea. Mr. Eamon Kane, local AGM physical education at their historian, brought us to all the Chairperson Mrs. V. Crombie disposal. historical sites, from the ruins of welcomed the members to the Lady Luck visited Carlow in the abbey to those associated 44th annual general meeting on quite a big way this year. The with Saints Dermot and April 4, 1990. She said it was Dreelin brothers from Borris Laurence O'Toole. We were very encouraging to see so many won £66,000 and a £1,000 impressed with the store of members present and she hoped shopping voucher on the RTE knowledge of our learned guide. that interest in the Society would Winning Streak programme. Our annual outing was on continue. However, she felt that Two weeks later on the same June 17. We visited Lough Gur after five years as chairperson it programme, Loretto Kearney and Kilmallock and the was time to "take a back seat" from Graiguecullen won £50,000. interesting remains of Kilcooley and allow someone else to "hold The biggest win of all was over Abbey, Tipperary. At Lough the reins." Accordingly, Mr. £400,000, won by Mrs. Murphy, Gur, Mr. Michael Quinlan of the Martin Nevin was elected MacGamhna Road, in the Lotto local historical society conducted chairman. Miss Anna Kearney draw. There were other smaller us on a tour of what is regarded was elected treasurer. The new winnings in Carlow over the as one of the most important committee elected appears on year but I think the aforement­ archaeological centres in another page. ioned three were the largest. Ireland. At Lough Gur we visited Let's hope there will be many the Interpretive Centre where we Museum more Carlovians on the saw on video a reconstruction of The museum continues to receiving end of a slice of luck. Stone Age settlers' habitation attract visitors from our own These are but a few of the and lifestyle. On leaving the locality and surrounding areas happenings of 1990 that stand area, we were all in agreement and also tourists passing out in my mind. I would ask you that Lough Gur is well worth a through Carlow. Quite a few to bear with me if I have left out return visit. compliments have been paid to things I should have mentioned An afternoon outing took the hard-working museum but I was only asked to write this place on July 29 to Johnstown committee under chairman Mr. at the "eleventh hour" and if my Castle and Ferrycarrig Heritage Kevin Kennedy. memory fails me on some items Park in Wexford. It was a very Carloviana: Our annual of note, put it down to old age, enjoyable and informative visit journal can compare favourably please. 