Risk Factors and Psychological Outcomes of School Bullying Among Adolescents in Ghana
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University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh RISK FACTORS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL OUTCOMES OF SCHOOL BULLYING AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN GHANA BY BEATRICE DWUMFOUR WILLIAMS (10199975) THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DEGREE JUNE, 2013 i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION The thesis Risk Factors and Psychological Outcomes of School Bullying among Adolescents in Ghana is a study submitted to the Department of Psychology for the award Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Psychology. I hereby declare that this research is conducted by Beatrice Dwumfour Williams under the supervision of Dr. A. Anum and Dr. R. Akuamoah Boateng. This work has never been submitted to any other institution by anyone for any award. All references cited in this work have been duly acknowledged and I take full responsibility for any shortcomings in relation to this work. ............................................................. ....................................................... Beatrice Dwumfour Williams Date (10199975) ............................................................. ....................................................... Dr. A. Anum Date (Principal Supervisor) ............................................................. ....................................................... Dr. R. Akuamoah Boateng Date (Co-Supervisor) ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated with gratitude and affection to my husband (Mr. Charles Dwumfour Williams) and my adorable sons (Melchizedek K. A. Dwumfour Williams and Charles K. S. Dwumfour Williams Jr.) and to my family, Rev. Ramson Asante Darteh (Dad), Ps. Mrs. Florence Asante Darteh (Mum) Blessing Asante Darteh (sister) and Ivy Asante Darteh (sister) for their motivation and support, and to all Ghanaian Adolescents Students. God bless. iii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am indeed most grateful and forever indebted to the Almighty God for His grace and divine guidance throughout this work. This work would not have been completed but for the constant and diligent supervisions of Dr. A. Anum and Dr. R. Akuamoah Boateng. I say, thank you for your resourceful and constructive directions, suggestions and advice that have immensely enriched my knowledge and understanding in the field of social science research. Again, this work would not have been completed without the sponsorship of Galaxy Oil Ghana Limited. I also would like to thank Dr. Angela Ofori-Atta (UGMS), Prof. C.C. Mate-Kole (Dept. of Psychology, UG) for their support and guidance I express my appreciation to Mr. Appiah-Twum (Assistant Headmaster, Labone Secondary School), Mr. Asare (Headmaster, Accra Academy), Ms. Cecilia Kaya, Mr. Angel Carbonu, Mr. Aggrey, Mr. Segbefia and Ms. Nyame (St. Mary‘s Senior High School) and Mrs. Abena Adukpo (Head, Grace Preparatory and Junior High School) for their understanding, permission and access to their respective schools and students. I thank my Husband, Mr. Charles Dwumfour Williams and Sons, Mel and Sarkodie for their understanding and support. I also appreciate the support of my family. I also acknowledge Mr. Thomas Akoensi, Mr. Francis Annor, Mr. Emmanuel Dziwornu, Mr. Daniel Ahorsu, Ms. Yvonne Otchere, Mr. Seth Mawusi Asafo, Ms. Clarise Brown, Nandy Ntiamoah Walker, Ivy Asante Darteh (Maame), Blessing Asante Darteh (Naana), Stella Nartey, Salim Nelson and Gabriel Tetteh for their support throughout this project. iv University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh I also wish to specially appreciate the wonderful commitment exhibited by all the participants (especially students from Accra Academy, St. Mary‘s Senior High School and Grace Junior High School) in this work. Truly, without your responses, this work would not have been completed. All of you provided help in different areas, which in combination allowed for the completion of this thesis project. We made a great team! v University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Abstract Building on current knowledge, the primary aim of this study was to examine the association between self reported bullying and victimisation behaviour and risk factors such as sensation seeking, and emotional intelligence after controlling for self esteem, parental attachment, age and gender. The study also examined how bullying and victimisation influence depression and suicidal ideations. Self-report questionnaires were administered to three hundred and fifty five (355) adolescent students who were conveniently and randomly sampled from selected Junior High and Senior High Schools respectively in Accra. Hierarchical regression was used to analyse and test the hypothesis formulated in the study. The results obtained showed that sensation seeking and emotional intelligence significantly predicted bullying perpetration after controlling for age, gender, parental attachment and self-esteem. Sensation seeking contributed significantly, though modestly, to variance explained in victimisation behaviour; however, emotional intelligence did not significantly predict victimisation behaviour after controlling for age, gender, parental attachment and self-esteem. Bullying and victimisation behaviour were not found to predict depression and suicide ideations after controlling for age, gender, parental attachment, sensation seeking, emotional intelligence and self-esteem. These findings can inform school-based intervention with perpetrators and victims of bullying. Keywords: bullying, victimisation, parental attachment, sensation seeking, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, depression, suicidal ideations vi University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Table of Contents Declaration ...................................................................................................................................... ii Dedication ................................................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................................... iv Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... vi Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................... vii List of tables ................................................................................................................................................ x List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ xi Chapter One ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 1 Risk factors ................................................................................................................................. 4 Psychological outcomes .............................................................................................................. 8 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................... 10 Aims and Objectives of the study …………………………………………………………….10 Significance of the Study .......................................................................................................... 12 Chapter Two .............................................................................................................................................. 13 Literature Review ..................................................................................................................................... 13 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 13 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................................. 14 Theory of mind theory (Premack and Woodruff,1978) ........................................................... 14 Sensation seeking theory (Zuckerman, 1979) ........................................................................... 16 Review of Related Studies ........................................................................................................ 20 Evidence of Parental attachment and Bullying behaviour (perpetration and victimisation) . 20 Evidence of Sensation seeking and Bullying behaviour (perpetration and victimisation) .... 23 Evidence of Emotional intelligence and Bullying behaviour (perpetration and victimisation) ............................................................................................................................................... 27 Evidence of Self esteem and Bullying behaviour (perpetration and victimisation) ........... 32 Evidence of Bullying behaviour (perpetration and victimisation) and Depression ............... 38 Evidence of Bullying behaviour (perpetration and victimisation) and Suicidal ideation ...... 38 vii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Summary of Related Studies ...................................................................................................