The Flora of Ikaria (Greece, E. Aegean Islands)

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Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature

Zeitschrift/Journal: Phyton, Annales Rei Botanicae, Horn

Jahr/Year: 1996

Band/Volume: 36_1

Autor(en)/Author(s): Christodoulakis Dimitrios

Artikel/Article: The Flora of Ikaria (Greece, E. Aegean Islands). 63-91 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at

Phyton (Horn, Austria) Vol. 36 Fasc. 1 63-91 12. 8. 1996

The Flora of Ikaria (Greece, E. Aegean Islands)

Dimitrios CHRISTODOULAKIS *)

With 2 figures

Received September 25, 1995

Key words: Chorology; flora of E. Aegean area, Greece; floristics.

Summary CHRISTODOULAKIS D. 1996. The Flora of Ikaria (Greece, E. Aegean Islands). - Phyton (Horn, Austria) 36 (1): 63-91, with 2 figures. - English with German summary. The geology, climate, flora and phytogeography of the island of Ikaria are discussed. Its wild vascular flora consists of 829 taxa, 233 of which are first-time records for the island. 13 Greek and 29 Aegean endemic taxa are present on the island of Ikaria, 15 of which are currently known to occur only on Ikaria. Among the Greek endemic taxa, Onosma kaheirei, Crépis hellenica and Sedum delicum are new records for the E. Aegean region. A concise species list with indication of life-form, chorological data and notes on species habitats is provided. In the life-form spectrum therophytes are dominant (49%) as a result of the summer extensive dry period. 17 chorological groups are distinguished, with the Mediterranean element being the dominant one. The high proportion of the Mediterranean element, in conjunction with the high percentage of therophytes, are indicative of the strong Mediterranean character of the island's flora. The largest proportion of plants (63%) are autochthonous and are thought to be remnants of a former Aegean continental flora. A considerable proportion (27%) are anthropophytes, while those plants whose presence is a result of natural, long-distance dispersal are limited (10%). On the basis of this data, Ikaria exhibits a typically Aegean floristic character. The cliffs at the middle part of the island and the summit of Mt. Atheras, with it's largely undisturbed, endemic rich flora should be declared as a nature reserve.

Zusammenfassung CHRISTODOULAKIS D. 1996. Die Flora von Ikaria (Griechenland, O-Àgàische Inseln). - Phyton (Horn, Austria) 36 (1): 63-91, mit 2 Abbildungen. - Englisch mit deutscher Zusammenfassung.

*) Ass. Prof. Dr. D. CHRISTODOULAKIS, Botanical Institute, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at

Géologie, Klima, Flora und Pflanzengeographie der Insel Ikaria werden erôrtert. Die Inselflora umfasst 829 taxa an GefâBpflanzen, von denen 233 erstmals auf der Insel gefunden wurden. 13 griechische und 29 àgâische Endemiten kommen auf Ikaria vor, 15 von ihnen sogar ausschliesslich auf dieser Insel. Unter den griechischen Endemiten sind Onosma kaheirei, Crépis hellenica und Sedum delicum Erstfunde fur die ost-âgâische Region. Eine ausfùhrliche Pflanzenliste beinhaltet Lebensform sowie chorologische und Standorts-Angaben. Im Lebensformenspek- trum dominieren wegen der ausgedehnten, sommerlichen Trockenheit die Thero- phyten mit 49%. 17 chorologische Einheiten werden unterschieden, wobei die mediterrane Gruppe ùberwiegt. Der hohe Anteil dieses mediterranen Elements in Verbindung mit dem hohen Prozentsatz an Therophyten unterstreicht den ausge- sprochen mediterranen Charakter der Inselflora. Den Grossteil der Arten bilden Autochthone mit 63%, die wahrscheinlich die Relikte einer ehemaligen âgàischen Kontinentalflora sind. Einen betrâchtlichen Anteil von 27% besitzen noch die anthropogenen Pflanzen, wàhrend jene Arten, deren Anwesenheit das Ergebnis natùrlicher Ausbreitung uber groBe Entfernungen ist, sich auf 10% beschrânken. Auf der Grundlage dieser Daten lâBt sich Ikarias Flora als typisch àgàisch bezeichnen. Die Felspartien im mittleren Teil der Insel und der Gipfelbereich des Mt. Atheras mit ihrer weitgehend ungestôrten, endemitenreichen Flora sollten unter Naturschutz gestellt werden.

1. Introduction

The flora and phytogeography of the Aegean area have long been the subject of scientific research. Commendable botanical studies have been carried out for many of the islands, but for others our knowledge of their flora and vegetation is still incomplete. The island of Ikaria belongs to the latter category: from a floristic point of view it remains practically unexplored, despite its phytogeographical position having often been the subject of scientific discussion and contention. Various phytogeographical conclusions expressed hitherto have not been based on the analysis of its flora as a whole. This study aims primarily to contribute towards a more complete account of the flora of Ikaria, as well as towards the larger-scale survey of "Flora Hellenica", a collaborative project by the Botanical Institutes of Patras and Copenhagen and the Botanical Museums of Berlin and Lund. It will also form the basis for a phytogeographical analysis of the flora of Ikaria which will appear as the second part of this study. The most important refex-ences relevant to the flora of Ikaria are: FORSYTH-MAJOR & BARBEY 1897, "Flora Aegaea" (RECHINGER 1943) and Flora of Turkey (DAVIS 1965-1988); also the "Contribution to the Orchid Flora" by HIRTH & SPAETH 1990 and BAUMANN 1990 which include 24 and 14 taxa, respectively. References to the vegetation and phytogeography of Ikaria have been made by RECHINGER 1936, 1951 and RUNE- MARK 1971a, b. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 65

IKARIA Island

Fig. 1. Map of the island of Ikaria.

1.1. Features of the Island of Ikaria

Ikaria is the westernmost Greek island of the Central Eastern Aegean Sea, situated between the islands of Mikonos and Samos. It lies c. 19 km away from the latter island at co-ordinates 37° 3O'-37°41'N, 25° 58'-26°22'E. It has an area of 255 km2 and is rectangular in shape. Its longest axis is 40 km and stretches from an ENE to a WSW direction, while at its widest point, the island measures 9 km. The entire island is occupied by the Atheras mountain range (1037 m), with a steep southern side, but a smoother northern one (Fig. 1). From a geological point of view, the island of Ikaria belongs to the Cycladic arc geotectonic zone (MOUNTRAKIS 1985). The western half of the island is formed entirely out of Tertiary granite and granodiorite, while most of the eastern part is gneiss. The central part, up to the eastern extremity, is Upper Palaeozoic green schist and phyllite and these are the two oldest rock types on the island. In places, there are outcrops of marble, sedimentary rock and alluvial silt (I.G.M.E. 1983). According to WALTER 1970, and based on the ombrothermic diagram (Fig. 2), the climate of Ikaria belongs to class IV2, i.e. a predominantly typical mediterranean climate with occasional rainfall in the winter and an almost 5.5-month long dry period (from late April to early October). Strong northerly winds prevail on the island. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at

IKARIA (2Om) 19.3° 869.3 [23-29]

- 20

FMAMJ JASOND

Fig. 2. Ombrothermic diagram of Ikaria.

2. Materials and Methods This study is based mainly on collections and field observations carried out by the author at intervals between April 1980 and June 1993. The collections of RUNEMARK & SNOGERUP (20-25/4/1958, 15-18/6/1958, 12-16/7/1958), RUNEMARK & NORDENSTAM (20-21/6/1960) and TZANOUDAKIS (23-27/4/1975) were also studied. Plant specimens collected by the author and TZANOUDAKIS have been deposited at the Botanical Museum of the University of Patras (UPA), while those of RUNEMARK are in the Botanical Museum of Lund (LD). The nomenclature followed here is after DAVIS 1965-1985, and where appro- priate GREUTER &al. 1984-1989. Author names are given in the plant list only for the taxa not included in the above mentioned two publications. The life-form categories follow the system by RAUNKIAER 1934. For the chorological types, the classification by PIGNATTI 1982, in combination with that of DAVIS 1965, have been used. Taxon classification into autochthonous, anthropophyte and telechorous plants, was based on their ecological behaviour. The reports of GREUTER 1971, 1975, 1976,1979 were also taken into consideration. The plant list also includes bibliographical references. Families, genera and species have been placed in alphabetical order.

3. Results The vascular flora of the island of Ikaria consists of 829 taxa from 92 families and 401 genera (Table 1). In addition, 15 cultivated or naturalized taxa and one hybrid have been included, but are not numbered and have not been taken into account in the floristic analysis (Tables 1-3). ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at

Table 1 Numbers of vascular plant taxa in the Ikarian flora.

Systematic unit Families Genera Species Subspecies Sp.&Subsp. Pteridophyta 5 14 19 4 23 2.8 Gymnospermae 3 3 3 1 4 0.5 Dicotylédones 71 296 506 115 621 74.9 Monocotyledones 13 88 143 38 181 21.8 Total 92 401 671 158 829 100

Table 2 Biological spectrum of the Ikarian flora.

Life-forms number of taxa Therophytes Th 406 49 Th. caespitose Thcaesp 7 Th. reptant Thrept 15 Th. scapose Thscap 376 Th. rosulate Thros 1 Th. parasite Thpar 7 Hydrophytes Hyd 6 1 Hyd. radicant Hydrad 5 Hyd. natant Hydnat 1 Geophytes G 108 13 G. bulbous Gbulb 71 G. rhizomatosus Grhiz 35 G. parasite Gpar 2 Hemicryptophytes H 195 23 H. caespitose Hcaesp 39 H. reptant Hrept 3 H. scapose Hscap 103 H. rosulate Hros 30 H. biennial Hbienn 18 H. scandent Hscand 2 Chamaephytes Ch 58 7 Ch. suffruticose Chsuffr 40 Ch. succulent Chsucc 1 Ch. reptant Chrept 4 Ch. fruticose Chfrut 13 Nano-phanerophytes Nph 17 2 Phanerophytes Ph 39 5 Ph. shrubby Phcaesp 28 Ph. arborescent Phscap 7 Ph. lianas Phlian 4 Total 829 100 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at

Table 3 Chorological spectrum of the Ikarian flora.

Chorological group Number of taxa Endemic taxa Ikarian endemics (Endem.) li 1.8 Aegean endemics (Aegean) 14 1.6 Greek endemics (Greek) 13 1.5 Mediterranean taxa Eurymediterranean (Eu. Med.) 163 19.7 Stenomediterranean (St. Med.) 182 22.0 E. Mediterranean (E. Med.) 205 24.7 Irano-Anatolian (Ir.-Anat.) 4 0.5 SE. European-Caucasian (SE. Europ.-Caucas.) 8 0.2 E. Africa (E. Afr.) 1 0.1 Widely distributed taxa Mediterranean-Atlantic (Med.-Atl.) 11 3.7 Mediterranean-Turanian (Med.-Turan.) 32 3.9 Eurosiberian (Eurosiber.) 5 0.6 Eurasiatic (Euras.) 18 1.9 Paleotemperate (Paleotemp.) 47 5.7 Circumboreal (Circumbor.) 8 1.0 Pan-, Paleo-, Paleosub-tropical (Pantrop., Paleotrop., Paleosubtrop.) 11 1.5 Sub- and Cosmopolitan (Subcosmop., Cosmop.) 79 9.6 Total 829 100

Approximately one third of the taxa found on Ikaria belong to three families: Leguminosae, Compositae and Gramineae. The families of Caryophyllaceae, Cruciferae, Labiatae and Umbelliferae are also well represented, the last one by 32 taxa. In the biological spectrum found in the Ikarian flora (Table 2), therophytes form the highest proportion (49%). The proportion of hemicryptophytes (23%) seems remarkably high, while other forms occur in much smaller percentages. Based on the data shown in the plant list, the current distribution of taxa in the studied area can be divided into 17 main groups (Table 3). The Mediterranean group (Eurymediterranean, Stenomediterranean and East- mediterranean) is predominant and comprises 550 taxa (66.4%). The highest number of taxa in the Mediterranean group is included in the East Mediterranean element (205, 24.7%). 230 taxa (27.7%) in the studied area can be regarded as widely distributed. Out of these, the Sub- and Cosmopolitan groups comprise 79 taxa, while the Palaeotemperate and ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 69

Eurasiatic elements are represented by 47 and 16 taxa, respectively. The Atlantic group consists of 31 species (3.7%) and the Mediterranean- Turanian element of 32 taxa (3.9%). The other chorological groups are represented in lower proportions. The endemic flora comprises 42 taxa (5%): 15 taxa are exclusively endemic to Ikaria, 14 taxa are strictly endemic to the Aegean islands, and 13 taxa are endemic to Greece as a whole. 6% (38 taxa) of all dicotyledonous and c. 2% (4 taxa) of all monocotyledonous taxa are endemic. The proportion of perennials in the endemic flora is high, 80.5% (34 taxa), with annuals contributing only 19.5% (8 taxa).

