Welcome to the 21St International Pepper Conference

Welcome to the 21st International Pepper Conference

For the past 40 years the International Pepper Conference has been held every other year in major pepper producing regions attracting prominent pepper research scientists, breeders, horticulturists, pathologists, entomologists, geneticists, physiologists, and virologists, in addition to extension agents, seed and chemical company representatives, major processors, growers, and chile aficionados from around the world providing a venue for the exchange of information and knowledge on Capsicum spp. In recent years, interest and demand for peppers has increased dramatically worldwide and peppers have achieved major economic significance in the global market. The conference has come a long way since Dr. Ben Villalon and Dr. Tom Zitter first tossed around the idea of holding a meeting to draw together pepper researchers for the exchange of information and germplasm in 1972 and has emerged as the premier venue for the dis- semination and exchange of information on Capsicum. This year the organizing committee would like to extend a warm Florida welcome to our colleagues from around the globe to the 21st International Pepper conference in Naples, Florida. We feel confident that we have been successful in putting together a program that you will find informative, challenging and exciting. The diversity of papers and poster being presented at this conference and the wide array of presenters will bring together the latest advances in the field and will hopefully provide something for everyone in attendance. We know from past workshops that in addition to the exchange of information and ideas, the development of personal friendships and collaborative efforts between colleagues from around the world working on common issues is equally important. For this reason, you will note that we have included some down time between formal sessions so both new and old friends will have plenty of time to get acquainted and trade ideas and innovations. Although some of the participants have been active with the pepper conference from the beginning, they remain willing to share and welcome new ideas and collaborators into their midst and we are sure you will want to meet and get acquainted with them. Some of us are relative new comers but we trust that you will find that this is a close and sharing community of friends with a common interest that connects one and all. In addition to the welcoming reception, we have planned group lunches, a Monday night dinner in the Orchid Ballroom and a Tuesday evening closing dinner buffet on the sunset deck, which will give us all the opportunity to relax away from the structure of the meeting place and enjoy great food and drink. Monday will feature a full day of scientific presentations, while Tuesday will consist of an all-day tour of local industry research facilities and commercial pepper production South Florida style. As you know, Florida is major tourist destination and we hope will find the time to visit some of the attractions like Disney, Universal Studios, and Sea World as well as see the real Florida and its great natural beauty. We are grateful to all of our many and generous sponsors, who have joined in supporting this conference. I would also like to thank the committee members, speakers and poster presenters for enriching the program. A sincere thanks is also due to Beth Miller-Tipton and her staff at the UF/IFAS Office of Conferences and Institutes as they have left no stone unturned in making sure that our conference is not only successful, but will be a fun time for everyone as well. I am glad you were able to attend and hope you have an enjoyable and productive time.

Sincerely, Gene McAvoy Conference Organizer 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Welcome Letter 3

Planning Committee 5

Sponsor Recognition 5

Keynote Speaker 6

Program Agenda 7

Poster Directory 12

Conference Abstracts 18

Notes 53

4 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS Planning Committee

Mr. Roberto Cordero Seminis Seed, [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Mr. Cory Dombrowski Sakata Seed, [email protected] Dr. Aparna Gazula UF/IFAS Alachua County Extension, [email protected] Dr. Don Maynard UF/IFAS GCREC, [email protected] Mr. Gene McAvoy, Conference Chair UF/IFAS Hendry County Extension, [email protected] Dr. Tom Mueller Harris Moran Seed, [email protected]

Dr. Monica Ozores-Hampton UF/IFAS SWFREC, [email protected] Ms. Crystal Snodgrass UF/IFAS Manatee County Extension, [email protected] Dr. Phil Stansly UF/IFAS SWFREC, [email protected] Mr. Cam Sutherland Enza Zaden, [email protected] Dr. Gary Vallad UF/IFAS GCREC, [email protected] Ms. Alicia Whidden UF/IFAS Hillsborough County Extension, [email protected] Mr. Ted Winsberg Green Cay Farms, [email protected]

A Special Thank You to Our Conference Sponsors HABANERO LEVEL SPONSORS: SERRANO LEVEL SPONSORS: Bedner’s Farm Fresh Market Amvac Chemical Corporation Enza Zaden C W Hendricks Farms, Inc. Seminis Glades Crop Care, Inc. Syngenta Gowan – The Go To Company Isagro USA CAYENNE LEVEL SPONSORS: Sakata Seed Arkema TriEst Ag Group, Inc. Bayer Crop Science University of Florida / IFAS Chemical Dynamics, Inc. Etgar Nichino America Thomas Produce Company

2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGSPROCEEDINGS 5 Tom conducts applied research

and extension in plant pathol-

“ogy to identify methods of crop protection and“ disease management, and makes disease control recommendations for vegetables.

Dr. Thomas Zitter

Dr. Zitter, Professor of Plant Pathology at Cornell University will be giving a keynote address titled “Pepper Diseases through the Years: A Review”. Tom conducts applied research and extension in plant pathology to identify methods of crop protection and disease management, and makes disease control recommendations for vegetables. He has a BS degree in Botany and a PhD in Plant Pathology, both from Michigan State Uni- versity. Upon graduation he became a plant pathologist at the University of Florida, Ev- erglades Experiment Station in Belle Glade, for 11 years. He has been at Cornell since 1979. His extension responsibilities at Cornell include management and control of fresh market vegetable crop diseases; education of vegetable growers, agribusiness and extension field staff on crop disease biology, identification, management, scouting and control; and development and testing of crop IPM strategies for vegetable farms. His research responsibilities include biology, epidemiology and management of soilborne and foliar diseases of potato, tomato, pepper and cucurbits; identification and incorporation of genes for disease resistance; identification of novel methods of control, and integrating these methods into effective crop production practices. Tom is also responsible for disease control recommendations (guidelines) for most fresh market vegetable crops, and he developed and maintains VegetableMDOnline, a web site which is used worldwide with more than 5 million hits annually.

6 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 4, 2012 4:00pm-6:00pm POSTER PRESENTERS SET-UP DISPLAYS - Orchid Ballroom 3 6:00pm-8:00pm WELCOME NETWORKING SOCIAL IN POSTER DISPLAY AREA – Orchid Ballroom FOYER 7:00pm-9:00pm USDA Capsicum Crop Germplasm Committee Meeting – Acacia 1-3 (for committee members only)

MONDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2012 7:00am-8:00am Morning Refreshments in Poster Display Area 8:00am-8:30am OPENING PLENARY SESSION – Orchid Ballroom 1 & 2 University of Florida/IFAS, LaBelle, FL

MODERATOR: Gene McAvoy, Program Agenda Welcome and Introduction - Gene McAvoy, UF/IFAS Hendry County Extension, LaBelle, FL, USA 8:00am-9:10am Keynote Presentation – Dr. Tom Zitter, Pepper Diseases through the Years: A Review 9:10am-9:20am MEETING BREAKS INTO TWO CONCURRENT SESSIONS

CONCURRENT SESSIONS

SESSION 1 – Orchid Ballroom 1 SESSION 2 – Orchid Ballroom 2 Breeding and Genetics Horticultural Crop Management and Production MODERATOR: Gene McAvoy, MODERATOR: Monica Ozores-Hamp- University of Florida/IFAS, LaBelle, FL ton, University of Florida/IFAS, Immokalee, FL 9:20am-9:25am Session Introduction Session Introduction 9:25am-9:40am Reviewing 30 Years of Capsicum Breeding Pepper Nitrogen Uptake in The Central at Embrapa Vegetables, Brazil – Francisco Coast of California – Baameur Aziz, UC Reifschneider, Embrapa Empresa, Brasilia, Cooperative Extension, San Jose, CA Brazil 9:40am-9:55am Effect of Spacing and Variety on Yield and Effect of Foliar Applied Potassium Nitrate Fruit Quality Pepper Grown with Seepage on Yield and Quality of Capsicum spp. – Irrigation in Florida Sandy Soils – Monica Billy Weir, University of California, Merced, Ozores-Hampton, University of Florida/IFAS, California Immokalee, FL 9:55am-10:10am Introducing a Collection of 215 of Vegetative Diversity of Pungent Capsicum in Peru and Organ Pepper Mutants – Csillery Gabor, Its Potential in Rural Development – Budapest, Hungary Roberto Ugas, UNALM, Lima Peru 10:10am-10:25am Enhancement of Pungency and Resistance Effect of Organics on the Growth and Yield of Hungarian Red Pepper Varieties – Gabor Parameters of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annum Palotás, Univer Product Plc., Kecskemét var. grossum) under Open and Shade House Condition – Vasant Ganiger, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, India 10:25am-10:40am BREAK IN POSTER DISPLAY AREA 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 7 MONDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2012 (CONTINUED) CONCURRENT SESSIONS SESSION 1 – Orchid Ballroom 1 SESSION 2 – Orchid Ballroom 2 Plant Breeding Integrated Pest Management

MODERATOR: Aparna Gazula, UF/IFAS MODERATOR: Gene McAvoy, UF/IFAS Alachua County Extension Hendry County Extension 10:40am-10:45am Session Introduction Session Introduction

Program Agenda 10:45am-11:00am Genomic Localization of Bs5 and Bs6 In the Ecosafe Integrated Weed Management of Pepper Genome – Eduardo Vallejos, Chilli in Gangetic India – Ratikanta Ghosh, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY, F/AG., BCKV, MOHANPUR, WEST BENGAL, INDIA 11:00am-11:15am Breeding Peppers Resistant to Phytophthora Managing Phytophthora Blight (Phytophthora capsici – Lindsay Wyatt, Cornell Universi- capsici) of Pepper in Illinois - Mohammad ty, Ithaca, NY Babadoost, University of Illinois, Crop Sciences Department, Urbana, IL, USA 11:15am-11:30am Phenotypic and Genotypic Evaluation of Role of Blossom in Bell-Pepper Seed Infection Phytophthora Fruit Rot Resistance in a by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria- Worldwide Germplasm – Rachel Naegele, Bhabesh Dutta, University of Georgia, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI Tifton, GA 11:30am-11:45am Collection Capsicum pubescens in Indonesia: Effect of Fungicide Type and Placement on Its Distribution and Cultivation – Sota Stem Cankers Caused by Phytophthora capsici Yamamoto, Kagoshima University, on Pepper – Micahel Matheron, Kagoshima, Japan University of Arizona, Yuma, AZ

11:45am-12:00am Genetic Analysis and Breeding for Anthrac- Present Status of Chilli Virus Diseases in nose Resistance in Chili Pepper - Jae Bok West Bengal, India – Jayanta Tarafdor, Yoon, Pepper & Breeding Institute, Suwon, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Korea Kalyani, India 12:00pm-1:30pm GROUP LUNCHEON – Vista Ballroom (Take escalator to Lower Level. The Vista Ballroom is just past the restaurant.)

8 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS MONDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2012 (CONTINUED) CONCURRENT SESSIONS SESSION 1 – Orchid Ballroom 1 SESSION 2 – Orchid Ballroom 2 Horticultural Crop Management and Integrated Pest Management Production MODERATOR: Crystal Snodgrass, UF/ MODERATOR: Camille Esmel, UF/IFAS IFAS Manatee County Extension Sumter County Extension 1:30pm-1:35pm Session Introduction Session Introduction

1:35pm-1:50pm Program Agenda Heat Stress Amelioration by Shading In- Response of Pepper (Capsicum annum) creases Fruit Yield and Quality in Bell Pepper Genotypes to Co-infection by Phytophthora (Capsicum annum L.) – Juan Diaz-Perez, capsici and Meloidogyne incognita – University of Georgia, Tifton, GA Judy Thies, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 1:50pm-2:05pm Applications of ABA to Improve Bell and Bacterial Spot Resistant Pepper Trials in Flor- Jalapeno Pepper Transplant Quality, Daniel ida - 2009 -2012 – Gene McAvoy, Univer- Leskovar, Texas AgriLife, Uvalde, TX sity of Florida/IFAS, LaBelle, FL

2:05pm-2:20pm Degradation Dynamics of some Modern Groundnut Ringspot Virus in Pepper and Fungicides with Special Reference to Indian Other Vegetables in Florida – Scott Chili (Capsicum annum L.) – Anjan Adkins, USDA-ARS, Fort Pierce, FL Bhattacharyya, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswa Vidyalaya , Mohanpur, India 2:20pm-2:35pm Impact of Field Inputs on Jalapeno Pepper Vertically Integrated IPM Program for Pungency - Baameur Aziz, UC Coopera- Western Flower Thrips and Tospoviruses in tive Extension, San Jose, CA Pepper – Joe Funderburk, University of Florida/IFAS, Quincy, FL 2:35pm-2:50pm Effects of Solar Protectants on Yield and Res- Comparative Effects of Chili Thrips, idue Coating on Pepper Grown during the Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Spring and Fall in South Florida – Monica Thripidae), On Eleven Pepper Varieties – Ozores-Hampton, University of Florida/ Cliff Martin, University of Florida/IFAS, IFAS, Immokalee, FL Homestead, FL 2:50pm-3:05pm Physiological Seed Quality of Capsicum bac- Control of Broad Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus catum L. var. pendulum and Capsicum chinense latus and the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci in Open under Maturation at Tropical Conditions – Field Pepper and Eggplant – Phil Stansly, Warley Nascimento, Embrapa Vegetables, University of Florida/IFAS, Immokalee, FL Brasilia, Brazil 3:05pm-3:25pm

BREAK IN POSTER DISPLAY AREA

2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 9 MONDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2012 (CONTINUED) CONCURRENT SESSIONS (CONTINUED) SESSION 1 – Orchid Ballroom 1 CONCURRENT SESSIONS Horticultural Crop Management and SESSION 2 – Orchid Ballroom 2 Production – Protected Ag/Post-Harvest Breeding and Genetics MODERATOR: Crystal Snodgrass, MODERATOR: Aparna Gazula, UF/IFAS UF/IFAS Manatee County Extension Alachua County Extension 3:25pm-3:30pm Session Introduction Session Introduction 3:30pm-3:45pm

Program Agenda Comparative Effects of Deficit Irrigation in NM Cloning and Characterization of Genes Involved Landrace and Commercial Chile Cultivars - in Pollen Development in Pepper – Stephanie Walker, New Mexico State Jianjun Lei, South China Agricultural Univer- University, Las Cruces, NM sity, Guangzhou, China 3:45pm-4:00pm Nitrogen Has Major Impact on Bell Pepper Screening Peppers for Resistance to Leafminer Yield but Not Post Harvest Quality – Michelle (Liriomyza spp.) – Kevin Crosby, Texas A&M, Le Strange, University of California Coopera- College Station, TX tive Extension, Tulare, CA 4:00pm-4:15pm Bell Peppers Grown Under Diffuse Glass – Evaluation of Nsukka Yellow Pepper (Capsicum Christien Sauviller, Research Center annum L) Accessions for Yield and Pungency Hoogstraten, Meerle-Hoogstraten, Belgium in Makurdi, Nigeria – N I Odiaka, College of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Makurdi , Benue State, Nigeria 4:15pm-4:30pm Artificial Capillary Barrier Improves Root-Zone Chemical Quality Component Contents of Conditions for Horticultural Crops. Response Selections for Adaptability to Korea in Four of Pepper Plants to Matric Head and Irrigation Species of Capsicum – Byung-Soo Kim, Water Salinity – Eviatar Ityel, Ministry of Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea Agriculture, Ashkelon, Israel 4:30pm-4:45pm Production and Management of Coloured Productivity, Plant Architecture, and Special Sweet Peppers under Low-cost Polygreen Nutritional Qualities of Selected Hot Pepper House - Bandyopadhyay Apurba, Bidhan Breeding Lines – Mohammed Jalaluddin, Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, India University of Arkansas, Pine Bluff, AR 4:45pm-5:00pm Cultural Practices for Indeterminate Bell Pep- Genotype x Environment Interaction and Stabil- per Production in Central America and the Do- ity Analysis of Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) minican Republic – Teresa Salame Donoso, Genotypes in Southern India – Chittaiahgari University of Florida/IFAS, Wimauma, FL Venkata Ramana, Dr.YSR Horticultural Uni- versity, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India 5:00pm-5:15pm Effects of In-Row Distances on Indeterminate Bell Genetic Divergence and Grouping of a Pepper Cultivars under High Tunnels in Florida– Collection of Chilli Cultivars of C. annuum, Emmanual Torres-Quezada, University of C. fruitescens and C. chinense – Nilima Florida, Wimauma, FL Karmakar, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, India 10 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS MONDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2012 (CONTINUED) CONCURRENT SESSIONS (CONTINUED) SESSION 1 – Orchid Ballroom 1 SESSION 2 – Orchid Ballroom 2 Horticultural Crop Management and Breeding and Genetics (continued) Production – Protected Ag/Post- Harvest (continued)

MODERATOR: Crystal Snodgrass, UF/ MODERATOR: Aparna Gazula, UF/IFAS IFAS Manatee County Extension Alachua County Extension 5:15pm-5:30pm Effect of Organic Amendments on Shelf Life Field Trials of Peppers (Capsicum spp.) on the

Qualities of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annum Island of St. Croix - Dilip Nandwani, Plant Program Agenda var. grossum) Fruits Grown under Open Science Laboratory, Agricultural Experiment and Shade House Condition – Station, University of the Virgin Islands, G. Bhuvaneswari, College of Kingshill, US Virgin Islands Horticulture, Bagalkot, India 5:30pm-6:00pm Poster Presenters to Remove Displays from Poster Boards (Posters must be removed by 6pm.) 7:00pm-7:30pm Social in the Orchid Foyer 7:30pm- 10:00pm Evening Dinner Banquet – Orchid Ballroom

TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 6, 2012 7:00am Morning Refreshments in Hotel Lobby Alcove (Break is stationed next to main entrance of hotel by the front desk on the lower level. Busses board at 7:45am and depart promptly at 8:00am.) 7:45am Board Buses Participants have been divided into two tour groups. Both tours will visit the same commercial production and packing operations. The color coded field trip card in your name tag pouch indicates which group you were assigned to. Please board the bus coded for your assigned group. Group 1 – [YELLOW CARD] - Board Buses Parked in Front Circle Drive (Go straight after exiting hotel) Group 2 – [GREEN CARD] - Board Buses Parked at Side Entrance of Hotel (Turn left after exiting hotel)

8:00am-5:00pm Commercial Field Trip: This segment of our conference entails an all-day tour of local industry research facilities and commercial production. Traditional cultivars as well as advanced breeding material will be available at all sites. Lunch will be provided. 5:30pm Buses Return to Hotel

7:00pm-10:00pm Closing Dinner Banquet at Waldorf Astoria – Outdoors on the Sunset Deck past the Vista Ballroom* *If it rains, dinner will be served in Royal Palm 1-3 on the second level of the conference center.

10:00pm CONFERENCE CONCLUDES

2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 11 Poster Number Poster Directory (Listing is in alphabetical order by presenting author last name.) 44 Salinity Tolerance in Pepper in the Sundarban Region of West Bengal, INDIA - Chandan Kumar Mondal, Uttam Saha and Pinaki Acharyya, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Science, University of Calcutta, India 43 Variability, Genetic Advance and Characters Association Study in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) - P.S. Ajjappalavara1, V.M. Ganiger2, M.B. Madalgeri2, I.B. Biradar2 and R.K. Mesta1, 1Horticulture Research Station, Haveri (Devihosur)- Karnataka, India; 2College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India; University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagakot

1 Managing Key Pepper Pests with Tolfenpyrad Insecticide - B. Balogh1 and J.C. Adams2, 1Nichino America, Inc., Apollo Beach FL; 2Nichino America, Inc., Wilm- ington, DE, USA

5 Genotypic Response Of Five Chili (Bell Pepper) Genotypes Towards Seed Biopriming and its Seed Production Potential - A.K. Basu and Anuj Rai, Department of Seed Science & Technology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, W.B., INDIA

12 Bio-inputs: A Clean Alternative for Bolivian Chili Export - C. Bejarano Martínez1, H. Equise1, C. Mayan1, J. Matthias2, M. van Zonneveld2, and K. Amaya2, 1 Fundación PROINPA, Sucre, Bolivia; 2Bioversity International, Regional Office for the Americas, Cali, Colombia

39 Physiological Responses of Grafted Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Plants to Water Stress - A. Calatayud 1, C. Penella1 , S.G. Nebauer2, A. San Bautista2 and S. López-Galarza2, 1Departamento Horticultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investiga- ciones Agrarias (IVIA), Valencia, Spain; 2Departamento Producción Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica València, Valencia, Spain

6 Green Pesticides for the management of Chili (Bell Pepper) Pests - M.L. Chatterjee, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India

9 ‘New NMSU Ornamental Chile Pepper Varieties Add Color to the Holidays’ - Paul W. Bosland1 and Danise Coon2, 1,2,3 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA

10 ‘Trinidad Moruga Scorpion is the World’s Hottest Chile Pepper at 2 Mil- lion Scoville Heat Units’ - Paul W. Bosland1, Danise Coon2 and Greg Reeves3, 1,2,3 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA

7 Occurence of Resistance Breaking Strain of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus on Resistant Pepper Cultivars in Hungary - G. Csilléry,1 A. Almási2 and I. Tóbiás2, 1Budakert Ltd., 2Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

12 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGSPROCEEDINGS Poster Number

13 Chile Pepper Juice Supports the Growth of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 - Jorge A. Beall, Ruben Zapata, and Willis M. Fedio, Food Safety Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA

14 Enumeration, Isolation and Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Fermented Chile Pepper (Capsicum annuum cv. Mesilla Cayenne) Mash - J.A. Beall1, N.C. Flores2 and W.M. Fedio1, 1Food Safety Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM; 2Extension Home Economics, New Mexi- co State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA

15 Microbiological Safety of Flame Roasted New Mexico Green Chile Peppers - Paul Browning1, Ruben Zapata1, Jorge Beall1, David Lucero2, and Willis M. Fedio1, 1New Mexico State University, Food Safety Laboratory, Las Cruces, NM; 2New Mexico Department of Agriculture, Marketing and Development Division, Las Cruces, NM, USA

16 Real-Time PCR for Detection of Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in Dried Red Chile - W.M. Fedio, P.E. Browning and R. Zapata, New Mexico State University, Food Safety Laboratory, Las Cruces, NM, USA

2 Conservation Biological Control Program for Western Flower Thrips in Pepper - Stuart Reitz1, Joe Funderburk2, and Gene McAvoy3, 1Center for Med- ical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 6383 Mahan Dr., Tallahassee, FL; 2North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL; 3University of Florida Hendry County Extension, LaBelle, FL, USA

11 Research-based Online Chile Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Resources for Master Gardeners - W.V. Hamilton1, 1Cooperative Extension Service, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA

40 Current Studies on Management of Pepper Yellow Leaf Curl Disease in Indonesia - Sri Hendrastuti Hidayat, Purnama Hidayat, Bagus Kukuh Udiarto, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural Universi- ty, Bogor, Indonesia

42 Evaluation of Hot Peppers for Antioxidant Quality under Different Stor- age Conditions - Qumer Iqbal1, Muhammad Amjad1 and Muhammad Rafique Asi2, 1Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 2Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan

18 Potassium Fertilization Effects on Jalapeño Pepper Yield and Quality - J.L. Jifon1, K. Crosby2, D.I. Leskovar3, G.E. Lester4, 1Texas AgriLife Research, VFIC, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M System, Weslaco, TX; 2College Station, TX, 3Uvalde, TX; 4USDA-ARS Beltsville, MD, USA 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 13 Poster Number

30 Evaluating Chili Pepper Cultivars in Central Missouri - S. Kirk and S. Gu, Cooperative Extension and Research, Lincoln University, Jefferson City, MO, USA

4 Red Bell Pepper Cultivar Evaluations for the Summer and Fall Markets - Wesley L. Kline1 and C. Andrew Wyenandt², ¹Rutgers Cooperative Extension of Cumberland County, ²Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Millville, NJ, USA

41 Cytomorphological and Seed Protein Profiles of F1 Hybrid between C.annuum L and C.frutescens L. - V. Rattan Kumar1, S. Subba Tata1 and O. Aniel Kumar1, Department of Botany, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

19 Developing an IPM Strategy for Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in California - Michelle Le Strange1, R. Gilbertson2, O. Batuman2, N. McRoberts2, D. Ullman2, T. Turini3, S. Stoddard3, G. Miyao3, 1University of California Cooperative Extension, Tulare and Kings Counties, CA, USA; 2Plant Pathology & Entomology Departments, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; 3University of California Cooperative Ex- tension, Fresno, Madera, Merced, Sacramento, Solano, and Yolo, Counties, CA, USA

20 Nitrogen Has Major Impact on Bell Pepper Yield but Not Post Harvest Quality - Michelle Le Strange1 and Marita Cantwell2, 1University of California Cooperative Extension, Tulare & Kings Counties, CA, USA; 2Plant Sciences Dept, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

28 Screening Capsicum Pepper Accessions for Tolerances to Salinity and Water Stresses - S. López-Galarza1, S.G. Nebauer1, A. San Bautista1, C. Penel- la2 and A. Calatayud2, 1Departamento Producción Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica València, Valencia, Spain; 2Departamento Horticultura, Instituto Valenciano de Inves- tigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Valencia

3 The Proper Role of Insecticides in IPM Programs for Western Flower Thrips in Pepper - Gene McAvoy1, Joe Funderburk2, Mrittunjai Srivistava2, and Norm Leppla3, 1University of Florida Hendry County Extension, LaBelle, Florida; 2North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, Florida; 3Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

8 Bioactive and Valuable Compounds in 114 Native Bolivian Chili Acces- sions - S. Meckelmann1, D. Riegel1, C. Bejarano2, T. Avila3, M. van Zonnefeld4, M. Petz1, 1Department of Food Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Germany, 2Fundación PROINPA, Bolivia, 3CIFP, Bolivia, 4Bioversity International, Cali/Columbia

46 Bioactive Field Trials of Peppers (Capsicum spp.) on the Island of St. Croix - Dilip Nandwani, Plant Science Laboratory, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of the Virgin Islands, Kingshill, USVI 14 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGSPROCEEDINGS Poster Number

45 Effect of Spacing and Variety on Yield and Fruit Quality of Pepper Grown with Seepage Irrigation in Florida Sandy Soils - Monica Ozores-Hampton, University of Florida/Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Immokalee FL, USA

35 Examination of High Hydrostatic Pressure Technology for Preservation of Hungarian Red Pepper Paste - Gábor Palotás1, I. Dalmadi2, A. Tréfás1, H. Kis1, E. Baisánszki1, Gabriella Palotás1 and Cs. Balla2, 1Univer Product Plc., Kecskemét, Hungary; 2Department of Refrigeration and Livestock Products’ Technology, Corvi- nus University of Budapest, Hungary

36 Methodological Options for Selection of Different Capsaicin-Containing Red Pepper Breeding Lines - Z. Tímár1, Gábor Palotás2, E. Sisákné Tatár1, Gabriella Palotás2 and G. Csilléry3, 1Red Pepper Research and Development Non- profit Ltd., Kalocsa, Hungary;2 Univer Product Plc., Kecskemét, Hungary, 3Budakert Ltd., Budapest, Hungary

37 Use of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging as Diagnostic Technique to Predict Compatibility in Capsicum spp. Graft - C. Penella1 , S.G. Nebauer2, A. San Bautista2, S. López-Galarza2 and A. Calatayud1, 1Departamento Horticultura. Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones agrarias (IVIA). Valencia. Spain; 2Departamento Producción Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica València, Valencia, Spain

34 Industrial Characterization, Carotenoid Accumulation and Carotenoid Biosynthetic Gene Expression for Red, Yellow and Brown Fruit Capsi- cum Genotypes - María-Teresa Pino1, Carolina Pabon2, Darío Estay1, Paulina Villagra1, Maritza Mateo3, Gabriel Saavedra1, Ricardo Pertuze3, Ana-Mabel Muñoz1, 1Institute of Agricultural Research of Chile (INIA) Santiago Chile, 2Escuela Politécni- ca del Ejército Quito Ecuador, 3Universidad de Chile, Santiago Chile

33 Soluble Organic Fertilization of Poly-house Peppers - J.E. Reid, K.E. Klotzbach, and N.R. Hoover, Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program, Cornell University, Penn Yan, NY, USA

21 Genetic Divergence Among Jalapeño (Capsicum annuum var. annuum) Genotypes Based on Morpho-agronomic Characteristics - A. Ulhoa1,T. Pereira1, F.J.B. Reifschneider2, R. N. O. Silva1, R. Rodrigues1, M. G. Pereira1, 1Plant Breeding Department, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil; 2EMBRAPA Hor- taliças, EMBRAPA, Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil

22 Inheritance of Resistance to PepYMV in Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum - R. Rodrigues1, C. dos S. Bento1, L. S. A. Gonçalves1, H. S. de Oliveira1 and C. P. Sudre1, 1Plant Breeding Department, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil

2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 15 Poster Number

23 Resistance to Anthracnose in Capsicum spp. Accessions - R. Rodrigues1, S. de A. M. da Silva1, L. S. A. Gonçalves1, A. M. Medeiros1, H. S. de Oliveira1 and C. P. Sudre1, 1Plant Breeding Department, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil

25 Performances of Lines Derived through Pure Line Selection from Naga Jolokia x Habanero Orange Cross - S.K.Samanta, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Kalyani, W.B., India

24 The Age Affects Germination of Seeds of Piquin Chili - A. Sandoval R., and A. Benavides, M., Department of Horticulture, Antonio Narro University, Saltillo, Coahuila, México; K. Alva R. and M. E. Vazquez B, Computing and Department of Plant Breeding, Antonio Narro University, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico

26 Eco-friendly IPM Modules against Sucking and Chewing Pests of Chil- li (Capsicum annuum L.) : Indian Perspective - P.K.Sarkar, G. P.Timsina and S.K.Samanta, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India

32 Internal Fruit Rot (Fusarium spp.) of Greenhouse Bell Peppers - C. Sauviller1, M. Van Mechelen1, M. Frans2, R. Aerts2, K. Heungens3, K. Van Poucke3, F. Focquet3 en L. Van Herck4 , 1Research Centre Hoogstraten, Meerle, Belgium; 2Research Group Sustainable Crop Protection, Katholieke Hogeschool Kempen, Geel, Belgium; 3Institute for Agricul- tural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit – Crop Protection, Merelbeke, Belgium; 4Research Station for Vegetable Production, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium

31 Flavor Enhancement of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Through Intro- gressions From Related Germplasm - Albrecht, Elena1, Robert A. Saftner2, John R. Stommel3, Eunhee Park2, 1Keygene Inc., Rockville, MD; 2Food Quality Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD; 3Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA

28 Major Fungal Diseases of Chilli (Capsicum annum) in West Bengal, India and its Management - Jayanta Tarafdar1, P.K. Sarkar2 and S.K. Samanta1, 1Director- ate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India; 2Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India

29 A Novel Push-Pull Method for Managing Thrips in Bell Peppers - K.A. Tyler-Julian1, G. Frantz2, J.E. Funderburk1, C. Mellinger2, and S. Reitz3, 1University of Florida, North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy, FL; 2Glades Crop Care, Inc. Jupiter, FL; 3Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Tallahassee, FL, USA

27 Problems and Prospects of Hot Pepper Research in India – A Review - C.Venkata Ramana, L.Naram Naidu, T. Vijaya Lakshmi, C.Sarada and P. Vijaya Laksh- mi; Dr. YSR Horticultural University, Horticultural Research Station, Lam Farm, Andhra Pradesh, India

16 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGSPROCEEDINGS Commercial Field Tour

TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 6, 2012

Please join us in thanking all of the companies who graciously participated as host sites of our Commercial Field Tour. We appreciate them opening their doors to give us a bird-eye view of their operations and commercial pepper production in South Florida.

