《Towards a Unified Theory of Action for the Social Sciences》 Glossary experimental Economics:【実験経済学】 Experimental economics studies various types of economic questions using experimental methods. fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) :【えふえむあーるあい】 A scan that measures changes in blood flow in a brain related to neural activity. future bias: 【未来バイアス】 A systematic bias in intertemporal choice, with which one tends to or is willing to postpone receiving a little-delayed reward for a (unreasonably) small compensation. intertemporal choice: 【異時点間の選択】 A decision-making between several options, that involve any element of “timing”. Saving, for example, is to choose a timing of consumption (when to consume the money). macroeconomics:【マクロ経済学】 Macroeconomics studies how the entire economy works. This deals with, for example, aggregated indices such as GDP, inflation, and unemployment rates. microeconomics: 【ミクロ経済学】 Microeconomics studies how the individuals, households and firms make decisions to maximize their well-beings, happiness or profits under resource constraints. neuroeconomics:【神経経済学】 Neuroeconomics is an integrated field of study between behavioral economics, experimental economics, and neural science. It seeks for the neural basis of behavioral economics using experimental methods. present bias: 【現在バイアス】 A systematic bias in intertemporal choice, with which one prefers receiving an immediate reward offered at present to receiving a delayed but (sufficiently) large reward. time discounting: 【時間割引】 A delayed (or future) reward is discounted in a decision-making process when it is evaluated at present moment, as most of people prefers an immediate payment to a late payment of the reward. time preference:【時間選好】 A preference of a decision-maker that plays an essential role in an intertemporal choice. For example, there is no correct answer to the following question, but it depends on one’s own time preference: Which do you prefer receiving “$100 in a week” or “$120 in 6 weeks”?