3.1. Plant list Abbreviations and symbols used: Chorology = see Table 3 Life - forms = see Table 2 obs. = observation only, no herbarium specimens ! - herbarium specimens examined by the author * = new record for Ikaria

Pteridophyta Athyrium filix-femina: Hros, Subcos- Equisetaceae mop.; LD! -Rocks, valleys. Equisetum ramosissimum: Grhiz, Cir- * Cheilanthes guanchica: Hros, St. Med.; cumbor.; LD! -Stream, rivulets. (RUNEMARK, unpublished). * E. telmateia: Grhiz, Circumbor.; UPA! C. pteridioides; Hros, Med.-Turan.; -Pools. UPA! -Rock and cliff crevices. Isoetaceae C. vellea: Hros, Med.-Turan.; (RUNE- Isoetes histrix: Gbulb, Med.-Atl. (St.); MARK, unpublished). LD! -Rills. Cystopteris fragilis (C. filix-fragilis): Ophioglossaceae Hcaesp, Cosmop.; (RECHINGER 1943:81) -Caves, rocks. Ophioglossum vulgatum: Grhiz, Cir- Dryopteris pallida subsp. pallida: cumbor.; LD! -Streams. Grhiz, Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Rock Polypodiaceae and cliff crevices, valleys. Adiantum capillus-veneris: Grhiz, Polypodium cambricum (P. australe ): Pantrop.; LD!, UPA! -Wet shaded Hros, Eu. Med.; (STRID, pers. comm.) rocks by streams and springs. LD -Cliffs. Anogramma leptophylla: Thcaesp, * P. interjectum: Hros, Paleotrop.; UPA! Cosmop.; LD!, UPA! -Streams, -Rocks by streams stone walls, rocks. Pteridium aquilinum: Grhiz, Cosmop.; * Asplenium adiantum-nigrum: Hros, obs. -Cleared woodland, shores. Paleotemp.; (STRID, pers. comm.) Pteris dentata subsp. dentata: Hros, E. LD -Cliffs in rivulet ravines. Afr; LD! -Streams, cliffs, valleys. A. ceterach subsp. ceterach: Hros, P. vittata: Hros, Pantrop.; LD! Paleotemp.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, stone Selaginellaceae walls. Selaginella denticulata: Chrept, St. A. obovatum: Hros, St. Med.; LD!, Med.; LD!, UPA! -Shady rocks. UPA! -Rock crevices. Gymnospermae A. onopteris: Hros, Med.-Atl.; LD!, Cupressaceae UPA! -Rock crevices. Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macro- A. trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens: carpa: Phcaesp, Eu. Med.; obs. Hros,Cosmop.; LD! -Cliffs, caves. -Coastal habitats. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 70

J. phoenicea: Phcaesp, Eu. Med.; obs. Borago officinalis: Thscap, Eu. Med.; -Phrygana, scrub. LD! -Stream banks. Ephedraceae * Echium italicum: Hscap, Eu. Med.; Ephedra campylopoda: NPh, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Fields. obs. -Cliffs, rocky ground. E. parviflorum: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! Pinaceae -Roadsides, fields, cliffs. Pinus brutia: Phscap, E. Med.; obs. E. plantagineum: Thscap, Eu. Med.; -Dominant forest tree. LD!, UPA! -Fields, sandy sea- Dicotylédones shores. Acanthaceae * Heliotropium hirsutissimum: Thscap, * Acanthus spinosus: Hscap, E. Med.; E. Med.; LD! -Fields. obs. -Roadsites, fields. * H. suaveolens: Thscap, E. Med.; UPA! Aizoaceae -Fallow fields. * Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum: * Lithospermum arvense: Thscap, Eu. Thscap, Eu. Med.; obs. -Sea shores. Med.; UPA! -Roadsides. Amaranthaceae Myosotis incrassata: Thscap, E. Med.; * Amaranthus hypochondriacus: Natu- LD!, UPA! -Rocky slopes. ralized; LD! -Along rills. M. ramosissima subsp. ramosissima: Anacardiaceae Thscap, Euras.; LD!, UPA! -Stream Pistacia lentiscus: Phcaesp, St. Med.; banks. obs. -Macchie, phrygana. Onosma graeca: Thscap, E. Med.; * P. terebinthus: Phcaesp, Eu. Med.; obs. UPA! -Rocky slopes. -Cliffs, macchie. * O. kaheirei TEPPNER ("O. auchera- Apocynaceae num"): Chsuffr, Greek; LD!, UPA! Nerium oleander subsp. oleander: -Cliffs. Phcaesp, St. Med.; obs. -Stream Symphytum circinale: Hscap, E. Med.; banks. LD!, UPA! -Stream banks, cliffs. Vinca major subsp. major: Natural- S. icaricum: Hscap, Endem.; LD!, ized; (DAVIS 1978:163). UPA! -Shady siliceous rocks, cliffs. Araliaceae Cactaceae * Hedera helix subsp. helix: Phlian, * Opuntia ficus-barbarica: Naturalized; Med.-Atl. (Eu.); obs. -Stream banks, obs. -Stony soils near villages. forest. Callitrichaceae Aristolochiaceae Callitriche stagnalis: Hydrad, Euras.; Aristolochia hirta: Gbulb, E. Med.; LD! -Streams. LD! -Meadows, below cliffs. Campanulaceae Asclepiadaceae * Asyneuma virgatum subsp. cichorii- * Cionura erecta: Chsuffr, E. Med.; LD! forme: Hbienn, E. Med.; UPA! -Siliceous rocks, along rills. -Open rocky slopes. Vincetoxicum canescens subsp. canes- Campanula calaminthifolia: Hscap, cens: Hscap, Ir.- Anat.; (DAVIS Aegean; (DAVIS 1978: 34) -Cliffs. 1978:169) -Rocky slopes. C. delicatula: Thscap, E. Med.; LD! V. canescens subsp. pedunculatum: -Garigue. Hscap, E. Med.; LD! -Cliffs, gravel. C. erinus: Thscap, St. Med.; (RECHIN- Betulaceae GER 1943:601). Alnus glutinosa subsp. glutinosa: C. incurva: Hscap, Greek; LD!, UPA! Phscap, Paleotemp.; LD!, UPA! -Limestone cliffs. - Stream banks. C. lyrata subsp. lyrata: Hscap, E. Boraginaceae Med.; LD! -Siliceous rocks. * Alkanna tinctoria: Hscap, St. Med.; C. lyrata subsp. icarica: Hscap, Ae- LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, scree. gean; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, phrygana. Anchusa hybrida: Hscap, St. Med.; Legousia pentagonia: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, roadsides. UPA! -Fields, dry open places. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 71

Capparaceae Paronychia echinulata: Thscap, St. * Capparis orientalis: NPh, Euras.; obs. Med.; LD! -Rocks, stream banks. -Waste places, cliffs. * P. macrosepala: Hcaesp, E. Med.; UPA! Caprifoliaceae -Sandy sea-shores. Lonicera etrusca: Phlian, Eu. Med.; Petrorhagia velutina: Thscap, Eu. obs. -Cliffs, hedges, damp places. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, stream Caryophyllaceae banks. Agrostemma githago: Thscap, Paleo- Polycarpon tetraphyllum subsp. di- temp.; LD! -Fields. phyllum: Thscap, St. Med.; LD!, * Arenaria deflexa subsp. deflexa: UPA! -Phrygana, cliffs, rocks, Chsuffr, E. Med.; UPA! -Rocks, fields. screes. Sagina apetala: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD! A. graveolens: Thscap, E. Med.; LD! S. maritima: Thscap, Med.-Atl. (St.); -Cliffs. LD! -Sandy sea-shores. A. leptoclados: Thscap, Paleotemp.; * S. procumbens: Hcaesp, Subcosmop.; UPA! -Rocks. LD! -Along rills, siliceous rocks. * A. muralis: Thscap, E. Med.; LD! * Scleranthus perennis subsp. dichoto- -Cliffs. mies: Hcaesp, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! A. runemarkii PHITOS: Thscap, En- -Siliceous rocks, gravel. dem.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs. S. perennis subsp. marginatus: * Cerastium brachypetalum subsp. roe- Hcaesp, Eu. Med.; (DAVIS 1967:263). seri: Thscap, Eu. Med.; (STRID, pers. Silène aegaea OXELMAN: Thscap, Ae- comm.) G -Shady schistaceous gean; ATH, GB, LD, UPA! -Road- rocks. sides, gravel. C. commatum: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, S. behen: Thscap, St. Med.; LD!, UPA! UPA! -Phrygana, cliffs. -Fields, stream banks, below cliffs. C. glomeratum: Thscap, Subcosmop.; S. colorata: Thscap, St.Med.; LD!, LD!, UPA! -Fields, phrygana. UPA! -Roadsides, litoral rocks, C. semidecandrum: Thscap, Cosmop. ; fields, phrygana. (DAVIS 1967:83). S. cretica: Thscap, St. Med.; LD!, * Corrigiola litoralis: Thscap, Med.-Atl.; UPA! -Fields, allong rills. LD! -Moist stream banks. S. cythnia: Hros, Aegean; (STRID, Dianthus elegans: Chsuffr, E. Med.; pers.comm.) LD -Rocks. LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, rocks. S. fabaria: Hscap, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! * Herniaria hirsuta: Thscap, Paleotemp.; -Cliffs, rocks, LD!, UPA! -Sandy sea-shores, S. gallica: Thscap, Subcosmop.; LD!, stream banks, rocky places. UPA! -Fields, roadsides, sandy sea- H. micrantha: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, shores, stream banks. UPA! -Rocky slopes. S. gigantea subsp. gigantea: Hros, E. Minuartia attica subsp. idaea (HAL.) Med.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs. KAMARI & CONSTANTINIDIS: Chsuffr, S. italica subsp. italica: Hros, Eu. Aegean; LD! -Siliceous rocks, Med.; UPA! -Open places in Pinus gravel. forest, phrygana. * M. hybrida subsp. hybrida: Thscap, * S. papillosa: Thscap, E. Med.; LD! Paleotemp.; UPA! -Fields, rocky -Under olive trees. places. S. pentelica: Thscap, Greek; LD!, * M. mediterranea: Thscap, Eu. Med.; UPA! -Rocks, stony roadsides. LD! -Roadsides, cliffs. S. sedoides subsp. sedoides: Thscap, Moenchia graeca: Thscap, E. Med.; St. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Rocky coasts, LD!, UPA! -Rocky slopes. sandy shores. * M. mantica: Thscap, Eu. Med.; (STRID, S. vulgaris subsp. angustifolia: Hscap, pers. comm.) ATH -Stony and rocky St. Med.; (STRID, pers.comm.) LD ground. -Gravel. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 72