FIELD TOUR ITINERARY

7:00am Morning Refreshments in Main Hotel Lobby Alcove (ground floor) 7:45am BOARD BUSES*

*Participants are divided into two tour groups. Both groups will visit the same commercial operations. The color coded field trip card in your name tag pouch indicates which group you were assigned to. Please board the bus coded for your assigned group.

Tour Group 1 – [YELLOW CARD] Tour Group 2 – [GREEN CARD] Board Buses Parked in Front Circle Drive Board Buses Parked at Side Entrance of Hotel (Go straight after exiting front of hotel) (Turn left after exiting front of hotel)

8:00am Depart Hotel 8:00am Depart Hotel 8:45am-9:15am Lipman Produce , 8:30am-9:15am Syngenta Seeds, Estero, FL Naples, FL 9:50am-10:40am Sakata Seed 9:25am-9:55am Redi Plants America, Inc., Naples, FL Fort Myers, FL 10:55am-11:25am Harris Moran Seed 11:15am-12:00pm Seminis Seed Company, Felda, FL Immokalee, FL 12:30pm-1:30pm LUNCH BUFFET 12:00pm-12:45pm Sakata Seed Immokalee Technical America, Inc., Center (iTech) Fort Myers, FL Immokalee, FL 1:30pm-2:30pm LUNCH BUFFET 1:50pm-2:15pm Harris Moran Farm Immokalee Technical Immokalee, FL Center (iTech) Immokalee, FL 3:15pm-3:45pm Redi Plants 2:45pm-3:20pm Seminis Seed Naples, FL Felda, FL 4:00pm-4:45pm Syngenta Seeds 4:10pm-4:40pm Lipman Produce Naples, FL Estero, FL 5:15pm Return to Hotel 5:30pm Return to Hotel

2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 17 Salinity Tolerance in Pepper in the Sundarban Region of West Bengal, India Chandan Kumar Mondal, Uttam Saha and Pinaki Acharyya Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Science, University of Calcutta, INDIA Sundarban, the world’s largest delta is an agriculturally backward region as it faces the problems of salinity both in soil and water, poor irrigation facilities and poor drainage system during rainy season. Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L) commonly known as chilli, is an important commercial crop of this region as it sustains to higher levels of salinity, drought tolerance and easy storability. Further, poor communication related to weather forecasting adds to the farmers woos. Parallely Chilli leaf curl complex is another problem, whose prevalence is quite high . The present scenario tends to usage of local landraces, mostly undescribed. A search was made to locate genotypes having tolerance to both salinity and leaf curl complex. Twelve inbred lines were tried at three distint locations having salinity gradients of 1.63 mS/cm, 2.55 mS/cm, 3.72 mS/

18 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS cm respectively of the coastal Bengal region. Seven accessions were found to perform well under differential situation and possessed good stability coupled with higher leaf curl complex tolerance. These seven genotypes were CUCH-1, CUCH-4, CUCH-6, CUCH-29, CUCH-31, CUCH-34 and CUCH-35. Among these seven, the best two performers were CUCH-31 and CUCH-35 recording a fresh yield of 218.17 g/ plant, 175.56 g/plant, 139.68 g/plant and 190.54 g/plant, 159.77 g/plant, 148.19 g/plant at low, medium and high salinity levels respectively. These genotypes may be utilized in the commercial production system in a critical, diversified and risk prone area like Sundarbans to sustain the livelihood of the farmers of this region. Further the seven genotypes were subjected to RAPD analysis and polymorphic bands were observed. Contact Information: Pinaki Acharyya, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, India, Phone 91-33-24615445 x 364, Email: [email protected]

Stability analysis at Multilocational Trial

2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 19 20 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 21 Groundnut ringspot virus in Pepper and Other Vegetables in Variability, Genetic Advance and Characters Association Study in Florida Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Scott Adkins1, Craig G. Webster1, H. Charles Mellinger2, Galen P.S. Ajjappalavara1, V.M. Ganiger2, M.B. Madalgeri2, I.B. Biradar2 Frantz2, William W. Turechek1, Eugene McAvoy3, Stuart R. Reitz4 and and R.K. Mesta1 Joe Funderburk5 1Horticulture Research Station, Karnataka, India 1USDA-ARS, Fort Pierce, FL 2College of Horticulture, Karnataka, India University of Horticultural 2Glades Crop Care, Inc., Jupiter, FL Sciences 3University of Florida/IFAS Hendry County Extension, LaBelle, FL An investigation on chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) was undertaken at 4 USDA-ARS, Tallahasse, FL the Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Univer- 5University of Florida, NFREC, Quincy, FL sity of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot during kharif 2011-12 in irri- Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) emerged in solanaceous vegetables gated condition to estimate the genotypic and phenotypic coefficient in South Florida in late 2009-early 2010, extending the known distribu- of variation, genetic advance, nature of correlation among the quan- tion of this tospovirus beyond South America and South Africa. GRSV titative traits and the direct and indirect contributions of components can infect pepper and other solanaceous vegetable crops at all stages of towards green fruit yield per plant and to identify the most important plant growth, and often leads to non-marketable fruits. GRSV symp- characters that may be used in selection criteria in chilli breeding pro- toms in pepper are virtually indistinguishable from those induced by gramme. In the experiment thirty two chilli genotypes were included Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), the original member of the tospo- and nine important agronomic traits were recorded viz., days to first virus group of plant viruses and a relative of GRSV. These symptoms flowering, days to fifty per cent flowering, plant height (cm), number include chlorotic and necrotic spots or rings on young leaves, inward of primary branches, number of fruits per plant, fruit length (cm), fruit rolling of older leaves, and overall stunting of plants (especially when girth (cm), average green fruit weight (g) and green fruit yield per infection occurs at an early age). Fruits are also deformed and off col- plant (g). In the study, results shown that green fruit yield per plant or, often with characteristic rings. Due to the similarity of symptoms, (g) recorded highest genotypic (44.22 %) and phenotypic (45.81 %) specific molecular tests are required to discriminate between GRSV coefficient of variation and genetic advance (87.77 %) followed by and TSWV infection of pepper. GRSV has a relatively narrow known number of fruits per plant, whereas highest heritability was noticed for host range. Beyond pepper, GRSV has been detected in tomato, egg- days to first flowering (99%) followed by average fruit weight and fruit plant, tomatillo and several solanaceous weeds in Florida. Experimen- length (98%). Correlation coefficients of traits were shown that, the tal host range testing and field surveys are ongoing to define a more values of genotypic correlation coefficients were higher than the phe- complete host range for GRSV in the state. Tospoviruses are transmit- notypic correlation coefficients except plant height and number of pri- ted by several species of thrips. Western flower thrips (Frankliniella mary branches study indicates that high heritable nature of characters. occidentalis) is well-described for TSWV transmission and has been And fruit yield per plant was positively correlated with the plant height recently shown to transmit GRSV in Florida. Other locally important (cm), number of fruits per plant, fruit length (cm), fruit girth (cm), and thrips species are currently being tested to determine their ability to average fruit weight (g). Path coefficient analysis indicated that all the acquire and transmit GRSV. To date, GRSV has been detected in com- characters studied were had a positive direct effect with a green fruit mercial pepper and/or tomato fields in nine Florida counties. Broader yield per plant except days to first flowering as it is desirable. geographic surveys for GRSV are ongoing. Our multidisciplinary and multi-institutional team is addressing the most pressing practical issues Contact Information: Dr. P.S. Ajjappalavara, Horticulture Research resulting from the detection of GRSV in Florida. Strong grower and Station, Haveri (Devihosur)-581 110 University of Horticultural Sci- industry support has bolstered these efforts to develop effective GRSV ences, Bagakot-587 102 Karnataka State, India. management strategies. Management of GRSV, TSWV and the thrips Phone: +91 8375-290101, Email:[email protected] vectors is difficult. Once a plant becomes infected with either virus, it cannot be cured. Roguing should be used to prevent further spread of Impact of Field Inputs on Jalapeno Pepper Pungency GRSV or TSWV to adjacent plants. This is particularly important in Aziz Baameur1 , Ian Teresi2, and Maria de la Fuente1. transplant production, and also with GRSV in field production, where 1UC Cooperative Extension, Santa Clara & San Benito Counties. incidence generally remains low (less than 2%). Management of west- 2GC Farms Production Manager, Morgan Hill, California ern flower thrips and other potential thrips species (yet to be identified) capable of transmitting GRSV in Florida is important to reduce virus Jalapeno peppers are an important crop in the California Central Coast spread. Since GRSV and TSWV are closely related, it is likely that region. Growers of processing and fresh market jalapenos are interested the integrated TSWV management strategies developed and currently in the fruit physical and chemical qualities. One of the chemical attributes used in North Florida can be adapted for effective GRSV management of special interest is fruit pungency as indicated by Scoville Heat Units. elsewhere in the state. Ongoing surveys for GRSV and thrips vec- Pepper growers are looking in field inputs and strategies or cultural tors in Florida and beyond are benefiting from the development and practices that would enhance pungency beyond genetic attributes. current testing of a smartphone-based system to collect and upload Most growers have a favorite variety that they would like to keep, GPS-labeled scouting data (virus, thrips and production information) but may want to increase its pungency to meet buyers demand. to a central server where it can be processed and analyzed. When fully In this three-year field study, we experimented with various field in- implemented, this system will deliver real-time reports and manage- puts to assess their impact on pungency level of jalapeno fruit, be- ment recommendations to growers and/or their scouts making possible yond what the plant genetics offer. We employed a combination of “area-wide” management of diseases and pests, including GRSV. plant nutrition variables coupled with several plant stress strategies and evaluated their impact on yield and capsaicin concentration. Contact Information: Scott Adkins, USDA-ARS, 2001 South We conducted these studies in jalapeno production fields and con- Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, Phone (772) 462-5885, formed to real-world production considerations. Studies looked Email: [email protected] into increased or decreased N inputs, sea salt application, timely water deficit, as well as combinations of N and water deficit. Data collected focused on fruit yield, fruit quality such as 22 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS size, wall thickness, and especially capsaicin levels. Data on oth- occur within one to two weeks following inoculation. Three approach- er pertinent yield components were also collected and analyzed. es were evaluated for management of Phytophthora blight in peppers, Results showed that increased capsaicin could be achieved by manip- which included: (i) using resistant cultivars, (ii) cropping rotation, and ulating certain inputs. However, an optimal combination of yield and (iii) application of fungicides. To identify resistant pepper cultivars capsaicin concentration is needed to be defined before a grower can to P. capsici, more than 100 cultivars/accessions of bell pepper were utilize these strategies in an economically beneficial way. tested in the greenhouse and field. In the greenhouse, 8-week-old seedlings were inoculated with P. capsici. Pepper cultivars that showed re- Contact Information: Aziz Baameur, UC Cooperative Extension, sistance to P. capsici were also evaluated in naturally infested commer- Santa Clara County, 1553 cial fields withP. capsici. Cultivars Alliance, Aristotle, Aristatol-XR3, Berger Dr. Bldg. 1, San Jose, CA 95112, Declaration, Emerald Isle, Enza, Paladin, Polaris, Reinger, Revolution, Phone (408) 282-3127, Email: [email protected] Seigers-9915776, and Snapper F1 were resistant to Illinois isolates of P. capsici. Based on survival of P. capsici oospores in soil, a four- Pepper Nitrogen Uptake in The Central Coast of California year cropping rotations with nonhost crops was established. Captan Aziz Baameur1 & Richard Smith2. (Maestro 80DF), cyazofamid (Ranman 400SC), dimethomorph (Fo- 1UC Cooperative Extension, Santa Clara & San Benito, Santa Cruz rum 4.16 SC), famoxadone + cymoxanil (Tanos 50WDG), fluazianum Counties. (Omega 500F), fluopicolide (Presidio 4SC), mandipropamid (Revus 2 UC Cooperative Extension, Monterey, San Benito, Santa Cruz 2.09SC), mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold Copper 65WP, Ridomil Gold EC Counties 4SC), Zampro (experimental) were effective in controlling P. capsici in pepper in the fields in Illinois. Fungicides should be applied at One of the most challenging aspects of growing pepper, and few other weekly intervals, beginning with the transplanting of the seedlings crops, is the lack of empirical information on nutrient uptake. To ad- in the field. During 2010 and 2011, also efficacy of drip-delivery of equately manage the crop nutritional need, growers rely on soil moni- fungicides for management of P. capsici in bell pepper was assessed. toring, crop and plant tissue analyses. However, as regulatory environ- Drip-delivery of Presidio, Revus, and Zampro significantly reducedP. ment gets tighter, there is an increasing need to tackle the difficult task capsici infection in bell pepper. Drip-drip-delivery plus spray applica- of evaluating plant consumption of nutrient and their relative partition. tions of fungicides also effectively reduced P. capsici infection in pep- The main objective of this first year trial is to investigate the nutri- per. Cultural practices such as using fields with well-drained soils and ent uptake by pepper crops. Eight fields were included representing planting on raised beds reduce the incidence of Phytophthora blight of bell and jalapeno peppers. The cooperating growers carried out all peppers in the fields. the management logistics. We selected and replicated plots in each field. At each harvest, we collected all fruit, weighed it, count it and Contact Information: Mohammad Babadoost, N-533 Turner Hall, categorized it by salable or reject. At the last harvest, we made up 1102 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801; phone: 217-333-1523; composite samples of fruit and others of aboveground plant materi- fax: 217-333-5299; email: [email protected]. al and analyzed them for NPK content. We also analyzed soil samples for same nutrient analyses.Plot production ranged between 24- Managing Key Pepper Pests with Tolfenpyrad Insecticide 40 tons/acre for jalapenos and 34-56 tons/acre for bells. Dry matter B. Balogh1 and J.C. Adams2 (DM) production was similar for both type of crops (26-27 tons/acre). 1Nichino America, Inc., Apollo Beach FL Based on laboratory analyses, nutrient content of above ground 2Nichino America, Inc., Wilmington DE biomass varied between 224 and 240 lbs/acre of N for bells and jalapenos, respectively. Bells and jalapenos did take up about Tolfenpyrad (soon to be released as ToracTM by Nichino America) 270 lbs./acre of K and around 30-33 lbs./acre of phospho- is a new broad-spectrum contact insecticide that works by interfer- rus. When we compared uptake to growers input, about 72% ing with Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) in the mitochondri- of N, 48% of P, and almost all of the K was taken up by the crop. al electron transport chain thus inhibiting cellular respiration and Additional work is need to validate the data presented here. energy production. Tolfenpyrad causes rapid cessation of feed- ing and death of the pest usually within 24-48 hours. It affects Contact Information: Aziz Baameur, UC Cooperative Extension, Santa multiple life stages of the target insects: eggs, larvae and adults. Clara County, 1553 Berger Dr. Bldg. 1, San Jose, CA 95112, Phone Tolfenpyrad is effective against a number of economically important (408) 282-3127, Email: [email protected]. insect pests of pepper including broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus), pepper weevil (Anthonomus eugenii), flower thrips (Frankliniella Managing Phytophthora Blight (Phytophthora capsici) of Pepper spp.), chilli thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis), melon thrips (Thrips palmi) in Illinois and aphid species. The aim of this poster is to demonstrate the ver- M. Babadoost satility of tolfenpyrad through a sample of field trials conducted by

independent university researchers. Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA Phytophthora blight, caused by Phytophthora capsici, is the most im- Contact Information: Botond Balogh, Product Development Repre- portant disease of peppers in Illinois, causing crop losses of up to 100 sentative, Nichino America Inc., 124 Star Shell Drive, Apollo Beach, percent. P. capsici infects more than 50 species in 15 plant families. FL 33572, Phone (352) 870-4075, Email: [email protected] Major host crops of P. capsici are peppers, cucurbits, and eggplant. The pathogen can infect pepper plants at all growth stages. P. capsici Production and Management of Coloured Sweet Peppers under infects roots, crown, stems, leaves, and fruit, causing seedling death, Low-cost Polygreen House stem lesion, leaf spot, foliar blight, and fruit rot. The first symptom on pepper in the field is commonly crown rot. The affected plants are usu- S.K.Samanta, A.Bandyopadhyay, P.K.Sarkar and J.Tarafdar ally defoliated, wilt, and die within 7-10 days. In some cultivars, only Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya fruit are infected. Infected fruit develop dark, water-soaked lesions, (State Agriculture University) which are commonly covered with white mycelium of the pathogen. In Nadia, W.B.INDIA the greenhouse, infection of stem at soil level and defoliation of plants 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 23 Sweet peppers usually called ‘coloured capsicum’ in India are of high Bio-inputs: A Clean Alternative for Bolivian Chili Export

demand in elite markets. Its production in open field is practically im- C. Bejarano Martínez1, H. Equise1, C. Mayan1, J. Matthias2, M. van possible in tropical condition. To develop suitable package of practices Zonneveld2, and K. Amaya2 for this important high value vegetable, low cost naturally ventilated 1 Fundación PROINPA, Sucre, Bolivia polygreen house was used for this study. A collection of 35 genotypes 2 Bioversity International, Regional Office for the Americas, Cali, from AVRDC as well as different seed companies were grown during Colombia last four years (2007-2011). Genotypes were of distinctly different with respect to morphological characters of fruit and plant growth The evolution of useful soil fungi in Chuquisaca, Bolivia has gener- habit. May be genotypes were bred for different segments, but we used ated a great interest to enhance chili pepper production for commer- single protocol particularly irrigation, fertiliser schedule and pesticide cialization and export. Farmers grow locally improved materials of management for all genotypes under a single polygreen house. Beds the botanical variety Capsicum baccatum L. var. pendulum (Willd.) were 1.5-m wide (furrow to furrow), 30 cm high. Two rows are trans- Eshbaugh. Fundación PROINPA has developed over the last eight planted per bed. The two rows in each bed are spaced 50-cm apart, with years five bio-fertilizers, three bio-fungicides, three bio-insecticides plants spaced 50-cm apart within each row. This creates a population and an organic fermentation accelerator to improve clean and sustain- density of 26,670 plants/ha. Fertigation was 3gm NPK (19:19:19) per able agricultural production and have cultivated mycorrhizae for better plant through drip in every alternate day. Micronutrients were applied nutrient uptake. Within this context, in 2010-2011 in the community thrice in a week. In case of four lobed bell types, genotypes having of Campo Redondo, Municipality of Padilla (Chuquisaca, Bolivia) at 150-180g fruit size yielded best i.e., 4kg/ plant. The genotypes having 2050 m.a.s.l., with an annual average rainfall of 800 mm and an av- more than 250g fruit size, yield was around 3-3.5kg/plant. The other erage temperature of 16°C, two research trials with bio-inputs were genotypes like sweet cony, baby bells, dulcino and tomato shape vari- carried out. We evaluated the effect of four mycorrhizae of the Glomus eties; cumulative yield for the entire growing period was appreciable genus and two bio-fertilizers on chili pepper production. In both trials (3-5kg/plant). During these four seasons of study use of 24-28 days old four strains of mycorrhizae (Glomus intraradice, Glomus musseae, seedlings raised in plugs helped in establishing best crop in this type of Glomus etunicatum and Glomus elunicalum) and two bio-fertilizers green house while planted in mid- August to have first harvest during (Biofert: 180 kg/ha and Micobac: 2 kg / 200 L/ha) were implemented the end of December. Due to high temperature before August, if plant- in farmers’ fields under completely randomized block designs. ed, crop gets infected with mites and thrips. Temperature starts ris- Mycorrhizae were applied in nurseries and the bio-fertilizers were ap- ing after March and naturally fruit shape gets deformed. Spacing was plied during transplantation of seedlings in the field. In the nurseries 50cm x 50cm. On an average yield was 4kg/plant in case of bell types during seedling growth no differences between plants with mycorrhi- and 3.0 kg/plant in other types. In this span of six-seven months from zae strains and the control (without mycorrhizae) were observed; how- September to March all sorts of colour develops correctly and fruits ever, when seedlings were subject to a water stress treatment (twice harvested are of good marketable form. Considering 26000plants/ha, during six days each), it was found that seedlings with G. intraradices yield varied according to types from 78t/ha to 100t/ha which was reacted positively to the treatment, as they did not wilt due to their in- found economically viable. creased root development. On the other side, G. etunicatum seedlings and the control showed susceptibility towards water stress as more Contact Information: Dr. A. Bandyopadhyay, Professor & OIC, than 50% of the seedlings wilted although they had an appropriate root AICRP on Palms, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi development. Once seedlings were transplanted to the production field, Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741252,INDIA, their height, leaf area, number of pods and yield were evaluated. Plants e-mail: [email protected] with G. elunicalum showed an enhanced vegetative development, a larger number of pods per plant and higher yield showing statistical Genotypic Response of Five Chilli (Bell Pepper) Genotypes differences with the rest of the treatments. Plants where the bio-fer- Towards Seed Biopriming and its Seed Production Potential tilizer Biofert and Micobac were applied showed positive effects on A.K. Basu and Anuj Rai plant growth and in leaf development compared to the control. Overall Department of Seed Science & Technology, results show that the application of Micobac increased chili production Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, to 4.5 tons/ha and the application of Biofert increased production to Mohanpur, Nadia-741252, W.B., INDIA 4 tons/ha compared with the control treatment (no bio-fertilizer ap- [email protected] plication) that only produced 1.8 tons/ha. The agronomic response of chili plants when bio-inputs were applied was beneficial for most of Five genotypes of chilli viz., Ac-574, Ac-615, Bcc-62, Hyb (3)2 & the characteristics in chilies, and as a consequence their application is Pant c1 were grown in the University farm to assess variation in its possible if the overall purpose is to obtain cleaner products with less yield potential, both green vegetable and seed, during winter season economic cost. of 2010-11. Seed quality parameters were studied at the same time in laboratory condition. Response of those five genotypes was also Contact Information: C. Bejarano Martínez, Fundación assessed towards seed biopriming with Pseudomonas sps. and Trich- PROINPA, Calle Perú # 100, Sucre, Bolivia, oderma viridi for production of high vigour seedling. Phone: (591) 46 45 12 47, Email: [email protected] Significant variation was noted among genotypes for all the characters studied excepting plant height. Highest seed yield was recorded for Degradation Dynamics of some Modern Fungicides with special Hyb (3)2 along with dry fruit weight, number of seeds per pod, reference to Indian Chilli (Capsicum annum) Cultivation test weight, etc., whereas seedlings with highest vigour status were Anjan Bhattacharyya, Soumyadip Mukhopadhyay & Chiranjit Kundu produced after Ac-574 followed by Ac-615 and Pant c1. Seedlings Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Deptt. Of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan with significantly lowest vigour status for Hyb (3)2 may be due to its Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, W.B.,India constitutional genetic behaviour. Germination potential, both at first and final count, as well as seedlings with higher vigour status were Chilli (Capsicum annum) is an essential pillar of the cousines observed to be varied among genotypes after biopriming indicating its of India. Numerous varieties with variable degrees of pungen- response is dependent on genetic architecture of individual genotypes. cy are available in India.Dry and fresh chillies are used in var-

24 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS ious Indian sub-continent dishes.India is one of the largest pro- various organic sources of nutrients was superior from their fruit color ducer of chilli in the world.In India the following diseases and other nutritional parameters than those grown inorganically. Anthracnose, BrownPatch , Fruit rot, Leafspot, Necrotic Ring Contact information: Dr. G. Bhuvaneswari, Department of Foods Spot etc are very common during chilli cultivation. To control the and Nutrition, College of Horticulture, University of Horticultural above diseases three modern fungicides (Difenoconazole, tebuco- Sciences, Bagakot-587 102, Karnataka State, India. Phone: +91 nazole and Azoxistrbin) was studied to determine the residual fate as 8354-201604, Email: [email protected] well as degradation dynamics in chilli crop field situation in 2010- 2011 at experimental research farm of BCKV, Mohanpur, WB, India. Physiological Responses of Grafted Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Plants Difenoconazole 25% EC was applied in two doses 250 ml and500 to Water Stress mL per ha ;Tebuconazole 25.9% EC was applied in two treatments A. Calatayud 1,C. Penella1 , S.G. Nebauer2, A. San Bautista2 and S. doses 750 mL and 1500 mL per ha and Azoxystrobin 23% SC was López-Galarza2 applied in two doses 500 mL and 1000 mL per ha. The residues of 1Departamento Horticultura. Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Difenoconazole , tebuconazole and Azoxystrobin in chilli fruits were agrarias (IVIA), Valencia, Spain. determined finally by LC MS MS instrument. The residue of all the 2Departamento Producción Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica València, fungicides was found below the detectable limit. In all the cases, the Valencia, Spain. residue gradually decreased with time following 1st order kinetics and the half live value ranges from 2.0-3.5 days. From this study it was Water stress is the most significant environmental stress in agri- clearly established that these fungicides will not create any residual culture and improving yield under drought is a major goal of plant problem and chilli fruits may be consumed safely. breeding. Grafting a desirable variety onto a resistant rootstock would be an environment-friendly technique for avoiding or reduc- Contact Information: Prof Anjan Bhattacharyya, Pesticide Residue Lab- ing yield losses in a crop. Several Capsicum rootstocks, including oratory, Deptt. Of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vis- commercial cultivars, bred lines and wild accessions, give appro- wavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, W.B., India, Phone: =919433007139; priate tolerance or resistance to biotic stress but there is little infor- Fax: 913325828460, Email: [email protected] mation about their tolerance to abiotic stresses such as water stress. In this work, we evaluated the physiological response of the sweet Effect of Organic Amendments on Shelf Life Qualities of Bell pepper cultivar “Lamuyo” grafted onto four pepper accessions (2 of Pepper (Capsicum annum.Var. grossum) Fruits Grown Under Capsicum annuum L.: Serrano 2 and Piquillo IGP; 1 of Capsicum Open and Shade House Condition chinenses Jacq.: Chinense 2 and 1 of Capsicum baccatum Jacq.: Baccatum 2) compared with the ungrafted cultivar, under moderate V. M Ganiger1, G. Bhuvaneswari1, J. C. Mathad2, and M. B. Mada- and severe water stress induced by 3.5% and 7% polyethylene glycol lageri1 (PEG) respectively in order to determine the threshold level and tol- 1College of Horticulture, University of Horticultural Sciences, erance provided by the tested rootstocks. Physiological traits includ- Bagalkot-587 102, Karnataka, India ing: chlorophyll fluorescence parameter (Fv/Fo), root and leaf nitrate 2College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dhar- reductase (NR) activities and membrane oxidative damage estimated wad-580 005, Karnataka, India as lipid peroxidation, were measured after 7 days from the addition of A field experiment was conducted to know the effect of organic fer- PEG. Different responses to water stress have been observed among tilizers on shelf life qualities of bell pepper grown in open and shade accessions, but all grafted plants showed higher tolerance at moder- house condition at Agricultural Research Station, Gangavati, Koppal ate and severe water stress when compared to the ungrafted plants. district, Karnataka, India. Split plot design with three replications The extent of the membrane damage gradually increased from con- was adopted with two bell pepper varieties viz., California Wonder trol to 7% PEG, but lipid peroxidation level was higher in ungrafted plants. The minor effect was showed when Serrano 2 and Chinense (V1) and Gangavati Local (V2) as main plot treatments and nine completely organic nutrient sources along with recommended package of 2 were used as rootstocks. A similar response was observed in the practice nutrients and only recommended inorganic nutrients sources Fv/Fo parameter. Nitrate reductase activity, a key enzyme responsible for N assimilation, also decreased under water stress, but over- were used as sub plot treatments (O1 to O11).The fruits of bell pepper varieties grown under open and shade house condition with various all, grafted plants exhibited higher NR activities. NR activity was organic sources of nutrients were subjected to storage under ambient modulated by the stress intensity and organ: under moderate water conditions for a period of 16 days to know bio-chemical changes and stress, the NR activity was higher in the leaves but at severe stress their shelf life quality with respect to their colour and nutritional con- the maximum activity values occurs in the roots. In leaves of plants tents. Results revealed that, after the end of 16 days ambient storage, under 7% PEG the higher activity was observed in Serrano 2. These the fruits of California Wonder retained better colour value (1.95 and results are a step forward in the understanding the mechanism of water 2.03) than Local Variety (1.50 and 1.53) in open and shade house con- stress tolerance in grafted plants related to physiological processes. dition, respectively. TSS (5.37 0 Brix and 5.420 Brix), acidity (1.01 % Contact Information: Angeles Calatayud Chover, Departamento Horti- and 1.05 %), ascorbic acid (190.05 mg/100mg and 200.60 mg/100mg), cultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Ctra. total sugars (13.57 % and 13.32 %) contents were superior in Cali- Moncada-Naquera km. 4,5. C. P. 46113 Moncada (Valencia), Spain., fornia Wonder fruits grown in open and shade house condition than Phone (+34) 96 342 40 39, Email: [email protected] Local Variety after 16 days of ambient storage. The fruits grown by the application of 100 % recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through combination of 50 % Farm Yard Manure and 50 % poultry manure Green Pesticides for the Management of Chilli (Bell Pepper) Pests as basal dose in open and shade house condition were superior in re- M.L.Chatterjee, Department of Agricultural Entomology 0 0 taining the higher values with respect to TSS (5.54 Brix and 5.61 Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India Brix), acidity (1.02 % and 1.13 %), ascorbic acid (182.80 mg/100g and [email protected] 194.95 mg/100g), total sugars (13.55 % and 13.61 %) as well as fruit colour (1.92 and 2.16) even after the end of storage period. Irrespective Chilli (bell pepper) is an important vegetable as well as spice crop of growing conditions, the quality of the fruits produced by supplying in Indian Agriculture. Though India ranks first in the world with