29 Officers and Members of the Old Carlow Society 1990-91 Patron Doyle, Thomas, Courtnellan, Borris, Co. Carlow. His Lordshin Most Rev. Dr. Laurence Ryan, Bishop of Kildare Duggan, W. L. and K., College Street, Carlow. & Leighlin. Ellis, William, Burrin Street, Carlow. Life Vice-Presidents Mr. Liam Bergin, The Nationalist & Leinster Times, Tullow Fenlon, Mrs. Mona, "Riverville," Montgomery Street, Carlow. Street, Carlow. Fennell, Mrs. Eileen, Chapelstown, Carlow. Mr. Alec Burns, Bethany House, Carlow. FitzGerald, George, Hanover, Carlow. FitzMaurice, Mrs. B., Laurel Lodge, Carlow. Chairperson Flynn, Miss B., Burrin Street, Carlow. Mr. Martin Nevin. Flood, Mrs. Mary, Knock, Ballymurphy, Carlow. Vice-Chairperson Governey, Francis, Pollerton, Carlow. Mr. Kevin Kennedy. Greco!, John, 17210 Dartmouth Avenue, N.W. Cleveland, Ohio, 4411 USA. Secretary Miss Rose Murphy. Hade, Miss P., Killeshin Road, Carlow. Harding, Rev. B., St. John's, Kilkenny. Treasurer Haughney, Eamon, Pollerton Road, Carlow. Miss Anna Kearney. Healy, Pat, Pollerton Castle, Carlow. Healy, R., College Street, Carlow. Editor Herriot, Miss Kathleen, Bagenalstown, Co. Carlow. Tomas MacGabhann. Hickey, Miss Helen, Bolton Hill, Moone, Co. Kildare. Hughes, Mrs. Edward, Ballinabranna, Milford, Co. Carlow. COMMITTEE Mr. P. Maddock, Mrs. J. O'Neill, Miss I. MacLeod, Messrs. S. Jones, Dr. Patrick, Staplestown Road, Carlow. Murphy, M. Murphy, T. Doyle, E. McDonald, T. Clarke, Mrs. K. Jordan, Andrew, R.N.T., Myshall, Co. Carlow. Nolan, T. Smyth, M. Denieffe, Mrs. V. Crombie, Dr. Pat Jones. Jordan, Mrs. M., St. Mary's Park, Carlow. Jordan, Mrs., 9 Roncalli Place, Carlow. Delegates to the Historical Advisory Committee of Joyce, John and Mrs., Whitehall House, Graignamanagh, Co. Carlow County Council Kilkenny. Seamus Murphy, Thomas Clarke. Kavanagh, Myles, 10 Royal Oak, Bagenalstown. Museum Committee Kavanagh, Peter, Main Street, Borris, Co. Carlow. Messrs. J. Moran, S. Murphy, P. Maddock, K. Kennedy, M. Keane, Mrs. Ethel, John Street, Carlow. Denieffe. Kearney, Misses A. and M., 104 Green Road, Carlow. Kearney, Simon, Kilnock, Ballon, Co. Carlow. Kehoe, Mrs., 54 Oakley Park, Tullow Road, Carlow. MEMBERS Kehoe, James and Mrs., Rathvinden, Leighlinbridge, Co. Alcock, Noel, 46 Staunton Avenue, Graiguecullen, Carlow. Carlow. Kehoe, Thomas, Dublin Street, Carlow. Bagenal, J. S., Leaside, Hertingfordbury, Hertford, Herts., Kelly, Mrs. N., 20 Riverside, Carlow. England. Kennedy, Edward, Kyleballyhue, Carlow. Bayliss, Mrs. P., S6A Cl3, R.R. 5 Vernon, British Columbia, Kennedy, Kevin, 6 Oakley Park, Graiguecullen, Carlow. Canada VIT648. Keogh, John, 56 Dublin Road, Tullow, Co. Carlow. Boyce, M. J., Braganza, Carlow. Keyes, Miss B., 178 Duggan Avenue, Graiguecullen, Carlow. Brady, Mrs. B., Beann Ard, Borris, Co. Carlow. Brennan, Mrs. M., St. Laserian's, Graiguecullen, Carlow. Lennon, Mrs. M., Tullow Street, Carlow. Brennan, Michael and Mrs., 2 Burrin Road, Carlow. Lillis, Mrs. Ena, Lumclone House, Fenagh, Co. Carlow. Brennan, Mrs., Kilcoltrim, Borris, Co. Carlow. Little, Mrs. P., Montgomery Street, Carlow. Brooks, Mr. and Mrs. W., "Highfield," Dublin Road, Carlow. Buckley, Mrs. Anne 2165 Dant Boulevard, Reno, Nevada 895 McDonald, Mrs. A., Little Barrack Street, Carlow. 