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Mediaeval Manichaean Book Art Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies Mediaeval Manichaean Book Art Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies Editors Stephen Emmel & Johannes van Oort Editorial Board H.W. Attridge, R. Cameron, W.-P. Funk, I. Gardner, C.W. Hedrick, H. Jackson, S.N.C. Lieu, P. Nagel, D.M. Parrott, B.A. Pearson, S.G. Richter, J.M. Robinson, K. Rudolph, W. Sundermann, G. Wurst VOLUME 57 Mediaeval Manichaean Book Art A Codicological Study of Iranian and Turkic Illuminated Book Fragments from 8th–11th Century East Central Asia by Zsuzsanna Gulácsi BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2005 Despite our efforts we have not been able to trace all rights holders to some copyrighted material. The publisher welcomes communications from copyrights holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gulácsi, Zsuzsanna. Mediaeval Manichaean book art : a codicological study of Iranian and Turkic illuminated book fragments from 8th-11th century east Cenral Asia / by Zsuzanna Gulácsi. p. cm. — (Nag Hammadi and Manichaean studies, ISSN 0929-2470 ; v. 57) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 90-04-13994-X (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Illumination of books and manuscripts, Manichaean—Asia, Central. 2. Illumination of books and manuscripts, Medieval—Asia, Central. I. Title. II. Series. ND2932.G85 2005 745.6’7’0958—dc22 2005047119 ISSN 0929-2470 ISBN 90 04 13994 X © Copyright 2005 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands contents v Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Marianne Yaldiz vi contents contents vii CONTENTS List of Tables. ix List of Figures . xi List of Color Plates . xiii Acknowledgments . xv Introduction: A Codicological Approach to a Unique Group of Objects . 1 History of the Manichaean Religion . 1 History of Research . 4 The Codicological Approach . 8 Practical Steps of Research . 10 Terminology . 12 I. Identifying the Corpus of Manichaean Book Art . 15 Criteria of Identification . 19 Conclusion . 34 II. Dating the Remains: Scientific, Textual, and Artistic Evidence . 39 Wide Horizon (ca. 270 Years) . 40 Medium Horizon (126 Years) . 45 Narrow Horizons (19 and 17, and ca. 40 Years) . 52 Conclusion . 57 Color plates III. Codicological Characteristics: Artisanship of Bookmakers and Scribes in Manichaean Turfan 59 The Making of Illuminated Codices . 60 The Making of Illuminated Hand Scrolls and Pustakas . 88 The Work of the Scribes . 93 Conclusion . 103 IV. The Work of the Illuminator: The Four Basic Painting Styles of Turfan Manichaean Book Illumination . 105 The West Asian Fully Painted Style . 106 The West Asian Outline Drawing Style . 116 The Chinese Fully Painted and Outline Drawing Styles . 123 Conclusions . 131 V. Patterns of Page Arrangement: Integration of Text and Image . 133 Reconstructible Codex Fragments with Decorative Designs . 138 Reconstructible Codex Fragments with Figural Scenes . 141 viii contents Interpretation of Non-reconstructible Illuminated Codex Fragments . 162 Layouts of Illuminated Codex Fragments . 169 Layouts of Illuminated Hand Scroll and Pustaka Fragments . 177 Conclusion . 191 VI. The Written and the Painted Message: Contextual Cohesion of Text and Image . 195 Survey of Identifiable Texts. 196 Survey of Identifiable Figural Scenes. 203 Identifiable Texts and Their Illuminations . 206 Conclusion . 218 Postscript . 221 Bibliography. 223 Index . 235 list of tables ix LIST OF TABLES 1/1 Illuminated Book Fragments Attributed to the Manichaean Corpus from the two Berlin Collections between 1913 and 2001 (84 illuminated book fragments) 1/2 Provenance of Berlin Artifacts Attributed to the Corpus of Manichaean Illuminated Book Fragments (79 examples) 1/3 Provenance of non-Berlin Artifacts Attributed to the Corpus of Manichaean Illuminated Book Frag- ments (9 examples) 1/4 The Reference Group: Manichaean Illuminated Book Fragments Identified by Script and Textual Content (63 examples) 1/5 Book Fragments Identified through Elects in Figural Scenes (4 examples) 1/6 Book Fragments Identified through Decorative Designs (10 examples) 1/7 Book Fragments Identified by Motifs Common in Reference Group (9 examples) 1/8 Berlin Fragments Identified through Documentary Evidence (3 examples) 1/9 Regrouping of Fragments Attributed to the Manichaean Corpus (20 examples) 1/10 Manichaean Illuminated Book Fragments in the Museum of Indian Art, Berlin (57 examples) 1/11 Manichaean