2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 25 reference to area and production of chilli, however the average pro- the release of ‘Cinco de Mayo,’ ‘NuMex April Fool’s Day,’ ‘NuMex ductivity is very low in comparison to other countries. A major con- Chinese New Year’ and ‘NuMex Veteran’s Day.’ ornamental chile straint in chilli production is direct damage to fruit by Helicoverpa peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Fruit ripens in different color tran- armigera, Spodoptera litura and damage by thrips (Scirtothrips sitions for each variety giving the various plants value as commercial dorsalis) at vegetative growth of plants. As chilli is one of the most greenhouse pot plants as well as landscape accent plants. The color popular and profitable crop, farmers everywhere feel the need to pro- transitions of each variety also go along with the holiday for which tect such high value crops from any type of damage caused by in- they were named. Unlike standard chile pepper cultivars that have a di- sect pests. They often use synthetic insecticides indiscriminately, chotomous growth pattern these new chile pepper varieties have poly- and insect resistances to insecticides are very common in the tropics. chotomous branching of the basal branches giving each plant a shorter, To control chilli thrips and fruit borers efficiently two new organic pes- more compact growth habit, ideal for potted plants. The plants can be ticides spinetorum 12.5 SC (Spinosyn J 50% minimum and Spinosin used in the same manner as traditional holiday plants, either placed L 50% maximum) and spinosad 45 SC (Spinosyn A 50% minimum around the house or as a table centerpiece. After the holiday, they can and Spinosin D 50% maximum) with novel mode of action have been be planted outdoors as long as weather permits. developed recently. To determine the effectiveness of these pesticides Contact Information: Danise Coon, Department of Plant and Envi- compared with traditional chemicals, two field experiments were done ronmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, PO Box 30003 over two seasons. They compared five pesticides (Spinetorum 12.5 MSC 3Q Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA, Phone: 575-646-3028; Fax: SC @ 40 & 60 g a.i., Spinosad 45 SC @ 50 & 75 g a.i., Chlorpyr- 575-646-6041, Email: [email protected] ifos 20 EC @ 350 g. a.i., Fipronil 5 SC @ 50 g a.i. and triazophos 40 EC @ 250 g a.i/ha) with untreated controls. All other agronomic ‘Trinidad Moruga Scorpion is the World’s Hottest Chile Pepper practices were standard, and a blanket sprays to control mites was ap- at 2 Million Scoville Heat Units’ plied when necessary. First spraying was done with the appearance of thrips and thereafter three sprays at fortnightly interval were followed. Paul W. Bosland1, Danise Coon2 and Greg Reeves3. The results showed that both spinetorum and spinosad gave effective 1,2,3 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces NM control of thrips in both seasons and also reflected in yield parameter. Similarly the fruit borer infestation was sharply reduced in spinetorum This study was undertaken to establish heat levels for several high heat treated plot that was closely followed by spinosad and fipronil. They chile pepper (Capsicum chinense) varieties: ‘Trinidad Moruga Scor- showed fewer hazards to natural enemies’ compared to untreated control pion,’ ‘Bhut Jolokia,’ ‘Trinidad Scorpion,’ ‘Douglah Trinidad Choc- and no any phytotoxicity was noted at any stages of the growth of crop. olate,’ and ‘Trinidad 7-pot Jonah,’ in order to determine which chile Spinosyns are naturally derived insecticide produced by fermentation pepper variety has the highest average heat level; and the relatedness of bacterium, Saccharopolyspora spinosa a rare actinomycete collect- of the chile peppers to one and another using molecular analysis. In ed from soil that has been synthetically modified and consists of a replicated trials with appropriate controls at Las Cruces, N.M., results mixture of related spinosyn toxins, principally Spinosyn-J & L, A & show two ‘Trinidad Moruga Scorpion’ chile pepper plants reached D. They act as contact and stomach poison through a novel site in more than two million Scoville heat units (SHUs). This is the first the nicotinic receptor that is distinct from neonicotinoids or any other confirmation of chile pepper fruit measuring more than two million nicotinic actives, disrupts the functions of GABA receptors of small 1, 2 SHUs. A large range of heat levels was observed among the field neurons in the central nervous system considered to be ‘fast-acting’ plots—further supporting strong environmental effects on chile pepper insecticide provides up to14 days of control have practically no odour, pungency. ‘Trinidad Moruga Scorpion’ was significantly hotter than moderately strong soil absorption and degrades rapidly in the environ- ‘Bhut Jolokia,’ but ‘Trinidad 7-pot Jonah,’ ‘Douglah Trinidad Choc- ment. It offers excellent selectivity to beneficial organisms with low olate’ and ‘Trinidad Scorpion’ did not differ significantly from ‘Bhut environmental risk to human beings and has potential use in Integrated Jolokia.’ Molecular analysis with randomly amplified polymorphic Pest Management (IPM) systems. DNA (RAPD) markers confirmed that the accessions are genetically References: 1. Thomson, G.D, Dutton, R and Sparks, T.C. unique. ‘Trinidad Moruga Scorpion’ belongs to the species Capsicum 2000. Spinosad- a case study an example from a natural prod- chinense Jacq. and is not the same chile pepper as ‘Bhut Jolokia.’ ucts discovery programme. Pest Management Science, Contact Information: Danise Coon, Department of Plant and Envi- 56, 696-702. ronmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, PO Box 30003 2. Crouse, G. D., Dripps, J. E., Orr, N., Sparks, T. C., and Waldron, MSC 3Q Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA, Phone: 575-646-3028; Fax: C. 2007. DE-175 (Spinetoram), a new semisynthetic spinonsyn in 575-646-6041, Email: [email protected] development. Modern Crop Protection Chemistry. W. Kramer and U. Schirmer, eds. Wiley- VCH, Weinheim, Germany Screening Peppers for Resistance to Leafminer (Liriomyza spp.) Contact Information: Monilal Chatterjee, Phone: 913325809471, K.M. Crosby1, D.I. Leskovar2, and J.L. Jifon3. Email: [email protected] 1Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 2Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX. ‘New NMSU Ornamental Chile Pepper Varieties Add Color to 3Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX. the Holidays’ Paul W. Bosland1 and Danise Coon2 Leafminers (Liriomyza spp.) are a serious pest of commercial pepper 1,2 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico cultivars in Texas and other warm regions. The predominant species State University, Las Cruces NM in south Texas is L. trifolii, which occurred in 99% of traps dispersed across the Lower Rio Grande Valley region. Resistance to leafminers There is a long history of chile pepper plants being given as holi- has been reported in other important crops such as melon. Resistance day gifts in the Southwest. In the 1800s and even up to the 1920s, in peppers was observed in several field plots at Texas AgriLife Re- people would give chile pepper plants as a Christmas plant because search Center at Weslaco among a planting of diverse germplasm ac- the peppers would have the red and green colors. Now, the holiday cessions, representing four Capsicum species. Experiments were thus plant is usually a poinsettia, and ornamental chile was forgotten. carried out to identify specific accessions with uniform resistance and The New Mexico State University Chile Breeding Program announces study the genetic inheritance of the resistance. The first experiment 26 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS consisted of 100 accessions of C. annuum, C. chinense, C. baccatum Morphological mutants have been traditionally used in hybrid seed and C. frutescens, as well as 20 commercial cultivars. All plants were production. The best mutants for such purposes exhibit their distinct grown under commercial production conditions without any chemical phenotype soon after germination, preferably at the hypocotyl stage, control of leafminers. Three ratings were taken for leafminer infesta- so the hybrid origin of the seeds can be quickly identified. The most tion throughout the season. The 12 accessions with the lowest num- well known examples are the different anthocyanin less (al) mutants. bers of leafminers were then planted in a replicated trial at Weslaco. Rugose (ru) mutants can also be used as markers, even though special The highest levels of resistance were recorded in several accessions light conditions are required to recognize this phenotype. The most of C. chinense and C. baccatum. These averaged much less than one useful phenotypic markers would be linked to male sterility, but so mine per leaf, with one accession having less than five mines per plant. far, no such mutants have been found. The only strong linkage that we Crosses between susceptible, elite C. annuum lines and four lines of found was between the al1 mutation and the L gene responsible for C. chinense and C. baccatum were conducted in a greenhouse. Five TMV resistance. inter-specific families were created and screened in the field. The most Contact Information: Gabor Csillery, Budakert Ltd. 1114 Budapest, resistant progeny were utilized for selfing and backcrossing to the elite Bartok B. 41. HUNGARY, Email:[email protected] C. annuum types. Fertility and fruit quality were recovered in crosses between C. annuum and C. chinense PI 315017 much more quickly Occurence of Resistance Breaking Strain of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus than with other families. Resistance in four lines derived from this on Resistant Pepper Cultivars in Hungary family appears to have a significant dominant component and high heritability. In one line inheritance fits a single dominant gene model, but G. Csilléry,1 A. Almási2 and I. Tóbiás2 in the others, the data is not conclusive. 1Budakert Ltd. 2Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungari- Contact information: Kevin M. Crosby, Vegetable and Fruit Im- an Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary provement Center, Texas A&M University, 1500 Research Pkwy Ste.120, College Station, TX, 77845, Phone (979)-845-7012, e-mail: Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) has emerged as an important patho- [email protected]. gen in Hungary in 1995 when its most effective vector Frankliniella occidentalis was introduced from The Netherlands. Severe symptoms Introducing a Collection of 215 of Vegetative Organ Pepper and considerable economical losses was observed on pepper and toma- Mutants to in vegetable growing region of Szentes and other regions of Hun- gary. The increasing problem of TSWV lead to cooperation between G. Csilléry1 Budakert Ltd. (Hungary) and Esasem S.p.A. (Italy) to search for sourc- 1Budakert Ltd., Budapest, Hungary es of genetic resistance. In the frame of this work 58 lines of Capsi- Little is known about pepper mutations that have a distinct phenotype, cum sp., C. frutescens, C. chinense were inoculated and tested with especially in comparison to other economically important species, Hungarian isolate of TSWV. Eight pepper lines showed similar resis- such as the tomato. Regardless of their frequent use in the breeding tance as C. chinense accession PI152225 and PI159236 as described practice, the gene map of pepper mutations still unknown. However, by Black et al (1991). In the breeding program several homozigote progress is expected in this field with the rapidly growing genomic resistant pepper lines were produced, but every year returning problem data bases, notably the recently completed tomato genome project. was that HR producing plants showed systemic symptoms after 20-40 We maintain nearly 300 mutant lines under different variety back- days after inoculation. Testing the TSWV resistant hybrids obtainable grounds. Notably, most of these mutations are recessive, except two, in the market this problem was not observed. Resistance derived from the Taphrina leaf (Tl) and the Soft fruit (S) mutations, which are dom- these hybrids several lines were produced in conical white, long pale inant. The collection is based on our breeding work of the last 40 green hot and sweet, tomato shape, spice pepper and blocky types. In years, during which we analyzed more than half a million items of the market at the moment 8-10 F1 TSWV resistant hybrids of coni- self pollinated plants. Contributions to this collection are welcome. cal white flesh type are accesible for the growers.It was wellknown We distinguished between two types of mutations: mutations that affect that resistance breaking strain of TSWV is present on pepper in Italy, the vegetative or generative organs. Here, we present only the 215 mu- Spain and France. In 2011 sporadically, but in 2012 more frequantly tations of vegetative organs that we group into four categories. In paren- was odserved resistance breaking strain of TSWV on resistant pepper thesis, we indicate the provisional names of independent mutations af- cultivars in Szentes region (Hungary). The presence of new resistance fecting the same phenotype. The names are provisional because some of breaking strain was demonstrated by virological (serological and test these mutations are still to be confirmed as independent with an allele test. plants) methods. It is supposed that outbreaks of TSWV infection is First, mutations related to the lack of anthocyanin in the hy- due to the fact that protection against Frankliniella occidentalis was pocotyl, nodes and anthers: antocyanin less (al1-al5). neglected and some effective pesticide (like Unifos 50 EC) were with- Second, mutations related to the chlorophyll content: xantha (xa1- drawn. Our aim is to compare TSWV isolates and to search new genet- xa10), lutesces (lut1-lut65), yellow top (yt1-yt3), light sensitive mo- ic sources of resistance in Capsicum species. saic (lsm), mosaic (mos1-mos74), spotted leaf (spt), netted vein (net). Contact information: G. Csilléry, Budakert Ltd…1114 Budapest, Third, mutations that affect the form and the structure of the tis- Bartók Béla út 41. Phone:0036305651105, Fax:003612790093, sue of the leaf: brilliant leaf (bri), burned leaf (bur), callus (cal), E-mail: [email protected] canoe (ca), cross vein (cv), curled leaf (cur), datura leaf (dl), fan vein (fv), filiform (fi1- fi5), finger leaf (fil), frilly margin (fri), heart Heat Stress Amelioration by Shading Increases Fruit Yield and leaf (hl1-hl2), netted vein (net1-net2), pinched leaf top (plt), poly- Quality in Bell Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) cotyledon (pc1-pc3), round leaf (rl1-rl2), rugose (ru1-ru5), rugose extra (rex), scabrous diminutive (sd), small leaf (sml), Taph- J. C. Diaz-Perez1, George Boyhan2, and Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan3 rina leaf (Tl), viburnum leaf (vib), willow leaf (wil), wilty( wy). 1Dept. of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Tifton, Fourth, mutations that affect the stem of the plant: corky root neck GA 31793-0748. (crn), dwarf (dw1-dw6), fasciculate (fa), procumbent growing habit 2Dept. of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (prc), procumbent hypocotyl (ph1-ph2), puli (pul), pygmy (pyg), shep- 3 Dept. of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton Campus, Tifton, herd’s rod (shr1-shr2), spinach leaf (spl), Soft fruit (S), tortuous (tor). GA 31793-0748 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 27 Bell pepper is an important crop in the southeast United States. The Chile Pepper Juice Supports the Growth of Salmonella Typh- fruit are commonly affected by physiological disorders, such as, sun- imurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 scald and blossom-end rot due to prevalence of high temperatures. The Jorge A. Beall1, Ruben Zapata1, and Willis M. Fedio1 majority of bell pepper is grown on plastic film mulches. In the U.S., 1 however, there is limited information on bell pepper production under Food Safety Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, shading. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of NM 88003 shading level on bell pepper yield and quality. Bell pepper plants were The presence of enteric pathogens has always a major concern in fresh grown on silver reflective plastic film mulch in the spring of 2008- produce. Numerous outbreaks of produce related foodborne disease 2010 under the following shading levels: 0% (unshaded, as a control), have been associated with the consumption of product contaminat- 30%, 47%, 60% and 80%. Our results showed that shading of bell ed with Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7. This study pepper plants affected both fruit yield and quality. Total and market examines if chile peppers can promote growth of enteric pathogens yields increased with increasing shading levels up to about 27% to by artificially contaminating jalapeno, anaheim, and habanero juice 34% shading and then decreased with increasing shading levels, while and monitoring the behavior of the inoculated organisms over time. cull yield decreased with increasing levels of shading. The reduced to- Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 or Escherichia coli O157:H7 tal and marketable yields and increased cull yields of unshaded plants ATCC 35150 (500 cfu/g of chile juice) was used for inoculation. The were probably due to high heat stress. Moderate shading (ca. 30%) inoculated juice was incubated at 37°C. Samples were taken every of bell pepper may reduce heat stress and incidence of physiological two hours for 12 hours and again at 24 hours. Salmonella Typhimuri- disorders. um was enumerated with Trypticase Soy Agar + 0.6% Yeast Extract Contact Information: J.C. Diaz-Perez, Dept. of Horticulture, Universi- (TSAYE), Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar (XLD), and Hektoen agar ty of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793-0748. Email: [email protected] (HE). Escherichia coli O157:H7 was quantified using Trypticase Soy Agar + 0.6% Yeast Extract (TSAYE), Tellurite Cefixine- Sorbitol Mac- Role of Blossom in Bell-Pepper Seed Infection by Xanthomonas Conkey agar (TC-SMAC) and E. coli O157 Chromogenic agar (R&F). euvesicatoria Counts of both Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherich- ia coli O157:H7 increased from the initial inoculum (~500 Bhabesh Dutta, R.D. Gitaitis, F.H. Sanders, C. Booth, S. Samuel, cfu/ml) to up to 108 cfu/g over the incubation period. and D. Langston Extracted clarified juice from jalapeno, Anaheim, and habanero pep- Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Research Station, Uni- pers were shown to support the growth of enteric pathogens such as versity of Georgia, Tifton, GA Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 under optimal conditions. The role of blossom inoculation in bell-pepper seed infestation by X. Future experiments are planned to examine if processed chile prod- euvesicatoria was investigated. Additionally, the ability of X. euves- ucts, and mechanically damaged chile peppers will support the growth icatoria to colonize pepper blossoms, and the relationship between of these pathogens. blossom inoculum dosage and seed infestation were also explored. Contact Information: Willis Fedio, Phone: 575-646-7352, One hundred percent (n = 95) of fruits developed from blossoms inoc- Email: [email protected] ulated with 106 colony forming units (CFU) of X. euvesicatoria (Xcv 04-100) per blossom were asymptomatic. Using real-time polymerase Enumeration, Isolation and Characterization of lactic Acid Bac- chain reaction (PCR), X. euvesicatoria was detected in 39.0% (37/95) teria from Fermented Chile Pepper (Capsicum annuum cv. Mesilla of the seed lots assayed, despite the lack of fruit symptoms. Further- Cayenne) Mash more, viable colonies were recovered from 35.0% (33/95) of the seed J.A. Beall1, N.C. Flores2 and W.M. Fedio1 lots. Of these lots, 16.0% (15/95) also yielded seedlings expressing 1 bacterial leaf spot symptoms, when planted under conditions of 28°C Food Safety Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM and 70% relative humidity. In a separate experiment under greenhouse 2 conditions, X. euvesicatoria colonized stigmas and styles of pepper Extension Home Economics, New Mexico State University, blossoms reaching populations of 106 to 107 CFU per blossom after Las Cruces, NM 96h of blossom inoculation. The bacterium also colonized stylar and Fermented chile pepper mash (Capsicum annuum cv. Mesilla Cay- ovary tissues with populations ranging from 105-106 CFU after 96h of enne) is a major industrial food product in New Mexico. The fermen- blossom inoculation. A strong positive correlation between X. euves- tation of chile pepper mash depends on temperature, acidity, salt con- icatoria inoculum concentration applied to the blossoms and the per- centration, dissolved air, available carbohydrates and enzymes. The centage of infested seedlots, as determined by the real-time PCR (R2 = microbial flora involved in pepper mash fermentation has not been ful- 0.97; P = 0.001) was also observed. Blossom inoculation with 1×101 ly characterized and was the focus of this work. The objective of this and 1 × 103 X. euvesicatoria CFU/blossom led to 14.5% and 38.0% of study was to evaluate the microbial characteristics of fermented chile infested seedlots within symptomless fruits, respectively. In contrast, pepper mash by enumeration, isolation and characterization of lactic 1×105 and 1 × 107 X. euvesicatoria CFU/blossom resulted in 52.5% acid bacteria involved in the process. and 66.7% infested seedlots, respectively, within symptomless fruits. Five gal buckets were prepared with cayenne peppers that had been The ability to penetrate pepper blossoms was not unique to X. euvesi- washed and ground by the manufacturer, each with 15% sodium chlo- catoria, as blossoms inoculated with Acidovorax citrulli (causal agent ride added. Samples were stored at room temperature and sampled of bacterial fruit blotch in cucurbits) also resulted in infested pepper over a 3 month period to examine changes in the microflora. seedlots. These observations suggest that pepper blossoms can be a Chile mash samples were serially diluted in Butterfield’s Phosphate potential site of ingress for seed infestation by X. euvesicatoria. Buffer for enumeration of the microflora. Streptococci were enumerat- Contact Information: Dr. Bhabesh Dutta, 2360 Rainwater Road, De- ed on M17 agar while lactobacilli were determined on acidified MRS partment of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, (pH 5.4) agar. Presumptive streptococci were identified using the API Phone: (706) 296-1495, Email: [email protected] STREP and lactobacilli with the API 50CH test systems. The levels of each of the microorganisms examined declined over time. Lactic acid bacteria isolated from the mash included Lactoba- cillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Leuconostoc citreum, 28 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mitis, Strep- New Mexico State University, Food Safety Laboratory, Las Cruces, tococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Enterococcus fae- NM 88003 cium. Further studies to determine their suitability as starter organisms Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli have been linked could improve the fermentation process. to outbreaks and sporadic cases of illness worldwide. Since the num- Contact Information: Willis Fedio, Phone: 575-646-7352, ber of illnesses caused by these organisms in the United States ap- Email: [email protected] pears to be on the increase, some of these organisms may be emerging pathogens. Microbiological Safety of Flame Roasted New Mexico Green Chile There is little published information on the prevalence of STEC in Peppers spices or methods for their determination.In the current US FDA pro- Paul Browning1, Ruben Zapata1, Jorge Beall1, David Lucero2, and cedure for detection of STEC and E. coli O157:H7 samples are en- Willis M. Fedio1 riched in modified Buffered Peptone Water (mBPWp) for 5h at 37ºC, 1New Mexico State University, Food Safety Laboratory, Las Cruces, then selective agents acriflavin (10mg/l), cefsulodin (10mg/l), and NM 88003 vancomycin (8mg/l) are added and the broths are incubated at 42°C 2New Mexico Department of Agriculture, Marketing and Develop- for an additional 18h. Samples are first screened for stx1 and stx2 ment Division, Las Cruces, NM 88003 and uidA 93 mutation. Samples positive for stx1 and stx2 and uidA 93 are further tested for E. coli O157:H7. However, samples positive New Mexico produces popular and highly desirable domestic fresh for stx1 and stx2 and negative for uidA 93 are streaked to L-EMB green chiles and their popularity is increasing on the national fresh and confirmed by biochemical tests PCR and/or serology.- Confir vegetable market. Commonly, green chile peppers are purchased di- mation by serology is limited by availability of antisera for many rectly from the grower at roadside markets, from farmers markets or of the important serotypes involved in foodborne disease outbreaks. through retail outlets, such as grocery stores. As a post-purchase con- The purpose of this study was to examine various procedures for de- venience to consumers, many local markets set up a “chile roaster” tection of STEC O157 and non O157 STEC in dried red chile powder. near the point of purchase to ‘blister’ the chile for about 5 minutes and thus make it easier for the consumer to process, package and store the Contact Information: Willis Fedio, Phone: 575-646-7352, chile. This blistering process has been practiced, in some form, for Email: [email protected] hundreds of years in the American Southwest. Three series of experiments were conducted to examine the micro- Conservation Biological Control Program for Western Flower biology of chile roasting. (1) The microflora of commercially roasted Thrips in Pepper green chile peppers was examined over an 8 hr abusive temperature Stuart Reitz1, Joe Funderburk2, and Gene McAvoy3 storage period. (2) Local commercial pepper flame roasters were surveyed and temperatures achieved during the process were established. A biologically based integrated pest management program is funda- (3) The survival of Salmonella on artificially contaminated peppers mental in preventing the development of insecticide resistance, resur- that were roasted was examined. gence of western flower thrips populations, and replacement with non- For the Salmonella inactivation study, green chile peppers were target pest damage. The conservation biological control component of weighed individually and then artificially contaminated with 4 µl of the integrated pest management program is the most effective way to a concentrated Salmonella suspension per g of pepper. Droplets of manage thrips in pepper. Species of Anthocoridae are the most import- the suspension were evenly spaced onto the surface of the chiles. The ant worldwide predators of thrips. Within this family are minute pirate inoculated peppers were allowed to dry in a biosafety cabinet for ~2 bugs with two species in Florida, Orius insidiosus (Say) and Orius h prior to further investigations. Twenty inoculated chiles were trans- pumilio (Champion), that are the key natural enemies of thrips in pep- ferred to a custom built lab-scale roaster and then flame roasted for five per. The minute pirate bugs are a valuable tool for controlling thrips as minutes until they were blistered on the surface, as is commonly done they prey preferentially on the adults of the western flower thrips over commercially in supermarket parking lots After roasting, the surface the adults of the n on-damaging native thrips species. The thrips larvae temperature of representative chiles was measured with an infrared are preferred prey. About one minute pirate bug for every 180 thrips thermometer. is sufficient for suppression of the populations of thrips. At a ratio of To evaluate roasting for inactivation of Salmonella spp. on chile pep- about one predator to 40 thrips, thrips populations are controlled. Nat- pers, five trials were conducted. For each experiment, the microflo- ural populations of minute pirate bugs are highly vagile. The adults ra of uninoculated chile peppers was examined by conducting plate rapidly invade pepper fields in Florida in sufficient numbers to control counts on TSAYE for total counts, and XLD for Salmonella on the western flower thrips adults and larvae, but they must be conserved peppers. For enumeration of injured salmonellae, plating on Brain with judicious insecticide use. Heart Infusion Agar for 1h followed by overlaying the agar with tem- 1Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agri- pered XLD agar was used. For each roasting trial two peppers that cultural Research Service, USDA, 6383 Mahan Dr., Tallahassee, FL were inoculated and then roasted were also enriched for Salmonella 32308, [email protected] spp. using the FDA BAM procedure. 2North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Flame roasting of green chile peppers is effective in reducing bacterial 155 Research Road, Quincy. Florida 32351, [email protected] contaminants on fresh green chile peppers. In excess of five log reduc- 3University of Florida Hendry County Extension, PO Box 68, tions of salmonellae were shown by the plating experiments, but the LaBelle, Florida 33975, [email protected] enrichment studies indicated a 7 log reduction in counts. Contact Information: Joe Funderburk, Phone: 850-875-7100 ext.146, Contact Information: Willis Fedio, Phone: 575-646-7352, Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Vertically Integrated IPM Program for Western Flower Thrips Real-Time PCR for Detection of Shiga Toxin Producing and Tospoviruses in Pepper Escherichia coli (STEC) in Dried Red Chile Joe Funderburk1 and Gene McAvoy2 W.M. Fedio, P.E. Browning and R. Zapata 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 29 1North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wonder variety and least yield was recorded in inorganic treatments. 155 Research Road, Quincy. Florida 32351, [email protected] Contact Information: Dr. V. M. Ganiger, Department of Vegetable Sci- 2University of Florida Hendry County Extension, PO Box 68, LaBelle, ence, College of Horticulture, University of Horticultural Sciences, Florida 33975, [email protected] Bagakot-587 102, Karnataka State, India. Phone: +91 8354-201604, The spread of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis Email: [email protected] (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) resulted in the worldwide de- stabilization of established integrated pest management programs for Ecosafe Integrated Weed Management of Chilli in Gangetic India many crops. Efforts to control the pest and the thrips-vectored tospo- R.K. Ghosh, A. Chakraborty, K. Mondal and D. Pal viruses with calendar applications of broad-spectrum insecticides have been unsuccessful. The result has been a classic 3-R situation: resis- Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the important spices grown in tance to numerous insecticides, resurgence of the western flower thrips Gangetic India during winter season. It is using as vegetables, salad populations as a result of natural predators and native competitor thrips etc. besides having its medicinal properties. The productivity gap in being eliminated, and replacement by various other pests. Here we re- farmers’ field is around 30 % as against the research field mainly be- port on integrated pest management programs for fruiting vegetables cause of poor weed management. The average loss of Chilli production that are effective, economical, ecologically sound, and sustainable. due to weeds is around 70 % in India. The traditional HW is becoming The components include the following: define pest status (economic lesser preferred by the farmers not only for increasing labour wages thresholds), increase biotic resistance (natural enemies and competi- (50 % more in the last three years) but also their timely unavailabil- tion), integrate preventive and therapeutic tactics (scouting, ultravio- ity in critical crop weed competition stage. Using Organic chemical let-reflective technologies, biological control, compatible insecticides, herbicides through System Intensification is one of the alternate solu- companion plants, and fertility), vertically integrate the programs with tions of replacing traditional HW. Organic safer herbicides have also other pests, and continuously communicate with end-users. The pro- certain ill effects on environment particularly on soil microflora if not grams have been widely implemented in Florida, and have significant- apply in proper time and doses. Chilli (rabi) – Black gram (summer) ly improved management of western flower thrips and thrips-transmit- - Jute / Aus Rice (kharif) is one of the most suitable crop sequences ted viruses. for up medium lands. Black gram (kalai) is a short duration legume crop, having the advantages of 20-24 % protein, direct consumption Contact Information: Joe Funderburk, Phone: 850-875-7100 ext.146, as pulse, preparation of idly, dhosa, tarka etc. Hence Field experiments Email: [email protected] conducted at the Viswavidyalaya farm at Kalyani, Nadia (2005-10) & at Sekhampur, Birbhum (2011-12), West Bengal to study Bioefficacy Effect of Organics on the Growth and Yield Parameters of Bell and Phytotoxicity of PE application of Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC @ 200 Pepper (Capsicum annum var. grossum) Under Open and Shade g a.i ha-1 and Pendimethalin 30% EC @ 1000 g ha-1 ; POE application House Condition of Propaquizafop 10 EC @ 75 g a.i ha-1, Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl @ 67.5 V. M. Ganiger1, J. C. Mathad2, M. B. Madalageri1, H. B. Babalad2, g ha-1, Quizalofop-ethyl @ 37.5 g ha-1 and Propaquizafop 5% + Oxy- and G.Bhuvaneswari1 flourfen 12% EC mixture @ 50 + 120 g a.i ha-1 at 20 DAS in Chilli cv. 1College of Horticulture, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bullet and its effect on the succeeding crop black gram cv. Basant ba- Karnataka, India har (PDU-1). In all these treatments one wheel hoe (mechanical weed- 2College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, ing) was added at 30 DAS for PE and 40 DAS for POE herbicides. Karnataka, India Weedy check and hand weeding twice at 20 & 40 DAS were the other two treatments. The results showed all the herbicide treatments record- An investigation was carried out to study the effect of organic amend- ed significantly higher yield over the weedy check and statistically at ments on bell pepper yield under open and shade house condition at par Chilli green yield with twice HW. The WCE in herbicide treated Agricultural Research Station, Gangavati, Koppal district, Karnataka, plots showed 20-70% while Chilli productivity was increased by more India. Split plot design with three replications was adopted with two than 40 % as against weedy check. No phytotoxicity in Chilli plants bell pepper varieties viz., California Wonder (V1) and Gangavati Lo- and also in follow up Black gram was observed against any herbicides. cal (V2) as main plot treatments and nine completely organic nutrient The soil microflora status in Chilli field showed an initial detrimental sources along with recommended package of practice nutrients and effect in all herbicide treated plots which lasts maximum three weeks only recommended inorganic nutrient sources were used as sub plot after application and thereafter showed gradual increase up to harvest. treatments (O1 to O11). With respect to flowering, the performance of From this experiment it may be recommended that for Chilli organic California Wonder was superior in terms of days taken from fruit set to chemical herbicides combining with a mechanical weeding can be an harvest in open and shade house condition(39.54 and 32.98 days, re- alternative of costly traditional HW without affecting the soil healt spectively). Among the nutrient sources O5, the FYM (50%) + poultry manure (50%) equivalent to 100 % RDN (basal) treatment was found to Contact Information: Prof. Rati Kanta Ghosh, FAPS, FIWS, RAISWS, be superior with respect to growth parameters viz., plant spread (45.83 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra and 53.06 cm), number of primary branches (2.61 and 2.15), and sec- Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV),Mohanpur – 741252, Nadia, West ondary branches (7.58 and 6.99) and stem girth (1.17cm and 1.22 cm). Bengal email: [email protected]/[email protected]; The plants under this treatment also took least number of days for fruit Cell - 91 9433145340 set (41.36 and 34.35 days). The variety California Wonder performed better with respect to yield in open and shade house (16.92 and 20.21 Fertigation and Foliar Fertility on Nutrient Status and Yield of t/ha, respectively) condition than Local Variety (12.91 and 16.18 t/ Bell Pepper Capsicum annuum L. ha, respectively). The application of 100 % recommended dose of ni- 1 1 1 trogen (RDN) through combination of 50 % FYM and 50 % poultry Christopher C. Gunter , Christopher J. Biai , Jose G. Garzon , 1 2 manure (O ) as basal dose recorded significantly higher fruit yield of Jonathan R. Schultheis , Ronald J. Gehl , 5 1 bell pepper in open (16.33 t/ha) and shade house (19.89 t/ha) condi- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State Universi- tion. Among the interactions O recorded significantly higher yield in ty, Raleigh, NC 5 2 open (18.47 t/ha) and shade house (22.68 t/ha) condition in California Department of Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Mills River, NC 30 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS Soil application of fertilizers is a common and effective way to deliver cultural University, Bogor, Indonesia plant nutrients and achieve maximum economic crop yields. However, Whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (Begomovirus) have become ma- foliar fertilization is frequently used by commercial growers who view jor constraints to production in crops throughout the world. Begomo- it as a potentially economical and effective method of nutrient deliv- virus cause serious disease problems in vegetable and fiber crops and ery. A field study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of three are considered an important group of pathogens. Beginning in the different approaches of soil-applied fertilizer regimes with a combina- early 2000’s, numerous epidemics of pepper yellow leaf curl disease tion of three different foliar programs on nutrient status and yield of caused by members of Begomovirus occurred throughout Indonesia, bell peppers. Twelve different treatment combinations were arranged especially in Java. These epidemics resulted in complete crop losses in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Preplant in some cases and causing farmers ceased planting the crops. Appli- (PRE) treatments consisted of 100% nutrients applied prior to trans- cation of low- to medium-input crop management has been evaluated planting; Split (SP) treatments, consisted of 50% nutrient applied pri- for adequate control of vector and alternate host. Cultural practices or to transplanting and 50% of nutrients applied post-planting as liquid intentionally employed for controlling PYLC disease is a system using fertigation; and Liquid Fertigation (LF) treatments consisted of 100% border crops. Planting border crops, such as maize or other crop plants, nutrient applied post-planting, all in combinations with three different has demonstrated some value in reducing virus incidence. It functions foliar application schedules. The three foliar application schedules both as a physical barrier to restrict movement of insect vector, Bemis- included Foliar Program 1 (FP1), which used conventional chelated ia tabaci, and as a reservoir for beneficial insects. Field research was minerals, and Foliar Program 2 (FP2) and Foliar Program 3 (FP3) conducted in Yogyakarta, Central Java to study the effect of maize, which used Metalosate chelated minerals. Programs FP1 and FP2 were crotalaria, and screen border in combination with the use of screen in delivered on a calendar schedule, while FP3 was delivered based on nursery to population of B. tabaci and incidence of PYLC disease. The the results of foliar tissue (leaf) nutrient analysis. Early yields from use of screen in the nursery was able to protect the seedling from B. ta- SP and LF treated plots were significantly greater than PRE while late baci and delay virus infection for 2 weeks . Population of B. tabaci was yields were only greater for SP compared with PRE treatment com- significantly lower in plot with combination of border crops (maize, binations. Total yield (Early + Late) for SP and LF were significantly crotalaria) and the use of screen in the nursery. Positive correlation greater than PRE. Generally, the FP2 and FP3 treated plots tended to between population of B. tabaci and disease incidence was observed have the greatest yields when used with SP and LF compared with the (r = 0.925), where as correlation between disease incidence and yield non-foliar and FP1, however statistical differences were not measured. crop was negative (r = - 0.8886). Border crops especially maize could A strong linear relationship (R2 = 0.90) between mean leaf N concen- also enhance the abundance of predator species, such as Menochilus tration at the first flowering stage and mean early yield was observed, sexmaculatus, Coccinella transversalis and Verania lineata. Further indicating a potential means for predicting early yield in bell pepper. studies involving application of insecticides and plant growth induc- Regardless of the foliar application from Foliar Program 1, 2, or 3, no er integrated with the border crops showed better management of the yield advantage was obtained. disease. Contact Information: Christopher C. Gunter, Department of Horti- Contact Information: Sri Hendrastuti Hidayat, Department of Plant cultural Science, 230 Kilgore Hall, Box 7609, North Carolina State Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609. Phone: 919-513-2807; Fax: Jalan Kamper, Darmaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; Phone: 919-515-2505, Email: [email protected] 011 62 251 8629364; Fax: 011 62 251 8629362; Email: [email protected] Research-based Online Chile Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Resources for Master Gardeners Evaluation of Hot Peppers for Antioxidant Quality under Differ- W.V. Hamilton1 ent Storage Conditions 1Cooperative Extension Service, New Mexico State University, Las Qumer Iqbal1, Muhammad Amjad1 and Muhammad Rafique Asi2 Cruces, NM 1Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisal- The reputation of the Extension Master Gardener (MG) program large- abad, Pakistan ly depends on the accuracy of the information presented by Master 2Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Gardener volunteers. Given the vast number of horticulture topics and Pakistan using a ‘divide and concur’ approach, Master Gardener volunteers can Hot pepper is one of the favorite spices consumed in Pakistan. An in- specialize in a subject area to provide clientele with high value, fo- creasing interest is being paid to the red hot pepper spice not only cused expertise. Master Gardeners who specialize in Capsicum spp. because of its economical importance but also due to its diversified will find the Chile Pepper Institute’s newly refreshed website www. composition. In Pakistan, dry hot peppers are normally stored in jute chilepepperinstitute.org a plethora of research-based information and bags but in mega stores they are available in polyethylene bags. Stud- best management practices on chile pepper cultivation, varieties, pol- ies were conducted to assess antioxidant stability of dry hot pepper lination, disorders, pests, diseases, harvesting, processing, preserving, namely Sky Red, Maha and Wonder King stored for five months under seed sources, garden to table delights, and much more. controlled conditions at 20, 25 and 30°C respectively in jute bags and Contact Information: Wendy V. Hamilton, Cooperative Exten- 9 µm thick polyethylene bags (20 x 32 cm). All samples were analyzed sion Service, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environ- for total carotenoids, ascorbic acid and total phenolic contents before mental Sciences, MSC 3AE, Box 30003, Gerald Thomas Hall storage and after every 50 days interval. #295, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces NM 88003-8003, Hot peppers differ significantly with respect to their antioxidant po- 575-646-5284, [email protected] tential and gradual decrease was recorded in their concentration under different storage conditions. Total carotenoids were highest in Wonder Current Studies on Management of Pepper Yellow Leaf Curl King (111.83 mg 100g-1) while it was 91.16 and 83.53 mg 100g-1 re- Disease in Indonesia spectively in Sky Red and Maha. After 150 days storage, reduction in total carotenoids concentration was more in Maha (22%) while it was Sri Hendrastuti Hidayat, Purnama Hidayat, Bagus Kukuh Udiarto 15 and 14% respectively in Sky Red and Wonder King. Similarly, their Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agri- 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 31 degradation was maximum (22%) at 30ºC as compared to 16 and 12% When VPD was low, smaller responses were measured, while more respectively at 25 and 20ºC after five months storage. Ascorbic acid pronounced response was found when VPD increased. concentration was on the higher side (44.3 mg 100g-1) in Wonder King Ityel, E., Lazarovitch, N., Silberbush, M. and Ben-Gal, A. (2012) An as compared to 41.12 and 35.41 mg 100g-1 respectively in Sky Red artificial capillary barrier to improve root-zone conditions for horti- and Maha. Hot peppers had inverse relation with their ascorbic acid cultural crops: response of pepper plants to matric head and irriga- concentration after 150 days storage and it was significantly reduced tion water salinity. Agric. Water Manage. 105:13-20. DOI:10.1016/j. (26%) in Wonder King followed by 22 and 19 % respectively in Sky agwat.2011.12.016. Red and Maha. However, reduction in ascorbic acid concentration was maximum (35%) at 30ºC in Wonder King as compared to 33 and 28% Contact Information: Eviatar Ityel. Phone: 972-56-241520; Fax: in Maha and Sky Red but the observed pattern at 20ºC in these hybrids 972-8581-235, Email: [email protected] was 15, 12 and 15%. A steep decrease in ascorbic acid concentration was recorded in hot peppers between 100-150 days storage period. Productivity, Plant Architecture, and Special Nutritional Qualities Significant variation was observed in hot peppers for total phenolic of Selected Hot Pepper Breeding Lines contents (mg 100g-1) i.e. 67.92 in Maha, 59.34 in Sky Red and 41.25 1 1 in Wonder King. However, significant reduction in total phenolic con- Mohammad Jalaluddin and Shahidul Islam 1 tents was seen in Wonder King (33%) at 30ºC but in case of Maha and Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Sky Red it was 24 and 12%, respectively. Similarly between 100-150 Bluff, AR days storage period, maximum decrease (6-7%) was recorded in total Hot peppers (Capsicum annum L.) are popular spicy ingredients used phenolic contents. Overall results indicated that hot peppers are ther- as condiments in food preparation worldwide. They also have special mal-sensitive in nature and their concentration decreased significantly nutritional and medicinal qualities. Breeding research conducted at the during five months at different temperature regimes in both packaging University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff (UAPB) has generated a large materials. However, all hybrids manifested greater antioxidant stabili- number of genotypes expressing a wide array of important agronomic ty in polyethylene bags than jute bags after five months storage. and pigmentation characteristics. Field experiments were conducted Contact Information: Qumer Iqbal, Institute of Horticultural Scienc- on 26 hot pepper breeding lines to determine the relationship between es, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan, Email: plant architecture and pepper yield. Also, laboratory analyses were [email protected] conducted on 12 of the elite lines for their phytochemical contents. Plant architecture was defined by the height of the plant and vol- Artificial Capillary Barrier Improves Root-Zone Conditions for ume of the fruit-bearing canopy. The canopy volume is a function of Horticultural Crops. Response of Pepper Plants to Matric Head branching characteristics and the angle of branching from the base- and Irrigation Water Salinity node. Plant canopy volumes were moderately correlated (r = 0.75) with the total number of berries/plant but not so on the total fruit Eviatar Ityel1, Naftali Lazarovitch1, Moshe Silberbush1 and Alon weight (r = 0.55). Pepper yield was strongly correlated with the prima- Ben-Gal2 ry branching (r = 0.87) and more so with the secondary branching (r = 1Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, French Associates Insti- 0.91), indicating that canopy-density may be a more reliable parame- tute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein ter than canopy-volume in determining plant productivity. The pepper Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, berries were harvested and analyzed at two maturity stages (green and Sede Boqer campus, Israel. red-ripe). Dried pepper samples at the red-ripe stage had a consider- 2Department of Environmental Physics and Irrigation, Agricultural ably higher content of bioactive compounds that exhibited significant Research Organization, Gilat Research Center. higher antioxidant activities (26−80 μmol trolox equivalents/g of dry matter), polyphenols (>2000 mg/100 g of dry matter), and capsaicin Capillary barriers (CBs) occur at the interface of two soil lay- (95−437 mg/100 g of dry matter). However, the ascorbic acid contents ers having distinct differences in textural and hydraulic charac- were higher in the green samples compared with the red-ripe samples. teristics. The primary objective of this study was to introduce Across the genotypes, a high correlation was found between total an artificial CB, created by a layer of gravel below the root zone polyphenol content and the antioxidant activity. The great variability substrate, in order to optimize conditions for the cultivation of hor- within and among hot pepper genotypes for these phytochemicals sug- ticultural crops. A secondary objective was to test the hypothesis gests that selected elite lines may be useful as parents in the breeding that the increased soil matric head created by CB would improve programs aiming at producing peppers with value-added traits in the plant production, especially when irrigated with brackish water. fresh peppers as well as processed products such as pickle, sauce, paste Potential root zone formats were analyzed with and without the or powder. gravel CBs for variables including: depth of CB; barrier separating the root zone from the surrounding soil; and root zone soil texture. Contact Information: Mohammad Jalaluddin, Department of Field and lysimeter studies were conducted with bell pepper (Cap- Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North sicum annuum) plants, comparing root-zones with and without an University Drive, Mail Slot 4913, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, Phone: underlying CB and irrigated at various rates with either desalinat- (870) 575-8117/8526. Email: [email protected] ed (DW, EC = 0.2 dSm-1) or brackish (SW, EC = 3.8 dSm-1) water. Field and simulated results revealed that artificial CBs increased root Potassium Fertilization Effects on Jalapeño Pepper Yield an Quality zone water content and changed water flow dynamics. Plants grown J.L. Jifon1, K. Crosby2, D.I. Leskovar3, G.E. Lester4. above a CB, when irrigated with SW, yielded 24% higher biomass than 1Texas AgriLife Research, VFIC, Department of Horticultural Scienc- control plants for all irrigation applications, but when DW was irrigat- es, Texas A&M System, Weslaco, TX 78596 ed, only a 6% advantage for the CB root-zone was observed. Biomass 2College Station, TX yield for the root-zone containing a CB was only slightly affected by 3Uvalde, TX; 4USDA-ARS Beltsville, MD. water salinity, while yields significantly decreased when irrigated with SW in the control. The extent of water uptake, plant growth and yield The effects of application rate (0-120 kg/ha) and source of potassium responses to the presence of a CB were found to be climate dependent. (K as KCl or K2SO4) fertilizer on yield and quality of Jalapeño (Cap- sicum annuum L.) peppers were investigated in field experiments on 32 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS a highly calcareous soil (pH 8.2). Fruit yield responses to fertilization Chemical Quality Component Contents of Selections for Adapt- with KCl and K2SO4 were similar at low application rates (40 kg K/ ability to Korea in 4 Species of Capsicum ha). However, at medium and higher K application rates, yields were B. S. Kim1, H.S. Mo1, S.Y. Kim1, K.S. Jang2, J.E. Hwang2, and S.K. Jeon2 significantly higher for K SO than KCl. The optimal fertilization rate 2 4 1Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National Univiersity, Daegu with K SO was about 70 kg K/ha. The highest fruit yields for plants 2 4 702-701, Rep. of Korea fertilized with KCl were attained at relatively low fertilization rates 2Youngyang Pepper Experiment Station, Youngyang 764-803, Gyeo- (45 kg K/ha). Internal and External fruit firmness also increased with ngbuk, Rep. of Korea K fertilization, with the relative effect being more significant with

