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Mariana Sandoval De Oliveira.Pdf PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO MARIANA SANDOVAL DE OLIVEIRA O PROCESSO DE INTERNACIONALIZAÇÃO DE EMPRESAS DA CHINA: ESTRATÉGIAS EMPRESARIAIS E DIPLOMACIA ECONÔMICA PROGRAMA DE ESTUDOS PÓS-GRADUADOS EM ECONOMIA POLÍTICA São Paulo 2013 MARIANA SANDOVAL DE OLIVEIRA O PROCESSO DE INTERNACIONALIZAÇÃO DE EMPRESAS DA CHINA: ESTRATÉGIAS EMPRESARIAIS E DIPLOMACIA ECONÔMICA PROGRAMA DE ESTUDOS PÓS-GRADUADOS EM ECONOMIA POLÍTICA Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de MESTRE no Programa de Estudos Pós graduados em Economia Política, sob orientação do Professor Doutor Carlos Eduardo Ferreira de Carvalho. SÃO PAULO 2013 Banca Examinadora ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ AGRADECIMENTO Neste momento, me passa um filme na cabeça, relembrando todos os momentos, conversas, participações em congressos e trocas de emails que, de algum modo, constituem este trabalho. Gostaria de agradecer e dedicar esse trabalho à minha família. Sempre tão presente em minha vida, me apoiando, dando força e compreendendo algumas ausências. Sem dúvidas, sem o grande esforço dos meus pais eu não estaria aqui, escrevendo os agradecimentos de uma dissertação de mestrado. E aos meus amigos, que são a minha segunda família, e sempre tentam me ajudar e compreendem a dificuldade e a dedicação que é preciso no mestrado. Agradeço ao professor Carlos Eduardo Ferreira de Carvalho pela orientação acadêmica, paciência e compreensão e dedicação na orientação deste trabalho. Também agradeço aos professores Joaquim Racy e Ricardo Sennes que na qualificação me deram sugestões e conselhos que ajudaram a concluir esse trabalho. E agradeço também a todos os professores, tanto da graduação como do mestrado, que sem eles eu provavelmente não seria o que sou hoje. RESUMO A dissertação analisará a internacionalização de um grupo de grandes empresas chinesas, com o objetivo de caracterizar seu processo de internacionalização e seus objetivos, com destaque para a pergunta: em que medida o processo pode ser explicado pelos padrões usuais de grandes empresas pelo mundo e em que medida o processo obedece, acompanha ou é condicionado fortemente por objetivos de Estado, como parte da diplomacia econômica chinesa. A hipótese é que a internacionalização de grandes empresas chinesas está orientada para garantir o acesso e o fornecimento de minérios, combustíveis e alimentos, questão vital para a segurança da China, além de viabilizar o domínio de processos tecnológicos complexos, tema de grande relevância nos objetivos de ascensão da China e de consolidação do seu desenvolvimento. A dissertação analisará também os instrumentos estatais de apoio à internacionalização de empresas da China, de modo a verificar sua relevância para o grupo de empresas chinesas. Pretende também analisar a diplomacia econômica chinesa e suas possíveis implicações para as estratégias de internacionalização de empresas. Palavras-chave: China – diplomacia econômica - internacionalização de empresas – instrumentos estatais. ABSTRACT The dissertation will examine the internationalization of a group of major Chinese companies, aiming to characterize the process of internationalization and its goals and to answer to what extent the process can be explained by the usual standards of large companies around the world and to what extent the process follows, accompanies or is strongly conditioned by the state goals, as part of Chinese economic diplomacy. The hypothesis is that the internationalization of large Chinese companies are oriented towards ensuring access to and supply of ores, fuel and food, an issue vital to the security of China, as well as providing the domain of complex technological processes, a topic of great relevance to the objectives China's rise and consolidation of its development. The dissertation will also examine the instruments of state support for the internationalization of Chinese companies in order to determine their relevance for Chinese companies in the sample. It also seeks to examine China's economic diplomacy and its possible implications for the internationalization strategies of companies. Key words: China – economic diplomacy - internationalization of enterprises – state instruments. LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS C&T Ciência e tecnologia CIPG China International Publishing Group CMN Companhia multinacional CNOOC China National Offshore Oil Corporation CNN Cable News Network CNPC China National Petroleum Corporation EMN Empresa multinacional ETN Empresa transnacional F&A Fusões e aquisições ICBC Industrial and Commercial Bank of China IDE Investimento direto externo MOFCOM Ministério do Comércio da República Popular da China MOFTEC Ministério do Comércio Exterior e da Cooperação Econômica MRE Ministério das Relações Exteriores NDRC National Development and Reform Commission OCDE Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento econômico OEM Fabricação de equipamento original OMC Organização Mundial do Comércio PCC Partido Comunista Chinês P&D Pesquisa e desenvolvimento RMB Renminbi SAFE Administração Estatal de Câmbio SINOPEC Companhia petroquímica da China SGCC State Grid Corporation of China UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development TICs Tecnologias de informação e comunicação TLC The creative life corporations SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................... 