09 USA. McDonald, Edward, Clonmore, Hacketstown, Co. Carlow. Burns, Alec, Bethany House, Carlow. McDonald, Joseph, "Robin Hill," Oak Park, Carlow. Burns, C. and J., "Malasha," Killeshin Road, Carlow. McDonnell, Mrs. Carmel, "Barnagree," Tullow Road, Carlow. Butler, Thomas and Mrs., 141 Leytonstone, Stratford, London McDonnell, Rev. Thomas, St. Patrick's College, Carlow. E151LH. McEvoy, Rev., St. Patrick's College, Carlow. Byrne, Mrs. A., Barrack Street, Carlow. McKenna, Fay and Mrs., Granby Row, Carlow. Byrne, Rev. J., St. Patrick's College, Carlow. MacLeod, Miss Iona, Braganza, Carlow. Byrne, Larry, Bahanna, St. Mullins, Co. Carlow. Maddock, Patrick and Mrs., 173 Fr. Maher Road, Graiguecullen, Carbery, Dan and Family, Green Road, Carlow. Carlow. Clarke, Thomas, St. Clare's Road, Graiguecullen, Carlow. Maguire, Mrs. E., Dublin Road, Carlow. Coen, Mrs. S., Kilkenny Road, Carlow. Mealy, Fonsie, The Square, Castlecomer, Co. Kilkenny. Connolly, Mrs. T., Ballyfoyle, Maganey, Co. Kildare. Minchin, Mrs. Margaret, Coolnacuppogue, Carries, Conroy, Mrs., St. Mary's Park, Carlow. Bagenalstown, Co. Carlow. Coogan, John and Mrs., Castlemore, Tullow, Co. Carlow. Moore, Mrs. P., Montgomery Street, Carlow. Corcoran, Mrs. B., 132 JKL Avenue, Carlow. Moran, James, Burrin Street, Carlow. Coughlan, Mrs. D., Montgomery Street, Carlow. Murphy, Miss Mary, Knockmulderry, Ballymurphy, Co. Crombie, Mrs. V., Pembroke, Carlow. Carlow. Cummins, Mrs. J., Dublin Road, Carlow. Murphy, Moses, "Slievedurda," Borris, Co. Carlow. Cunnane, Very Rev. Canon James, Our Lady of the Taper Murphy, Miss Nora, 10 Woodlawns, Borris, Co. Carlow. Church, Cardigan, Wales. Murphy, Miss Rose, Kennedy Street, Carlow. Murphy, Seamus and Mrs., Pollerton Little, Carlow. Dalton, Mrs. Eileen, Carries, Bagenalstown, Co. Carlow. Murphy, Simon, Ballybeg, Borris, Co. Carlow. Daly, Mrs. Ann, Shelton Grove, Terenure, Dublin 6. Murray, Mrs. Madge, 25 Dublin Street, Carlow. Darcy, Pat, Rathbawn, Tullow, Co. Carlow. Denieffe, Michael, 40 Oakley Park, Carlow. Nevin, Martin, Leighlinbridge, Co. Carlow. Dobbs, Thomas, Aclare, Myshall, Co. Carlow. Nolan, Brendan and Mrs., Burrin Street, Carlow. Dolan, Hugh, 35 Oakley Park, Tullow Road, Carlow. Nolan, Miss Chrissie, Burrin Street, Carlow. Dooley, Mrs. Mary, 14 St. Killian's Crescent, Carlow. Nolan, Mrs. K., 32 Kernanstown, Bennekerry, Carlow. Doran, Alan and Angela, Leighlinbridge, Co. Carlow. Nolan, Martin, Ballyfoyle, Dunmore, Co. Kilkenny. Doran, Peter, Rathanna, Borris, Co. Carlow. Doyle, P. M., Newtown, Borris, Co. Carlow. O'Broin, An tAthair, Breandan, S.P., Tulach, Co. Ceatharloch. Doyle, Mrs. C., Sycamore Road, Rathnapish, Carlow. O'Connell, Miss Maureen, Lacken House, Borris, Co. Carlow. Doyle, Miss Nellie, Granby Row, Carlow. O'Connell, Michael, Lacken House, Borris, Co. Carlow. Doyle, Peadar and Ita, Manure, Graiguecullen, Carlow. O'Connor, Agnes, Killeshin Road, Carlow. 30 Carlow Castles - Continued