S. vulgaris subsp. macrocarpa: Hscap, Andryala integrifolia: Thscap, St. St. Med.; UPA! -Fields. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, cliffs, S. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris: Hscap, old fields. Euras.; (STRID, pers. comm.) LD Anthémis auriculata: Thscap, E. Med.; -Fields. LD! -Garigue, dry rills. * Spergula arvensis: Thscap, Subcos- A. chia: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! - mop.; LD! -Siliceous rocks, garigue. Roadsides, rocky slopes, fields. * Spergularia bocconei: Thscap, Subcos- A. cretica subsp. cretica (A. cretica mop.; LD!, UPA! -Sandy sea-shores. subsp. leucanthemoides): Hscap, E. S. salina: Thscap, Subcosmop.; (RE- Med.; LD!, UPA! -Rocks, gravel. CHINGER 1943: 132). A. rigida: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! Stellaria cupaniana: Thrept, St. Med.; -Phrygana, sea-shores. LD! -Siliceous rocks. * Artemisia arborescens: Subsponta- * S. media: Thrept, Cosmop.; LD! neous; UPA! -Old fields. S. pallida: Thscap, Paleotemp.; LD!, Atrachylis cancellata: Thscap, St. UPA! -Stony places, dry rills. Med.; obs. -Phrygana. A. gummifera: Hros, St. Med.; LD! * Velezia rigida: Thscap, Med.-Turan.; -Sand dunes (RUNEMARK, unpublished). Bellis sylvestris: Hros, St. Med.; LD! Chenopodiaceae -Meadows, garigue. * Atriplex prostrata: Thscap, Paleo- Bellium minutum: Thscap, E. Med.; temp.; UPA! -Sandy sea-shores. LD! -Cliffs, sandy sea-shores, road- * Beta maritima: Hscap, Med.-Atl.; sides. (STRID, pers. comm.) ATH -Sandy Calendula arvensis: Thscap, Eu. Med.; and shingly shores. LD!, UPA! -Roadsides, cliffs, stream * Chenopodium ambrosioides: Natural- banks. ized; UPA! * Carduus nutans s.L: Hbienn, Euras.; C. giganteum: Naturalized; (DAVIS LD!, UPA! -Garigue, cliffs. 1988:90). C. pycnocephalus subsp. pycnocepha- C. murale: Thscap, Subcosmop.; LD!, lus: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! UPA! Ruderal sites, shores. -Rocks, cliffs, stream banks. * C. opulifolium: Thscap, Paleotemp.; Carlina graeca: Hscap, E. Med.; LD! LD! -Along rills. -Rocks, field edges. Salsola kali: Thscap, Paleotemp.; LD!, C. lanata: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! UPA! -Sandy and shingly shores. -Garigue, sandy shores. Cistaceae Carthamus lanatus: Thscap, Eu. Med.; Cistus creticus subsp. creticus: NPh, LD! -Garigue, sandy shores. St. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, C. leucocaulos: Thscap, Greek; LD! open woodland. -Garigue, cliffs. C. salviifolius: NPh, St. Med.; LD!, Centaurea acicularis (C. exscapa): UPA! -Phrygana, open woodland. Hros, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, Fumana arabica: Chsuffr, Med.- rocks, phyygana. Turan.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana. C. raphanina subsp. raixta: Hros, F thymifolia: Chsuffr, St. Med.; LD! Greek; LD! -Coastal cliffs. -Phrygana. * C. solstitialis subsp. solstitialis: Tuberaria guttata: Thscap, Eu. Med.; Hbienn, Subcosmop.; LD!, UPA! LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, stream -Roadsides, phrygana. banks. C. spinosa (C. spinosa subsp. tomen- Compositae tosa): Chfrut, E. Med.; obs. -Sandy Aetheorhiza bulbosa subsp. microce- sea-shores. phala: Gbulb, E. Med.; UPA! * Chamaemelum mixtum: Thscap, St. -Stream banks. Med.; UPA! -Coastal beaches. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 73

Chondrilla juncea: Hscap, Paleotemp.; Hypochoeris achyrophorus: Thscap, LD!, UPA! -Roadsides, phrygana. St. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana. Chrysanthemum coronarium: Thscap, H. glabra: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, St. Med.; (DAVIS 1975: 254) UPA! -Sandy shores, rocks, phry- C. segetum: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, gana. UPA! -Sea-shores, roadsides, fields. Inula heterolepis: Chsuffr, E. Med.; Cichorium intybus: Hscap, Cosmop.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs. LD! -Sandy shores, cliffs. I. viscosa: Hscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! C. spinosum: Chsuffr, St. Med.; LD! -Wet localities, garigue. -Rocky and sandy sea-shores, gar- Jurinea consanguinea: Hscap, E. Med.; igue. LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, phrygana. Conyza bonariensis: Naturalized; LD! J. mollis: Hscap, E. Med.; UPA! Crépis foetida subsp. commutata: -Phrygana. Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Road- * Lactuca saligna: Thscap, Med.-Turan.; sides, phrygana, cliffs. LD! -Sandy shores. C. fraasii: Hscap, E. Med.; UPA! Leontodon tuberosus: Hros, St. Med.; -Cliffs, stream banks. LD!, UPA! -Stream banks, cliffs, * C. hellenica KAMARL Thscap, Greek; fallow fields. UPA! -Stream banks. Logfia arvensis: Thscap, Eu.Med. C. multiflora: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, (-S.Siber.); LD!, UPA! -Rocky UPA! -Phrygana, cliffs, roadsides, places, roadsides. shores. L. gallica: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, C. sancta: Thscap, Med.-Turan.; LD! UPA! -Garigue, cliffs. -Siliceous rocks. L. minima: Thscap, Eurosiber.; LD! Crupina crupinastrum: Thscap, St. Matricaria chamomilla: Thscap, Sub- Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, stream cosmop.; obs. -Roadsides. banks. Notobasis syriaca: Thscap, St. Med.; Doronicum orientale: Grhiz, SE. Europ.-Caucas.; UPA! LD! Echinops viscosus subsp. viscosus: Onopordum majori: Hbienn, Aegean; Hscap, E. Med.; LD! -Garigue. LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, garigue. Evax contracta: Thrept, E. Med.; LD! Otanthus maritimus: Chsuffr, Med.- -Below cliffs. Atl. (St.); LD!, UPA! -Sandy sea- E. pygmaea: Thrept, St. Med.; LD! shores. Filago cretensis subsp. cretensis: Pallenis spinosa subsp. spinosa: Thscap, Aegean; LD!, UPA! -Phry- Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! gana, rocky slopes. -Cliffs, rocky places. F. eriocephala: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, Phagnalon graecum: Chsuffr, E. Med.; UPA! -Phrygana, roadsides, rocks, LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, garigue. cliffs, old fields. Picnomon acarna: Hscap, St. Med.; Hedypnois cretica: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! -Phrygana, roadsides. LD!, UPA! -Roadsides, cliffs, sandy * Picris altissima: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! shores. -Sandy shores. Helichrysum italicum: Chsuffr, Eu. P. pauciflora: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, Med.; LD!, UPA! -Sandy shores, UPA! -Cliffs. garigue. * Pilosella piloselloides subsp. megalo- H. orientale: Chsuffr, E. Med.; LD!, mastix: Hscap, Eurosiber.; UPA! UPA! -Cliffs. -Rocky places. H. stoechas subsp. barrelieri: Chsuffr, Ptilostemon chamaepeuce: Chfrut, E. E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, Med.; LD! -Cliffs. cliffs, old fields. P. gnaphaloides subsp. pseudofrutico- Hyoseris scabra: Thros, St. Med.; LD! sus: Chfrut, Greek; LD!, UPA! -Below cliffs. -Cliffs. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at

Reichardia picroides: Hscap, St. Med.; * C. siculus subsp. siculus: Thscap, St. LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, cliffs, sandy Med.; LD! -Cliffs, damp meadows. shores. Cuscuta approximata subsp. approx- Rhagadiolus stellatus: Thscap, Eu. imata: Thpar, Paleosubtrop.; LD! Med.; LD!, UPA! -Rocky places. -On Crépis. Scariola viminea: Hbienn, Eu. Med.; C. epithymum subsp. epithymum: LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, garigue. Thpar, Euras.; LD! -Garigue. Scolymus hispanicus: Hbienn, Eu. C. palaestina: Thpar, E. Med.; LD!, Med.; obs. -Roadsides. UPA! -Garigue. Senecio bicolor subsp. bicolor: Chsuffr, C. cf. planiflora: Thpar, Eu. Med.; LD! E. Med.; LD! -Cliffs. -Damp meadows (on Crépis). S. vernalis: Thscap, Euras.; LD!, UPA! Crassulaceae -Along rills, garigue, roadsides. Crassula tillaea: Thscap, Med.-Atl.; S. vulgaris: Thscap, Cosmop.; LD! LD! -Stream banks, garigue. -Along rills, below cliffs, garigue. Rosularia serrata: Hros, E. Med.; LD! * Solidago virgauera: Hscap, Paleo- -Cliffs. temp.; LD! -Ravines. Sedum amplexicaule subsp. tenuifo- Sonchus asper subsp. glaucescens: lium: Chsucc, St. Med.; LD! -Gar- Thscap, Paleotemp.; LD!, UPA! igue, cliffs. -Stream banks, fields, garigue. S. caespitosum (S. rubrum): Thscap, S. oleraceus: Thscap, Subcosmop.; St. Med.; (RECHINGER 1943: 294). LD! UPA! -Ruderal places, field S. cepaea: Thscap, Med.-Atl. (Eu.); margins. LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, rocks, damp * Steptorhamphus tuberosus: Hscap, E. meadows. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs. * S. delicum: Thscap, Greek; UPA! * Taraxacum minimum: Hros, Eu. Med.; S. hispanicum: Thscap, Med. (E.) UPA! -Rocky slopes. -Turan.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, rocks, * T. serotinum: Hros, Euras.; UPA! phrygana. -Rocky slopes. S. litoreum: Thscap, St. Med.; LD!, Tolpis barbota: Thscap, St. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Shores, scree, stone walls. UPA! -Phrygana, macchie. * S. rubens: Thscap, Med.-Atl. (Eu.); T. virgata: Hscap, St. Med.; LD!, UPA! LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, stone walls, -Phrygana, cliffs, sandy shores. bushes. * Tragopogon longirostris: Hbienn, E. * Umbilicus chloranthus: Gbulb, E. Med.; UPA! -Roadsides Med.; UPA! -Stream banks. T. porrifolius: Hbienn, Eu. Med.; LD!, U. horizontalis: Gbulb, St. Med.; UPA! UPA! -Roadsides, phrygana. -Cliffs, rocks. Tyrimnus leucographus: Thscap, St. U. rupestris: Gbulb, Med.-Atl.; UPA! Med.; LD!, UPA! -Roadsides, phry- -Rocks. gana. Cruciferae Urospermum picroides: Thscap, Eu. Aethionema saxatile subsp. creticum: Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, cliffs. Chsuffr, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, * Xanthium strumarium: Naturalized; rocks. UPA! -Sandy shores. Alyssum foliosum: Thscap, E. Med.; Convolvulaceae LD!, UPA! -Cliffs. * Calystegia soldanella: Grhiz, Cosmop.; * A. minutum: Thscap, E. Med.; LD! UPA! -Coastal sands. A. simplex: Thscap, Med.-Turan.; LD! Convolvulus althaeoides: Hscand, St. -Garigue. Med.; (RECHINGER 1943:440). A. umbellatum: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, * C. elegantissimus: Hscand, St. Med.; UPA! -Garigue, meadows, stream UPA! -Rocky ground, phrygana. banks. C. oleifolius: Chfrut, St. Med.; LD!, Arabidopsis thaliana: Thscap, Cos- UPA! -Cliffs. mop.; LD! -Rills, paths, cliffs. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 75