K2SO4 fertilization. Average number of fruits per plant, fruit mass, and Pepper (Capsicum annuum) is grown for dry fruits for powder for seed mass per fruit also followed similar trends as fruit yield. Chloride making Kimchee and for green pods for fresh consumption and cook- toxicity probably accounted for an observed reduction in yields and ing in Korea. Pepper ranks top in acreage and value among the vege- quality attributes at higher fertilization rates with KCl (>150 kg/ha). table crops in Korea. Major type grown is Korean chile type pepper. The observed quality improvements (e.g. firmness) are expected to Demand for diverse varieties is creasing with improved living standard enhance retail shelf life, suitability for processing, and eating quality. and also increased ethnic diversity living and staying in Korea. We have selected materials in Capsicum chinense, C. frutescens, and C. Genetic Divergence and Grouping of a Collection of Chilli Culti- baccatum last 3 years for adaptability to Korean growing conditions. vars of C. annuum, C. fruitescens and C.chinense In 2011, we analyzed such chemical quality component contents as capsaicin, sugar, and color materials. In capsaicin and dihydrocapsa- Nilima Karmakar, J. Tarafdar and S.K. Samanta icin content, Bhut Zolokia ranked top with over 2,000mg% of total Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya (State capsaicinoids, followed by red and orange Habanero with 786 and Agricultural University) Kalyani 741235, W.B.INDIA 932mg%, respectively. C. frutescens selections contained around A collection of twenty two cultivars of chilli pepper comprising sweet 300mg% capsaicin and around 150mg% dihyrocapsaicin, relatively peppers including two sweet cony varieties, common hot peppers bul- high as compared to other species of Capsicum. High sugar content let and others, bird’s eye chilli accession ‘Mousinram’ ,Dollekhursani accessions were found in a C. baccatum and a C. chinense accession. from Nepal , Golden habanero, White habanero from personal collec- High ASTA value accessions were found in C. annuum accessions. tion , Naga jolokia and its variants from Nagaland collection plus a Contact Information: B.S. Kim, Department of Horticulture, Kyung- few other lines established through pure line selection were consid- pook National University, Daegu 702-701, Rep. of Korea. ered for the present study. The cultivars were selected based on their Phone 82-53-950-5729, Email: [email protected] distinct fruit- morphological characters. Ten different micro satellite markers were used for the study, among which 5 primers namely Evaluating Chili Pepper Cultivars in Central Missouri CAMS-070, CAMS-117, CAMS-348, CAMS-864 and CAMS-101 revealed highly polymorphic bands. The cluster analysis was done S. Kirk and S. Gu by NTsysPC software using SHAN method. The dendogram showed Cooperative Extension and Research, Lincoln University. Jefferson three different clusters. The first cluster comprised all the sweet papers City, MO except Bhut (a common vegetable type collected from Bhutan), SB Chili peppers have become an increasingly popular crop for small- (Sukhi bullet- a variant of Bullet chilli) and Choco (a pure line selec- scale growers in the Midwest. The objective of this trial was to deter- tion from a cross between a sweet pepper and highly pubescent line, mine chili cultivars that perform best under our harsh mid-continental species unidentified). On the other hand, though in the second cluster, growing conditions. Forty-eight (48) chili cultivars, including14 Big HO (Habanero orange) and Ghia (Ghiabombai, a scented collection of Chili, 26 Jalapeno, and eight Pablano type varieties, were evaluated C.chinense) appeared in the same group and showed 96% similarity in in 2011 in an initial non-replicated trial. Pepper plants were started spite of their distinctly different geographical source of collection. In with seeds in a greenhouse and transplanted in May on the Lincoln the third cluster, Dol (Dollo) and Msn (Mousinram) showed 85% and University George Washington Carver Farm, located in Jefferson City, 81% similarity respectively with Kmp (Kalimpong wrinkle, a white, Missouri. Standard black plastic mulch and drip irrigation were used sweet, erect fruit type, species unidentified from Darjeeling).This was for this research. Four bulk harvests were conducted on July 27th, Au- observed as comparatively higher similarity among the three except gust 25th, September 23rd, and October 18th. Individual fruit weight and the other 19 genotypes. Further a set of micro satellite markers were size were taken with 10 randomly selected fruits from each cultivar on used and genetic diversity and similarity matrix were analyzed among July 27th and August 25th, respectively. Among the cultivars, Jalapeno the test varieties of chilli pepper. This paper also highlights the ge- ‘Grande’ had the highest yield, while Jalapeño ‘Conchos’ produced netic relatedness among C. annum, C. chinensis and C. fruitescence the largest fruit. ‘Purple Jalapeno’ produced the lowest yields. The analyzed by Darwin 5 package. It was evident from studies that the Big Chili cultivar ‘Charger’ produced the greatest yield and fruit size, variety Kmp (Kalimpong wrinkle) was observed neither very close nor while ‘Big Jim’ produced the lowest. ‘San Ardo’ Pablano chilies had very distinctly different from all other genotypes, though emerged as a the highest yield and fruit size, while ‘Don Matias’ had the least yield. single group comprises varieties of same geographical location (Dar- In 2012, Cayenne, Habanero and Serrano cultivars were added to the jeeling Hills). The predictive linkages will lead to a valuable breeding list and the total number of cultivars was 68. This evaluation was con- program for genetic improvement of chilli pepper and verification of ducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. Dis- pedigree method. However, hybridization between mc2 X kj (kohi- ease and insect pest resistance, fruit size, fruit weight, early yield and majalokia), bhut (bhutanchilli) X HO, cla (Claus) X HO and Ghia X total yield, and Scoville heat units have been taking. The weather pat- cla may give rise new distinct combinations as they are much more tern for 2011 and so far for 2012 has been different, indicating a more distinct to each other. interesting evaluation of the cultivars, especially with Big Chili, Ja- Contact information: Nilima Karmakar, Directorate of Research, lepeno and Pablano types. The specific cultivar information is listed in Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal, the following. Jalapeno cultivars include Conchos, El Jefe, Jalafuego, 741252, INDIA, Phone: 91-33-25823948; Fax: 91-33-25828407 Colima, Grande, Milta, Jalapeno M, Centella, Compadre, Hybrid #7, e-mail: [email protected] Ixtapa X3R, Sayula, Tajin, Chichimeca, Mucho Nacho, Agriset 4108, Rayo, Mammoth, Valor, Ciclon, Tormenta Suribachi, Tacana, Telica, 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 33 El Rey, Tula and Major League. Big Chili cultivars include NM Joe E. Department of Botany, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Parker, Sahuaro, Big Jim, New Mexico Improved, Anaheim, Galena, Pradesh, India Charger, Highlander, JPR 101111, Krimson Lee, Chili Grande and Rio Two F hybrids one between C. annuum var. X-235 and C. frute- de Oro. Pablano cultivars include Tiburon, Ancho 211, Ancho 101, 1 scens L(H1) and another between C. frutescens L and C. annuum var. Rebelde, Ancho San Martin, Masivo, San Ardo, Abedul, Crimson Hot X-235(H2) were obtained. Cytogenetic analysis of F hybrids showed and Huizache. Cayenne cultivars include Andy, Red Rocket, Chey- 1 that the parental genomes differ each other by 2 or 1 translocations, enne, Golden Heat, Iberia, Joe’s Long, Large Thick, Long Slim, Me- 1 inversion and some minor structural alterations leading to reduced silla, Nainari, Red Devil and Super Chili. Habanero cultivars include homologies between the respective paratenal genomes. All the F s ex- Hot Papper Lantern, Balam and Rey Pakal. Serrano cultivars include 1 hibited significant heterosis with respect to number of branches per Devil, Serrano Del Sol and Tuxtlas. plant and fruit diameter. Meiotic irregularities pollen and seed sterili- Contact Information: Steven Kirk. Lincoln University of Missouri. ties were higher H2 than H1. It was observed that the SDS-PAGE seed 900 Chestnut Street, Jefferson City, MO 65101. Phone: 573-681-5521. protein profiles showed decreased protein polypetides was encoun-