RATH OE: "Upon ye lands ofRatow stands a castle out of TINNAGARNEY (Tinnagarney): "Upon Vingarney is a repair." Ref Down Survey. castle." Ref Down Survey. RATHVILL Y: Indenture between Thomas, Earl of TINNEHINCH: Upon Tynehincy stands a castle in good Carrick, Ormond and Ossory, where the Earl grants to repair. Ref Down Survey. James and Margaret O'Byrne "The house, castle, TULLOW: A sketch of Tullow castle appears in Thomas manor and Sittie" of Rathville 6/8/1572. Dineley's Journal (1680)].R.S.A.I., vol. 7, 1862/1863, Ref Ormond Deeds, vol. 5, No. 232. page 48. RED BOG: A castle site shown here on the Down Survey Map. WHITECASTLE, CARLOW: May be "the guard house on ye bridge". See Carloviana 1989, page 29. ST. MULLINS: Cushlanmoyle castle mentioned in "An old strong castle with four towers on the east of Ordinance Survey Field Letters, in 1536. Robert the Barrow, and a tower on the other side of the river." Cowley recommended that a "pile" or fortified tower Ref Pat and Close Rolls ofElizabeth, vol. 2, page 514 ( 1599). be erected at "Tymolyn" and that the town there be walled and colonized." WILLIAMSTOWN: Upon Williamstown stands a castle. Ref State papers, vol. 2, part 3, page 157. Ref Down Survey. Indenture dated 20/10/1576 between Sir Thomas Butler, STRABOE: In Jan. 1600 the County Carlow is stated to Earl of Ormond, and Gilpatrick Moyle Mc Feylyne be in revolt; "only the Castle of Carlow, Laughlin, etc., Oge, of Williamstown, where the Earl grants and Shroughe Boe (Straboe) do stand, Being kept by Williamstown with the castles, Meases etc. to the said wards for Her Majesty." Gilpatrick. Ref Ormond Deed, vol. 5, No. 289. Ref Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, 1599-1600, page 438. WELLS: 'The town of Wells is well inhabited, there is a TEMPLEPETER: "On Templepeter stands a castle." garrison kept in the church or castle.' Ref Down Survey. Ref Down Survey. Members - Continued O'Connor, Mrs. E., Borris, Co. Carlow. Ratusky, Mrs. M., Montgomery Street, Carlow. O'Dea, P. and Mrs., Killeshin Road, Carlow. Reddy, M., Rathanna, Borris, Co. Carlow. O'Hara, Mrs. Ann, Frederick Avenue, Carlow. Redmond, Mrs. C., "Silverdale," Crossneen, Carlow. O'Hare, P. J. and Mrs., Leighlinbridge, Co. Carlow. Redmond, Thomas J. and Family, Oak Park, Carlow. O'Leary, Angela, "Aras na Greine," Montgomery Street, Rice, Mrs. M., Main Street, Borris, Co. Carlow. Carlow. Rossiter, Mrs., 6 Roncalli Avenue, Carlow. O'Leary, Maria, "Aras na Greine," Montgomery Street, Russell, Mrs. Mary, 17 The Elms, Carlow. Carlow. O'Leary, Paula, "Aras na Greine," Montgomery Street, Shaughnessy, Miss Breda, Railway Terrace, Borris, Co. Carlow. Carlow. Sheehan, Miss Eileen, 119 Upperfield Road, Welwyn Garden O'Leary, Eileen, "Aras na Greine," Montgomery Street, City, Herts., England. Carlow. Sheehan, Richard, Dunleckney, Bagenasltown, Co. Carlow. Oliver, James and Mrs., "Carraig Rua," Kilkenny Road, Carlow. Slater, Val, 39 Sycamore Road, Rathnapish, Carlow. Oliver, Richard J., 1024 Fox River Drive, De Pere, Wis. 54115. Smyth, Miss Mary, Sleatty, Carlow. O'Meara, David, Little Sark, Ansford, Castle Cary, Somerset, Smyth, Thomas, Sleatty, Carlow. BA7 7PD, England. Swayne, Very Rev. Sean, PP, Graignamanagh, Co. Kilkenny. O'Neill, John and Mrs., "Broomvilla," Ardattin, Co. Carlow. O'Neill, Miss Mary, 167 Colclough Avenue, Graiguecullen, Tyrrell, Miss Patricia, Main Street, Borris, Co. Carlow. Carlow. O'Neill, Maurice, Kilmurray, Ballon, Co. Carlow. Walsh, Patrick, The Green Drake, Borris, Co. Carlow. O'Neill, Patrick, 47 Ashgrove, Tullow Road, Carlow. Walsh, Mrs. Bridie, Glass House, Borris, Co. Carlow. O'Shea, Rev. P., CC, Clonegal, Co. Carlow. Whelan, Sean and Mrs., Montgomery Street, Carlow. Wright, Mr. W., Castledermot Road, Tullow, Co. Carlow. Purcell, Michael, Kennedy Street, Carlow. Wynne, Dr. John, Vancouver, Canada.