Arabis verna: Thscap, St. Med.; LD!, Rorippa icarica: Hscap, Endem.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, meadows. UPA! -Cliffs. Biscutella didyma: Thscap, Med.- Sinapis alba: Thscap, Paleotemp.; LD! Turan.; LD!, UPA! -Rocky slopes, Sisymbrium officinale: Thscap, Sub- stream banks, phrygana. cosmop.; LD! -Below cliffs, stream- Brassica cretica subsp. aegaea (HELDR. sides. & HAL.) SNOG. & al.: Chsuffr, E. S. orientale: Thscap, Eu. Med.; UPA! Med.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs. S. polyceratium: Thscap, Eu. Med.; Bunias erucago: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD! -Garigue. LD!, UPA! -Stream banks, garigue, Teesdalia coronopifolia: Thscap, Eu. field edges, roadsides. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Garigue, stream- Cakile maritima subsp. maritima: sides. Thscap, Med.-Atl.; LD!, UPA! Thlaspi bulbosum: Chsuffr, Greek; -Sandy and shingly shores. UPA! -Stony slopes. Calepina irregularis: Thscap, Med.- * T. perfoliatum: Thscap, Paleotemp.; Turan.; LD!, UPA! -Streamsides. LD! -Streamsides. Capsella bursa-pastoris: Thscap, Cos- Cucurbitaceae mop.; LD!, UPA! -Roadsides, phry- Ecballium elaterium: Gbulb, Eu. Med.; gana. obs. -Roadsides. Cardamine graeca: Thscap, Eu. Med.; Cynocrambaceae UPA! -Streamsides. Theligonum cynocrambe: Thscap, St. C. hirsuta: Thscap, Cosmop.; UPA! Med.; LD! -Cliffs, olive-groves, -Rocks. along rivulets. Clypeola jonthlaspi: Thscap, St. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs. Dipsacaceae Erophila macrocarpa: Thscap, E. Cephalaria squamiflora subsp. squa- Med.; LD! -Cliffs. miflora: Chfrut, Aegean; LD!, UPA! E. verna: Thscap, Circumbor.; (RUNE- -Cliffs. MARK, unpublished). Knautia integrifolia: Thscap, Eu. Erysimmum senoneri subsp. icaricum: Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, cliffs, Chsuffr, Endem.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs. sandy shores. Hirschfeldia incana: Hscap, Eu. Med.; * Pterocephalus plumosus: Thscap, UPA! -Fields. Med.(E.)-Turan.; UPA! -Phrygana, Iberis runemarkii: Chsuffr, Endem.; cliffs. LD! -Cliffs. Ericaceae Lepidium spinosum: Thscap, E. Med.; Arbutus andrachne: Phcaesp, E. Med.; LD! -Damp meadows. obs. -Macchie, woodland. Malcolmia chia: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, A. unedo: Phcaesp, St. Med.; obs. UPA! -Cliffs. -Macchie, woodland. M. flexuosa subsp. naxensis: Thscap, Erica arborea: Phcaesp, St. Med.; LD!, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Sandy and UPA! -Macchie, garigue, Pinus for- rocky coasts. est. Matthiola incana subsp. incana: Spon- E. manipuliflora: NPh, E. Med.; LD!, taneous; UPA! -Roadsides. UPA! -Phrygana, macchie, Pinus M. sinuata: Hscap, Med.-Atl.; LD!, forest. UPA! -Sandy and rocky coasts. Euphorbiaceae M. tricuspidata: Thscap, St. Med.; Euphorbia acanthothamnos: Chfrut, UPA! -Sandy sea-shores. E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, Nasturtium officinale: Hscap, Cos- cliffs. mop.; LD! E. dendroides: NPh, St. Med.; obs. Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. rapha- -Cliffs. nistrum: Thscap, Circumbor.; LD!, * E. exigua: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD! UPA! -Pastures, fields, roadsides. -Streamsides, sandy shores. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 76

* E. helioscopia: Thscap, Cosmop.; UPA! * E. moschatum: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, -Fallow fields. UPA! -Roadsides. * E. herniariifolia: Hrept, E. Med.; UPA! * Geranium columbinum: Thscap, Pa- -Rocks. leotemp.; LD! -Ravines. * E. hirsuta: Grhiz, Eu. Med.; LD! G. dissectum: Thscap, Subcosmop.; -Damp meadows. (DAVIS 1967: 461). * E. peplis: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, G. lucidum: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Sandy and shingly shores. UPA! -Rocks. E. peplus: Thscap, Cosmop.; LD!, * G. molle subsp. molle: Thscap, Sub- UPA! -Phrygana, old fields, stream- cosmop.; LD!, UPA! -Damp locality, sides, roadsides. cliffs. * Mercurialis annua: Thscap, Paleo- G. molle subsp. brutium: Thscap, E. temp.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, Med.; (DAVIS 1967:460). streamsides, roadsides. G. robertianum subsp. purpureum: Fagaceae Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! * Castanea sativa: Phscap, Paleotemp.; -Cliffs, rocky slopes. obs. G. rotundifolium: Thscap, Paleotemp.; Quercus coccifera: Phcaesp, St. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Pinus forest, stream- obs. -Phrygana, macchie, forest. sides, sandy shores. Q. ilex: Phscap, St. Med.; obs. -Mac- Guttiferae chie, forest. Hypericum cuisinii: Hscap, Aegean; Q. ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis: LD!,UPA! -Cliffs, rocks. Phscap, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! H. perfoliatum: Hscap, St. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Damp places. Q. pubescens: Phcaesp, Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Canyons. * H. perforatum: Hscap, Subcosmop.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, roadsides. Frankeniaceae H. polyphylluvi subsp. subcordatum: * Frankenia hirsuta: Chsuffr, Med.- Hscap, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Rocks, Turan.; LD! -Sandy shores. sandy shores. * F. pulverulenta: Thscap, Med.-Turan.; * H. triquetrifolium: Hscap, Eu. Med.; LD! -Sandy shores. LD! -Fields, sandy shores. Gentianaceae Juglandaceae Blackstonia perfoliata: Thscap, Eu. * Juglans regia: Cultivated; obs. -Ra- Med.; LD!, UPA! -Moist places. vines. Centaurium erythraea: Hbienn, Paleo- Labiatae temp.; LD! -Rivulets. * Ajuga chamaepitys subsp. palaestina: C. maritimum: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! Hscap, E. Med.; LD! C. pulchellum: Thscap, Paleotemp.; A. orientalis: Hscap, E. Med.; LD!, LD! -Rivulets, fields. UPA! -Rocky slopes, roadsides, * C. tenuiflorum subsp. tenuiflorum: phrygana. Thscap, St. Med.; UPA! -Phrygana. Ballota acetabulosa: Chfrut, E. Med.; Geraniaceae LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, phrygana, road- Erodium botrys: Thscap, St. Med.; sides. LD!, UPA! -Roadsides. * B. nigra subsp. cf. uncinata: Hscap, St. E. ciconium: Thscap, Eu. Med.; (RE- Med.; LD! -Streamsides. CHINGER 1943:281). Coridothymus capitatus: Chfrut, St. E. cicutarium: Thscap, Subcosmop.; Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, sandy LD!, UPA! -Garigue, roadsides, for- shores. est. Lamium amplexicaule: Thscap, Paleo- E. gruinum: Thscap, Med. (E.) -Turan.; temp.; LD!, UPA! -Furrows, rocky UPA! -Phrygana. slopes. * E. malacoides: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! L. moschatum: Thscap, E. Med.; LD! -Roadsides, olive groves, meadows. -Roadsides. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at

Lavandula stoechas subsp. stoechas: Teucrium capitatum: Chsuffr, Eu. NPh, St. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phry- Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, rocks. gana, roadsides. * T. divaricatum: Chfrut, E. Med.; LD!, Melissa officinalis subsp. altissima: UPA! -Cliffs. Hscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! Lauraceae -Streamsides. * Laurus nobilis: Phcaesp, St. Med.; obs. Mentha longifolia subsp. typhoïdes: -Ravines. Hscap, Ir.-Anat.; LD! -Streambeds. Leguminosae M. pulegium: Hscap, Subcosmop.; Anagyris foetida: Phcaesp, St. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Damp localities. obs. -Cliffs, phrygana. Origanum onites: Chsuffr, E. Med.; Anthyllis hermanniae: Chfrut, St. LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, rocky slopes. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana. O. vulgare subsp. hirtum: Hscap, E. A. vulneraria subsp. rubriflora: Hscap, Med.; UPA! -Rocks. St. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, Prasium majus: Chfrut, St. Med.; LD!, cliffs. UPA! -Cliffs, streamsides. Astragalus echinatus: Thscap, St. Salvia fruticosa: Phcaesp, E. Med.; Med.; LD! -Garigue. LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, cliffs. A. hamosus: Thscap, Med.-Turan.; S. pomifera subsp. calycina: Phcaesp, LD! -Garigue. E. Med.; LD! -Cliffs. A. pelecinus: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! S. verbenaca: Hscap, Med.-Atl.; LD!, -Streamsides. UPA! -Phrygana, fields. Bituminaria bituminosa: Hscap, Eu. S. viridis: Thscap, St. Med.; (RECHIN- Med.; LD! -Roadsides. GER 1943:521). Calicotome villosa: Phcaesp, St. Med.; Satureja graeca (Micromeria graeca): LD!, UPA! -Phrygana. Chsuffr, St. Med.; (RECHINGER Ceratonia siliqua: Phscap, St. Med.; 1943:526). obs. -Macchie. S. graveolens: Thscap, E. Med.; LD! * Colutea melanocalyx subsp. davisiana: -Streamsides. Phcaesp, E. Med.; UPA! -Rocky S. icarica: Chfrut, Endem.; LD!, UPA! slopes. -Schists. Coronilla scorpioides: Thscap, Eu. S. Juliana: Chsuffr, St. Med.; LD!, Med.; UPA! -Phrygana. UPA! -Cliffs, phrygana. * Dorycnium hirsutum: Chsuffr, Eu. S. myrtifolia: Chsuffr, E. Med.; LD!, Med.; LD! -Cliffs. UPA! -Phrygana, cliffs. * D. rectum: Chsuffr, St. Med.; UPA! S. thymbra: Chfrut, St. Med.; LD!, -Wet localities. UPA! -Phrygana. Genista acanthoclada: NPh, E. Med.; Scutellaria brevibracteata subsp. icar- obs. -Rocky slopes. ica: Hscap, Aegean; LD!, UPA! * G. monspessulana: Phcaesp, St. Med.; -Cliffs, rocks, phrygana. UPA! -Rocky slopes. Sideritis curvidens: Thscap, E. Med.; Hippocrepis biflora: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, cliffs. LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, phrygana. S. lanata: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! H. ciliata: Thscap, St. Med.; LD!, -Rocks, cliffs, phrygana, roadsides. UPA! -Cliffs, phrygana. S. sipylea: Chsuffr, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! H. emerus subsp. emeroides: NPh, E. -Cliffs, rocky slopes. Med.; obs. -Cliffs. Stachys arvensis: Thscap,' Subcos- Hymenocarpos circinnatus: Thscap, mop.; (DAVIS 1982:253). St. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Rocky slopes, St. cretica subsp. smyrnaea: Hscap, E. phrygana, fallow fields. Med.; LD! -Below cliffs, sandy * Lathyrus aphaca: Thscap, Eu. Med.; shores. LD! -Damp meadows. St. spinulosa: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, L. cicera: Thscap, Med.-Turan.; LD! UPA! -Cliffs, gravel, fields. -Roadsides. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at

