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Historical Influences of Picasso's Les Demoiselles D'avignon

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Historical Influences of Picasso's Les Demoiselles D'avignon Historical Influences of Picasso‘s Les Demoiselles d‘Avignon Cory McKay Department of Physics McGill University 3600 University Street Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2T8 Pablo Picasso‘s Les Demoiselles groundbreaking. Other well-known painters d‘Avignon (Plate 1) was a ground breaking had previously incorporated elements of painting, in terms of both its artistic and so- ”primitive‘ art into their work, but Demoi- cial impact. Painted in 1907, it is raw, primi- selles was the first to portray African fet- tive and is deliberately meant to be shock- ishes. ing. It horrified many of those who first saw Demoiselles was a rejection of bour- it, critics and artists alike, but it eventually geois society, colonialism, traditional art, came to be regarded as a work of monumen- sexual inhibitions and outdated mores and tal influence and value. It portrays five na- conventions. The fetishes and the setting of ked prostitutes in a brothel, and was indeed a brothel were both devices to convey this, originally entitled Le Bordel d‘Avignon.1 and the new artistic devices he employed The leftmost one is shown in profile facing emphasized his social messages. the other four with her face painted in a style reminiscent of Egyptian art. The two figures Picasso (1881-1973) was the Spanish in the center have Iberian features and are son of a drawing master, and was an infant looking alluringly at the viewer, placing him prodigy in the Barcelona Art School.2 Dur- in the position of customer. The two figures ing his lifetime, he reinvented himself re- on the right have contorted bodies and faces peatedly, and was at the forefront of several that look much like primitive African masks. artistic movements. There is a distorted still-life in the fore- He came to Paris at the age of nineteen, ground of the painting that at once gives it a and gained a following painting subjects grounding in traditional painting and em- such as beggars, outcasts and circus people. phasizes its extreme departure from tradi- He eventually tired of this, however, and tion. began to look elsewhere for inspiration. He Many of the techniques used, such as was introduced to primitive art and the work the use of flat planes, the deconstruction of of Primitivist European painters while in human bodies and the angularity of form Paris, and was profoundly influenced. had a revolutionary effect on painting. Primitivism was a movement in the arts Along with the work of Georges Braque, in which painters attempted to escape the Demoiselles was one of the first Cubist confines of industrialized, urban Europe. pieces to be painted. It revolutionized per- Like Romanticism, it was in part a reaction ceptions of art and the aesthetic, opening the against the negative results of the industrial door to subsequent artistic movements such revolution (pollution, overcrowding, etc.). as Surrealism and Dadaism. The use of im- Artists looked to the directness, instinctive- agery borrowed from African art was also ness and exoticism of non-urban cultures for 1 Brassaï, Picasso and Company. Trans. Francis Price (New York: Doubleday & 2 E. H. Gombrich, The Story of Art (Hong Kong: Company, 1966), 163. Phaidon Press Limited, 1995), 573. Plate 1: Les Demoiselles d‘Avignon. 1907. Pablo Picasso. inspiration.3 Painters such as Paul Gauguin Igor Stravinsky. His ballet, The Rite of and Henri Rousseau (see plates 2 and 3) felt Spring, depicted rituals of pagan tribes and that it was necessary to abandon urbanism imported ideas from primitive music. The and ”advanced‘ European culture and search Rite of Spring caused a riot in its first per- for something more idyllic in rural or primi- formance in Paris in 1913.4 The violent and tive settings. overtly sexual nature of the choreography as well as the pounding rhythms and disso- Primitivism found expression in music nances had much the same impact on as well as in art, particularly in the work of 3 Jeremy Yudkin, Understanding Music (Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1996), 330. 4 Ibid., 330. Plate 3: The Dream. 1910. Henri Rousseau. Plate 2: Contes Barbares. 1902. Paul Gauguin. audiences as Demoiselles. Indeed, Picasso was an admirer of Stravinsky.5 There is some debate as to whether or not Picasso had been exposed to African fetishes prior to painting Demoiselles. Pi- casso himself claimed that he had not,6 but much of the evidence seems to contradict this. Both Matisse and Max Jacob assert the he was shown African statuettes and masks in the Trocadéro well before painting Dem- oiselles,7 and Gertrude Stein also contra- dicted Picasso‘s claim8. Fernande Olivier stated that —Picasso was becoming a fanatic on the subject of Negro works, and statues, masks, and fetishes from every country in Africa were accumulating in his apartment“9 In any event there is a clear resemblance between the faces of the two rightmost fig- ures in Demoiselles and African masks Plate 4: African mask. (plate 4), and Picasso himself acknowledged 5 Araianna Stassinopoulos Huffington, that he was eventually very influenced by Picasso Creator and Destroyer (New fetishes. York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), 149. 