E-mail: [email protected] tered in F1 hybrids. Probable reasons for the differences in respect of their crossability relationships, chromosome pairing and fertilities in Red Bell Pepper Cultivar Evaluations for the Summer and Fall non-rearing of reciprocal hybrids are suggested. Cytological, morpho- Markets logical and seed protein polypeptides relationships in detail between Wesley L. Kline¹ and C. Andrew Wyenandt² C. annuum L. and C. frutescens are in operation. ¹Rutgers Cooperative Extension of Cumberland County Contact information: Prof. V. Rattan Kumar, Department of Botany, ²Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center Andhra University, Visakhapatnam PO Box. 530 003, Red bell peppers have a premium in the market place, but are diffi- E.mail: [email protected] cult to grow under New Jersey conditions. The objective was to select cultivars which have acceptable fruit quality and yield. Sixteen Developing an IPM Strategy for Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in cultivars were transplanted May 23 for a summer trial and July 1 for California fall. Transplants were set on raised plastic covered beds with one Michelle Le Strange1, R. Gilbertson2, O. Batuman2, N. McRoberts2, drip line placed between double rows 12 inches apart with 18 inch- D. Ullman2, T. Turini3, S. Stoddard3, G. Miyao3 es between plants and 5 ft. between beds in a randomized complete 1University of California Cooperative Extension, Tulare and Kings block design with 4 replications. Each trial was harvested eight times Counties, CA, USA (August 10-September 29 for early planting and September 2-Octo- 2Plant Pathology & Entomology Departments, University of Califor- ber 28 for the late planting) by hand and graded into size by weight. nia, Davis, CA, USA At the sixth harvest for the summer trial and the fifth harvest for the 3University of California Cooperative Extension, Fresno, Madera, fall trial, five fruit from each replication were randomly selected from Merced, Sacramento, Solano, and Yolo, Counties, CA, USA the extra-large and large fruit to evaluate for recessed shoulder, lobe number, wall thickness, fruit length and width, fruit color, smoothness, Tomato spotted wilt (TSW) caused by the thrips-transmitted virus To- glossiness and uniformity. Yields in the summer planting were approx- mato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), has steadily increased in California’s imately 50% less than the fall planting. This was related to the high Central Valley since 2003 and is causing economic losses in peppers, temperatures during most of the growing season. There were more tomatoes, and lettuce. A team of researchers began investigating the extra-large and commercial fruit in the fall planting compared to the sources of virus inoculum, the population dynamics of thrips, and how summer planting. The cultivars Socrates, Paladin, King Arthur, Red to effectively manage TSW with the objective to develop an integrated Knight, Alliance and Aristotle performed the best for yield and fruit pest management (IPM) strategy. TSWV is found worldwide with an quality during the summer harvest season. Cultivars with significantly extensive host range (over 900 species). It is transmitted by at least higher yields for the fall planting included Alliance, Aristotle, Hunt- nine species of thrips, but western flower thrips (Frankliniella occi- er, Red Knight, King Arthur, Paladin, Patriot, Classic, XPP 6001 and dentalis) is the most important vector in California. Not all hosts are 1819. Some fall harvested cultivars exhibited a physiological disorder equally important in the epidemiology of this disease. In general, TSW called ‘stip’ (black spot or color pitting). Black spot appears when susceptible plants on which thrips can complete their entire lifecycle temperatures just above freezing occur for several nights at harvest. play the most important role. Green pitting is associated with higher than normal calcium content Extensive surveys (2004-2012) for TSWV reservoirs in common of the fruit in the pitted area. This is a possible interaction among weeds in and around susceptible crops reveal very low infection in- calcium, nitrogen and potassium. The cultivars which exhibited stip cidence (<0.1%). However, since fall of 2010 when weedy fallow were Paladin, Classic, Red Bull, Revolution, Camelot (worst), Aristot- fields were found with relatively high numbers of TSWV-infected le, Patriot and Vanguard. The other problem observed in the fall study plants (7% sow thistle and 5% prickly lettuce) these non-cropped was fruit cracking. This results from nighttime relative humidity near sites are now considered important potential inoculum sources. The saturation thus the fruit cannot expand rapidly and the fruit cracks. role of almonds, onion, wheat and alfalfa (reported non-hosts of The cultivars observed with cracks were Paladin, Socrates, Aristotle TSWV) as potential sources of TSWV-carrying thrips was investi- and Hunter. These disorders would make the fruit unsalable for the gated and ruled out after monitoring thrips over a three-year period; market. Cultivars that were recommended to growers for fall produc- TSWV was not detected in collected insects by a sensitive PCR- tion included Red Knight, King Arthur, Alliance, XPP 6001 and 1819. based test. Peppers and tomatoes (known hosts) were proven to be Contact information: Wesley L. Kline, PhD., Rutgers Cooperative capable of amplifying the virus during the summer growing season. Extension, 291 Morton Ave., Millville, NJ 08332, USA, Phone: 856- Another potential inoculum source of TSWV in peppers and tomatoes are 451-2800; Fax: 856-451-4206, Email: [email protected] “bridge” hosts, which are TSW susceptible crops grown during winter months when peppers and tomatoes are not grown. These crops, lettuce, radicchio, and fava bean, were surveyed for thrips and TSWV infection Cytomorphological and seed protein profiles of F1 hybrid between C.annuum L and C.frutescens L. over the past five years and confirmed to be hosts of TSWV. In particular, radicchio is a very susceptible host and sustains high thrips populations. V. Rattan Kumar1, S. Subba Tata1 and O. Aniel Kumar1 34 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS Insecticide studies conducted from 2007-2012 have shown varying 93274, USA, Phone: 559-684-3320; Fax: 559-685-3319; E-mail: levels of efficacy and cannot be relied upon for complete thrips man- [email protected] agement. An integrated pest management (IPM) program includes strategies for susceptible crop and weed sanitation, reducing move- Update on Weed Control Trials in California Peppers ment of thrips to peppers and tomatoes from potential winter weed Michelle Le Strange and Richard F. Smith hosts and susceptible winter crops, reducing thrips in peppers and tomatoes, as well as using resistant cultivars and spatial separation of University of California Cooperative Extension, Tulare and Monterey fields for TSW management in susceptible crops. The IPM Program is Counties, respectively in widespread use and a risk assessment model is under development. Weed control challenges for field grown peppers without plastic mulch continue to be significant in California. Peppers are long-season veg- Contact Information: Michelle Le Strange, University of Califor- etables that compete weakly with weeds for the first 40 to 60 days fol- nia Cooperative Extension, 4437-B S. Laspina Street, Tulare, CA lowing transplanting, while late season weeds can make crop harvest 93274, USA, Phone: 559-684-3320; Fax: 559-685-3319; E-mail: difficult. They are a crop that can be subject to flushes of both winter [email protected] and summer annual weeds over the course of their growing cycle. Sev- eral perennial weeds are also problematic. The preemergent herbicides Nitrogen Has Major Impact on Bell Pepper Yield but Not Post registered for peppers have gaps in the spectrum of weeds that they Harvest Quality control and there are very few selective postemergent herbicides that Michelle Le Strange1 and Marita Cantwell2 are registered in peppers, and no new herbicides being developed for 1University of California Cooperative Extension, Tulare & Kings peppers. As a result of these challenges, weed management is a signif- Counties, CA, USA icant cost of production with growers easily spending up to $400 per 2Plant Sciences Dept, University of California, Davis, CA, USA acre on herbicide application, mechanical cultivation, and hand hoeing. In the Central Valley of California bell peppers are grown for fresh and Preemergent herbicides registered for use in peppers include Dacthal processing markets, and some times the same crop is used for both pur- (DCPA), Devrinol (napropamide), Prefar (bensulide), and Tre- poses. Some fields are grown on poles and plastic mulched beds for ex- flan (trifluralin), with Dual Magnum (s- metolachlor) registered tended fresh market production, while others are grown without plastic under a 24C. Postemergent herbicides include Poast (sethoxy- mulch or support for a once (or twice) over harvest. Many growers use dim) and Select Max (clethodim), which are selective for grass- drip irrigation and apply liquid nitrogen fertilizers through the drip es, Sandea (halosulfuron) which is selective for yellow (and pur- system. Nitrogen best management practices have not been updated ple) nutsedge (Cyperus sp.) and applied as a directed spray, and for many years, nor has there been a recent study that investigates the the nonselective herbicides Scythe (pelargonic acid) and Shark relationship between nitrogen fertilizer and pepper quality at harvest, (carfentrazone), applied as a directed spray away from the crop. when grown under drip irrigation. Since 2004 tandem field studies have been conducted in two of the In 2011 a field study was conducted to investigate 5 rates of nitrogen four major growing regions of California (South San Joaquin Valley fertilizer (60-315 lbs N/A) on the yield and postharvest quality of drip and Central Coast) looking for selective herbicides suitable for use irrigated bell peppers grown on 40-inch beds without plastic mulch or in transplanted bell pepper production. Preemergent herbicides tested poles. Prior to planting the soil tested very low (5 ppm nitrate-N) in the have included Chateau (flumioxazin), Dual Magnum (s-metolachlor), Goal Tender (oxyfluorfen), Outlook (dimethenamid-p), Prowl H O top foot of soil for residual nitrogen. Whole leaf samples were collect- 2 ed four times every few weeks during the growing season beginning at (pendimethalin), Sandea (halosulfuron), V-10142 (Valent product) first flower, and analyzed for N content. The field was picked twice for and compared to Dacthal. Recent studies have included Nortron (etho- yield, quality attributes, and postharvest evaluations. fumesate), Sonalan (ethalfluralin), and Zeus (sulfentrazone). Appli- The peppers showed a significant yield response to the varying lev- cation timings include at planting and at layby. At planting applica- els of nitrogen fertilizer. Total marketable yield ranged from 7.3 to tions have looked at pre-transplant, post-transplant over the top, and 20.4 tons per acre. The two lower Nitrogen treatments (60 and 135 post-transplant directed spray for some of the herbicides in order to lbs/A) were insufficient for maximum yield and size, but there were achieve better crop safety. only small differences between the three higher rates (195, 255, 315 The objective of these studies has been to examine herbicide combina- lbs N/A) with the two highest rates producing more extra-large fruit. tions and rates that can provide long term and economical weed con- In a completely nitrogen depleted soil approximately 250 lbs N/A is trol for transplanted peppers grown without plastic mulch. They were needed to produce maximum yields in a 16-week crop grown under conducted in two production districts to test the herbicides over a wid- California’s Central Valley conditions. Postharvest evaluations of ma- er range of growing conditions and weed spectra. Results from these ture green fruit atthe first harvest revealed that there was no differences studies are mixed, yet promising. Several herbicides (Dual Magnum, Goal Tender, Outlook, and Prowl H O) have provided very good weed in form, firmness, or dry weight, but fruit weight and pericarp thick- 2 ness were significantly less in the two lowest nitrogen rates. At the control on a number of important pepper weeds with very acceptable second harvest mature green fruit were more firm, weighed more, and crop safety and no effect on yield. Some have received registration had higher dry weights at the higher nitrogen levels. Green color (hue) and we are seeking adjustments to other labels for use in California was slightly higher in lower N fruit of the first pick, but there were no pepper production. color differences in the second pick. Bruising and cracking differences Contact Information: Michelle Le Strange, University of Califor- did not follow a consistent trend among treatments. Postharvest evalu- nia Cooperative Extension, 4437-B S. Laspina Street, Tulare, CA ations of mature green marketable fruit indicated few differences due 93274, USA, Phone: 559-684-3320; Fax: 559-685-3319; E-mail: to nitrogen fertilization. As expected red fruit had higher fresh and dry [email protected] weights than green fruit, but only fresh weights were affected positively by increasing nitrogen. Red color was similar among all treatments Cloning and Characterization of Genes Involved in Pollen Devel- except the low N treatment in which the fruits were orange-red. opment in Pepper Contact Information: Michelle Le Strange, University of Califor- Chen Changming Chen Gu ju Chen, Bihao Cao, Qinghua Chen, nia Cooperative Extension, 4437-B S. Laspina Street, Tulare, CA Jianjun Lei 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 35 College of Horticulture, South China Agriculture University, Guang- Valencia. Spain. zhou China 2Departamento Horticultura. Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones agrarias (IVIA). Valencia. Spain. Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) is a worldwide vegetable with great importance to flavoring industry. In this investigation two nov- The aim of this work was to evaluate the behaviour of pepper geno- el preferentially expressed cDNA sequence in fertile plants of male types under the most common abiotic stresses in the Mediterranean sterility 114AB lines of hot pepper were isolated and characterized. areas, salinity and water stresses, to be used as rootstocks for pepper The corresponding full-length cDNA and DNA sequence were sub- crops. The screening was based in the germination rate and the pho- sequently amplified by Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE), tosynthetic parameters during the vegetative and reproductive stages. named CaMF1 (Capsicum annuum Male Fertility) and CaMF2. The The performance of 18 Capsicum pepper accessions genotypes, 6 ac- expression patterns of both of CaMF1 and CaMF2 were analyzed by cessions of Capsicum annuum L. (CA); 3 of Capsicum chinenses Jacq. RT-PCR and qRT-PCR. Simultaneously, the function of CaMF2 in- (CC); 2 of Capsicum baccatum Jacq. (CB); 3 of Capsicum pubescens volved in pollen development was analyzed by virus induced gene si- L. (CP); 1 of Capsicum frutescens L. (CF) and 3 commercial cultivars lence (VIGS) technology. Additionally, to obtain more genes involved (CO) used as rootstocks, were evaluated under salinity (5 dS m-1) and

in pollen development, the gene differential expression analysis was water stress (60% of ETc) conditions. The net photosynthesis rate at performed using RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) in the genic male ster- vegetative and reproductive stages of the genotypes ‘Serrano 2’ (CA), ile-fertile line 114AB of Capsicum annuum L. and a large number of ‘Chinense 2’ (CC) and ‘Baccatum 2’ (CB) were not affected by salt or differential expressed genes were identified. The corresponding full- water stress. The cultivar ‘Tresor’ (CO) showed specific tolerance to length cDNA and DNA sequence of a dozens of candidate genes were salinity, while cultivars ‘Atlante’ (CO) and ‘C-40’ (CO), accessions subsequently amplified by RACE and/or in silico cloning and the spa- ‘Chinense 1’ (CC), and ‘Numex’(CP) were specifically tolerant to wa- tial expression pattern of these genes were analyzed in different tissues ter stress. Some of these genotypes and cultivar Piquillo IGP (CA), as of the genic male sterile-fertile line 114AB. All of these results will sensitive to both stresses, were tested at germination under salinity (60 provide new information to understand the molecular mechanism of and 100 mM NaCl) and from 0.5% to 10% PEG to induce water stress. pollen development. All genotypes tolerant to both abiotic stresses were also found tolerant at the germination stage. Only ‘Chinense 2’ (CC), double tolerant at Key words: Capsicum annum; Pollen development; VIGS; RNA-Seq; vegetative and reproductive stages, showed low values of final germi- Gene cloning; Expression analysis nation under the maximum stress conditions. Therefore, the genotypes Contact Information: Jianjun Lei, College of Horticulture, exhibited variability in their salinity and water stress tolerances along South China Agricultural university, Guangzhou, 510642, the growth cycle, and the germination rate seem to be a quick and con- Guangdong Province, PR China. Hone:86-20-85288275, fident method for screening large numbers of accessions. Fax:86-20-85280228, Email:[email protected] Contact Information: Salvador López-Galarza Departamento Produc- ción Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica València, Valencia, Spain, Cno. Applications of ABA to Improve Bell and Jalapeno Pepper De Vera c/n, C. P. 46022, Valencia Spain., Phone (+34) 963877337, Transplant Quality Email: [email protected] D.I. Leskovar1, S.Agehara1, and J. Jifon2 1Texas AgriLife Research, VFIC, Department of Horticultural Comparative Effects of Chili Thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood Sciences, Texas A&M System, Uvalde, TX 78801 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), On Eleven Pepper Varieties In the 2Weslaco, TX 78596 Greenhouse and Laboratory In South Florida Exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) applied as foliar during early and late Cliff G. Martin and Dakshina R. Seal development has been evaluated in bell and jalapeno pepper (Capsi- Effects of chili thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: cum annuum L.) seedlings. The objectives of these studies are to en- Thripidae) on pepper, Capsicum spp. ‘Agriset 4108’, ‘Fresno 6022’, hance drought stress tolerance, control plant size (height), and con- ‘Hot Tormenta’, ‘Hot San Ardo’, ‘Cheyenne’, ‘Hot Habanero Orange’, dition transplants to better withstand post-transplanting field stresses. ‘Red Devil Cayenne’, ‘Numex Big Jim’, ‘Astry’, ‘Hot Fatalli’, and In dehydration-recovery studies, ABA applied to mature bell pepper ‘Jamaican Yellow’, were tested at the Tropical Research and Educa- transplants has shown to improve the maintenance of water potential tional Center, Homestead, FL, in 2011 and 2012 in greenhouse and and recovery of gas exchange. Shoot relative elongation rates de- laboratory environments. When plants were treated with Spinetoram creased for bell pepper transplants sprayed within one week before or untreated in a greenhouse, flower buds, cut pedicels, and total of maturity. When ABA was applied twice on mature bell pepper trans- pedicels, flowers, and fruits per plant each had no interactions between plants, field survival improved under stressful field conditions. Growth variety and treatment, while numbers of fruit and canopy volume had inhibition was stronger in biomass than in plant height when a single interactions. Flower buds, pedicels, and total differed between va- rate of ABA was applied to young jalapeno pepper. Our recent studies rieties with ‘Astry’ and ‘Agriset 4108’ having the highest and ‘Hot aimed at controlling plant size of jalapeno peppers suggest that growth Habanero Orange’ and ‘Hot Fatalli’ the lowest; Spinetoram increased responses (leaf area, leaf biomass, plant height) are proportional to the numbers of pedicels and total when varieties were pooled. ‘Hot San application rate. This presentation will discuss ABA application meth- Ardo’ was highest and ‘Hot Fatalli’ lowest for treated canopy volume, ods aimed at improving transplant quality of bell and jalapeno peppers. and ‘Fresno 6022’ was highest and ‘Hot Fatalli’ lowest for treated fruit. Contact Information: Daniel I. Leskovar, Phone: 830-278-9151, ‘Numex Big Jim’ was least helped and ‘Fresno 6022’, ‘Hot Tormenta’, Email: [email protected] ‘Cheyenne’, ‘Astry’, and ‘Jamaican Yellow’ most helped by Spine- toram application. A greenhouse choice test indicated ‘Hot Tormenta’, Screening Capsicum Pepper Accessions for Tolerances to Salinity ‘Hot Fatalli’, ‘Numex Big Jim’, and ‘Jamaican Yellow’ had the fewest and Water Stresses thrips per plant, and ‘Astry’ and ‘Red Devil Cayenne’ had the most. In

1 1 1 2 a choice of varieties in Petri dishes in laboratory growth chambers, S. López-Galarza , S.G. Nebauer , A. San Bautista , C. Penella and ‘Hot Fatalli’, had the fewest nymphs per leaf disk and ‘Agriset 4108’ A. Calatayud2 1 had the most. ‘Hot Fatalli’ attracted the fewest thrips, hence was the Departamento Producción Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica València. most resistant variety across three experiments, though it had the 36 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS smallest plant size and lowest yields; Spinetoram improved yields of is one of the most serious diseases of pepper in Florida. Infection productive varieties like ‘Fresno 6022’, which may be more feasible to can markedly reduce yields and fruit symptoms reduce marketability. grow than ‘Hot Fatalli’. The traditional recommendation for bacterial spot control consists of frequent applications of copper and maneb. In Florida, the effective- Effect of Fungicide Type and Placement on Stem Cankers Caused ness of copper sprays has been limited for many years, due to the wide- by Phytophthora capsici on Pepper spread occurrence of copper tolerance among strains of X. euvesicatoria Researchers have identified no fewer than eleven different rac- M.E. Matheron and M. Porchas es of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. Since no variety incorpo- Yuma Agricultural Center, The University of Arizona, Yuma, AZ rates resistance to all known races, it is important that grow- Production of chile peppers in Arizona is concentrated in the south- ers to be knowledgeable about locally occurring races and use eastern part of the state, where the soil-borne oomycete pathogen varieties that have resistance to races that occur in their area. Phytophthora capsici also is present and causes losses every year in Commercial pepper varieties resistant to races 1, 2 and 3 some fields. Initial disease symptoms usually include wilting and the have been on the market for many years and have provid- appearance of crown (stem) rot at the base of infected plants. Most ed growers with partial protection from bacterial spot infection. plant death results from these soil-borne infections; however, under Over the past few years, various seed companies have in- favorable environmental conditions, such as frequent summer rainfall troduced a number of newer varieties and selections events, an aerial blight of leaves, fruit and stems can occur, which fur- which incorporate additional resistance to races 4 5 and 6. ther increases crop loss. Several fungicides are registered for manage- Initial trials were conducted 2006 to 2010 to evaluate cultivars with ment of this disease; however, populations of P. capsici in many grow- added resistance. These trials were repeated in 2010 – 2011 and the ing areas have become insensitive to at least one material, mefenoxam. 2011 -2012 growing seasons and continue to show that the new culti- An experiment was conducted to evaluate and compare the efficacy of vars containing resistance to additional bacterial spot races including registered products as well as new materials under development for race 4, 5 or all three performed well in trials demonstrating dramatical- management of Phytophthora root and crown rot on pepper plants. ly reduced infection rates and superior yield compared to those variet- Specifically, 4-month-old chile pepper transplants were wounded on ies with only bacterial spot races 1, 2 and 3 resistance. the stem with a 5-mm-diameter cork borer. Fungicides then were ap- While Race 1-5, 1-6 resistant varieties look good when pressure is plied to plants by treating only the foliage and stem or only the roots. high, horticultural characteristics and market preference may also Seven days after treatment, transplants were placed horizontally into play a role in a grower’s choice of variety. In addition, a number of aluminum trays containing moist paper towels and inoculated by plac- non-resistant varieties provide superior performance in the absence of ing a 5-mm-diameter agar disk containing mycelium of Phytophtho- bacterial spot pressure so growers will need to consider varietial selec- ra capsici onto the stem wound of each plant. Trays were covered tion based on projected weather conditions during the target growing with clear plastic film and maintained in the laboratory under fluores- season. cent light for 7 days, after which the length of resulting stem cankers Contact Information: Gene McAvoy, Phone: 863-674-4092, Email: was recorded. When the foliage and stem of chile pepper plants were [email protected] treated, compared to nontreated plants, the greatest reduction in stem canker length ranged from 84 to 100% on plants treated with aciben- The Proper Role of Insecticides in IPM Programs for Western zolar-S-methyl, ametoctradin+dimethomorph, dimethomorph, fluopi- Flower Thrips in Pepper colide, fosetyl-Al, mandipropamid, mefenoxam, and V-10208. When only plant roots were treated with test fungicides, the highest reduction Gene McAvoy1, Joe Funderburk2, Mrittunjai Srivistava2, and Norm in stem canker growth ranged from 82 to 100% on plants receiving Leppla3 acibenzolar-S-methyl, ametoctradin+dimethomorph, dimethomorph, 1University of Florida Hendry County Extension, PO Box 68, La- fluopicolide, and mefenoxam. These preliminary results suggest that Belle, Florida 33975, [email protected] some compounds applied only to roots can effectively restrict growth 2North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, of P. capsici on plant stems, whereas other products should be applied 155 Research Road, Quincy. Florida 32351, [email protected] directly to the plant part subject to infection for optimal control of 3Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, PO Phytophthora root and crown rot. These findings, if confirmed by ad- Box 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611, [email protected] ditional studies, may have implications for management of this disease Although environmentally-friendly tactics are a major part of the ver- when fungicides are delivered to plants by drip irrigation. tically integrated pest management program for western flower thrips Contact Information: Michael E. Matheron, Yuma Agricultural (Frankliniella occidentalis), insecticides continue to play an important Center, The University of Arizona, 6425 W. Eighth Street, Yuma, AZ role. Recommendations regarding which insecticides to use and when 85364, Phone (928) 782-5863, Email: [email protected] are made in the context of both short-term and long-term management goals. Minimizing resistance development and avoiding the flaring of Bacterial Spot Resistant Pepper Trials in Florida - 2009 -2012 western flower thrips populations by the elimination of natural ene-

mies and competing thrips species are critical factors in insecticide Gene McAvoy1, Dr David Sui2, Dr Richard Raid3 and Dr Monica recommendations. The use of selective insecticides against western Ozores Hampton4. flower thrips and other pests that have minimal impacts on minute 1University of Florida/IFAS Hendry County Extension, LaBelle, pirate bug populations is very important in conservation biological Florida control in pepper and eggplant. These insecticides reduce the risk of 2University of Florida/IFAS Palm Beach County Extension, West releasing non-target pests from natural control. Certain carbamate, ne- Palm Beach, Florida onicotinoid, and organophosphate insecticides have some level of effi- 3University of Florida/IFAS Everglades Research and Education cacy against western flower thrips but these should be used sparingly, Center, Belle Glade, Florida and only in particular instances when non-target effects are minimal. 4University of Florida/IFAS Southwest Florida Research and Educa- Most broad-spectrum synthetic insecticides, including pyrethroids, tion Center, Immokalee, Florida neonicotinoids, organophosphates, and carbamates kill the native spe- Bacterial spot, caused by the bacterium, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, cies of thrips that outcompete western flower thrips, thereby leading 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 37 to dramatic large-scale shifts in thrips demographics. Broad-spectrum insecticides can directly enhance the rate of increase of western flower Attributes Mean Median Range thrips populations. The goal of integrated pest management is prevent- Capsaicinoids – 93 138 0-1028 ing damage (i. e., keeping populations below the economic thresholds) HPLC (mg/100g) rather than killing the maximum number of western flower thrips. By re-directing the focus of management programs to the crop and its op- Extractable colour timal production, the producer develops an appreciation for the con- (ASTA 20.1 Colour 44 38 3-127 cept of the tolerance of sub-economic levels of pests. This is critical in units) our experience in the widespread adoption of a management approach, as opposed to a control approach, as the more effective, economical, Fat content (g/100g) 14.7 14.1 6.7-32.8 and sustainable way to deal with western flower thrips. Effective and Polyphenols Fo- 1.48 0.94- sustainable management for western flower thrips is achieved in the lin-Ciocalteu assay 1.48 overall context of integrated pest management, with insecticide resis- 2.17 tance management being a key component. We provide for regularly (g/100g) updated lists of insecticides for fruiting vegetables with varying levels Antioxidative ca- of efficacy against western flower thrips adults and larvae. We recom- pacity TEAC assay 4.1 4.1 2.9-7.0 mend rotating the available insecticides in different chemical classes to avoid the development of resistance in western flower thrips. This inte- (mmol/100g) grated resistance management strategy is a component of the compre- Flavonoid content - 7.9 8.3 0.4-46.8 hensive integrated pest management program for fruiting vegetables, HPLC (mg/100g) and it is only recommended when multiple applications of insecticides Quercetin - HPLC 6.0 are needed for western flower thrips or other pests during the same 6.6 0.4-42.6 cropping season. (mg/100g) No Contact Information Vitamin C - HPLC 5 17 5-437 (mg/100g) Bioactive and Valuable Compounds in 114 Native Bolivian Chili Accessions References: [1] 1 1 2 3 Perry L et al. (2007), Starch Fossils and the Domestication and S. Meckelmann , D. Riegel , C. Bejarano , T. Avila , M. van Zon- Dispersal of Chili Peppers (Capsicum spp. L.) in the Americas, nefeld4, M. Petz1 1 Science 315, 5814:986-988 Department of Food Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Germany, [2] 2 3 4 Wahyuni Y et al. (2011), Metabolite biodiversity in pepper Fundación PROINPA, Bolivia, CIFP, Bolivia, Bioversity Interna- (Capsicum) fruits of thirty-two diverse accessions: Variation in tional, Cali/Columbia health-related compounds and implications for breeding, Phyto- Belonging to the botanical family of Solanaceae together with other chemistry, 72:1358-1370 plants like tomato, eggplant or tobacco, the genus Capsicum is one The work was carried out within the research project “Rescue and of the oldest cultivated plants. For over 6000 years their fruits were Promotion of Native Chilis in their Centre of Origin”, coordinated by used for many purposes and not only as spice or food in the human Bioversity International and funded by the Federal Ministry for Eco- diet. Chili fruits are widely known as a natural source of different bio- nomic Cooperation and Development / GIZ (2010-2013). We thank E. active components, like ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid (vitamin Mueller-Seitz for helpful discussions and E. Serrano (ITA, Bolivia) for C), carotenoids, flavonoids and the pungent capsaicinoids. Their health final oven drying of the samples. promoting effect is based on the capability of scavenging free radicals Contact Information: S. Meckelmann, Department of Food Chemistry, in biological systems. The amount and pattern of these compounds are University of Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany, mainly influenced by their genotype, environmental factors and pro- Phone: 0049 202 439 3443, Email: [email protected] cessing parameters. Besides the health promoting attributes, the specific colour (mostly carotinoids) of the various accessions is of significant Phenotypic and Genotypic Evaluation of Phytophthora Fruit Rot interest due to its importance for the production of natural colorants such Resistance in a Worldwide Germplasm Collection as oleoresins, which are used in the food and cosmetic industries [1, 2]. To acquire a comprehensive image of the biodiversity of commercially Naegele, R.P.1 and Hausbeck, M.K.1 valuable and bioactive compounds, we analysed 114 different varieties Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University. East of Bolivian chili powders including samples from the 5 domesticat- Lansing, MI ed species C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. baccatum and Pepper is an important vegetable crop worldwide. In the U.S. over C. pubescens besides a wide variety of wild species, for example C. 31,000 ha were harvested in 2011 with a production value over $830 chacoense, C. eximium or C. minutiflorum. All samples were analysed million. Phytophthora capsici Leonian, a major disease of pepper, is for pungency (capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin), found throughout production regions. Root rot is the most common syn- extractable colour (ASTA 20.1), fat content (as an indicator for vita- drome caused by P. capsici on pepper, though foliar blight and fruit rot min E content), total polyphenols using a microtiter plate format of have also been identified. Fruit rot and foliar blight are less well stud- the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, Trolox equivalent antioxidative capacity ied and thought to be controlled by different genetic mechanisms than (TEAC), the flavonoids quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol and apigenin, root rot. Phytophthora fruit rot can occur both pre- and post-harvest. and the sum of ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid (vitamin C). The ta- Chemical and cultural controls can reduce the severity of disease in ble below gives a summary of the obtained results and shows the great the field, but additional resistant cultivars could improve management. biochemical diversity of the analysed chilis. Immature, green fruit of 110 lines of pepper (Capsicum annuum) germplasm representing a wide geographic distribution were evaluated for Phytophthora fruit rot resistance. Fruit were inoculated with two