L. clymenum: Thscap, St. Med.; LD!, M. polymorpha: Thscap, Subcosmop.; UPA! -Fields, roadsides. LD!, UPA! -Olive groves, stream- L. setifolius: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD! sides. -Cliffs, streamsides, olive groves. M. praecox: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! L. sphaericus: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD! -Garigue, streamsides. -Garigue. M. sativa: Naturalized?; LD! -Sandy Lotus angustissimus: Thscap, Eu. shores. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Rocks, open M. truncatula: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! places. M. tuberculata: Thscap, St. Med.; LD!, L. cytisoides: Chsuffr, St. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Field margins. UPA! -Sand dunes, cliffs, phrygana. Melilotus messanensis: Thscap, St. L. divaricatus: Thscap, E. Med.; LD! Med.; (STRiD,pers.comm.). -Damp valleys, streamsides. M. neapolitanus: Thscap, Eu. Med.; L. edulis: Thscap, St. Med.; LD!, UPA! UPA! -Sandy shores, cliffs. -Olive groves, sandy shores, stream- M. officinalis: Hbienn, Subcosmop.; sides. UPA! -Roadsides. L. glaber: Hscap, Paleotemp.; UPA! Onobrychis caput-galli: Thscap, St. -Damp localities. Med.;LD! L. hispidus: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! O. gracilis: Hscap, E. Med.; LD! -Shores. -Garigue. L. ornithopodioides: Thscap, St. Med.; Ononis ornithopodioides: Thscap, St. LD! -Streamsides, old fields. Med.; UPA! -Phrygana. L. peregrinus: Thscap, E. Med.; (RE- O. reclinata: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, CHINGER 1943:371). UPA! -Field margins, stony slopes. L. tetragonolobus: Thscap, St. Med.; O. spinosa subsp. antiquorum: Chsuffr, Eu. Med.; LD! -Sandy shores. LD! -Shores, below cliffs. O. viscosa subsp. breviflora: Thscap, Lupinus albus subsp. graecus: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! -Field margins. E. Med.; UPA! -Roadsides. Ornithopus compressus: Thscap, Eu. L. angustifolius subsp. angustifolius: Med.; LD!, UPA! -Rocks, fallow Thscap, St. Med.; UPA! -Roadsides. fields. L. luteus: Thscap, St. Med.; (DAVIS O. pinnatus: Thscap, Med.-Atl.; LD!, 1988:114). UPA! -Streamsides, garigue. L. pilosus: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! Scorpiurus muricatus: Thscap, Eu. -Phrygana, stony places. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, phrygana. Medicago coronata: Thscap, St. Med.; Securigera cretica: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, fields. LD! -Damp meadows, ravines. M. disciformis: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! S. parviflora: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, -Rocks, fallow fields. UPA! -Olive groves, old fields, M. littoralis: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD! damp meadows . -Sandy shores. S. securidaca: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD! M. marina: Chrept, Eu. Med.; LD! -Old fields, ravines, cliffs. -Sandy shores. Spartium junceum: Phcaesp, Eu. M. monspeliaca: Thscap, Eu. Med.; Med.; LD!, UPA! -Macchie, damp LD! -Roadsides. meadows. M. murex: Thscap, St. Med.; UPA! Trifolium affine: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, -Sandy shores. UPA! -Phrygana, roadsides, rocky M. orbicularis: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, slopes. UPA! -Fields. T. angustifolium: Thscap, Eu. Med.; M. phrygia (Trigonella aurantiaca): LD! -Field margins. Thscap, Ir.-Anat.; (RECHINGER T. arvense: Thscap, Paleotemp.; LD!, 1943:345) -Shores. UPA! -Roadsides, phrygana. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 79

T. campestre: Thscap, Paleotemp.; Tripodion tetraphyllum: Thscap, St. LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, streamsides, Med.; LD! -Olive groves, stream- meadows, roadsides, cliffs. sides. * T. clusii: Thrept, Eu. Med.; LD! Vicia articulata: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! -Garigue, field margins, roadsides. -Shores, meadows. T. clypeatum: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, V. cretica: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! UPA! -Roadsides, phrygana, mea- -Streamsides, meadows, rocky dows. places. T. filiforme: Thscap, Paleotemp.; LD! V. cuspidata: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, -Streamsides. UPA! -Pinus forest, streamsides. T. globosum: Thrept, E. Med.; LD!, V. hybrida: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Roadsides, stone walls. UPA! -Phrygana, damp meadows, T. glomeratum: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, streamsides. UPA! -Garigue, streamsides, mea- V. lathyroides: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD! dows. -Garigue. T. grandiflorum: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, * V. pannonica: Thscap, Eu. Med.; UPA! UPA! -Streamsides, cliffs, meadows. -Roadsides. T. hirtum: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, V. villosa subsp. microphylla: Thscap, UPA! -Roadsides, streamsides, mea- E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, olive dows. groves. T. infamia-ponertii: Thscap, Eu. Med.; V. villosa subsp. eriocarpa: Thscap, E. LD! -Fields, streamsides. Med.; LD! -Garigue, cliffs, olive * T. lappaceum: Thscap, Eu. Med.; UPA! groves, roadsides. -Roadsides. Linaceae T. nigrescens subsp. petrisavii: Thscap, Linum bienne: Hscap, Med.-Atl (Eu.); E. Med.; LD, UPA! -Scrub. LD!, UPA! -Fields, phrygana. T. physodes: Hscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, L. gyaricum subsp. icaricum CHRISTO- UPA! -Rocks, gravel. DOUL.: Chsuffr, Endem.; LD!, UPA! T. pilulare: Thrept, E. Med.; LD! -Cliffs. -Roadsides. * L. strictum subsp. spicatum: Thscap, * T. purpureum: Thscap, Eu. Med.; UPA! St. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, -Roadsides. fields. * T. resupinatum: Thrept, Paleotemp.; * L. trigynum: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, LD! -Streamsides. UPA! -Phrygana. T. scabrum: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, * Radiola linoides: Thscap, Paleotemp.; UPA! -Phrygana, fields, roadsides, LD! -Streamsides. streamsides. Lythraceae T. spumosum: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! * Lythrum hyssopifolia: Thscap, Sub- -Streamsides, field margins, mea- cosmop.; LD!, UPA! -Damp local- dows. ities. T. stellatum: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, Malvaceae UPA! Phrygana, streamsides, olive Alcea lavateriflora: Hscap, E. Med.; graves. LD!, UPA! -Roadsides, cliffs. T. subterraneum: Thrept, Eu. Med.; * Lavatera cretica: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! -Streamsides, meadows. LD!, UPA! -Streamsides, roadsides. T. tomentosum: Thrept, Paleotemp.; L. punctata: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! LD! -Cliffs, streamsides. -Roadsides, ruderal places, cliffs. T. uniflorum: Hcaesp, St. Med.; LD!, Malva cretica subsp. cretica: Thscap, UPA! -Streamsides, olive groves, St. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana. roadsides. M. parviflora: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD! Trigonella balansae: Thscap, E. Med.; -Rills. LD!, UPA! -Sandy shores, mea- M. sylvestris: Hscap, Subcosmop.; dows, roadsides. LD!, UPA! -Fields, meadows. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at

Moraceae * F. officinalis: Thscap, Subcosmop.; * Ficus carica: Phscap, Med.-Turan.; (RUNEMARK, unpublisched). obs. -Cliffs, rocky places. F. petteri: Thscap, E. Med.; LD! Myrtaceae Papaver argemone subsp. nigrotinc- Myrtus communis subsp. communis: tum: Thscap, E. Med.; UPA! -Rocky Phcaesp, St. Med.; obs. -Streams, slopes. damp places. P. dubium: Thscap, Med.-Turan.; (RU- Nymphaeaceae NEMARK, unpublished). * Nymphaea alba: Hydrad, Euras.; obs. * P. hybridum: Thscap, Med.-Turan.; -Shallow water. (RUNEMARK, unpublished). Oleaceae P. purpureomarginatum: Thscap, E. Olea europaea subsp. oleaster: Med.; (KADEREIT 1988). Phcaesp, St. Med.; obs. -Phrygana, P. rhoeas: Thscap, Paleotemp.; obs. cliffs. Phytolaccaceae Phillyrea latifolia: Phcaesp, St. Med.; * Phytolacca americana: Subsponta- LD!, UPA! -Macchie, phrygana, neous; UPA! -Roadsides. Pinus forest. Plantaginaceae Onagraceae Plantago afra: Thscap, St. Med.; LD!, * Epilobium hirsutum: Hscap, Subcos- UPA! -Phrygana, cliffs, roadsides. mop.; LD! -Streams. P. bellardii: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, E. lanceolatum: Hscap, Med.-Atl.(Eu.); UPA! -Rocks. LD!,UPA! -Cliffs. P. cretica: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! E. obscurum: Hscap, Med.-Atl.(Eu.); -Fields, roadsides. LD!, UPA! P. lagopus: Thscap, St. Med.; LD!, E. parviflorum: Hscap, Paleotemp.; UPA! -Streamsides, sandy shores. LD!, UPA! -Damp places. P. lanceolata: Hros, Cosmop.; LD!, * E. tournefortii: Hscap, St. Med.; LD! UPA! -Rocks, cliffs. -Damp places. * P. major subsp. intermedia: Hros, Orobanchaceae Subcosmop.; LD! -Rills. Orobanche crenata: Thpar, Med.- P. weldenii subsp. weldenii: Thscap, Turan.; LD!, UPA! -Fields, olive Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, groves. streamsides, sandy shores. O. pubescens: Thpar, Eu. Med.; LD!, Platanaceae UPA! -Fields, phrygana, stream- Platanus orientalis: Phscap, E. Med.; sides. obs. -Streams. * O. ramosa subsp. nana: Thpar, Paleo- Plumbaginaceae temp.; LD! -Garigue. Armeria icarica: Hros, Endem.; LD!, Oxalidaceae UPA! -Siliceous and schistose Oxalis pes-caprae: Naturalized; LD!, rocks. UPA! -Rills, streamsides, roadsides. Limonium graecum: Chsuffr, E. Med.; Paeoniaceae LD!, UPA! -Sandy shores, litoral Paeonia mascula subsp. icarica: Grhiz, rocks. Endem.; UPA! -Rocks, scrub. L. hyssopifolium: Chsuffr, Greek; LD !, Papaveraceae UPA! -Sandy shores, litoral rocks. Corydalis intégra: Gbulb, E. Med.; * L. sinuatum subsp. sinuatum: Hscap, LD!, UPA! -Stony slopes. St. Med.; UPA! -Sandy shores. * Fumaria bastardii: Thscap, Med.-Atl.; Polygalaceae LD! -Rills. Polygala venulosa: Hscap, E. Med.; * F. judaica subsp. judaica: Thscap, E. LD! -Garigue. Med.; LD! -Ruderal localities. Polygonaceae * F. maerocarpa: Thscap, E. Med.; LD! * Fallopia convolvulus: Thscap, Circum- -Rills. bor.;LD! -Rills. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 81

* Persicaria lapathifolia: Thscap, Cos- A. pavonina: Gbulb, Eu. Med.; LD!, mop.; UPA! -Shores. UPA! -Phrygana, roadsides, olive * P. maculosa: Thscap, Subcosmop.; groves. (STRID, pers. comm.) -Moist banks. Clematis cirrhosa: Phlian, St. Med.; Polygonum icaricum: Chsuffr, Aegean; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, streamsides. LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, rocks. Delphinium peregrinum: Thscap, E. * P. maritimum: Hrept, Subcosmop.; Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, dry UPA! -Sandy shores. banks. * Rumex acetosella subsp. acetosel- * D. staphisagria: Thscap, St. Med.; loides: Hscap, E. Med.; LD! LD!, UPA! -Rills, stony places. R. bucephalophorus subsp. aegaeus: Nigella icarica: Thscap, Endem.; LD!, Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phry- UPA! -Phrygana, cliffs. gana, fallow fields, rocky slopes, * Ranunculus bulbosus subsp. aleae: roadsides. Hscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Wet * R. conglomeratus: Hscap, Paleotemp.; localities. LD!, UPA! -Stream sides, meadows, * R. chius: Thscap, E. Med.; LD! -Below sandy shores. cliffs, garigue. * R. pulcher subsp. woodsii: Hscap, Eu. R. ficaria subsp. ficariiformis: Gbulb, Med.; LD! -Sandy shores. Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Wet mea- R. pulcher subsp. raulinii: Hscap, E. dows, scrub. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Ruderal places, * R. marginatus: Thscap, E. Med.; LD! meadows. -Damp meadows. * R. pulcher subsp. pulcher: Hscap, Eu. R. muricatus: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD! Med.; LD! -Garigue, cliffs. -Damp localities. * R. tuberosus subsp. creticus: Gbulb, E. * R. ophioglossifolius: Thscap, Eu. Med.; Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, rocky LD! -Streamsides. slopes. R. paludosus: Hscap, St. Med.; LD!, Portulacaceae UPA! -Phrygana, rocky slopes. Montia minor: Thscap, Med.- Atl.; R. reuterianus: Hscap, E. Med.; (DAVIS UPA! -Damp places. 1965:178). * Portulaca oleracea: Thscap, Subcos- R. rumelicus: Hscap, E. Med.; (STRID, mop.; obs. -Moist banks, roadsides. pers.comm.) ATH -Phrygana, fallow Primulaceae fields. Anagallis arvensis: Thrept, Subcos- R. sprunerianus: Hscap, E. Med.; LD!, mop.; LD!, UPA! -Roadsides, fallow UPA! -Streamsides, rocky slopes. fields. R. subhomophyllus: Hscap, Greek; Asterolinon linum-stellatum: Thscap, (RECHINGER 1943:190). St. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Rocks, R. thasius: Hscap, Greek; LD! -Phry- streamsides, roadsides. gana, rocks. Cyclamen hederifolium: Gbulb, Eu. Resedaceae Med.; LD!, UPA! -Macchie, cliffs. * Reseda luteola: Hscap, Paleotemp.; Primula acaulis subsp. rubra: Hros, E. LD! -Garigue. Med.-Caucas.; LD! -Canyons. Rhamnaceae Samolus valerandi: Hscap, Subcos- * Rhamnus lycioides subsp. graeca: mop.; LD!, UPA! -Damp places. Phcaesp, E. Med.; UPA! -Rocks. Rafflesiaceae Rosaceae Cytinus hypocistis subsp. 'hypocistis: Aphanes arvensis: Thscap, Subcos- Gpar, St. Med.; LD! -Phrygana. mop.; LD! -Valleys, cliffs. C. hypocistis subsp. clusii: Gpar, St. Crataegus monogyna subsp. mono- Med.; LD! -Phrygana. gyna: Phcaesp, Paleotemp.; LD!, Ranunculaceae UPA! -Forest, phrygana, ravines. * Anemone coronaria: Gbulb, St. Med.; Pyrus spinosa: Phcaesp, St. Med.; LD!, LD! -Phrygana, olive groves. UPA! -Rocky slopes, valleys. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 82