SPONSORS KENNEDY'S LOUNGE BAR Eat and Drink in our comfortable lounges and bar. RYAN'S FOODMARKET Home Baking. Very special take-away rates for your Christmas drinks. STAPLESTOWN ROAD, CARLOW Room available for parties and meetings. Open 7 days. Coal and Briquettes available 54, TULLOW ST., CARLOW. Phone (0503) 31518

IRISH NATIONWIDE BUILDING SOCIETY SAM MOORE & SONS LTD. 73 BURRIN ST., CARLOW. PHONE 0503/43377 /43574 TULLOW ROAD, CARLOW. (0503) 31391 BRANCH MANAGER - JOSEPH D. McDONALD M.I.A.V.I. Honda, Peugeot Main Dealers

MICHAEL BEHAN MAC SIUILS Masseur I.H.C.A. Dip., Sports Therapist ITEC Dip. The Sportsmen's Bar CARLOW GYM, COLLEGE ST., CARLOW. Tel. 0503/ 42611. Noel & Bernie Walker Rossmore Home No. 0503/46213. KENNEDY ST., CARLOW PLEASE SUPPORT OUR SPONSORS

31 SPONSORS MACS McKENNA & SOTHERN LTD., M.I.A.V.I. Menswear, Dress Hire Auctioneers, Valuers, Insurance Brokers 6, TULLOW ST., CARLOW. Phone 31555 37, DUBLIN ST., CARLOW. Tel. (0503) 31218. Fax (0503) 43765 All the best in Menswear District Office: Irish Nationwide Building Society PRESCRIPTION SPECIALISTS FLY ON TO SEAN FOLEY O'CONNOR'S GREEN DRAKE INN, BORRIS CORLESS'S, 44 DUBLIN ST., CARLOW. Phone 31734 Lounge and Restaurant - Lunches and Evening Meals FOR ALL YOUR MEDICAL AND OPTICAL REQUIREMENTS Weddings and Parties catered for

CARLOW ROWING CLUB IRISH PERMANENT BUILDING SOCIETY FOUNDED 1859 22/23 TULLOW STREET, CARLOW Youth of Carlow/Graiguecullen Phone(0503)43025/43690 always welcome Seamus Walker - Manager Carlow

EDUCATIONAL BUILDING SOCIETY FIRST NATIONAL BUILDING SOCIETY 3, BURRIN ARCADE, CARLOW CASTLE STREET CORNER, CARLOW Phone(0503)42203/42579 Phone(0503)42925 Michael Garvan - Branch Manager Con O'Neill - Branch Manager

JOHN BRENNAN & CO. LTD. MULLARKEY INSURANCES BACON CURERS, CARLOW COURT PLACE, CARLOW Phone(0503)31710 Tel. No. (0503) 42295/42920 Ask tor Brennan's Pork Sausages General Insurance - Life & Pensions - Investment Bonds JONES BUSINESS SYSTEMS GIFTS GALORE FROM MITSUBISHI FAX MACHINES, AMSTRAD AND GILLESPI ES APRICOT COMPUTERS. SALES AND SERVICE KENNEDY AVENUE, CARLOW BURRIN STREET, CARLOW. 0503/32595 Phone(0503)31647/42451

CARLOW PRINTING CO. LTD. DEVOY'S GARAGE LTD. STRAWHALL INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, CARLOW TULLOW ROAD, CARLOW FOR ALL YOUR PRINTING REQUIREMENTS. PHONE 0503/31512 Opel Dealers, Oil Distributors Directors: Aileen and Barry Duggan Tel. (0503) 31303

THOMAS M. BYRNE & SON KNOCKBEG COLLEGE, CARLOW Auctioneers, Valuers & Estate Agents BOARDING AND DAY SCHOOL FOR BOYS 18, DUBLIN STREET, CARLOW Phone (0503) 31853/31030/31008. Fax 41608 Phone(0503)42127