1 1 REFERÊNCIAS TEÓRICAS................................................................................ 3 1.1 Diplomacia econômica ............................................................................... 3 1.2 Teoria de internacionalização de empresas ............................................ 11 1.3 Relação com o governo ............................................................................. 30 2 O PROCESSO DE INTERNACIONALIZAÇÃO DAS EMPRESAS CHINESAS ..... 39 2.1 Histórico ....................................................................................................... 42 2.2 Central State-owned Enterprises ............................................................... 49 2.3 Reformas e impulsos a internacionalização ............................................ 53 2.4 Governo ........................................................................................................ 56 2.5 O Processo de internacionalização ........................................................... 61 2.6 Estratégias de desenvolvimento das empresas chinesas ...................... 70 2.7 Empresas privadas ..................................................................................... 74 2.8 Inovação, tecnologia de conhecimento .................................................... 75 2.9 Resumo e conclusões ................................................................................ 77 3 CASOS SELECIONADOS……................................................................................ 80 3.1 Grupos de empresas .................................................................................. 80 3.1.1 SINOPEC …………………………………….………………………..……… 81 3.1.2 STATE GRID ........................................................................................... 84 3.1.3 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China …................……...……..…,… 88 3.1.4 China Contruction Bank ………………………..…………..……………….. 92 3.1.5 China Mobile Communications ………………………...………………….. 94 NOTAS FINAIS………………………………………………....................................…… 97 REFERÊNCIAS ……………………………………………….…………………………… 103 ANEXO 1 .................................................................................................................... 113 INTRODUÇÃO ―Observe calmly; secure our position; Cope with affairs calmly; hide our capacities and bide our time; be good at maintaining a low profile; and never claim leardership.‖ Deng Xiaoping nos anos 1990, discutindo a atuação internacional da China. A internacionalização de empresas da China representa um grande desafio analítico. São empresas de grande porte e sua presença afeta fortemente os mercados em que atuam. Além disso, por serem na maioria estatais, ou contarem com participação expressiva do Estado, e dada a natureza do regime político chinês, a internacionalização dessas empresas deve ser analisada também como parte da política de Estado. Assim, a expansão dessas empresas para o exterior deve ser analisada não apenas à luz das teses usuais sobre internacionalização de empresas, mas também como parte da diplomacia econômica do Estado chinês. Ou seja, pode-se presumir que sua estratégia inclui objetivos tipicamente empresariais e também objetivos de interesse estatal. O trabalho aqui apresentado se justifica pela relevância de aprofundar a compreensão sobre os objetivos, a dinâmica e as implicações da crescente atuação internacional de grandes empresas chinesas, tema de grande interesse não só para o Brasil, mas para o mundo. O estudo dos investimentos externos chineses também fornece uma oportunidade para avaliar a política go out, adotada pelo país para incentivar suas empresas a investirem no exterior e assim, obter os recursos que o país precisa para se manter crescendo. Essa política direciona investimentos para empresas que possuem valor estratégico para o país, em que a rentabilidade pode não ser um critério decisivo. Ainda assim, é possível argumentar que há também objetivos tipicamente empresariais em muitos desses casos, já que
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