38 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS virulent isolates of P. capsici: 12889 and OP97. For each isolate, fif- Cherry’ produced smallest fruit (0.48oz) and lowest yield (8.7oz/ teen fruit were assessed for lesion diameter and density of pathogen plant), which was expected from cherry type. Vegetable variety trials growth for each line 3 and 5 days post inoculation (dpi). Significant have always been a component of the Agricultural Experiment Station differences were evident between lines for lesion diameter at both 3 University of the Virgin Islands. There is continuous need for new va- and 5 dpi. Line by isolate interactions were evident, and OP97 was riety testing in peppers for high yield, production, flavor, marketabili- significantly more virulent than 12889 overall. Most lines tested were ty, insect pests and disease resistance and overall suitability to grow in highly susceptible (>70% incidence with a lesion area >3 cm2 at 5 the U.S. Virgin Islands. dpi) to fruit rot by both isolates. All of the lines evaluated had at least Contact Information: Dilip Nandwani, Horticulture Program, Agricul- one fruit infected, though lesion area varied between lines. Primers tural Experiment Station, University of the Virgin Islands, Kingshill, designed from pepper and tomato ESTs, SSRs, and resistance-associ- US Virgin Islands, 00850, Phone (340) 692-4086, ated genes were tested against the germplasm population to identify Email: [email protected] phylogenetic relationships correlated with resistance. Fruit rot qtls, previously identified in a New Mexico recombinant inbred line popu- Physiological Seed Quality of Capsicum baccatum L. var. pen- lation, were also evaluated against the germplasm to confirm their as- dulum and Capsicum chinense under Maturation at Tropical sociation with resistance. The identification of germplasm resistant to Conditions Phytophthora capsici, and associated markers, will provide a resource for breeders to develop fruit rot resistant varieties. W. M. Nascimento Embrapa Vegetables, Brasília, DF, Brazil Contact information: Rachel P. Naegele, Department of Plant Patholo- gy, Michigan State University. 164 Plant Biology 612 Wilson Rd. East The “dedo-de-moça” (girl-finger) and “bode” (goat) types are two Lansing, MI 48824 USA, Phone: 517-355-4576; Fax: 517-353-9704, of the most important hot peppers consumed in Brazil, mainly in the Email: [email protected] south and southeast regions. These hot peppers present a mild pungency and are generally used in the manufacture of sauces or dried Field Trials of Peppers (Capsicum spp.) on the Island of St. Croix as flakes. The crop establishment usually it is done by transplanting, with the farmer’s own seed. Thus, the seed quality, and consequently Dilip Nandwani the stand establishment, is not always satisfactory in terms of genet- Plant Science Laboratory, Agricultural Experiment Station, Universi- ic (varietal mixture), physiological (low germination and vigor) and ty of the Virgin Islands, Kingshill, USVI health (incidence of fungi, bacteria and especially viruses). Also, fresh seeds of hot peppers may show dormancy and germination can be slow Peppers (Capsicum spp.) are important crops for small scale producers and uneven, even under favorable conditions. This paper describes two in the United States Virgin Islands and are grown for fresh market. In different studies of fruit maturation of hot pepper in the Brazilian con- 2007, production (31,475 lb) and acreage (12 ac) planting of peppers ditions, in order to improve the physiological seed quality. Fruits of have been increased from 2002 (14,750 lb, 8 ac). Both, sweet (Capsi- ‘Mari’ (Capsicum baccatum L. var. pendulum) and ‘Seriema’ (Capsi- cum annum) and hot peppers (Capsicum chinense) produced commer- cum chinense) hot peppers from Embrapa Vegetables were harvested cially and share market in the USVI. Horticulture Program - Univer- at different stages (colour) of maturation. Seeds were extracted imme- sity of the Virgin Islands conducted field trials of selected cultivars of diately on 7 (‘Seriema’) and 10 (‘Mari’) days after fruit harvesting. peppers (sweet and hot) at the Agricultural Experiment Station in Fall Seeds from red fruits (approximately 60-70 days after anthesis) had 2011-Spring 2012 season. The objective of the research was to conduct the best germination and vigor. In addition, seeds extracted after 7-10 evaluations of sweet and hot pepper varieties that are suitable to grow days of fruit storage had better quality compared to the seeds extracted in the local soil and climatic conditions. Challenges in pepper produc- immediately after fruit harvesting. The dormancy of ‘Seriema’ fresh tions in the US Virgin Islands are, high cost of labor and management, seeds was overcome after two months of storage. The results obtained limited water resources, weeds, diseases and pests, limited land and in these different studies will be discussed. natural disasters. Twenty cultivars of sweet (traditional bell types, spe- cialty peppers, long and pointed banana type, colored and cherry type) Contact Information: Embrapa Hortaliças, C. Postal 218, 70.359-970, and hot peppers (cayenne, Jalapeno type, round and wrinkled fruits) Brasília, DF, Brazil, Phone 55 61 33859125, Email: wmn@cnph. were selected for the investigation and planted using a randomized embrapa.br complete block design with three replications. Significant differences were observed in hot pepper cultivars for marketable fruit weight, Evaluation of Nsukka Yellow Pepper (Capsicum annum L) marketable yield, and number of fruits. `Hungarian Yellow Wax’ was Accessions for Yield and Pungency in Makurdi, Nigeria the first cultivar harvested (60days) and `Caribbean Red’ observed N. I. Odiaka, S. Ayuba and O. H. Ejeh late maturity (80 days) among the seven cultivars tested. `Compadre’ Crop Production Department, University of Agriculture Makurdi, produced the highest total marketable yield (42.8oz/plant). `Caribbean Benue State, Nigeria Red’ produced lowest marketable yield (4.5oz./plant) in given number of harvests and time. Marketable fruits begin producing from 5th har- Nsukka yellow pepper (Capsicum annum) with its distinct character- vest from total eight harvests. `Camino Real’ produced highest num- istics colour and aroma is the hottest pepper used as spice in Nigeria ber of marketable fruits (230/plant) and `Hungarian Yellow Hot Wax’ and Benue State in particular. Its high demand, cost, and distinct qual- produced lowest number of marketable fruits (37/plant). `Compadre’ ities have increased growers interest in its production in the middle fruits were biggest (1.5oz) and `Ring of Fire’ was smallest (0.2oz) in belt of Nigeria. However, production is largely restricted to Nsukka fruit weight. Results of pungency test of fresh hot peppers showed that in Enugu State and it’s environ. Growers believe that the plant does `Caribbean Red’ is hottest peppers (24,289 scoville heat units) among not grow well outside Nsukka and that the fruits produced, looses all the cultivars tested. `Hungarian Yellow Hot Wax’ (581 scoville heat pungency. This school of thought could be a result of non correlation units) was mildest pepper. In sweet peppers, ‘White King’ was the first of performance between progeny and parent a speculation which may cultivar harvested (65 days) and produced the highest total marketable be related to environmental as well as genotypic factors. Therefore yield (33.4oz/plant). `Aristotle’ produced biggest fruit (5.8oz). `Intrud- the cultivated types of Nsukka pepper were evaluated in Makurdi. er’ fruits were smallest (1.1oz) and late maturity (76 days). `Sweet Evaluation for breeding potential was done by morphological char-

2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 39 acterization of the pepper accessions. The objectives of the study pact of solar stress may have a detrimental effect on pepper fruit since were to identify suitable genotypes for yield improvement and, to they are sensitive to sunscald and heat stress at temperatures above classify them into similarity groups. The study showed diversity in 86°F. The most common solar-related problems in pepper are irregu- cultivated types with significant differences in the agronomic traits lar coloring, sunken or wrinkled tissue, and infection from fungi and (p <0.05) with a yield of 22,000kg/hectare and an 89% profit. On a bacteria. Therefore, the objectives of these studies were to evaluate the likert scale of 0 to 4 the pungency of Nsukka pepper was measured effectiveness of different protectant against solar radiation on peppers and the result indicated pungency (3.22) in the cultivated types. It is yield and ability to wash-off of the fruit. Two pepper trials were plant- therefore suggested that Nsukka yellow pepper be produced in Benue ed on 15 Feb. (spring) and 16 Sept. (fall), 2010 with variety Polaris and State to meet the growing demand and reduce price of the fruits. ‘8302’ in Immokalee, FL. respectively. Treatments in the spring and Key word: Yellow pepper, diversity, pungency, yield. fall consisted on Actinin (two applications at 12.5 lb/acre), Albaglor (two applications at 17.0 lb/acre), Purshade regular and clear (both at Contact Information: N. I. Odiaka, Crop Production Department, two and three applications at 1 gal/acre), and a control (none). In the College of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Benue fall trial, treatments were applied after each harvest. Data collection State, Nigeria, Phone: +234 8037567171 or +234 8052745893, consisted of total marketable (super-jumbo, jumbo, extra-large, and Email: [email protected] large), unmarketable, sunscald pepper yields, and fruit residue coating before and after rolling and brushing evaluated with a scale of 0 to 5 Effect of Spacing and Variety on Yield and Fruit Quality of with 0=no coating and 5=highest coating. Weather conditions were Pepper Grown with Seepage Irrigation in Florida Sandy Soils hot and humid having atypical rainfall for the spring and fall trials Monica Ozores-Hampton with 16.3 and 8.3 inches, respectively. High rainfall in the spring trial University of Florida/Southwest Florida Research and Education induced higher than normal bacterial spot incidence. There were not Center. Immokalee FL. differences in yields or sunscald among the treatments with total yield ranging from 573 to 862 and 1,540 to 1,671 28-lb bu/acre in spring In 2011-2012 Florida was the leader in bell pepper in the USA with and fall, respectively. However, sunscald incidences were too infre- 19,000 acres in production and a value of $267,411 million of which quent in the trials to be able to evaluate differences among treatments. 65% is located in Palm Beach County. Bell pepper (Capsicum an- In the spring and fall trials the highest pepper residue coating before nuum L.) yields have increased dramatically recently due to contin- rolling and brushing was Purshade regular (1.8) and Albaglor (2.9), ued introduction of new varieties resistant to bacterial spot caused by respectively, and lowest coating after rolling and brushing was Pur- Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. Since bell pepper varieties growth habit shade clear (0.0) in both seasons. Most products accumulated on the is changing, with-in row spacing maybe need adjusted to accommo- fruit shoulders and were difficult to remove by rolling and brushing. date the new varieties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the In conclusion, when sunscald was not the limiting factor there were effects of three in-row spacing (plant populations) on yield and post no yield improvements among protectants; however, if solar radiation harvest quality of four pepper varieties grown using seepage irrigation protection application is desired these solar protectants are easy to re- during fall planting in South Florida. The spacing trial was located move by rolling and brushing, except for the fruits shoulders. on a commercial pepper farm in Immokalee, FL. The three in-row spacing were 9, 12 and 15 inches in a single row or 19,360, 14,520 Contact Information: Monica Ozores-Hampton. University of Florida/ and 11,616 plant/acre, and the four peppers varieties were ‘8302’, Ar- Southwest Florida Research and Education Center. 2685 State Rd. 29 istotle, Myakka, and Regiment planted on 23 Sept. 2009 in a split- North Immokalee FL 34142. Phone: 239-658-3400 and email ozores@ plot design with four replications. Data collection consisted of total ufl.edu. marketable (super-jumbo, jumbo, x-large, and large) and unmarketable pepper yields and post-harvest quality (number of lobules, pepper Enhancement of Pungency and Resistance of Hungarian Red length, width, ratio and wall thickness). Weather conditions during the Pepper Varieties trials were hot and humid. There were no interactions between in-row Gábor Palotás1, Z. Tímár2, Gabriella Palotás1, B. Ágoston1, J. spacing and pepper varieties. In-row spacing of 15 inches produced Szarka3 and G. Csilléry4 the lowest extra-large fruit and total marketable at first and second 1Univer Product Plc., Kecskemét, Hungary harvest combined and season total marketable yields (all harvest and 2Red Pepper Research and Development Nonprofit Ltd., Kalocsa, sizes combined). Regiment produced the lowest total marketable Hungary yields. There were no differences for in-row spacing on post harvests 3Primordium Ltd., Budapest, Hungary attributes, however the longest and widest peppers were Aristotle and 4Budakert Ltd., Budapest, Hungary Myakka, respectively. For South Florida fall pepper production the in- row spacing should be range 9 to 12 inches and the best varieties were Red spicy pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a basic spice of the Hungar- Aristotle, Myakka, and ‘8302’. ian cuisine, both powder and cold preserved cream form. Although the share of local production in the national economy has been de- Contact Information: Monica Ozores-Hampton. University of Flori- creased during last 20 years the consumption hasn’t been changed sig- da/Southwest Florida Research and Education Center. 2685 State Rd. nificantly which shows the expansion of import due to opening Hun- 29 North Immokalee FL 34142. Phone: 239-658-3400 and email garian market after 1990 and even more after 2004 (joining to EU). [email protected]. Key marketing success factors of local powder products can be the labelled origin protection: the 2 main pepper region in Hun- Effects of Solar Protectants on Yield and Residue Coating on gary (Kalocsa, Szeged) have got the Protected Designation of Or- Pepper Grown during the Spring and Fall in South Florida igin trademark of EU. While majority of powder consumption is Monica Ozores-Hampton. non-pungent in Hungary, in case of creams the situation is oppo- University of Florida/Southwest Florida Research and Education site. Strong local brands e.g. “Erős Pista” (“Strong Steve”) from Center. Immokalee FL. Univer keep their market position. From varieties and production technology point of view the sitation became worse after 1990 in Southwest Florida’s fresh-market pepper season (19,000 acres) is from parallel with loss of markets and decline of state-funded research: Oct. to Apr. with the greatest production from Nov. to Jan. The im- especially the lack of new resistant varieties suitable for intensive 40 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS cultivation technologies inhibits the sustenance of competitiveness. (5-30 min) was established by the factorial model as well. The me- Univer and his partners have started a two-step breeding project in 2010 sophilic total plate count, the number of molds, yeasts, acid-produc- in order to recover the competitiveness of red pepper product line. The ing microbes, coliforms, E. coli and other entobacteriaceae of the first step includes a 3 years long selection project of 3 Hungarian hot pepper paste were determined before and after the HHP-treatment. varieties: Szegedi-178, Kalóz and Kalmár. Under greenhouse heated Comparing the microbiological status before and directly after the by thermal water we grew up 2 generations per year, cca. 20.000 plants treatment, we can state that each examined factor had significant effect per generation, selected the plants according to key phenological fea- on the product, but to different degrees from microbe to microbe. The tures e.g. earliness, fruit size, yield, de-stemability. ASTA-values have height of pressure influenced the number of molds, yeasts and other en- been tested in lab as well as the pungency in two steps: first by a color terobacteria. Holding time had an effect on the number of molds, yeasts reaction from raw fruit after that by HPLC from powder using standard and acid-producing bacteria. While pH and sorbate affected only coli- method for characterization of capsaicinoid content. After 4 genera- forms and E. coli significantly, the salt content was effective on each tion we increased the total capsaicinoid content by 1.000-1.500 mg/kg examined microorganism except yeasts and acid-producers. Besides, (depending from varieties) compared with the initial values. In case of significant effect of the interrelations between the main factors was Kalóz we observed higher nordihydrocapsaicin ratio (20-35 %) among proved in several cases. Further major experience is that the decreasing capsaicinoids than found in literature all around the world. Field exper- rate of acid-producing bacteria due to HHP-treatment was not enough iments are performed continuously in order to validate the greenhouse to get microbiologically stable pepper cream at the given compositions. results: selected lines provided higher yield by 10-40 %, higher ASTA This research has been supported by the National Development Agen- by 15-30 %, higher total capsaicinoids by 10-30 % than initial ones. cy of Hungary (TECH-09-A3-2009-0230 USOK2009 and TÁMOP Other key part of this selection project is the resistance testing of 4.2.1/B-09/1/KMR/-2010-0005). Szegedi-178 for TMV L3, of Kalóz and Kalmár for Xanthomonas Contact Information: Gábor Palotás, Univer Product Plc., H-6000 vesicatoria Bs2. Furthermore we are testing the GDR-level (Ge- Kecskemét, Szolnoki út 35. Hungary, neral Defense Reaction) of three cultivars by a specific method. Phone +36-76-518-100, Email: [email protected] econd step of the project is breeding of multiresistent hybrid varieties using among others the selected li- Methodological Options for Selection of Cifferent Capsaicin-Con- nes as parent lines coming from first step of the project. taining Red Pepper Breeding Lines This research has been supported by the National Development Agen- cy of Hungary (GOP-1.1.1-09/1-2010-0115). Z. Tímár1, Gábor Palotás2, E. Sisákné Tatár1, Gabriella Palotás2 and G. Csilléry3 Contact Information: Gábor Palotás, Univer Product Plc., H-6000 1Red Pepper Research and Development Nonprofit Ltd., Kalocsa, Kecskemét, Szolnoki út 35. Hungary, Hungary Phone +36-76-518-100, Email: [email protected] 2Univer Product Plc., Kecskemét, Hungary 3Budakert Ltd., Budapest, Hungary Examination of High Hydrostatic Pressure Technology for Pres- ervation of Hungarian Red Pepper Paste Red spicy pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a basic spice of the Hungar- ian cuisine. While the local powder products are mostly non-pungent, Gábor Palotás1, I. Dalmadi2, A. Tréfás1, H. Kis1, E. Baisánszki1, the cold preserved, crushed pepper products are mostly pungent and Gabriella Palotás1 and Cs. Balla2 that are used for post flavoring of soups and dishes. So the level of 1Univer Product Plc., Kecskemét, Hungary pungency is an important quality parameter of these kind of products. 2Department of Refrigeration and Livestock Products’ Technology, Univer Product Plc. is the cathegory founder and market leader in Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary Hungary in case of cold preserved red pepper cream products. Univer Red spicy pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a basic spice of the Hun- with its partners is performing a two-step breeding project: in the first garian cuisine, especially as a freshly crushed or fine-milled cream step to recover and develop the pungency, resistance and phenological for post-flavoring of several soups and dishes. These crushed and features of existing Hungarian hot varieties (Szegedi-178, Kalóz, Kal- creamy pepper seasonings are produced by cold technology, pre- már), in the second step to breed multiresistent hot red pepper hybrids served chemically using 10-12 % salt content and potassium sorbate using some of the selected lines from the first step and other lines as as acidic media. This simple preservation method results a unique resistance sources. Both step’s experimental work is performed un- raw fresh pepper flavor of these products which cannot be reached der thermal water heated greenhouses, growing up two generation by pasteurization which leads to different (cooked) flavor. Disad- per year, and the greenhouse result are validated on field as well. vantage of this technology is the high salt content. High dietary salt As the pungency is in the focus of this program we are faced with intake is considered as key risk factor of several diseases like high several challenges in terms of its analysis. At first huge amount of blood pressure or cardiovascular diseases in general. High Hydrostat- samples (3.000-5.000 pcs/generation!) must be tested within a limited ic Pressure (HHP) can be an alternative method which can keep the time and cost. Secondly the results must be quantifiable and indepen- fresh raw pepper taste but ensure microbiological stability without dent of the investigating staff. Furthermore cross-contamination must high salt content. Since HHP treatment leaves the covalent bonds of be eliminated during sample preparation (slicing, drying, milling). chemical components intact the small sized food constituents (like Normal organoleptic test and the Scoville-method were not suitable for vitamins and volatiles) can be preserved efficiently. The objective this project. The only one advantage of organoleptic test is the safe and of our experiments was to evaluate statistically the effect of differ- cheap separability of low capsaicin-contaning and capsaicin-free sam- ent combinations of non-thermal preservation techniques (HHP, pH, ples which have been already pre-selected in another way. The most ef- salt and preservative) on microbiological stability of pepper paste. fective and accurate analytical method is the HPLC, but expensive, so Univer’s red pepper paste was used as raw material in our experimen- we applied a pre-selection using a fast test. This test is based on the blue tal work. The pH (4.0-4.4), the salt content (3-7%) and the potassi- color reaction between capsaicin and ammonium-metavanadate. In our um sorbate content (0-1000 mg/kg) was set in each case according application a swap sample has been taken from the carefully opened to 2n-type factorial design. The HHP-treatments were performed fruits using white cotton ear-cleaners and the reagent has been dropped at room temperature by 2 liter vessel equipment (Resato FPU 100- on that. Thus the color reaction was well visible not as that can be eval- 200). The pressure level (400-750 MPa) and the treatment time uated on the red surface of pepper fruit. We determined the detection 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 41 1 Institute of Agricultural Research of Chile (INIA) Santiago Chile, limit of this method. The fast test is suitable to separate the high capsa- 2 icin-containing fruits from the low ones, but not suitable for indication Escuela Politécnica del Ejército Quito Ecuador, 3 Universidad de the difference among high capsaicin-containing fruits; that remained Chile, Santiago Chile. the task of HPLC-analysis in our project. When the fast test does not The processing industries demand concrete specifications from its show discoloration, an organoleptic examination can help to separate providers, most quality factors for processed Capsicum are related to the very low capsaicin-containing fruits from the capsaicin-free ones. the pericarp fruit thickness, total soluble solids, yield of fresh and dry This research has been supported by the National Development Agen- fruit, color ripening, and total carotenoid. Characterizations of Capsi- cy of Hungary (GOP-1.1.1-09/1-2010-0115 and GOP-1.1.1-11-2011- cum germoplasnm properties are extremely valuable to the processing 0065). industry but also for Capsicum breeding program. 50 Capsicum an- Contact Information: Gábor Palotás, Univer Product Plc., H-6000 nuum L. accessions, dark-brown (DB), red (R) and yellow (Y) fruit, Kecskemét, Szolnoki út 35. Hungary, Phone +36-76-518-100, were evaluated for industry traits (pericarp fruit thickness, total soluble Email: [email protected] solids, yield of fresh and dry fruit). Afterward, seven accessions were selected for further analysis in terms carotenoid accumulation and ca- Use of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging as Diagnostic rotenoid biosynthetic gene expression. The different genotypes show Technique to Predict Compatibility in Capsicum spp. Graft genetic variation in fruits, in terms pericarp thickness, total soluble solids, yield of fresh and dry fruit. Among them, pericarp fruit thickness 1 2 2 2 C. Penella , S.G. Nebauer , A. San Bautista , S. López-Galarza and showed highest genetic variability (0.87 – 8.5mm), while total soluble 1 A. Calatayud solids showed slighter genetic variability (5,50 -15,75°Brix). Genetic 1 Departamento Horticultura. Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones variability for dry fruit yield, present at levels ranging from 3,44 to agrarias (IVIA). Valencia. Spain. 20,97 % dry matter. Accumulation of total carotenoid and chlorophyll 2 Departamento Producción Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica València. degradation at the fully ripe stage were evaluated by spectrophotom- Valencia. Spain. etry and HPLC. Significant differences were observed for total carot- The capacity to generate the callus bridge between rootstock and scion enoid accumulation and chlorophyll degradation among the different is dependent of photosynthesis activity in the graft area. Chlorophyll Capsicum genotypes (p<0.005); Red-fruits Capsicum (A-571, A-1777, fluorescence image from photosynthetic tissues provides a non-inva- A-664) showed highest carotenoid accumulation. Yellow fruits Capsi- sive, sensitive, rapid and intuitive method that can be used to deter- cum (A-580, A-583) showed lower carotenoid accumulation. The Cap- minate photosynthetic activity. Chlorophyll fluorescence, an indicator sicum dark-brown fruits (A-612, A-658) showed lowest carotenoid ac- of the fate of excitation energy in the photosynthetic apparatus, has cumulation and higher chlorophylls content (2 to 5 fold higher than red been used as early indication of many types of stresses. In this study and yellow fruit genotypes), suggesting that those fruits did not achieve we proposed the use of this technique to predict graft compatibility or total ripening. Several studies have demonstrated that carotenoid ac- incompatibility in pepper that will eventually exhibit visible damage. cumulation is mainly controlled by the transcriptional regulation of Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of Capsicum plants was performed carotenoid biosynthetic genes; for this study lycopene-b-cyclase and using an imaging-PAM fluorometer for measuring the fluorescence capsanthin-capsorubin synthase gene expression was assessed by RT- activity in the new formed callus zone and fluorescence parameters PCR. Dark-brown (DB) and red (R) Capsicum genotypes showed that are most robust in predicting surface damage were identified. capsanthin-capsorubin synthase gene expression. Capsicum genotypes The scions “Lamuyo” (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivar “Adige” A-664 and A-658 showed higher capsanthin-capsorubin synthase gene (Sakata) grafted onto the rootstock Solanum lycopersicum x So- transcripts accumulation (> 3.5 fold). All of the ripe Capsicum fruits, lanum habroichaites “Beaufort” (De Ruiter Seeds) (as a neg- showed lycopene-b-cyclase gene expression. Capsicum red fruit ative control), Capsicum annuum L. “Tresor” (Nunhems) and A-664 showed significant highest transcripts level accumulation (1.7 two cultivars C. annuum “Jalapeño” and C. baccatum L. (C. fold) and dark-brown fruit A-612 showed significant lowest transcripts baccatum var. pendulum) “Ají” were compared in this study. accumulation (0.2 fold). For Capsicum red fruit, the total carotenoids Among all fluorescence parameters measured (Fv/Fm, Φ , qL, accumulation showed higher association with capsanthin-capsorubin PSII synthase transcripts level. Similar results were observed for Capsicum ΦNPQ, and ΦNO), the ratio Fv/Fm, proportional to the maximal quan- tum yield of PSII photochemistry, appeared to be the most sensitive dark-brown fruits, the total carotenoid accumulation was highly asso- to identify tissue stress. The Fv/Fm ratio images values were higher ciated with capsanthin-capsorubin synthase transcripts accumulation. in “Ají” grafted plants than in the others. Pepper plants grafted onto For yellow fruit Capsicum, the total carotenoids present higher asso- “Beaufort” were incompatibles with lower Fv/Fm values. Plant graft- ciation with lycopene-b-cyclase transcripts accumulation. This study ed onto “Tresor” and “Jalapeño” showed similar values of Fv/Fm. supports previous studies, indicating lack of capsanthin-capsorubin The results confirm our previous work in melon plants in the sense that synthase transcripts expression in Capsicum yellow fruits. this method is useful for a rapid evaluation of graft compatibility on Contact Information: María-Teresa Pino, Plant breeding and Bio- premature stages. technology Department, Institute of Agricultural Research of Chile Contact Information: Consuelo Penella Casañ, Departamento Hor- (INIA)/ Santa Rosa 11610 - La Pintana - Santiago - Chile - CP ticultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 8831314 Phone: (562) 577 9100 Fax: (562) 541-7667 Ctra. Moncada-Naquera km. 4,5. C. P. 46113 Moncada (Valencia), Email: [email protected]. Spain., Phone (+34) 96 342 40 00 ext. 439 212, Email: [email protected] Soluble Organic Fertilization of Poly-house Peppers Industrial Characterization, Carotenoid Accumulation and J.E. Reid, K.E. Klotzbach, and N.R. Hoover Carotenoid Biosynthetic Gene Expression for Red, Yellow and Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program, Cornell Universi- ty, Penn Yan, NY, USA Brown Fruit Capsicum Genotypes María-Teresa Pino1, Carolina Pabon2, Darío Estay1, Paulina Villa- Alternative fertility sources are increasingly sought for production of gra1, Maritza Mateo3, Gabriel Saavedra1, Ricardo Pertuze3, Ana-Ma- organic vegetables in protected culture such as high tunnels and green- bel Muñoz1. houses. Concerns with conventional fertility sources include salinity 42 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS and nitrate levels. Certified organic production in these settings requires undertaken to benefit from special opportunities arising either in increased levels of soluble nitrogen compared to field settings. However the breeding program itself or in producer´s fields and markets. there are few commercial organic sources of soluble nutrients available. To date new Capsicum species have been found and several dis- In 2011 a study was initiated to evaluate a vermicompost extract as a ease resistant inbred lines and populations have been developed fertility source on a high tunnel pepper crop in central New York, USA. and have been widely distributed in Brazil and elsewhere. Sever- Five pepper varieties were evaluated in a cooperating grower’s unheat- al cultivars have been released, including a Cercospora resistant ed high tunnel, with fertilization programs based on vermicompost ex- small bock type sweet pepper (Tico), the first sweet paprika hybrid tract as well as a conventional grower standard schedule. Plant height, (BRS Brasilândia), hot peppers BRS Seriema and BRS Mari, sweet yield and foliar nutrient levels were recorded. Yield as measured by (beaked group) pepper BRS Moema, and two high yielding (up to pounds of fruit per plant were significantly different among the variet- 60 ton/ha) jalapeño peppers for the sauce industry, BRS Garça and ies and fertilizer treatment. All varieties yielded more pounds per plant BRS Sarakura, the latter with over 2,000 tons harvested in 2011. with the conventional fertilizer program than when fertilized with ver- New genotypes in the pipeline include a virus tolerant Malagueta micompost extract. Yield as measured by fruit per plant was not as pepper (C. frutescens), red and orange habaneros (300,000 SHU), a consistent, but 4 out of 5 of the highest yielding treatments received nematode, bacterial wilt and Phytophtora capsici resistant rootstock conventional fertilizer. Plant height was also generally higher for con- for sweet peppers, as well as other hot and sweet peppers of different ventionally fertilized varieties, with 4 of the top 5 final mean height species. The program continues to expand its network and has already rankings coming from conventionally fertilized treatments. Fruit organized four national meetings (the last in 2011) in addition to creat- weight was consistently higher for vermicompost extract. Plant height ing an electronic platform (a google group) which brings together over were only significantly different on the final two sampling dates. Tissue 500 participants, mostly from the private sector. analysis on July 1showed higher foliar nitrogen and phosphorus levels Contact Information: Francisco J. B. Reifschneider, Embrapa/CNPq in the vermicompost sample than the conventional sample On August Fellow (Embrapa - Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Em- 8 there was a dramatic rise of foliar nitrogen in the conventional sam- brapa Sede, Parque Estação Biológica, CEP 70770-901, Brasília, DF, ple, while vermicompost treatments remained within sufficient range. Brazil, Phone +556196752111, Fax: +556134484890, Based on foliar tests and commercial yield parameters, in this trial ver- Email: [email protected] micompost extract appears to have delivered nutrients at levels acceptable for commercial organic production of high tunnel peppers. For Genetic Divergence Among Jalapeño (Capsicum annuum var. an- two of the recorded varieties yield in pounds per plant was statistically nuum) Genotypes Based on Morpho-agronomic Characteristics. the same between conventional fertilizer and vermicompost extract. Improvements in seedling management prior to transplant would like- A. Ulhoa1,T. Pereira1, F. J. B. Reifschneider2, R. N. O. Silva1, R. ly decrease the gap in results between the two programs. Rodrigues1, M. G. Pereira1 1Plant Breeding Department, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil Contact Information: Judson E. Reid, Cornell Cooperative Extension 2EMBRAPA Hortaliças, EMBRAPA, Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil Vegetable Program, Cornell University, 417 Liberty Street, Penn Yan, The market for hot pepper is expanding in Brazil; so, Brazilian breed- NY 14527 USA, Phone: 585-313-8912; Fax: 315-536-5117 Email: ers are working in hot pepper breeding program searching for cultivars [email protected] with good fruit characteristic. Among the Capsicum hot peppers, the Jalapeño type is one of the most popular and is considered one of the Reviewing 30 Years of Capsicum Breeding at Embrapa Vegeta- best for chili sauce production. During a cultivar competition trial it bles, Brazil was observed into the Jalapeño red-colored fruit cultivar segregation for red and yellow fruit color. Three individual plants with yellow fruit F.J.B. Reifschneider1 and C.S.Ribeiro2 were observed and three fruits, one from each plant, were harvested. 1 Embrapa Headquarters, Brasília, Brazil All seeds per individual fruit were collected and the seeds were sown 2 Embrapa Vegetables, Brasília, Brazil in greenhouse. For three generations the plants were conducted by a modified single seed descendent method, resulting in twenty eight