~ A.A.A•ev ._..A• .ABII/!! ~~~ _._..._...... -, CARLOW SERVICE STATION GREEN LANE. Phone (0503) 42861. Proprietors: F. & B. Mulvey COURT PLACE, CARLOW Open Hours: Mon.-Sat., 7 a.m.-midnight. Sun., 8 a.m.-midnight. Tel.(0503)31665. Fax(0503)42118 Cigarettes, Sweets, Cones, Minerals, Groceries

FLIGHT HAWK SECURITY O'CONNORS NEWAGENTS THE LOCK SHOP LTD. Tel. (0503) 42448 PAPERS, MAGAZINES, CARDS, TOYS MILLVIEW HOUSE, LEIGHLIN ROAD, GRAIGUECULLEN, CARLOW THE RITZ, TULOW STREET, CARLOW

TRUSTEE SAVINGS BANK SHEEHY MOTORS 55, TULLOW ST., CARLOW GREEN LANE, CARLOW Phone(0503)32253 Dealers for Volkswagen and Audi Cars John Lidierth - Branch Manager Phone(0503)31047/31288

JAMES DEMPSEY HARDWARE LTD. CLELAND'$ SUPERMARKET 87, TULLOW ST., CARLOW. ABBEYLEIX, CARLOW, MOUNTMELLICK, MOUNTRATH, Phone(0503)41644/41048 PORTARLINGTON, RATHDOWNEY For all your Building Supplies and General Hardware

REDD Y'S F. ROBINSON & SONS Bar, Lounge and Restaurant- 67, TULLOW ST., CARLOW. Buyers and sellers of high-class new and secondhand Furniture Phone 42224. Lunches from 12.30. and Floor Coverings - Fitted Carpets a speciality Licensed Restaurant from 5.30. Parties catered for BURRIN STREET, CARLOW. Tel. (0503) 31652

ALCOCKS LAMBERT$ Traditional Pub and Lounge Newspapers, Weekly Magazines, Periodicals, GRAIGUECULLEN BRIDGE. Fancy Goods and Stationery Worth The Visit. Est. 1827 DUBLIN STREET, CARLOW. Tel. (0503) 31921

QUINNSWORTH SUPERMARKET BYRNE'S ELECTRICAL KENNEDY AVENUE, CARLOW T. V. Sales and Rental, Video and Hi-Fi Phone: (0503) 43216 70 BURRIN STREET, CARLOW. Phone (0503) 31770 HACKETSTOWN. Phone (0508) 71124 CARLOW CURTAIN CENTRE CROTTYS Specialists in Covering Eiderdowns, Upholstery, Loose Covers, BAKERIES, CARLOW Pelmets, Curtains, Bedspreads High Class Bakers of Fancy Breads and Catherine Tunstead, 10 Montgomery St., Carlow. Tel (0503) 43483 Confectionery 32 ------

CARLOW'S LEADING DEPARTMENT STORE HERRIOT BOOKS ' ' HIGH ST., BAGENALSTOWN ·ti§~-r _, TULLOW ST., CARLOW BOOKS, STATIONERY AND GREETING CARDS

R. HEALY & SON ALLIED IRISH BANK FUNERAL DIRECTORS TULLOW STREET, CARLOW POLLERTON CASTLE & COLLEGE ST. Serving Carlow since late 1880s 31286 Phone 31868 Manager: ML. BEGLEY. Asst. Manager: BARRY HICKEY SUPERVALU TULLOW ROAD Free Car Parking GAELSCOIL EOGHAIN Ui THUAIRISC WEDNESDAY SPECIALS EVERY WEDNESDAY BOTHAR POLLERTON. Guthan 31634. Opening Hours: Mon. Tues. Sat. 9-6. Wed. Thurs. Fri. 9-9. Oideachas Lan-Ghaelach do phaisti bunscoile.

