Modern Art in Africa, Asia, and Latin America

An Introduction to Global Modernisms

Edited by

Elaine O'Brien Everlyn Nicodemus Melissa Chiu Benjamin Genocchio Mary K. Coffey Roberto Tejada

©WILEY-BLACKWELL A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Contents

List of Figures viii Acknowledgments xi

General Introduction: The Location of Modern Art 1 Elaine O'Brien

Part I African Modern Art 15

Introduction: African Modern Art: An Ongoing Project 17 Everlyn Nicodemus 1 Modern African Art 26 Chika Okeke 2 From Country to City: The Development of an Urban Art 39 Steven Sack 3 Nomfanekiso Who Paints at Night: The Art of Gladys Mgudlandlu 45 Elza Miles 4 Negritude, Pan-Africanism, and Postcolonial African Identity: African Portrait Photography 49 Okvmi Enxvezor and Octavio Zaya 5 A Critical Presence: Drum Magazine in Context 58 Okwui Enwezor 6 Art of the African Diaspora 63 Michael D. Harris 7 Chorale: Man, Society, and Technology: An Experiment in Rural Egypt 73 Hassan Fathy 8 Oral Tradition and the Aesthetics of Black African Cinema 79 Nwachukwu Frank Ukadike 9 On National Culture 87 Frantz Fanon vi Contents

10 Discourse on Colonialism 89 Aime Cesaire 11 Natural Synthesis 91 Uche Okeke 12 A Historic Confrontation between Jean Rouch and Ousmane Sembene in 1965: "You Look at Us as if We Were Insects" 94 Jean Rouch and Ousmane Sembene

Part II Asian Modern Art: India, Japan, 99

Introduction: Asian Modern Art: A Case of Alternative, Parallel, and Intersecting Modernisms 101 Melissa Chiu and Benjamin Genocchio 13 Multiculturalism / Multimodernism 106 Jim Supangkat 14 Negotiating Modernities: Encounters with in Asian Art 120 Ahmad Mashadi

Section 1 India 129

15 When Was in Indian Art? 129 Geeta Kapur 16 The Formalist Prelude 138 Partha Mitter 17 E. B. Havell and Rabindranath Tagore: Nationalism, Modernity and Art 150 Osman Jamal 18 Art and Tradition 160 Rabindranath Tagore

Section 2 Japan 165

19 Western Style in Japan: Mimesis, Individualism, and Japanese Nationhood 165 Gennifer Weisenfeld 20 Artistic Subjectivity in the Taisho and Early Showa Avant-Garde 181 John Clark 21 The Age of Modernism: From Visualization to Socialization 193 Joe Takeba 22 The Architectural Profession in Japan, 1850-1930 209 Jonathan M. Reynolds 23 Dangen xva Dadaisuto 228 Takahashi Shinkichi

Section 3 China 231

24 Sketch Conceptualism as Modernist Contingency 231 Eugene Y. Wang Contents

25 Post-Impressionists in Pre-War : The Juelanshe (Storm Society) and the Fate of Modernism in Republican China 254 Ralph Croizier 26 Films and Shanghai 272 Zheng Dongtian 27 The Storm Society Manifesto (October 1932) 279 Ni Yide, Pang Xunqin, et al.

Part III Latin American Modern Art 281

Introduction: Modernism in Latin America: Strategic Vanguards 283 Mary K. Coffey and Roberto Tejada 28 Our America and the West 292 Roberto Fernandez Retamar 29 Strategies of Modernity in Latin America 302 Andrea Giunta 30 Revolution as Ritual: Diego Rivera's National Palace Mural 315 Leonard Folgarait 31 Africa in the Art of Latin America 330 Gerardo Mosquera 32 Vital Structures: The Constructive Nexus in South America 339 Mari Carmen Ramirez 33 Landscape: Errant Modernist Aesthetics in Brazil 353 Esther Gabara 34 The Spirit of Brasilia: Modernity as Experiment and Risk 362 James Holston 35 Carmen Miranda, Grande Otelo, and the Chanchada, 1929-1949 375 Robert Stam 36 To Roosevelt 387 Ruben Dario 37 Essays on Latin American Art 391 Joaquin Torres-Garcia 38 The Cosmic Race 402 Jose Vasconcelos 39 Cannibalist Manifesto 413 Oswald de Andrade 40 Brasilia 424 Clarice Lispector

Credits and Sources 429 Index 434