* Rosa canina: NPh, Paleotemp.; UPA! Thesium bergeri: Hscap, E. Med.; LD!, -Streamsides. UPA! -Phrygana. * R. sempervirens: NPh, St. Med.; LD! Saxifragaceae -Ravines. Saxifraga graeca: Hscap, E. Med.; Rubus sanctus: NPh, Eu. Med.; LD! UPA! -Shady rocks. -Field margins, damp meadows, S. hederacea: Thrept, E. Med.; LD! roadsides. -Cliffs. Sanguisorba minor subsp. magnolii: S. rotundifolia: Hscap, Eurosiber.; Hscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! UPA! -Shady rocks. -Gravel, roadsides. S. sibirica: Hscap, SE.Europ.-Caucas.; Sarcopoterium spinosum: NPh, E. (RECHINGER 1943:298). Med.; obs. -Phrygana, fallow fields. * S. tridactylides: Thscap, Eu. Med.; Rubiaceae LD! -Cliffs. Asperula icarica: Chsuffr, Endem.; Scrophulariaceae LD!,UPA! -Cliffs. Bellardia trixago: Thscap, Eu. Med.; A. lilaciflora subsp. runemarkii: LD!, UPA! -Field margins, road- Chsuffr, Endem.; LD! -Cliffs. sides, phrygana. Crucianella imbricata: Thscap, E. Cymbalaria longipes: Chrept, E. Med.; Med.; LD!, UPA! -Rocks. LD!, UPA! -Streams, cliffs. C. latifolia: Thscap, St. Med.; LD!, C. microcalyx: Chrept, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Rocks, phrygana, fields. UPA! -Cliffs. Galium aparine: Thscap, Euras.; LD!, Digitalis cariensis: Hscap, E. Med.; UPA! -Rills, cliffs, scrub. UPA! -Macchie. G. divaricatum: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! D. leucophaea subsp. ikarica: Hscap, G. murale: Thscap, St. Med.; LD!, Endem.; LD!, UPA! -Ravines, gar- UPA! -Phrygana, roadsides, rills. igue. * G. recurvum: Thscap, E. Med.; UPA! Kickxia commutata subsp. graeca: -Sea-shores. Hrept, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phry- G. rivale: Hscap, Euras.; LD! gana, fallow fields, cliffs. G. samium KRENDL: Hscap, Aegean; K. elatine subsp. crinita: Thscap, Eu. UPA! -Cliffs, roadsides. Med.; LD! -Cliffs, sandy shores, * G. setaceum: Thscap, Med.-Turan.; streams. LD! -Cliffs, rills. Linaria chalepensis: Thscap, E. Med.; G. spurium subsp. spurium: Thscap, LD! -Below cliffs, streams. Euras.; (DAVIS 1982: 831). L. pelisseriana: Thscap, Med.-Atl.; Rubia tenuifolia subsp. tenuifolia: LD!, UPA! -Roadsides, garigue, Phlian, E. Med.; LD! -Cliffs. meadows, sandy shores. Sherardia arvensis: Thscap, Subcos- Misopates orontium: Thscap, Paleo- mop.; UPA! -Roadsides. temp.; LD!, UPA! -Roadsides, phry- Valantia hispida: Thscap, St. Med.; gana. LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, rocks. Parentucellia latifolia subsp. latifolia: V. muralis: Thscap, St. Med.; LD!, Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! UPA! -Rocks, fields. -Phrygana, rocks. Rutaceae Scrophularia canina subsp. bicolor: * Ruta chalepensis: Chsuffr, St. Med.; Hscap, E. Med.; LD! -Cliffs, gari- obs. -Phrygana. gue. Salicaceae S. heterophylla: Hscap, E. Med.; LD!, Salix pedicellata: Phcaesp, St. Med.; UPA! -Cliffs. (RECHINGER 1943:96). S. lucida: Hbienn, Eu. Med.; LD!, Santalaceae UPA! -Phrygana, rocks, streams. Osyris alba: NPh, Eu. Med.; obs. S. peregrina: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! -Phrygana, olive groves. -Streamsides. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 83

Verbascum ikaricum: Hbienn, Aegean; Ferula communis subsp. glauca: LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, garigue, road- Hscap, Eu. Med.; LD! -Cliffs sides, olive groves. * Foeniculum vulgare: Hscap, St. Med.; Veronica anagallis-aquatica: Hscap, obs. -Fields, damp meadows. Cosmop.; UPA! -Damp places. Lagoecia cuminoides: Thscap, Med.- V. arvensis: Thscap, Subcosmop.; Turan.; obs. -Phrygana, waste UPA! -Rocks. places. V. cymbalaria: Thscap, Eu. Med.; UPA! * Oenanthe pimpinelloides: Hscap, -Rocky slopes, phrygana. Med.-Atl.; LD! -Flooded valleys. Solanaceae Opopanax hispidus: Hscap, E. Med.; Hyoscyamus albus: Hbienn, Eu. Med.; (RECHINGER 1943: 412). LD!, UPA! -Ruderal places, walls. Orlaya daucoides: Thscap, Eu. Med.; Nicotiana glauca: Cultivated; UPA! LD!, UPA! -Roadsides, streamsides. -Roadsides. Pimpinella cretica: Thscap, E. Med.; Solarium alatum: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD! -Cliffs, roadsides. LD!, UPA! -Streamsides, olive P. peregrina: Hbienn, Eu. Med.; LD! groves. -Cliffs, garigue, sandy shores. * S. nigrum subsp. schultesii: Thscap, Scaligeria napiformis: Hbienn, E. Cosmop.; UPA! -Sandy shores. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, phrygana. Styracaceae Scandix australis subsp. australis: Styrax officinalis: Phcaesp, E. Med.; Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD! obs. -Scrub, streamsides. S. australis subsp. grandiflora: Thymelaeaceae Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD! -Cliffs, road- Thymelaea tartonraira subsp. argen- sides. tea: NPh, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! S. pecten-veneris: Thscap, Subcos- -Phrygana. mop.; LD!, UPA! -Roadsides, Umbelliferae streamsides, damp meadows. * Apium graveolens: Hscap, Cosmop.; * Smyrnium creticum: Hbienn, E. Med.; LD! -Roadsides. LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, streamsides, A. nodiflorum: Hydrad, Eu. Med.; LD! rocky slopes. -Streams, damp places. * S. olusatrum: Hbienn, Med.-Atl.; LD!, Bupleurum gracile: Thscap, E. Med.; UPA! -Streamsides. LD!, UPA! -Phrygana. Thapsia garganica: Hscap, St. Med.; * B. subovatum: Thscap, Med.-Turan.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, roadsides. (STRID, pers.comm.) ATH -Fallow Tordylium aegaeum: Thscap, E. Med.; fields. LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, field mar- B. trichopodum: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, gins. UPA! -Phrygana, cliffs. T. apulum: Thscap, St. Med.; LD!, * Carum multiflorum: Hscap, E. Med.; UPA! -Roadsides, phrygana, cliffs, LD!, UPA! -Cliffs. olive groves. Crithmum maritimum: Chsuffr, Med.- Torilis arvensis subsp. purpurea: Atl.; LD!, UPA! -Litoral rocks and Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! cliffs. -Cliffs, phrygana. * Daucus carota subsp. maximus: T. nodosa: Thscap, Med.-Turan.; LD! Hbienn, Eu. Med.; LD! -Cliffs. -Garigue, cliffs. D. guttatus: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, * T. ucranica: Thscap, Euras.; LD! UPA! -Phrygana, roadsides. -Streamsides. D. involucratus: Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, Urticaceae UPA! -Phrygana, roadsides, rocks. Parietaria cretica: Thrept, E. Med.; Eryngium campestre: Hscap, Eu. obs. -Garigue, cliffs, roadsides, Med.; LD! -Sandy shores. walls. * E. maritimum: Grhiz, Med.-Atl.; obs. P. judaica: Hscap, Med.-Atl.; LD!, -Sandy shores. UPA! -Cliffs, streamsides, valleys. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 84

* P. lusitanica: Thrept, St. Med.; LD! Narcissus tazetta subsp. tazetta: -Valleys. Gbulb, St. Med.; LD! -Rocky places, Urtica pilulifera: Thscap, St. Med.; scree. obs. -Roadsides. * Pancratium maritimum: Gbulb, St. * U. urens: Thscap, Subcosmop.; LD! Med.; obs. -Sandy beaches. -Ruderal places, roadsides, culture Sternbergia lutea: Gbulb, Eu. Med.; areas. UPA! -Cultivated areas. Valerianaceae * S. sicula Tineo: Gbulb, E. Med.; UPA! Centranthus calcitrapae: Thscap, St. -Rocky places. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Old fields, val- Araceae leys, rocks. Arisarum vulgare subsp. vulgare: * C. ruber: Chsuffr, St. Med.; UPA! Grhiz, St. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Walls. -Streams, rocky hillsides. Valeriana italica (V. dioscoridis): Arum nickelii: Grhiz, E. Med.; LD! Hscap, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs. * Colocasia esculenta: Spontaneous; Valerianella discoidea: Thscap, St. UPA! -Streams. Med.; LD! -Below cliffs. * Dracunculus vulgaris: Grhiz, E. Med.; V. echinata: Thscap, St. Med.; LD!, UPA! UPA! -Cliffs, roadsides. Cyperaceae V. muricata: Thscap, Med.-Turan.; LD! Carex cretica: Hcaesp, Aegean; LD! -Fields, below cliffs, streams. -Rivulet valleys. V. obtusiloba: Thscap, E. Med.; LD! C. distachya: Hcaesp, St. Med.; LD! -Roadsides, cliffs, old fields. -Cliffs, roadsides, Quercus ilex for- * V. turgida: Thscap, E. Med.; UPA! est. Verbenaceae C. distans: Hcaesp, Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Damp meadows, streams. Vitex agnus-castus: Phcaesp, Med.- C. divisa: Grhiz, Med.-Atl. (Eu.); LD! Turan.; obs. -Streamsides, sandy -Streams. shores. C. divulsa subsp. divulsa: Hcaesp, Eu. Violaceae Med.; LD! Viola alba subsp. thessala: Hros, E. C. flacca subsp. serrulata: Grhiz, Eu. Med.; UPA! Med.; LD! -Garigue, roadsides. * V. heldreichiana: Thscap, E. Med.; LD! C. hallerana: Hcaesp, Eu. Med.; LD! -Sandy rocks. -Cliffs V. hymettia: Thscap, Eu. Med.; UPA! C. illegitima: Hcaesp, E. Med.; LD! -Rocks, scrub. -Garigue. V. hymettia x V.kitaibeliana: UPA! C. muricata: Hcaesp, Euras.; LD! -Cliffs, rocky slopes. -Cliffs, damp localities V. odorata: Hros, Eu. Med.; LD! Cyperus glaber: Thscap, Paleotemp.; -Rocks, cliffs, rills. LD! V. reichenbachiana: Hscap, Eurosiber.; C. longus: Grhiz, Paleotemp.; LD!, LD! -Roadsides, rivulet valleys. UPA! -Wet ground by streams. Zygophyllaceae * C. rotundus: Grhiz, Subcosmop.; LD! * Tribulus terrestris: Thrept, Cosmop.; -Damp localities. LD! -Valleys. Isolepis cernua: Thscap, Subcosmop.; Mono cotyledon es LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, damp localities. Alismataceae Pycreus flavescens: Thcaesp, Subcos- * Alisma plantago-aquatica: Hydrad, mop.; LD! Subcosmop.; obs. -Shallow water. Schoenus nigricans: Hcaesp, Subcos- Amalyllidaceae mop.; LD!, UPA! -Streams. Galanthus ikariae subsp. ikariae: Scirpoides holoschoenus: Grhiz, Eu. Gbulb, Endem.; UPA! -Rivulets, Med.; LD! -Damp meadows, sandy among rocks. shores. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 85