Capsicum breeding at Embrapa Vegetables, the National Research Cen- genotypes S3, all with yellow fruits. This research was done in or- ter for Vegetable Crops, started in the early 1980´s and concentrated its der to estimate the genetic divergence among those genotypes based efforts in a) the development of disease resistant genotypes; b) estab- on fruits characteristics (length, width, pulp thickness) and fruit yield lishing a wide network of Brazilian researchers working on different as- per plant. It was used the multivariate analysis to estimate the genetic pects of Capsicum – from germplasm expeditions in Amazonia to deter- divergence. The data analysis showed that there is genetic variability mining volatiles in aromatic Brazilian Capsicum genotypes; c) training among the 28 genotypes and the genotypes CNPH 25.192 and CNPH human resources at undergraduate and graduate levels; and d) estab- 25. 197 were the most divergent, since their genetic distance was 2.83. lishing a major germplasm collection which now holds over 4,000 ac- However, the best genotypes for hybrid combination were CNPH cessions that support a program with over 30,000 lines and populations 25.192 and CNPH 25. 196 because the first one have higher pulp mostly from domesticated but also semi-domesticated species. Most of thickness and the second one has good average for fruit length, and the the research efforts have targeted hot peppers since sweet pepper breed- genetic distance between them was 2.46; so, they have the potential to ing has been targeted by the national and international private sector. generate good hybrid combination, therefore they are promising for The breeding program has been mostly funded by Embrapa and Jalapeño breeding program. CNPq, the Brazilian National Research Council, but internation- Contact Information: Telma N S Pereira, Plant Breeding Department, al and national private sector has also been directly involved in its Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto La- support through contract research. From its early years, the pro- mego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil, gram strategy has been based on two pillars: a clear focus on the 28013-602, Phone 55(22)27396716, Email: [email protected]. solution of problems faced by producers and processors in Bra- zil, normally accounting for circa 80% of the total research efforts and resources, and a more “opportunistic” set of research activities

2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 43 Inheritance of Resistance to PepYMV in Capsicum baccatum var. until the next inoculation steps, performed in immature fruit and later pendulum in mature fruit stages. In inoculated fruits, the evaluation was done every 24 hours for seven days to determine the incubation period. The R. Rodrigues1, C. dos S. Bento1, L. S. A. Gonçalves1, H. S. de Oli- data from periodic observations were used to calculate the Area Under veira1 and C. P. Sudre1 the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC). The phenotypic variables based 1 Plant Breeding Department, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, on rate scale for fruits kept in plants and detached fruits were ana- Brazil lyzed using Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test by using R program. In Brazil, the pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV) prevails in the No symptoms were observed in plantlets, however, strong and typical main sweet and chili pepper producing areas and is considered, along symptoms were noticed for immature and mature fruits, depending on with vascular wilt, a priority in Brazilian Capsicum breeding pro- the accession. Two Capsicum baccatum accessions, UENF 1797 and grams. We investigated inheritance of resistance to PepYMV in Cap- UENF 1718, were identified as resistant to anthracnose. For breeding sicum baccatum var. pendulum accessions UENF 1616 (susceptible) program aiming to anthracnose resistance is recommended to evaluate crossed with UENF 1732 (resistant). Twenty plants were grown for fruits in different stages and environmental conditions to identify the

each of the parents and F1 hybrid, 200 F2 plants and 50 plants in each different genes that can be involved in controlling this disease. backcross generation (BC and BC ). Two healthy plants of each 1:1 1:2 Contact Information: Rosana Rodrigues, Plant Breeding Department, parental generation and 20 plants of the cultivar ‘Criollo de Morelos’ Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto La- were used as a negative control, while 20 plants of the cultivar Ikeda, mego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil, susceptible to PepYMV and inoculated with the virus, were used as 28013-602, Phone 55(22)27396716, Email: [email protected] positive control. Plants were inoculated and the symptoms were evaluated during 25 days. It was possible to visualize the symptoms of virus Cultural Practices for Indeterminate Bell Pepper Production in infection at various stages of development in the plant, confirming the Central America and the Dominican Republic. virulence of PepYMV isolate used for the inoculation. An area under the disease progress curve was calculated and subjected to generation Bielinski M. Santos1, Teresa P. Salame-Donoso1, Henner A. means analysis. Only the average and epistatic effects were significant. Obregon-Olivas2, Jessie E. Inestroza3 , Ricardo Galeano3, Maria G. The broad and narrow sense heritability estimates for disease resis- Cuevas4, Marco V. Saenz5, Jose E.Monge5, Mauricio Martinez6, Em- tance were 35.52 and 21.79%, respectively. The estimate of the min- manuel A. Torres-Quezada1, and Carlos J. Mendez-Urbaez4. imum number of genes that control resistance was seven, indicating 1Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of that resistance is polygenic and complex. Thus, methods to produce Florida, Wimauma, FL segregant populations that advocate selection in more advanced gener- 2Agropecuaria San Antonio, Tecolostote, Nicaragua ations would be the most appropriate to produce chili pepper cultivars 3Corporacion Dinant, Comayagua, Honduras resistant to PepYMV. 4 Instituto Dominicano de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Fore- stales, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Contact Information: Rosana Rodrigues, Plant Breeding Department, 5 Laboratorio de Tecnologia Poscosecha, Universidad de Costa Rica, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto La- San Jose, Costa Rica; 6 Hidroexpo, San Salvador, El Salvador. mego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil, 28013-602, Phone 55(22)27396716, Email: [email protected] Bell pepper production in Central America and the Caribbean has become one of the main agricultural commodities for exporting into Resistance to Anthracnose in Capsicum spp Accessions the U.S. and the European Union. To guarantee constant supply and quality, small and medium-size growers use passively-ventilated pro- R. Rodrigues1, S. de A. M. da Silva1, L. S. A. Gonçalves1, A. M. tective structures like greenhouse and high tunnels. The main goal of Medeiros1, H. S. de Oliveira1 and C. P. Sudre1 those structures is to control the growing environment, reduce pests, 1Plant Breeding Department, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, and improve fruit quality and yields. Nevertheless, small and medi- Brazil um-size growers cannot afford using electric or diesel fans and cooling Among the fungal diseases that occur in the sweet and chili pepper systems to lower temperatures and relative humidity, which causes crops, the anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides increased fruit sun-scalding, lowered fruit number and size, and thus (Penz.), is one of the most important because chemical control is inef- increased postharvest losses (as high as 35% in some colored peppers). ficient and when it is used improperly results in fruits contamination. Two activities were conducted: a) characterization of cultural practices Breeding for resistance to anthracnose is crucial in countries where for bell pepper production under structures in each country, and b) the cultivation of sweet and chili peppers play an important role in research on planting densities, number of stems, intensity of pruning, agribusiness, and is a more efficient way to control this disease. This and use of sun-protectants to improve yield and postharvest quality study aimed to investigate the reaction to C. gloeosporioides (Penz.) in the cultivation of indeterminate bell pepper grown under structures in 37 Capsicum spp. accessions, in different plant organs (young leaf, in Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and the Dominican immature fruit and ripe fruit); to evaluate the reaction of Capsicum Republic. accessions under different environmental conditions: the fruit on the Contact Information: Teresa P. Salame-Donoso, Gulf Coast Research plant in a greenhouse, and detached fruit kept under laboratory condi- and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 14625 CR 672, tions; to compare these approaches and to identify the most efficient Wimauma, FL 33598. Phone: 813-633-4127; Fax: 813-634-0001. way to evaluate the discrimination between resistant and susceptible Email: [email protected] genotypes. The study was carried out in three stages for evaluation of the resistance on leaves (first stage); in fruits on the plant (second Performances of Lines Derived through Pure Line Selection from stage) and in detached fruit (third stage). The first stage was carried out Naga Jolokia x Habanero Orange Cross in a growth chamber, controlling temperature (27 ± 2º C), photoperi- od (16h light/8h dark) and humidity (80%). Plantlets were inoculated S.K.Samanta, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi using a suspension with 1.0x 106 spores/mL. The evaluation was made Viswavidyalaya Kalyani 741235, W.B.INDIA each 24 hours, from the 3rd to 7th day after inoculation (DAI) and then The present study was aimed to breed types of Jolokia chilli having the plants were transferred to a 5L pots and grown in a greenhouse, consumer preferred attributes of fruit not available in original cultivar 44 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS of Naga Jolokia (NJ) or Bhot Jolokia. Peoples of Nagaland, Assam, ture 85 percent during the first 12 hours of hydration. The tetrazolium Manipur and parts of North East India grow this NJ as their traditional chloride staining showed that: freshly harvested seeds are not viable, crop mainly for use as vegetable. It produces fruits of red colour only, seeds of more than 1 year decreases the percentage of viable seeds and though there are natural variations in different shapes, fruit surface, the highest percentages of viability were found in seeds from 2 months flavour, pungency and also in adaptability. NJ is claimed to be a natural to 7 months. Germination of seed treated with gibberellic acid and hybrid between C. chinense and C. frutescens. Hence Habanero Or- potassium nitrate, was not different than the control. ange (HO) which is also a cultivar belonging to C. chinense, was used Contact Information: A. Sandoval R. , Phone: 8444110303, as pollen parent. Interestingly F1 developed from this cross was dwarf email: [email protected] and early flowering by 25-30days, along with beautiful fruit shape of NJ combined with glossy fruit surface of HO. Fruit colour was orange Eco-Friendly IPM Modules Against Sucking and Chewing Pests red. Further advancement was made by single plant selection from F2 of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.): Indian Perspective onwards. Following Pure line selection method a group named as SA- JOLOKIA comprising 38 lines have been developed and evaluated at P.K.Sarkar, G. P.Timsina and S.K.Samanta

F6 to assess different fruit characters, yield and other parameters nec- Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West essary for managed production. In general HO bears fruits of average Bengal, INDIA weight of 9-10g, no. of fruits per plant ranges from 150 to 200 and even more in a rare individual. Similarly NJ usually bears fruits of Chilli thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood),aphids (Aphis gossypii Glov- 3-8g , less because of thinner skin in comparison to HO. Fruits/plant er), broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks) and fruit borer ranges from 100 to 180 including small and big fruits. NJ is taller and ( Heliothes armigera Hubner) are major sucking and chewing pests bigger in canopy formation. While comparing the lines of Sajolokia, of chilli in Indian sub-continent inflicting yield loss up to 75 % or it was observed improvement in earliness, fruit weight, and yield per more. Now-a-days, IPM has been attaining immense importance in plant and fruit skin colour. Out of 38 lines, 10 lines were early flow- the agricultural scenario of India and abroad. Hence formulation of a ering and bearing by 12-15 days. Similarly all types of fruits shape sustainable IPM module was felt necessary under West Bengal, India, improved in fruit skin smoothness and brightness. Further thrust was where vegetable cultivation is done mostly by the small and marginal on selection of yellow or orange Jolokia types. Interestingly among farmers. Thus, experiments were attempted in a farmer’s field located 15 lines selected as yellow in general, showed different gradation of at Ranaghat, Nadia, West Bengal, India during two consecutive years the colour required to satisfy buyers of fresh fruits. When dried under 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 to assess the performance of four different computerised vacuum dehumidified drier, all red lines retained colour IPM modules against different pests of green chilli (cv:Suryamukhi), as bright as observed in fresh, but all yellow lines differ greatly in dried apprehending reduction, dependence and reliance on chemical pesti- colour. All these 38 lines yielded fruits in between 9-10g each and no cides and subsequently ecological deterioration. Out of the different of fruits per plant range in between 180-200. No much variation was IPM modules, module: I (M-I) comprised of organics and safer insec- observed in pedicel length and weight. Moreover this experiment was ticide and was found to be the most effective module against sucking carried out under low cost poly-greenhouse and irrigation and fertiliser pest complex (aphids, thrips, mites) vis-a-vis chilli fruit borer, and were applied through drip system. Response was better in comparison the prevailing natural enemies (Amblyseius sp., Spiders,Chielomenes to both the parents. sexmacculata, Coccinella septempunctata and Stethorus sp.) in chilli eco-system were moderately safe (average 8.45% mortality) . Yield Contact Information: Dr. S.K. Samanta, Joint Director of Research, of green chilli was higher (13.16 q/ha) in M-I (marigold trap crop, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Ben- vermicompost 2.5 t/ha + neem cake 250kg/ha (devoid of recommend- gal, 741252,INDIA, e-mail:[email protected] ed dose of fertilizers, i.e RDF) superimposed with sequential application of insecticides like neemazal TS @ 2 ml/l (5 WAT), diafenthiuron The Age Affects Germination of Seeds of Piquin Chili @ 1g/l (8 WAT), flubendiamide @ 0.2 ml/l (11 WAT) and neemazal A. Sandoval R. and A. Benavides T.S.@ 2.5 ml/l at 14 WAT) followed by module :II (11.25q/ha), (M-II) M. Department of Horticulture, Antonio Narro University. Saltillo, (marigold trap crop+ neemcake 500 kg/ha + vermicompost 1.25 t/ha Coahuila, México + without RDF) superimposed with sprays of NSKE @ 5%(5 WAT), K. Alva R. and M. E. Vazquez B abamectin @ 0.75 ml/l (8 WAT), spinosyn @ 0.3 ml/l (11 WAT) and Computing and Department of Plant Breeding. Antonio Narro Uni- NPV @250 LE/ha (14 WAT) and module: III (M-III) (neemcake 125 versity. Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. kg/ha + vermicompost 625 kg/ha at transplanting (TP) and at 50 DAT

(50% N and 100% P&K) superimposed with sprays of nimbecidine @ Keywords: Latency, viability, wild chilies, production, domestication 5 ml/l (2 WAT), NSKE @ 5% (5 WAT), nimbicidine @ 5 ml/l (7 WAT), A major problem for the domestication and subsequent agricultural NSKE @ 5% (11WAT) . In module III, the natural enemies were total- production of wild chili or piquin chili (Capsicum annuum var. Avicu- ly undisturbed even their population was found to be increased in time lare. D’Arcy & Eshbaugh Dierb) is the low rate of germination of seed, hours. Further, highest B:C (benefit:cost) ratio was recorded in M-III according to the literature, attributed to the impermeability of the tes- followed by M-IV: (cent per cent RDF+ recommended plant protec- ta and physiological dormancy. Furthermore, in previous tests, it was tion (RPP) followed by application two rounds of emamectin benzoate observed that the germination rate was different according to the age (@ 0.3 ml/l) (2WAT) and propargite (2.5 ml/l) ( 5 WAT) + carbaryl (4 of the seed. Therefore the present study was designed with purpose to g/l) (7, 11 WAT) + M-I. Hence, M-III in comparison with M-I and M-II know the cause or causes of the limited percentage of germination and seemed to be a quite promising strategy (yield of green chilli:12.32q/ determine if the seed treatment with gibberellic acid and potassium ha) as it did not require any insecticidal interference keeping natural nitrate increased germination. We used seeds from red and fresh fruits enemy eco-system undisturbed. of 0.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 13.0 months after extracted, a representative of the Contact information: P.K.Sarkar, Professor, Department of Agricul- region ecotype of Linares, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. The seeds were ben- tural Entomology,Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, efited subsequently underwent tests: hydration in distilled water, via- Nadia, West Bengal, 741252,INDIA,Mobile: +91 9433565168/ +91 bility tests with tetrazolium chloride staining and germination tests on 9831238674, e-mail: [email protected] seeds treated with gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate. The results show that the seed of wild chili is not waterproof, as it absorbs mois- 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 45 Bell Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) Grown Under Diffuse Glass little difference between the Fusarium species. Furthermore there was also an impact of the cultivar on the development of internal fruit rot. C. Sauviller11Research Centre Hoogstraten, Meerle, Belgium To gain a better insight in the latent phase of the infection process Diffuse glass is a serious item of interest in greenhouse vegetable pro- and particularly to study the development of the frequency of la- duction nowadays. Different studies have shown positive effects of tent infections during the growing period of the fruit an experiment diffuse light on the growth and development of crops such as cucumber was set up and repeated three times over the course of the growing and tomato. This is due to a better permeation of light deeper in the crop. season. The presence of Fusarium in the flowers and in the fruits In 2011 an experiment was set up at the Research Centre Hoogstraten was determined at several time points between flowering and -har to study the effect of diffuse light on a bell pepper crop. Plant de- vest using traditional surface disinfection and plating techniques velopment, production and fruit quality of bell pepper plants were using either natural infection or artificially inoculated (FLASC) evaluated in two greenhouse compartments of approximately 500 flowers. The frequency of latently infected fruits stayed at asim- m²: one with standard horticultural glass (hemispherical transmis- ilar level from flower to harvest, indicating only very limited op- sion 83.5%) and one with diffuse glass (hemispherical transmission portunities to affect the disease after initial infection took place. 79.8%, haze 58%). Measurements of photosynthetically active radi- Preventing initial infection will thus be an important factor in the con- ation at different depths in the crops canopy showed more radiation trol of internal fruit rot. One way to reduce the amount of initial infec- under diffuse glass, but not close to the top of the plants where there tions may be the removal of withering tissues such as pistil and petals, was an equal to lesser amount of light due to the lower transmission as preliminary results have shown that these were frequently saprophyt- characteristics of the diffuse glass. Crop length was similar under ically colonized with FLASC isolates. Several experiments indicated diffuse glass, leaves were slightly longer and wider, and there was however that such removal was not successful, suggesting that the in- a higher number of fruits set. Total production increased with 2.8% fection process is quite fast and that the number of airborne spores is in- due to a higher number of fruits, there was no difference in average sufficiently lowered by the removal of withering flowering structures. fruit weight. There was no significant difference in fruit quality be- As our study to gain more insights into this pathosystem goes on, op- tween the two compartments but due to a cool summer it was hard so portunities for sustainable control of internal fruit rot, such as preven- see any differences and furthermore overall fruit quality was good. tion of flower infection by biological control agents, and screening for In 2012 the experiment is repeated and similar measurements are car- disease resistance, are being explored. ried out. Additionally photosynthetic capacity of the leaves will be Contact Information: C. Sauviller, Research Centre Hoogstraten, compared between the two greenhouse compartments. Preliminary Voort 71, 2328 Meerle, Belgium, Phone: results show that the photosynthetic capacity of leaves under diffuse + 32-3315-70-52, Email: [email protected] glass is not higher then those under standard horticultural glass. Pro- duction results until the end of June show a slightly higher number Control of Broad Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus and the of harvested fruits but a significantly lower fruit weight leading to a Whitefly Bemisia tabaci in Open Field Pepper and Eggplant with production under the diffuse glass that is 1.7% lower than under the Predaceous Mites standard glass. More research is needed to explain these results and to determine whether diffuse glass benefits greenhouse bell pepper pro- Philip A. Stansly and José Castillo duction. University Of Florida – IFAS - SWFREC Immokalee Fl 34142 USA Contact Information: C. Sauviller, Research Centre Hoogstraten, Voort 71, 2328 Meerle, Belgium, Phone: + 32-3315-70-52, The broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), and the sweet- Email: [email protected] potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) are serious pests of pepper and eggplant in Florida and elsewhere. In greenhouse-grown pep- Internal Fruit Rot (Fusarium spp.) of Greenhouse Bell Peppers per, both pests have been controlled by Ambylseius swirskii and broad mite has been controlled by A. cucumeris. However, there are few C. Sauviller1, M. Van Mechelen1, M. Frans2, R. Aerts2, K. Heungens3, reports regarding the effectiveness of these Phytoseiid mites in open K. Van Poucke3, F. Focquet3 en L. Van Herck4 field pepper or eggplant. We evaluated both predaceous mites in egg- 1Research Centre Hoogstraten, Meerle, Belgium plant and ‘Serrano’ pepper in experimental plots in southwest Florida, 2Research Group Sustainable Crop Protection, Katholieke Hoges- and also assessed control of broad mite in ‘bell’ pepper on a commer- chool Kempen, Geel, Belgium cial farm in the same region. Both mites controlled broad mite on 3Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Plant Sci- both crops, although fewer releases were necessary and better control ences Unit – Crop Protection, Merelbeke, Belgium was achieved with A. swirskii than with A. cucumeris. In addition, A. 4Research Station for Vegetable Production, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, swirskii controlled B. tabaci which is an especially important pest of Belgium eggplant in this region. Both pepper and eggplant receiving A. swirskii Since 2003 the cultivation of bell peppers in Belgium has to deal yielded significantly more fruit than untreated plants or even eggplants with a new disease that leads to internal fruit rot and is caused by receiving two acaricide sprays. However, initial cost of releasing A. Fusarium species. Infection takes place in the flowering stage. swirskii in eggplant exceeded average insecticide costs by a factor of The pathogen stays latent during the growth of the fruit after 2 or more. Furthermore, A. swirskii did not provide adequate control which fungal mycelium can develop during ripening, but most- of the spidermite Tetranychus urticae Koch, another important pest of ly after harvest, causing internal and later external fruit rot. this crop in south Florida. Therefore, further research was conducted Around 75% of the isolates obtained from diseased fruits belonged to the to define lower effective rates of A. swirskii and combinations with Fusarium lactis species complex (FLASC). F. oxysporum and F. prolif- Neoseiulus californicus, a spidermite specific predator. eratum were also isolated but less frequently, 14% and 9% respectively. Contact Information: Phil Stansly, University Of Florida – IFAS The pathogenicity of these Fusarium species was studied in assays using Southwest Florida Researchand Education Center fruit as well as flower inoculation on different cultivars. Differences in 2685 State Road 29 North, Immokalee Fl 34142 USA, Phone pathogenicity were most clearly observed after fruit inoculation. These 239-658-3400, FAX 239-658-3469 email: [email protected] results however were not consistent with the results of flower inoculation, which is considered more representative, that showed only very 46 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS Flavor Enhancement of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) in 5% WDG @ 1500g/ha at 15 days interval halted the progress of through Introgressions From Related Germplasm die-back, fruit rot and powdery mildew infection and attributed sig-