FOLEY$ Lounge JON'S Bar MEDICAL HALL LTD. LENNON'S REAL ESTATE HOUSE 66 TULLOW ST., CARLOW 121, TULLOW ST., CARLOW. Tel. 31575

DOOLEY$ NORMAND. SIXSMITH HIGH-CLASS FRUIT, SWEETS, CIGARETTES AND BOOKS AGRICULTURAL & GENERAL ENGINEER 62, TULLOW STREET, CARLOW DUBLIN ROAD, CARLOW. Phone 31593

BANK OF IRELAND POTATO MARKET LEIX PHARMACY Invest in your future - Save with Bank of Ireland today GOVERNEY SQUARE, CARLOW. Phone 31341 Manager: Frank Holden OGLESBY AND BUTLER LTD. O'BRIEN TRAVEL LTD. INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, DUBLIN ROAD, CARLOW. DUBLIN STREET, CARLOW Telephone: 0503-31613. Telex: 33006 MANUFACTURERS OF PORTASOL SOLDERING IRONS & EQUIPMENT SPECIALISTS IN PONE 0503/43333 AIR AND SEA TRAVEL SECURE YOUR HOME JACK McDONALD Call and see our full range of Security Locks and NEW & USED TRACTORS Fittings at our Showroom CROSSNEEN, CARLOW. Phone 31455 FLIGHT HAWK SECURITY LTD. MILLVIEW HOUSE, GRAIGUECULLEN. DAN MORRISSEY LTD. ORGAN LESSONS for all ages at the BENNEKERRY 31464, GRANGEFORD 46629, YAMAHA MUSIC SCHOOL CLONMELSH 46142 Barrack St., Carlow Readymix Concrete * Concrete Products * Ground Limestone * Rockford Tiles HENNESSY'S MUSIC CENTRE. Phone 42402. SEAN & MICHAEL BYRNE DARCY$ Publican & Grocer FURNITURE AND CARPETS GLYNN, ST. MULLINS 33-35 TULLOW ST., CARLOW "Don't Pass, Call" BOB'S YOUR UNCLE CLUB, CARLOW £500 IN PRIZES - 50p per week THE NATIONALIST & LEINSTER TIMES See your promoter or call to The Repository, College St. Printers and Publishers Further details contact Joe Matthews. Phone 0503/43181 TULLOW STREET, CARLOW Proceeds in aid of Parish Funds. Bankers Orders available. THE IRISHMAN'S BANK OF IRELAND (Prop.: J. J. Hargaden) COURT PLACE, CARLOW. Phone No. 31171 COURT PLACE Wines and Spirits Invest in your future - Save with Bank of Ireland today HIGH-CLASS LOUNGES AND BARS Manager: EAMONN DELANEY JAMES JONES LTD. PEADAR DOYLE 30 TULLOW STREET LONDIS SUPERMARKET, Top value in Irish made footwear always available GRAIGUECULLEN. Phone 31179 at keenest prices Open to 6.30 p.m. every day

BOSCO'$ RATHCROGUE HOUSE, CARLOW 132 TULLOW ST., CARLOW. (Phorie 31093) THE ACACIA ROOMS RESTAURANT Quality Meat, Fish and Poultry OPEN SEVEN NIGHTS 5 - MIDNIGHT. ALSO NITE BITE MENU 4 p.m to 11 p.m. We are the specialists. Don't settle for less! SUNDAY LUNCH 12.30 • 3 p.m.

O'DWYER'S PHARMACY M. J. REIDY LTD., GARAGE DUBLIN ROAD, CARLOW TULLOW ST.. CARLOW. Phone 31467 TOYOTA & B.M.W. DEALER

Clothing of Traditional Quality and BERNARD JENNINGS, F.A.0.1. Fashionable Look OPHTHALMIC OPTICIAN HANLEY'S 3 DUBLIN STREET, CARLOW. HOUSE for MEN Phone 0503/ 43808 CARLOW Jl! COUNTY CARLOW MUSEUM Town Hall, Carlow Open Daily (MONDAY EXCEPTED) 2.30 to 5.30 P .M.

VIEW THE WIDE RANGE OF EXHIBITS