6 Brassaï. Picasso and Company, 23-24. In contrast to others involved in the 7 Huffington. Picasso Creator and De- Primitivism movement, Africa did not repre- stroyer, 89-90. sent an idyllic, pre-European society to Pi- casso, but rather a (welcome) threat to 8 Patricia Leighten, Re-Ordering the Universe (Princeton: Princeton Press, 1989), 86. 9 Brassaï, Picasso and Company, 24. ject at the same time, some of which stand out clearly and some of which are blurred, one sees more of the true subject than one would in a meticulously realistic painting. The deconstruction of the form allows the audience to reconstruct it in their own way, attaching their own meanings to it.13 Plate 5 shows an example of how Picasso was to develop cubism in later years. This was part of a general artistic Plate 5: Violin and Grapes. Pablo Picasso. movement in the early twentieth century to reject established forms, to self-consciously civilized Europe.10 W hat struck Picasso pursue innovation. Artists, writers, intellec- most about the fetishes was not their form, tuals, poets and painters all reacted against although this was certainly evident in his established rules of art and looked for new, paintings, but their spirit. As Picasso said, experimental forms of expression. At the —The masks weren‘t just like any other turn of the century, Europe was in a period pieces of sculpture. Not at all. They were of unusual stability. The economic growth, magic things . they were weapons. To increasing standard of living and scientific help people avoid coming under the influ- breakthroughs of the time all contributed to ence of spirits again, to help (the Africans) a sense of excitement and experimentation become independent. They‘re tools. If we which made artists and audiences more re- give spirits a form, we become independent. ceptive to experimental work.14 Spirits, the unconscious, emotion–they‘re Aside from the spiritual and artistic all the same thing. I understood why I was a meanings that were expressed in Picasso‘s painter.“11 use of fetishes, there were also important To Picasso, all of creation was his en- social messages. Picasso was a friend and emy, and his paintings were a defense disciple of Alfred Jarry, who was well against nature. He said, —Nature has to exist known for his anti-colonial satires on black so that we may rape it.“12 This manifesto Africa, and cannot help but have been influ- was very destructive, but it was accepted enced by him.15 and bought by the public partly because it Much of Africa was still independent in was a reflection of the destructiveness of the 1875, but by 1912 virtually all of it was un- previous century, the pitting of industrialism der the control of Europeans. There are sev- against nature. Primitive art had the same eral reasons for this rush to conquer Africa, purpose as modern industrialism: to keep including the desire to control mineral re- nature at bay. These destructive ideas were a sources, the need to control trade routes and part of his motivation for the deconstruction to establish new markets for European prod- in his Cubist paintings, of which Demoi- ucts, to help missionaries convert Africans selles was the first. and to gain control over strategic areas. Picasso and the other Cubists felt that it Once the scramble began, many countries was pointless to simply copy objects as real- ists did. In order to truly capture the essence of images, it was necessary to deconstruct them. By seeing different aspects of an ob- 10 Leighten, Re-Ordering the Universe, 88. 13 Gombrich, The Story of Art, 574. 11 Huffington, Picasso Creator and Destroyer, 14 Yudikn, Understanding Music, 319. 90-91. 15 Leighten, Re-Ordering the Universe, 64-65, 12 Ibid., 91. 88-89. simply seized regions to prevent other coun- cause they would not submit passively to tries from getting them first.16 their yoke.“19 European officials felt that the govern- Many atrocities were committed under ments of African nations were incapable of white rule. Even the pro-colonial contempo- producing the economic changes needed to raries of the time were horrified by some of implement the trade that they wanted, so the acts committed. Sir H. H. Johnston, the they simply conquered the African states British Consul for Southern Nigeria and Por- and ruled over them directly. Faced with the tuguese East Africa, who repeatedly extolled newly invented machine gun, there was little the virtues of bringing civilization to the that the Africans could do to resist.
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