Dioscoreaceae B. rubens: Thscap, Med.-Turan.; (RE- * Tamus communis: Grhiz, Eu. Med.; CHINGER 1943:759). LD!, UPA! -Ravines, shaded cliffs. B. scoparius: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! Gramineae -Streams Aegilops biuncialis: Thscap, Eu. Med.; B. sterilis: Thscap, Paleotemp.; LD!, LD!, UPA! -Meadows, sandy shores. UPA! -Phrygana, olive groves, * A. triuncialis: Thscap, Eu. Med.; UPA! streams. Aira elegantissima subsp. ambigua: B. tectorum: Thscap, Paleotemp.; LD!, Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Gar- UPA! -Rocky places, streams, damp igue, streams, dry slopes. furrows, fallow fields. Andropogon distachyos: Hcaesp, St. Calamagrostis epigejos: Thscap, Euro- Med.; LD!, UPA! -Field margins, siber.; LD! -Streams. olive groves, streams. Catapodium marinum: Thscap, Med.- * Anthoxanthum odoratum: Hcaesp, Atl.; LD!, UPA! -Sandy coasts. Euras.; LD! -Garigue. C. rigidum: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, * Arrhenatherum palaestinum: Hcaesp, UPA! -Olive groves, sandy coasts, E. Med.; LD! -Garigue, cliffs. fallow fields. * Avellinia michelii: Thscap, St. Med.; Corynephorus divaricatus: Thscap, St. LD! -Cliffs, garigue, sandy shores. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Sandy coasts. Avena barbota: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, Cutandia stenostachya: Thscap, E. UPA! -Roadsides, seashores, Med.; LD! -Cliffs, forest. streamsides. Cynodon dactylon: Grhiz, Cosmop.; A. sterilis: Thscap, Med.-Turan.; LD!, LD! -Sandy shores, littoral cliffs, UPA! -Sandy seashores, stream- fields. sides, fields. Cynosurus echinatus: Thscap, Eu. Brachypodium retusum: Hcaesp, St. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Forest, phrygana, Med.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, scrub. rocks. * B. sylvaticum: Hcaesp, Paleotemp.; C. effusus: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! UPA! -Forested slopes. -Cliffs, Quercus forest. Briza maxima: Thscap, Paleosubtrop.; Dactylis glomerata subsp. hispanica: LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, streamsides, Hcaesp, St. Med.; UPA! -Rocks, rocky places. fields, roadsides. B. minor: Thscap, Subcosmop.; LD!, Dasypyrum villosum: Thscap, Med.- UPA! -Damp meadows, streams, Turan.; UPA! -Roadsides, phrygana. sandy shores. Echinochloa crus-galli: Thscap, Sub- Bromus alopecuros subsp. caroli-hen- cosmop.; (DAVIS 1985:591). rici: Thscap, E. Med.; LD! -Mea- Elymus farctus subsp. farctus: Grhiz, dows. St. Med.; UPA! -Maritime sands. B. fasciculatus: Thscap, E. Med.; LD! E. farctus subsp. rechingeri: Grhiz; E. -Cliffs, garigue, field margins, road- Med.; UPA! -Maritime sands. sides. Eragrostis pilosa: Thscap, Cosmop.; * B. intermedius: Thscap, Eu. Med.; (DAVIS 1985:574). LD!, UPA! -Roadsides, field mar- Festuca jeanpertii: Hcaesp, E. Med.; gins, cliffs. UPA! -Rocks. B. madritensis subsp. madritensis: Gastridium phleoides: Thscap, E. Thscap, Eu. Med.; UPA! -Roadsides, Med.; LD!, UPA! -Garigue, road- sea-shores, scrub. sides. * B. madritensis subsp. hausknechtii Holcus annuus: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! (Boiss.) SCHOLZ: Thscap, E. Med.; -Rivulet valleys. UPA! -Roadsides, fallow fields. Hordeum bulbosum: Hcaesp, Paleo- B.rigidus: Thscap, Paleosubtrop.; subtrop.; LD! -Old fields, garigue. (STRID, pers. comm.) ATH, C -Fal- H. murinum subsp. glaucum: Thscap, low fields. Med.-Turan.; UPA! -Roadsides. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 86

H. murinum subsp. leporinum: * P. sterilis: Hcaesp, E. Med.; LD! Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs. -Roadsides, phrygana, sandy shores. P. trivialis: Hcaesp, Paleotemp.; LD! Hyparrhenia hirta: Hcaesp, Paleo- -Streams, cliffs. trop.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, old * Polypogon maritimus subsp. sub- fields, roadsides. spathaceus: Thscap, St. Med.; LD! Imperata cylindrical Grhiz, Cosmop.; * P. maritimus subsp. maritimus: LD! -Coastal sands and cliffs, damp Thscap, Med.-Atl. (St.); LD! -Rivu- meadows. let valleys. Lagurus ovatus: Thscap, Eu. Med.; * P. monspeliensis: Thscap, Paleosub- LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, sandy shores. trop.; LD!, UPA! -Streams, rivulet Lolium multiflorum: Thscap, Eu. valleys. Med.; (RECHINGER 1943:788). P. viridis: Hcaesp, Paleosubtrop.; LD! L. perenne: Hcaesp, Circumbor.; LD! -Rivulet valleys. -Silicious rocks. Psilurus incurvus: Thscap, Eu. Med.; L. rigidum subsp. rigidum: Thscap, LD! -Garigue, old fields, sandy Paleosubtrop.; UPA! -Ruderal shores. places, roadsides. * Rostraria cristata: Thscap, Subcos- L. rigidum subsp. lepturoides: Thscap, mop.; LD!, UPA! -Streams, sandy E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Sandy sea- shores. shores, rocks, valleys. * Sorghum halepense: Grhiz, Cosmop.; L. temulentum: Thscap, Subcosmop.; LD! LD! -Ruderal places. * Stipa bromoides: Hcaesp, St. Med.; Melica ciliata subsp. taurica (C.KOCH) LD!, UPA! -Cliffs, garigue. TZVELEV: Hcaesp, E. Med.; UPA! * S. capensis: Thscap, St. Med.; LD!, M. minuta: Hcaesp, St. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana. UPA! -Streams, scree. * S. holosericea: Hcaesp, Ir.-Anat.; LD! Micropyrum tenellum: Thscap, Eu. -Garigue. Med.; LD! -Rocks. Trachynia distachya: Thscap, Med.- Milium vernale: Thscap, Eu. Med.; Turan.; LD!, UPA! -Rocks, streams, LD! -Schistaceous slopes. sandy shores Parapholis incurva: Thscap, Med.- * Triplachne nitens: Thscap, St. Med.; AtL; LD!, UPA! -Sandy sea-shores. UPA! P. marginata: Thscap, E. Med.; UPA! * Vulpia ciliata: Thcaesp, Eu. Med.; LD!, -Sandy beaches. Phleum exaratum subsp. exaratum: UPA! -Phrygana, cliffs. Thscap, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phry- * V. muralis: Thcaesp, St. Med.; LD!, gana, cliffs, roadsides. UPA! -Burnt ground, roadsides, P. exaratum subsp. aegaeum: Thscap, furrows. E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, * V. myuros: Thcaesp, Subcosmop.; LD! rocky places. -Roadsides, meadows. Phragmites australis: Grhiz, Subcos- Iridaceae mop.; LD! -Streams. Crocus biflorus subsp. nubigena: Piptatherum coerulescens: Hcaesp, St. Gbulb, E. Med.; LD! -Garigue. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, road- * Gladiolus anatolicus: Gbulb, E. Med.; sides, rocky slopes. UPA! -Meadows. P. miliaceum subsp. thomasii: Hcaesp, G. italicus: Gbulb, Eu. Med.; LD! Med.- Turan.; UPA! -Rocky slopes. -Valleys. Poa bulbosa: Hcaesp, Paleotemp.; LD!, * Gynandriris sisyrinchium: Gbulb, St. UPA! -Cliffs, streams, phrygana. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Garigue. P. infirma: Thscap, Eu. Med.; LD! * Iris pseudacorus: Grhiz, Paleotemp.; -Streamsides. LD! -Streamsides. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 87

Juncaceae Asphodelus aestivus: Grhiz, St. Med.; Juncus articulatus: Grhiz, Circumbor.; obs. -Fields, phrygana. LD!, UPA! -Wet places. * Colchicum variegatum: Gbulb, E. J. bufonius: Thcaesp, Cosmop.; LD!, Med.; UPA! -Rocky slopes. UPA! -Wet places. Gagea bohemica: Gbulb, Eu. Med.; J. capitatus: Thscap, Med.-Atl.; LD! LD! -Garigue. -Rivulets. G. graeca: Gbulb, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! J. effusus: Hcaesp, Cosmop.; UPA! -Phrygana, rocky places. -Damp places. G. peduncularis: Gbulb, St. Med.; J. heldreichianus subsp. heldreichia- (RECHINGER 1943:712). nus: Hcaesp, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! Muscari comosum: Gbulb, Eu. Med.; -Sandy shores, damp places. LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, roadsides, J. maritimus: Grhiz, Subcosmop.; (RE- fields. CHINGER 1943:746). M. macrocarpum: Gbulb, E. Med.; J. minutulus: Thcaesp, Cosmop.; LD! (DAVIS 1984:249). -Garigue. M. neglectum: Gbulb, Eu. Med.; LD! Luzula forsteri: Hcaesp, Eu. Med.; LD! M. weissii: Gbulb, E. Med.; UPA! -Forest, damp localities. L. multiflora: Hcaesp, Subcosmop.; -Phrygana. LD! -Rivulets. Ornithogalum arabicum: Gbulb, St. L. nodulosa: Hcaesp, St. Med.; LD! Med.; (DAVIS 1984: 244) -Macchie, cliffs. O. nutans: Gbulb, E. Med.; UPA! Lemnaceae -Streamsides. Lemna minor: Hydnat, Subcosmop.; * O. umbellatum: Gbulb, Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Streams. UPA! -Rivulets, fields. Liliaceae Scilla autumnalis: Gbulb, Eu. Med.; Allium ampeloprasum: Gbulb, Eu. UPA! -Rocks, open woods. Med.; UPA! -Rocks. S. bifolia: Gbulb, Eu. Med.; LD! A. bourgeaui subsp. cycladicum: -Phrygana. Gbulb, E. Med.; UPA! Urginea maritima: Gbulb, St. Med.; A. commutatum: Gbulb, St. Med.; obs. -Phrygana, olive groves. (DAVIS 1984:166). Orchidaceae A. cupani subsp. hirtovaginatum: Anacamptis pyramidalis: Gbulb, Eu. Gbulb, Eu. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Cliffs. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, cliffs. A. guttatum subsp. guttatum: Gbulb, Barlia robertiana: Gbulb, St. Med. E. Med.; LD! -Garigue, sandy -Pastures.; (BAUMANN 1990:731). shores. Cephalanthera longifolia: Grhiz, A. neapolitanum: Gbulb, St. Med.; Euras.; LD!, UPA! -Macchie, Quer- LD!, UPA! -Phrygana, cliffs, rivulet cus forest. valleys. Limodorum abortivum: Grhiz, Eu. * A. paniculatum: Gbulb, Eu. med.; LD! Med.; LD!, UPA! -Garigue, scrub. -Rivulet valleys. Neotinea maculata: Gbulb, St. Med.; A. sphaerocephalon subsp. trachypus: (DAVIS 1984:513). Gbulb, E. Med.; LD!, UPA! -Rocks. * Ophrys ferrum-equinum: Gbulb, E. A. subhirsutum: Gbulb, St. Med.; LD! Med.; LD! -Garigue. -Scrubs. O. fuciflora subsp. fuciflora (O. holo- Asparagus acutifolius: NPh, St. Med.; sericea): Gbulb, Eu. Med.; LD! UPA! -Garigue. * A. aphyllus subsp. orientalis: NPh, E. O. fusca subsp. fusca: Gbulb, St. Med.; Med.; LD! -Streamsides. (HIRTH & SPAETH 1990:704). * Asphodeline liburnica: Grhiz, E. Med.; O. icariensis HIRTH & SPAETH: Gbulb, LD!,UPA! -Cliffs. Endem.; UPA! -Phrygana. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at