1 2 3 nificant reduction of diseases intensity and thereby improved the crop Albrecht, Elena , Robert A. Saftner , John R. Stommel , Eunhee health. The above combination products were found to induce host Park2 1 enzyme system during pathogenesis and effectively seize the second- Keygene Inc., Rockville, MD ary growth of the pathogens causing anthracnose and fruit rot and in- 2Food Quality Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 3 hibit sporulation of powdery mildew pathogen. Strobilurin fungicides Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, USDA, (Azoxystrobin 23%SC) @ 750ml/ha and Cymoxanil + Mancozeb 72% ARS, Beltsville, MD WP @ 2500g/ha suppressed the development of the blight in chilli and Bell pepper is an economically important vegetable in many parts of delivered very effective and flexible control of Choaniphora and Phy- the world. For several decades, breeding efforts in bell pepper have tophthora blight in chilli during rainy season and halted the secondary been focused on yield, fruit morphology and disease resistances. As a spread of the pathogen. In vitro studies, the exposure to Azoxystrob- result, modern varieties are depleted in aromatics compared to landra- in, Mandipropamid and Mancozeb, Cymoxanil, Metalaxyl caused ces or wild-types from related Capsicum germplasm. In an exhaustive aberration of fungal structures, massive coagulation of zoosporangial germplasm screen we characterized both genetic and flavor (volatiles, primordial of Phytophthora sp., induced meandering of mycelia that sugars, organic acids, capsaicinoids, sensorial attributes) diversity in caused rapid collapse of sporangia on chilli plant. wild types and landraces of Capsicum baccatum, a species known for Contact Information: Jayanta Tarafdar, Directorate of Research, its fragrant fruit aromatics, in order to select the most promising flavor Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal, sources for the development of intraspecific (C. annuum x C. bacca- 741252, INDIA, Phone: 91-33-25823948; Fax: 91-33-25828407, tum) experimental populations and interspecific (C. annuum x C. bac- e-mail: [email protected] catum) introgression material. Two SNP assays were developed, informative for interspecific (C. annuum x C. baccatum) and intraspecific Present Status of Chilli Virus Diseases in West Bengal, India (within C. baccatum) polymorphisms, respectively. Phenotyping trials were carried out at two locations, a greenhouse and an open field loca- Jayanta Tarafdar, Nayan Kishor Adhikary and Nilima Karmakar tion. QTL detection was executed at several levels in order to reduce Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya the complexity of the trait (flavor) and develop molecular markers for (State Agricultural University), West Bengal, India application in MABC. Chilli (Capsicum annum) is one the most important cash crop in the Contact Information: John R. Stommel, Genetic Improvement of state West Bengal India and preferably cultivated for supply of green Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Bldg. 010A, BARC- chilli. The virus diseases like leaf curl begomo virus of single strand- West, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705. Phone (301) ed DNA particle and the symptoms like Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus 504-5583, Email: [email protected] (TSWV) of Bunyaviridae appear in severe form in chilli fields and cause tremendous loss of the crop. Chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCV) Major Fungal Diseases of Chilli (Capsicum annum) in West manifest the symptoms of severe curling of leaves, shortening of in- Bengal, India and its Management ternodes and petiole with stunted growth and severe deformation of Jayanta Tarafdar1, P.K. Sarkar2 and S.K. Samanta1 leaf and floral primordial. Besides this, in many fields the symptoms 1Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, like chlorotic rings and brown steaks on the leaves with premature Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India yellowing and drying of twigs and brown specks on the green fruits 2Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi are found to be very common and also cause severe yield loss. The leaf Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur 741252, West Bengal, India curl virus was detected by using specific primers with the amplified product of 920bp and sequenced. Further, DNA-Hybridization assay Chilli (Capsicum annum) is one the most important cash crop in the confirmed the presence of Gemini virus infection in chilli samples. In state West Bengal, India and use as green chilli in all food stuffs. It is order to define the genomic structure and the taxonomic status of this grown through out the year in this state but damping off in the nursery chilli leaf curl virus, the nucleotide sequence of its genomic segment and anthracnose and fruit rot, Choaniphora and Phytophthora blight has been determined. Molecular characterization of the virus isolate diseases in the standing crop are the most important fungal disease from the epidemic field revealed the association of ChiLCV with the complex which cause severe damage of the crop especially in summer disease.To verify whether the TSWV like symptoms of chilli indeed chilli. From recent past blight appears in epidemic form and damage represents a distinct tospovirus species was determined using Tospo the crops in no time in West Bengal. It has been found that hot, humid specific primers. The leaf samples of TSWV-like symptom collected climate and heavy down pour in rainy season aggravates the pathogens from different locations of West Bengal were only composed of Torspo to aggressively spread in chilli fields. Most of the growers fail to com- virus and gave amplification product of the expected size ~420 bp. At bat the rapid development of the blight and fruit rot due to improper best, this was tentative identification of the virus at that time due to the management of the crops. Our present study was aimed to develop the paucity of the information of the nature of virus or its genome in this strategic applications of fungicides to provide best effective control province of India. of the prevalent fungal diseases of chilli. The protectant and curative fungicides with different mode of action and combination products Contact Information: Jayanta Tarafdar, Directorate of Research, Bidhan were evaluated as seedbed treatment as well as foliar sprays in the Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741252, field and also in vitro condition against the pathogens. Single appli- INDIA, Phone: 91-33-25823948; Fax: 91-33-25828407, e-mail: cation of Metalaxyl-M + MZB (4 + 64) WG (Redomil Gold) @ 0.3% [email protected] at four leaves stage of the chilli seedlings was most effective for controlling the damping off disease in chilli caused by Pythium spp. and Response of Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Genotypes to Co-infec- Rhizoctonia solani and improved the seedling vigor with profuse root tion by Phytophthora capsici and Meloidogyne incognita system. Routine application of Combination products Azoxystrobin Judy A. Thies1, Jennifer J. Ariss1, and Chandrasekar S. Kousik1. 12% +Tebuconazole 20% SC @ 600ml/ha or Azoxystrobin 18.2% + 1U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Charleston, S.C Difenoconazole 11.4% @ 500ml/ha and Metiram 55% + Pyraclostrob- 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 47 Phytophthora capsici, the causal agent of Phytophthora blight, and total fruit number per plant between in-row distances. Data showed Meloidogyne incognita, the southern root-knot nematode, are both im- no significant difference between ‘Bragui’ at 20 and 30 cm, ‘Maria’ at portant pathogens of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in the U.S. and 20 and 25 cm, ‘Dalia’ at 20, 25 and 30 cm and ‘Maquina’ at 20 cm for worldwide. The loss of methyl bromide as a pre-plant fumigant has total marketable yield. These results supported that planting distances stimulated the search for alternative control methods for both root- as close as 20 cm did not reduce total marketable yield per plant, al- knot nematodes and P. capsici. Host resistance to nematodes and dis- lowing to increase total marketable yields and space utilization under eases, if available, provides an environmentally friendly alternative to high tunnels. methyl bromide. Although bell pepper cultivars with resistance to P. Contact Information: E. Amable Torres-Quezada, Horticultural Sci- capsici or M. incognita are available, no bell cultivar possesses resis- ences Department, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, IFAS, tance to both of these pathogens. Furthermore, there is no information University of Florida, 14625 county road 672, Wimauma, FL 33598 about the effects of co-infection of these two organisms on disease USA, Phone: 813-633-4128, Email: [email protected] and nematode development in pepper. Thus, we investigated the responses of pepper genotypes that differed in resistance to P. capsici A Novel Push-Pull Method for Managing Thrips in Bell Peppers and M. incognita to co-infection by both organisms. Pepper genotypes were: ‘Charleston Belle’, a root-knot nematode resistant bell pepper; K.A. Tyler-Julian1, G. Frantz2, J.E. Funderburk1, C. Mellinger2, and CM-334, a serrano-type pepper resistant to both root-knot nematode S. Reitz3. and P. capsici; PR 13x14-R4 (Pepper Research, Inc.), a bell pepper 1 University of Florida, North Florida Research and Education Center, with moderately high resistance to P. capsici; ‘Aristotle’, a bell pepper Quincy, FL moderately resistant to P. capsici; and ‘Jupiter’, a bell pepper highly 2 Glades Crop Care, Inc. Jupiter, FL susceptible to P. capsici. Pepper seedlings were grown in 25-cm-diam 3 Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agri- pots in a greenhouse at temperatures ranging from 25 to 32 C. The ex- cultural Research Service, USDA, 6383 Mahan Dr., perimental design was a 2 x 2 factorial arranged in a randomized com- Tallahassee, FL 32308, USA plete block with 4 replicates. The treatments were +/- P. capsici and The western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) presents a ma- +/- M. incognita. Soil surrounding the roots of each plant in one-half jor problem to farmers of fruiting vegetables by injuring fruits and of the pots was infested with 10,000 eggs of M. incognita when plants vectoring Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Previous attempts at were 28 days old. After 24 days, plants in were inoculated with 50,000 controlling this species using calendar applications of broad-spectrum zoospores of P. capsici. Percent root galling, percent stem necrosis at insecticides were ineffective. The need for comprehensive, sustainable crown, and percent root necrosis were rated 28 days post-inoculation thrips management programs that do not rely solely on insecticide ap- with P. capsici or earlier, if plants exhibited severe wilting. CM 334 plications has become even greater following the recent discovery in and Charleston Belle exhibited high resistance to RKN (average per- Florida of Groundnut ringspot virus, also vectored by this and possibly cent root galling = 3.9 and 1.2, respectively). Jupiter, Aristotle, and other common crop-infesting flower thrips species, notably F. bispi- PR 13x14-R4 (Pepper Research, Inc.) were susceptible to RKN (av- nosa and F. schultzei. Ultraviolet-reflective mulches effectively repel erage percent root galling = 59.7, 37.8, and 60.1, respectively). CM thrips and reduce the incidence of TSWV. Furthermore, combining 334 was resistant to P. capsici with 4.3% root necrosis and 9.3% stem multiple management tactics into a push-pull strategy is effective in necrosis. The other genotypes were susceptible; Jupiter, Aristotle, PR other crop systems with other pests. The current study tested combi- 13x14-R4, and Charleston Belle exhibited 37.2, 39.9, 43.5, and 21.7% nations of ultraviolet-reflective mulch, black mulch, and a kaolin clay root necrosis, respectively, and 100, 99.4, 82.0, and 62.5 % stem ne- spray with companion plantings of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) for crosis. These results indicate that M. incognita did not significantly thrips management in bell peppers in Florida over 2 years. Ultravio- predispose either P. capsici resistant or susceptible peppers to Phy- let-reflective mulch reduced numbers of thrips (F. bispinosa) through- tophthora blight. out the season during the first year. During the second year, kaolin clay Contact Information: Judy A. Thies, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, effectively suppressed thrips numbers for the first three weeks. After USDA, ARS, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC. Telephone: the second week the sunflower companion plantings significantly re- (843) 402-5300. E-mail: [email protected] duced thrips numbers and attracted high numbers of the minute pirate bug, the major predator of thrips. The results of the study suggest that Effects of In-Row Distances on Indeterminate Bell Pepper Culti- a combination of using ultraviolet-reflective plastic mulch, companion vars under High Tunnels in Florida plantings of sunflowers, and early season applications of kaolin clay is an effective method to reduce populations of thrips. Emmanuel A. Torres*and Bielinski M. Santos Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Contact Information: K.Tyler-Julian. North Florida Research and Florida Education Center. University of Florida. 155 Research Rd. Quincy, Fl 32351. Phone: 850-875-7184. Email: [email protected]. Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) production under protective struc- G.Frantz. Glades Crop Care, Inc. 949 Turner Quay, Jupiter, FL tures improves fruit quality and yield. There is a large diversity of bell 33458. Phone: 561.746.3740, Fax 561.746.3775, Cell: 239.633.1368, pepper cultivars. Each cultivar differs in growth habit, fruit size, and Email: [email protected] market characteristics, thus cultural practices requirements might be different. Diversity of Pungent Capsicum in Peru and its Potential in Rural Little research has been conducted in Florida for in-row spacing of bell Development pepper under high tunnel conditions. A field study was conducted to determine the effects of in-row spacing on indeterminate bell pepper Roberto Ugas1 and Victor Mendoza2 growth and yield. In 2011, twelve treatments resulted from the com- 1, 2 Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru bination of indeterminate bell peppers ‘Maquina’, ‘Dalia’, ‘Maria’, Having originated in the Central Andes, the genus Capsicum is now and ‘Bragui’ transplanted in single rows at 20, 25, and 30 cm between found in every country in the world. The diversity within Peru, howev- plants. There was a significant interaction between cultivars and in- er, has received little attention, even though the five cultivated species row spacing for total marketable yield. Fruit weight and fruit number can be found in markets and homegardens. We have developed the was only affected by cultivars. There was a significant difference in first classification of the chili peppers of Peru based on regional abun- 48 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS dance, farming system, fruit type and species, where twenty types or The objective of this study was to identify the stability of seven Hot ‘varieties’ are proposed as a starting point. The Northern Coast and the pepper genotypes that have been developed at Horticultural Research Central Amazon are the regions with the highest diversity of reported Station (HRS), Lam Farm, Guntur. Seventeen Hot Pepper genotypes chili types. Diverse farming systems range from the garden or small including one standard check LCA-334 were evaluated in three rep- farm intercropped with annuals or perennials to the large monocul- lications for five years (during kharif 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and tures destined to the local processing industry that has experimented 2011) for their stability performance at HRS, Lam in Andhra Pradesh a considerable growth in recent years. This work is derived from a for nine quantitative characters. Data was collected on nine quanti- germplasm collection and the work of a research team involved in di- tative characters viz., plant height, plant spread, number of branches versity studies, taxonomic identification, morphological and molecular per plant, number of fruits per plant, pod length (cm), pod girth (cm), characterization as well as physical and chemical studies of fruits. The number of seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight (g), dry pod yield (kg/ challenge remains to make use of this diversity to improve smallhold- ha).The biometrical data was analyzed for stability using Eberhart er agriculture and develop more sustainable value chains: options are and Russell (1966) method. The analysis of variance revealed that the discussed, particularly organic farming and the peasant-cook alliance genotypes were significant for number of branches/plant, pod length promoted in Peru in connection with the gastronomic boom. The con- (cm), dry pod yield (kg/ ha). Env. + (Var.* Env.) was significant for all tribution of two research projects (VLIR-UNALM and GIZ-Bioversi- the characters studied except number of seeds per pod. Environments, ty) is acknowledged. Environments (Linear) and pooled deviation were significant for all Contact Information: Roberto Ugás, Programa de Hortal- the characters. The genotypes LCA-620, LCA-625 and LCA-639 had av- izas-UNALM, Apartado 12-056 La Molina, Lima 12, Peru. Phone: erage stability and high per se performance for yield and yield contrib- (511) 348 5796, Email: [email protected] uting characters. These genotypes are recommended for commercial cultivation and can also be effectively utilized in the recombination Genomic Localization of bs5 and bs6 in the Pepper Genome breeding programs to enhance genetic variability in Hot pepper.

Z-H Yu1, R. E. Stall2, J. B. Jones2, G. V. Minsavage2, C. E. Vallejos1 Contact Information: Chittaiahgari Venkata Ramana, Phone: 1Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida. Gaines- 919440592982, Email: [email protected] ville, FL. USA 2Department of Plant Pathology. University of Florida. Gainesville, Problems and Prospects of Hot Pepper Research in India – FL. USA A Review Xanthomonas euvesicatoria is the causal agent of bacterial spot in C. Venkata Ramana, L.Naram Naidu, T. Vijaya Lakshmi, C.Sarada peppers. This disease can exert significant damage to pepper produc- and P. Vijaya Lakshmi tion in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world where high Dr. YSR Horticultural University. Horticultural Research Station, temperatures and frequent precipitation provide ideal conditions for Andhra Pradesh, India disease development. This disease represents a constant threat to the 25,000 acres of pepper grown in the State of Florida which have an Hot pepper is one of the important spice crops of India having great approximately crop value of a quarter billion dollars. Three dominant export potentiality. India is a world leader in hot pepper production fol- resistances to bacterial spot have been deployed in recent years, but lowed by China and Pakistan. Its production level however around 1.2 have been defeated by the instability of the corresponding avirulence million tones annually. India also has the maximum area dedicated to genes from the pathogen. The breeding line ECW12346 was shown to the production of this crop. It is cultivated in all states and union territo- possess a non-HR resistance to all known pepper races of X. euvesi- ries of the country. As per the latest statistics, India produced 12,23400 catoria. Genetic analysis of this resistance has shown it is controlled tonnes of dry hot pepper from area of 7,92100 hectares (2010-11). by two recessive genes, bs5 and bs6. Although each one of these The systematic and pioneering work carried out at Horticultural genes confers partial resistance to the pathogen, alone these genes are Research Station, Lam Farm, Guntur leads to the development of rendered ineffective by temperatures in excess of 30o C. However, in thirteen varieties viz., G1, G2, G3, Bhagya laxmi (G4), Andhra Jyo- combination they confer full resistance and show positive epistatic thi (G5), Sindhur (CA 960), Kiran (LCA 200), Aparna (CA1068), interactions at elevated temperatures. Preliminary analysis with PCR Bhaskar (LCA 235), Prakash (LCA 206), LCA 305, LCA-334 (Lam and morphological markers identified the approximate chromosome 334) and LCA-353 (Lam 353). The technologies developed and the varieties released by this station have been readily accepted location of these genes. We have generated interspecific 2F progenies segregating for a single gene to identify the exact map position of these and adopted by the hot pepper growers and resulted in higher pro- resistances in the pepper genome. Segregation and linkage analyses duction of quality hot peppers which made Andhra Pradesh as num- have been carried out with the “genotyping by sequencing” method. ber one state in production and productivity in the country contrib- This technique yields a large number of single nucleotide polymorphic uting for considerable foreign exchange earnings to the country. (SNP) markers. Markers flanking the resistance loci could be used in Out of over 1.2 million tonnes of hot pepperes produced in In- breeding programs to facilitate introgression of these genes into com- dia only less than 20 percent is exported. The main reasons are mercial cultivars. high heat, pesticide residues and detection of aflatoxins, lower colour intensity and retention. Moreover, preservation of attrac- Contact Information: C Eduardo Vallejos, Department of Horticultur- tive typical red colour and retention of the pungency during stor- al Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 110690, Gainesville, FL age have become problems. However, the post harvest handling 32611-0690, Phone (352) 273-4845, Email: [email protected] and value addition of hot pepper was not given much importance. Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis), mites (Polyphagotarsonemus latus), Genotype x Environment Interaction and Stability Analysis of Hot virus diseases, fungal diseases like fruit rot, powdery mildew, and Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Genotypes in Southern India bacterial wilt and spots are the limiting factors in pepper produc- C. Venkata Ramana, L.Naram Naidu, S.Surya Kumari, P.Venkata tion. Recently merging diseases of hot pepper, phytothora blight/wilt, Reddy, C. Sarada, T. Vijaya Lakshmi and P. Vijaya Lakshmi Dr. YSR gemini virus/ begomo virus and tospo virus are causing major yield Horticultural University. Horticultural Research Station, Lam Farm, and quality reduction. Whitefly transmitted hot pepper leaf curl virus Guntur-522 034, Andhra Pradesh, India disease caused by begomo virus is becoming national threat for hot 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 49 pepper cultivation. The solution for managing these biotic constraints ‘Sandia’ was significantly hotter at the 9 day treatment (14,927 SHU) on a sustained basis exists in adopting eco-friendly approaches like compared to the 7 day treatment (5,362 SHU), but neither of these developing and using resistant cultivars. There are no specific resistant levels was significantly different compared to the 11 day (9,312 SHU) cultivars in Capsicum germplasm against insect pests and the limited and 13 day (10,605 SHU) irrigation treatments. These results suggest known resistant cultivars are not suitable to the varied agroclimatic that accumulation of pigments that contribute to overall extractable conditions, consumption preferences of the people, undesirable horti- color in chile fruits is not significantly impacted by drought stress at cultural traits as small fruit size, late maturity, and low yield Cultivars the irrigation levels tested in this experiment. Heat level was less stable having known sources of resistance to important pests like thrips and in ‘Sandia’ versus ‘Chimayo’ and ‘Big Jim’, however fruit heat level mites were identified and some of them viz., Pusa Jwala, Pant C-1, was not clearly correlated to drought stress in this study. Pant C-2, G-4, LCA-235 and Musalwadi are under cultivation by the farmers across India. This limitation is causing dearly to the productiv- Contact Information: Stephanie J. Walker, Plant and Environ- ity of peppers in India because the resource poor farmers do not have mental Sciences Dept., New Mexico State University, MSC any other means of defense except to go in for chemical insecticides to 3AE, P.O. Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA, Phone: control not just the insect pests but the diseases like leaf curl caused by 575-646-4398; Fax: 575-646-8085, Email: [email protected] them leading to severe economic losses. Breeding for multiple disease and pest resistance is scanty in pepper research. Lack of research work Effect of Foliar Applied Potassium Nitrate on Yield and Quality in finding out the genes responsible for the field resistance reported in of Capsicum spp. certain genotypes is also responsible for the dead lock in developing Billy L. Weir1 and Bob Giampaoli2 resistant cultivars. In order to realize this and fix the attributes to the 1University of California Cooperative Extension, emeritus, Merced, resistance, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the existing germ- California plasm for identification of genes of resistance to these pests need to be 2Bob Giampaoli, Giampaoli Farms, LeGrand, California investigated and understood. Genetic analysis of genotypes to identify the candidate genes will go a long way in developing resistant cultivars It has been demonstrated in numerous field experiments that in- against this biotic and abiotic stress. creased yields can be realized by foliar applications of potassium ni- Contact Information: trate during fruit initiation and development. Both cotton and tomato benefit from timely foliar applications from first bloom until approxi- *Contact Information: Chittaiahgari Venkata Ramana, mately two weeks later. This study evaluates the effects of foliar po- Phone: 919440592982, Email: [email protected] tassium nitrate applied to bell peppers (Capsicum ssp.) at a rate of five pounds per acre at two week intervals from bloom to harvest. Comparative Effects of Deficit Irrigation in NM Landrace and Foliar applications were made at bloom, 2 weeks later, 4 weeks lat- Commercial Chile Cultivars er and 6 weeks later. Another treatment received applications at all four times, and an untreated check received no potassium nitrate. Stephanie Walker The test was conducted as a randomized complete block and replicated Chile (Capsicum annuum) is one of New Mexico’s leading horticul- five times. Three harvests were made at ten day intervals. Total yields tural commodities. Communities in northern New Mexico have deep were highest in the treatment that received potassium nitrate every 2 rooted traditions of cultivating landrace chile varieties including ‘Chi- weeks for eight weeks. The untreated check produced lowest yields. mayo’. The chile landraces are highly adapted to growing conditions Contact Information: Billy L. Weir, University of California Cooper- in northern New Mexico and have been touted for greater ability to ative Extension, 3190 Willow Run Drive, Merced, California 95340, withstand stressful growing conditions compared to commercial cul- Phone (209)777-7950, Email: [email protected] tivars. Recently the pressure on farmers to conserve water has intensi- fied due to drought conditions in the southwest. There is also evidence Breeding Peppers Resistant to Phytophthora capsici that chile heat level (SHU) and extractable color (ASTA) may be impacted by water stress in plants. The objective of this experiment was Lindsay Wyatt1, Amara Dunn2, Christine Smart2, and Michael to determine the effect of deficit irrigation on heat level and extractable Mazourek1 color in two commercial chile cultivars (Big Jim and Sandia) and a 1Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University. landrace cultivar (Chimayo). The field was located in northern New Ithaca, NY Mexico at New Mexico State University’s Science Center in Alcalde, 2Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell NM. Seeds were planted in the greenhouse on March 14, 2011, and University. Ithaca, NY transplanted to the field on May 17. The field experiment was a block Phytophthora capsici is an oomycete pathogen that causes disease on design with three replications with four treatments, three subplots (3 peppers and many other vegetable crops in New York and globally. m by 2.7 m) per replication, and thirty plants per subplot. Irrigation Fungicide-insensitive populations of P. capsici are becoming common stress treatments started on June 20. Four treatments were applied: 7 and there are no fully resistant pepper cultivars with the desired horti- days (optimal watering), 9, 11, and 13 days (drought stress watering). cultural type; field infestations can lead to total yield loss for multiple Armin poly-pipe (20.3 cm) with 7.6 cm gates was used to furrow ir- years. Our breeding program has advanced bell pepper breeding lines rigate each row, with a Samani measurement flume in place to mea- that are resistant to P. capsici. For the past 4 years, we have tested these sure and ensure uniform water applications. Plants were harvested on breeding lines on a Phytophthora research farm in Geneva, NY, with August 12 and evaluated for extractable color, heat level, and other our lines displaying an extremely high level of resistance in the field. growth parameters. Results of this study did not support a correlation To assess our breeding lines alongside commercial varieties and to test between deficit irrigation and extractable color. There was no signif- whether they can meet the unfulfilled market need for fully resistant icant difference in extractable color between the different irrigation bell peppers, we conducted a multi-site replicated yield trial in 2011. treatments for either ‘Chimayo’ or ‘Sandia’. (‘Big Jim’, a slower-ma- The trial demonstrated that our peppers have yields comparable to cur- turing cultivar, was not tested for extractable color because no ripe rent commercial cultivars, producing up to 11 marketable green pep- fruit were available at harvest.) Heat level was not significantly dif- pers per plant with percentages of marketable fruit of almost 90% and ferent between the irrigation treatments for ‘Chimayo’ and ‘Big Jim’. very little loss to blossom end rot or silvering. In addition to university 50 2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS research plot trials, we sent seed to New York growers affected by Phy- Genetic Analysis and Breeding for Anthracnose Resistance in tophthora blight. In general, their experiences reflected our trial data Chili Pepper and identified a need for the fruit to be larger, blockier, and ripen earlier. J. B. Yoon1, J. Lee1, and J. W. Do1 Based on these results, we made crosses between our breeding lines 1R&D Unit, Pepper & Breeding Institute, Business Incubator, CALS, and large-fruited, open-pollinated pepper cultivars with the goal of in- Seoul National Univ., Republic of Korea creasing fruit size. In summer 2012, we trialed these F1 hybrids, along with our resistant breeding lines, to test if these hybrids maintained a Anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) causing serious yield loss and qual- high level of P. capsici resistance, had larger fruit, and continued to ity deterioration in chili pepper cultivation is one of the most devastat- yield well. In addition, we trialed our breeding lines and hybrids in ing diseases in many Asian countries including Korea and seriousness organic conditions to evaluate their utility for organic growers in New of the disease are continuously becoming increase in many monsoon York. Breeding is also underway to create stable lines with increased areas. The most economical, practical and environmentally friendly fruit size and other characteristics such as bacterial leaf spot resistance. measures are resistance breeding but there is no single resistant vari- Feedback from growers has encouraged us to diversify the types of ety commercialized worldwide. As the genetic resources resistant to peppers with Phytophthora resistance. Based on the results of a grow- anthracnose, some accessions belonging to the related species such er survey, we have started to cross our most resistant lines into oth- as Capsicum chinense and C. baccatum were reported. Among them, er peppers types. In decreasing order of preference we had requests only the C. baccatum germplasm were confirmed to be highly resis- for jalapeño, banana/hot wax, cayenne, poblano, mini sweet, serrano, tant in Korea. Out of them, a reliable genetic resource, PBC81, was anaheim and cherry. These requests for smaller fruited types are eas- used for genetic analysis and breeding of anthracnose resistance. An ier than increasing the fruit size of bell pepper. The initial hybrids for interspecific 1BC F1 population was successfully developed through serrano, jalapeño, and cherry already resemble the target market type overcoming double genetic barriers such as embryo abortion and hy- and given that the resistance and pungency are largely dominant, they brid sterility using embryo rescue and intensive backcross techniques. may already be satisfactory. We tested these hybrids for resistance and This study was conducted to analyze genetics of the resistance of C. further evaluated their horticultural characteristics in 2012. baccatum and to develop the backcross introgression lines (BILs) and commercial F variety resistant to anthracnose. Since the resistance Contact Information: Lindsay Wyatt, Department of Plant Breeding and 1 of C. baccatum was demonstrated to be inherited quantitatively in the Genetics, Cornell University, BC F population, molecular linkage mapping and QTL analysis were 253 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, Phone 440-840-1297, E-mail: 1 1 performed in two introgressed BC F population to dissect genetic na- [email protected] 1 2 ture of the resistance. Consequently, two major QTLs commonly associated with the resistance to two different isolates of pathogen were Capsicum pubescens in Indonesia: Its Distribution and Cultiva- detected and several markers tightly linked to the loci were developed tion by targeted BSA technique. Based on the procedures on developing S. Yamamoto1, T. Djarwaningsih2 and H. Wiriadinata2 interspecific backcross populations, hundreds of BILs showing high- 1 Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University, ly resistance and no segregation were selected from the BC1F10 and Kagoshima, Japan BC2F9 families. Since we confirmed that the BILs were restorer line 2 Research Center for Biology, Cibinong Science Center, Indonesian in CGMS (cytoplasmic-genic male sterility) system, all the BILs were Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia used as paternal line to make cross combinations with diverse maternal line of GMS (genic male sterility) and CGMS systems. More than 100 It is known that Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens are mainly dis- F varieties are grown in pepper field and their horticultural traits and tributed in Southeast Asia. However, specimens (BO-1401702, BO- 1 disease resistance will be thoroughly checked this year. Maybe, some 1401703, BO-1401704) collected in 1916 in Central Java, Indonesia, good combinations could be commercialized next year. which were stored in Herbarium Bogoriense as “Capsicum sp.”, were re-identified as C. pubescens. It is also confirmed that C. pubescens Contact Information: Jae Bok Yoon, R&D Unit, Pepper & Breeding is cultivated in the highlands (+1,500m above sea level) of West Java Institute, Business Incubator, CALS, Seoul National Univ., Suwon (Sukabumi, Cianjur, Bandung Timur, Bandung Selatan, and Garut) 441-853, Republic of Korea.,Phone: +82-31-296-5797, and Central Java (Banjarnegara). People usually do not use any pesti- Email: [email protected]. cide for C. pubescens cultivation, but they can harvest its fruits for two to five years. Fruits of C. pubescens were sold at markets in the high- Pepper Diseases through the Years: A Review lands and also lowlands for 3000-29900 Rupiah per kg (10000 Rupiah T. A. Zitter ≈ 1.14 United States Dollar, Feb. 2012). Local names for C. pubescens Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell are “cabe Bandung”, “cabe gendot”, “cabe gombol”, “cabe gondol”, University, Ithaca, NY “cengek bendot”, and “lombok Dien”. A rare accession of C. pubescens was found in Bandung Selatan and Garut; its flower was totally white Although New York ranks 5th in the country in the acreage of fresh although its seed color was black and its stem was hairy, which are the market vegetables, the state production of pepper and tomato remains characteristic of C. pubescens. It is unclear if the white flower type of low. Sweet pepper, either Bell or Cubanelle, dominates the acreage, C. pubescens was introduced at the same time as the purple flower type while hot peppers serve a more limited niche market demand. As goes into Indonesia or if it occurred as a mutation there. Further botanical New York, so the trend applies for the rest of the New England states. survey on C. pubescens is needed in Indonesia to reveal its distribu- Shifting of location and responsibilities from south Florida to Upstate tion, diversity and dispersal routes. These genetic resources have a big New York saw a dramatic change in the overall size of farm acreage potential as a good candidate for cash crop in other highlands of Asia. and a slight shift in the pepper pathogens. Gone were the days of working exclusively with Potyviruses, instead dealing occasionally Contact Information: Sota Yamamoto, Research Center for the Pacific with cucumber mosaic Cucumovirus (wide host range) or tobacco mo- Islands, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, saic Tobamovirus (seedborne) prevailed. Other diseases that predom- 890-8580 Japan, Phone +81-99-285-7391, inate are seedborne bacteria (bacterial leaf spot) and the quintessential Email: [email protected] oomycete, Phytophthora blight (P. capsici). Pepper and other vege-

2012 INTERNATIONAL PEPPER PROCEEDINGS 51 tables have played a serendipity role when working with JMS Stylet Oil (mineral oil) and with harpin (Messenger), a product that elicits a SAR response. These and other advances in science and production methods will be addressed. Contact Information: Thomas A. Zitter, Department of Plant Pathol- ogy and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Phone (607) 255-7857, Email: [email protected]

Collection, Taxonomic Identification and Cropping Methodolo- gies Development for Some Species of Capsicum in Bolivia T. Avila1, M. Atahuachi1, X. Reyes1, T. Claure1 and M. Van Zonneveld2 1Centro de Investigaciones Fitoecogenéticas de Pairumani, Cocha- bamba Bolivia 2Bioversity Internacional, Cali Colombia Bolivia is a Center of Origin for the genus Capsicum, having a wide genetic diversity. The Pairumani’s Phytoecogenetical Research Cen- ter (CIFP) has a working collection of cultivated and wild species of: Capsicum annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. pubescens, C. baccatum var. baccatum, C. caballeroi, C. cardenasii, C. ceratocalyx, C. chacoense, C. eximium and C. minutiflorum. In the workframe of the project “Rescue and promotion of native hot-peppers in their centers of origin”, financed by the GIZ and being carried by partners from Bolivia, Peru, Germany and Bioversity International, there were carried out collecting missions in order to enrich the collection with new species recently described and also to cover some areas where no collects were done before. There were four collecting missions: in the dry valleys of Chuquisaca and Cochabamba, the valleys and low-lands of Santa Cruz and in the yungas of La Paz. Fruits and herbarium samples were collected from 109 ecotypes belonging to the cultivated species Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum and to the wild species: Capsicum eximium, C. caballeroi, C. chacoense, C. bacctum var. baccatum, C. minutiflorum, C. ceratocalyx and C. cardenasii. The cultivated hot-pepper samples were obtained from the farmers’ back- yards and family gardens. The wild ecotypes were collected mainly within native vegetation, even tough C. ceratocalyx was found within coca plantations although not so frequently. Also a plant of C. cardenasii was harvested from a small garden in the yungas zone. Farmers don’t plant wild species, they just collect the fruits for their consumption and some plants are found surrounding their houses. According to the farmers, C. baccatum var. baccatum, C. eximium y C. cardenasii are appreciated by their special flavors and the fruits collected are sold on cities’ markets, where they have a constant demand. The collected accessions as well as the collection conserved in the CIFP, were both planted for study and multiplication at three locations: valleys above 2000 m.a.s.l. (Cochabamba), meso-termic valleys below 700 m.a.s.l. (Mairana) and tropical low-lands below 700 m.a.s.l. (Santa Cruz). The accessions were characterized trough morphological records and at the same time, cropping methodologies were developed, including harvest and post-harvest management for wild species. The wild types have shown cropping characteristics different than the cultivated ones, having more time for germination, longer vegetative period and also a longer time up to fruiting, and in some cases the wild types didn’t produce any fruit even a year after planting. Taxonomic identification was done from the plants grown in the field, herbarium samples were taken, and these together with the plant samples taken from the field trips were studied to confirm their taxonomic identification. Contact Information: Teresa Avila, Centro de Investigaciones Fitoecogenéticas de Pairumani, Casilla 128, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Phone (591) 4-4260083. Email: [email protected]

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