Illuminated Book Fragments in the State Library, Berlin (23 examples) 1/12 Manichaean Illuminated Book Fragments in Four Other Collections (9 examples) 2/1 Compared Epithets 3/1 Comparison of Manichaean Quire Numbers and Thicknesses 3/2 Sample Distribution of Binding Holes on non-Illuminated Codices (5 examples) 3/3 Distribution of Binding Holes on Illuminated Codex Fragments (6 examples) 3/4 Summary of Size Data on Manichaean Codices 3/5 Examples of Extra Small non-Illuminated Codices (5 examples) 3/6 Examples of Extra Large non-Illuminated Codices (2 examples) 3/7 Remnants of Small-size Illuminated Codices (8 examples) 3/8 Remnants of Medium-size Illuminated Codices (11 examples) 3/9 Remnants of Large-size Illuminated Codices (4 examples) 3/10 Summary of Size Data on Manichaean Pictorial and Illuminated Scrolls 4/1 West Asian Fully Painted Illuminations in Codex Format (66 examples) 4/2 Examples of the West Asian Outline-drawing Style (32 examples) 4/3 Examples of the Chinese Fully Painted Styles (12 examples) 4/4 Examples of the Chinese Outline Drawing Styles (3 examples) 5/1 Page Elements of two Reconstructable Codex Fragments with Decorative Designs (8 examples) 5/2 Page Elements of 11 Reconstructable Codex Fragments with Figural Scenes (20 examples) 5/3 Decorative Design within Text Area (2 examples) 5/4 Decorative Design along the Upper Margin (33 examples) 5/5 Decorative Design along the Upper and Outer Margins (21 examples) 5/6 Decorative Design along Upper, Outer, and Lower Margins (4 examples) x list of tables 5/7 Decorative Designs at Unidentifiable Marginal Location (18 examples) 5/8 Figural Scenes along the Outer Margins (12 examples) 5/9 Figural Scenes along the Bottom Margin (4 examples) 5/10 Intratextual Figural Scenes Preserved from Manichaean Books (17 examples) 5/11 Full-page Figural Scenes Preserved from Manichaean Books (8 examples) 5/12 Full-page or Intratextual Figural Scenes Preserved from Manichaean Books (18 examples) 5/13 Fragments of Illuminated Hand Scrolls (6 examples) 5/14 Fragments of the Illuminated Pustaka Book (38 examples) 6/1 Overview of Literary Genres and Types of Illumination in Identifiable Texts (39 examples) 6/2 Hymns Preserved from Manichaean Illuminated Books (21 examples) 6/3 Religious Prose Preserved from Manichaean Illuminated Books (8 examples) 6/4 Benedictions Preserved from Manichaean Illuminated Books (6 examples) 6/5 Colophons Preserved from Manichaean Illuminated Books (2 examples) 6/6 Overview of Pictorial Subjects in Identifiable Figural Scenes of Manichaean Illuminated Book Frag- ments (25 examples) 6/7 Degrees of Contextual Cohesion between Identifiable Texts and Identifiable Illuminations (34 exam- ples) list of figures xi LIST OF FIGURES 0/1 Map of the Silk Roads and the Historical Sites of the Turfan Region 0/2 Terminology of Manichaean Book Design 1/1 Scope of Primary Sources Narrowed for this Study 1/2 Books in Turfan Manichaean Paintings 1/3 Fragment of Parchment Folio with Intratextual Figural Scene 1/4 Fragment of Codex Folio with Illuminated Header 2/1 Radiocarbon Analysis of MIK III 8259 2/2 Carbon-dated Codex Fragment 2/3 Three Book paintings by the Same Carbon-dated Illuminator 2/4 Correlating Details of the Three Book paintings 2/5 Book Paintings in a Style Similar to that of the Carbon-dated Painter 2/6 The Elect named Ram-Frazend Identified in Two Book Paintings 2/7 Correlating Details of Paintings by the Carbon-dated Illuminator and MIK III 4979 2/8 Timeline of Dated Manichaean Illuminated Manuscripts 3/1 Reconstructed Quire of a Turfan Manichaean Codex 3/2 Remnants of a Bema Hymnbook 3/3 Bindings Holes of Manichaean Codices 3/4 Strengthened Binding Holes 3/5 Horizontally Spliced Bifolia 3/6 Vertically Spliced Bifolia 3/7 Remnants of a Paper-reinforced Silk Codex Folio 3/8 Measurements of Page Elements on a Codex Folio Fragment 3/9 Documented Size Range of Turfan Manichaean Codices 3/10 Documented Proportion Range of Turfan Manichaean Codices 3/11 Sizes and Proportions of Turfan Manichaean Codices 3/12 Codex Cover with Flap Closure 3/13 Leather Wrappers 3/14 Techniques of Leather Decoration Documented on Manichaean Codex Cover Fragments 3/15 Documented Sizes of Turfan Manichaean Illuminated Scrolls 3/16 Ruling Documented on Turfan Manichaean Book Fragments 3/17 Examples of Calligraphy and Scribal decoration 3/18 Examples of Scribal Decoration 4/1 West Asian Fully Painted Style of Uygur Manichaean Art: Samples of Reoccurring Motifs (I) 4/2
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