O. tricolor: Gbulb, E. Med.; LD! * O. morio: Gbulb, Eu. Med.; LD! O. lutea subsp. lutea: Gbulb, St. Med.; -Garigue. LD! -Garigue. O. sancta: Gbulb, E. Med.; UPA! O. lutea subsp. minor: Gbulb, St. -Phrygana. Med.; (BAUMANN 1990: 733). O. sezikiana (pro hybr. ) B. & H. O. mammosa: Gbulb, E. Med.; LD! BAUMANN: Gbulb, E. Med.; UPA! -Garigue. Serapias bergonii E.G. CAMUS {S. O. oestrifera subsp. oestrifera: Gbulb, vomeracea subsp. laxiflora): Gbulb, E. Med.; (HIRTH & SPAETH 1990: E. Med.; LD! -Olive groves. 704). S. cordigera: Gbulb, St. Med.; (RE- O. oestrifera subsp. bremifera: Gbulb, CHINGER 1943:822). E. Med.? ; (BAUMANN 1990: 734). S. orientalis subsp. carica BAUMANN & O. spruneri: Gbulb, Greek ; (RECHIN- KÛNKELE: Gbulb, E. Med.; UPA! GER 1943: 820). -Phrygana, sandy shores. O. tenthredinifera subsp. villosa: S. parviflora: Gbulb, St. Med.; (DAVIS Gbulb, St. Med.; (HIRTH & SPAETH 1984:505). 1990:704). Spiranthes spiralis: Grhiz, Paleo- Orchis anatolica: Gbulb, E. Med.; LD!, temp.; (BAUMANN 1990:735). UPA! -Phrygana. Potamogetonaceae O. coriophora subsp. coriophora: * Potamogeton nodosus: Hydrad, Sub- Gbulb, Eu. Med.; LD! -Garigue. cosmop.; UPA! -Pools. O. italica: Gbulb, St. Med.; (HIRTH & Typhaceae SPAETH 1990:704). * Typha domingensis (T. angustata): O. laxiflora: Gbulb, Eu. Med.; LD! Grhiz, Paleosubtrop.; LD!, UPA! - -Marshes. Streams.

4. Discussion and Conclusions Out of the total number of taxa in the flora of Ikaria, 233 have been recorded from the area for the first time. Three Greek endemics (Onosma kaheirei, Crépis hellenica and Sedum delicum) are new records for the study area, as well as being new records for the whole of the E. Aegean area. The high proportion of therophytes in biological spectrum can be attributed to the long dry period (Fig. 2), while the relatively high percentage of geophytes (13%) to the extensive arid and stony slopes covered by phryganic plant communities. Both the Mediterranean and Mediterranean-Turanian elements consist mainly of xerophytes. It is worth noting that the Mediterranean-Turanian element consists principally of grasses and composites. The Palaeotempe- rate and Eurasiatic elements occur mainly in woodlands, while the Atlantic group on sandy and rocky sea shores or in damp habitats. The high proportion of the Mediterranean elements, in conjunction with the high proportion of therophytes as mentioned earlier, indicate the strong Mediterranean character of the flora of the studied area. The highest concentration of endemics occurs in the centre of the island, which is also its oldest part from a geological point of view, as it is formed of pre-alpine metamorphic rocks (see introduction). ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 89 Apart from Greek endemics, the occurrence on Ikaria of several taxa that are rare in the Aegean flora is also important. These latter taxa include: Ophioglossum vulgatum, Pteris dentata subsp. dentata (sole European locality), Ptilostemon gnaphaloides subsp. pseudofruticosus, Solidago virgaurea, Hypericum polyphyllum subsp. subcordatum (sole Aegean locality), Colutea melanocalyx subsp. davisiana, Nymphaea alba, Primula acaulis subsp. rubra, Digitalis cariensis (sole Aegean locality), Hordeum murinum subsp. glaucum, Crocus biflorus subsp. nubigena, etc. The island of Ikaria is apparently of the chersogenous type, according to the distinction made by GREUTER 1979, and shows a predominantly Aegean floristic character. A large number, 521 taxa (63%) of its autochthonous vascular plants, most of them endemics and chasmophytes, are considered remnants of an earlier Aegean continental flora. The contribution of anthropophytes in the island's flora is also considered significant. This is due to a long history of intense human intervention through agriculture, grazing and wood felling, resulting in the creation of areas suitable for new colonization. However, estimating the proportion of the anthropogenic element is far from simple, as many of the introduced plants are now partially or wholly naturalized. It is believed that 27% (228 taxa) of the entire flora of Ikaria has reached the island as a result of human activity. This figure is not unlike the corresponding one for the flora of the island of Crete, estimated by GREUTER 1971 to represent one-third of the Cretean flora. The proportion of plants whose presence on the island is due to natural, long-distance dispersal is estimated at 10% (80 taxa). Most halophytes belong to this category, for which diaspore transport is achieved by means of sea currents. The absence of extensive marshy and river areas on the island makes plant dispersal by means of aquatic birds insignificant. Equally insignificant can be regarded the dispersal by means of migrating birds as Ikaria does not lie on the so far known bird migratory routes. The effectiveness of the wind factor in colonization is limited by reproductive drift (see also RUNEMARK 1969) from pre-existent plant communities. From what has already been mentioned above, it is evident that the island of Ikaria has an interesting and species-rich flora. The flora of the cliffs of its middle part (alt. 300-900 m) and the summit of Mt. Atheras is largely undisturbed and show the highest concentration of local and other rare endemics. To protect this natural heritage, it is suggested that these areas should be declared as a nature reserve.

'5. Acknowledgements I am most grateful to the Directors of the Botanical Museum of Lund, Dr. I. KOERNEFELT, and the Botanical Institute of Lund, Prof. H. PRENTICE, for offering me a place to work at their respective institutes. They and their colleagues assisted me in every possible way during my stay. I would like to thank Prof. RUNEMARK ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 90

(Lund) for his cordial welcome and for allowing me access to his personal collections and annotations from Ikaria, and Prof. S. SNOGERUP (Lund) for his invitation to work at the Botanical Museum of Lund, his warmest hospitality and his help in determining some of the most critical and difficult taxa. I would like to thank the following people for their help in the determination and confirmation of various taxa: Assistant Prof. R. ARTELARI, Patras (Limonium); Dr. H. BAUMANN, Bôblingen (Orchidaceae); Prof. K. BROWICZ, Kdrnik (Colutea); Dr. O. GEORGIOU, Patras (Anthémis); Prof. G. KAMARI, Patras (Minuartia); Dr. F. KRENDL, Vienna (Galium); Mr. P. LASSEN, Lund {Trifolium, Vicia); Prof. D. PHITOS, Patras (Arenaria); Dr. A. J. RICHARDS, Newcastle (Taraxacum); Prof. H. RUNEMARK, Lund (Digitalis); Prof. H. SCHOLZ, Berlin (Gramineae); Prof. H. TEPPNER, Graz (Onosma); Dr. A. TINIAKOU, Patras (Viola); Associate Prof. D. TZANOUDAKIS, Patras (Allium). I would also like to thank Prof. A. STRID (Copenhagen) for providing me the data from the "Flora Hellenica" database. Thanks are also due to Associate Prof. E. ECONOMIDOU (Athens), Prof. Th. GEORGIADIS (Patras) and Associate Prof. D. TZANOUDAKIS for their assistance during plant collection trips to Ikaria, and special thanks to Associate Prof. D. TZANOUDAKIS for the loan of his Ikarian collection. I am also grateful to Dr. M. A. CALLIMASSIA for her linguistic corrections to this manuscript, Mrs. G. PARASCHI for typing the text and Mr. P. LAMBROPOULOS (Patras) for preparing the drawing of the map. The Swedish Institute that has kindly awarded me a fellowship which enabled me to work at the Botanical Museum of Lund University (Sweden) is gratefully acknowledged.

6. References BAUMANN B. & H. 1990. Orchideenfunde von der ostàgàischen Insel Ikaria (Nôrdliche Sporaden, Griechenland). - Mitteilungsbl. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. Baden- Wurtt. 22(4): 730-735. DAVIS P. H. (ed.) 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, 1-10. - Edinburgh Univ. Press. FORSYTH-MAJOR C.-J. & BARBEY W. 1897. Ikaria. Étude botanique. - Bull. Herb. Boissier 5: 279-284. GREUTER W. 1971. L'apport de l'homme à la flore spontanée de la Crète. - Boissiera 19: 329-337. — 1975. Historical phytogeography of the southern half of the Aegean area. - In: JORDANOV D. & al. (eds.), Problems of Balkan flora and vegetation. Proceedings of the first international symbosium on Balkan flora and vegetation, Varna, June 7-14, 1973: 17-21. -Sofia. — 1976. The flora of Psara (E. Aegean Islands, Greece) - an annotated catalogue. - Candollea 31: 191-242. — 1979. The origins and evolution of Island floras as exemplified by the Aegean Archipelago. - In: BRAMWELL D. (éd.), Plants and Islands, pp. 87-106. - Academic Press, London. — , BURDET H. M. & LONG G. 1984-1989. Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circummediterranean countries, 1,3,4. - Genève. ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 91

HiRTH M. & SPAETH H. 1990. Beitrag zur Orchideenflora der Insel Ikaria - Ophrys icariensis, eine neue Ophrysart. - Mitteilungsbl. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. Baden- Wtirtt. 22 (4): 693-729. I.G.M.E. 1983. Geological map of Greece, 1:500.000. - Athens. KADEREIT J.W. 1988. A revision of Papaver L. section Rhoeadium SPAETH. - Notes roy. bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45: 225-286. MOUNTRAKIS D. 1985. Geology of Greece. - Thessaloniki (in Greek). PIGNATTI S. (ed.) 1982. Flora d'ltalia, 1-3. - Bologna. RAUNKIAER C. 1934. The life-forms of plants and statistical plant geography. - Oxford, Clarendon Press. RECHINGER K.H. 1936. Ergebnisse einer botanischen Sommerreise nach dem Âgàischen Archipel und Ostgriechenland. - Beih. bot. Centralbl. 54B: 579— 580, 593-594. — 1943. Flora Aegaea. Flora der Insein und Halbinseln des âgàischen Meeres. - Denkschr. Akad Wiss. Wien, math, -naturwiss. KL, 105(1). — 1951. Phytogeographia Aegaea. - Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-naturwiss. KL, 105 (2/2). RUNEMARK H. 1969. Reproductive drift, a neglected principle in reproductive biology. - Bot. Not. 122: 90-129. — 1971a. Investigations of the flora in the central Aegean. -Boissiera 19: 169-179. — 1971b. The phytogeography of the central Aegean. - Opera bot. 30: 20-28. WALTER H. 1970. Vegetationszonen und Klima. - Stuttgart.