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Rap and Counter-Discourses in the Francophone Black Atlantic By

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Rap and Counter-Discourses in the Francophone Black Atlantic By Resisting Erasure and Empire: Rap and Counter-discourses in the Francophone Black Atlantic by Catherine Lamaison A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Social Justice Education OISE – University of Toronto © Copyright by Catherine Lamaison (2017) Catherine Lamaison Resisting Erasure and Empire: Rap and Counter-discourses in the Francophone Black Atlantic Doctor of Philosophy Department of Social Justice Education OISE – University of Toronto - 2017 Abstract Focusing on the work of Black, diasporic rappers in France, my thesis investigates the ways in which rap music and popular culture transforms notions of nation and diaspora. Considering identity formation, public discourse, and the language of political and social protest in the rappers' lyrics and interviews, I argue that hip-hop uniquely enables Francophone Black diasporic rappers to transform national discourses of identity, radically unveiling and exposing dismissed history(ies) while mediating counter-discourses of modernity. These rappers have grasped the ambiguities and frictions within French discourses of nation and empire to rewrite the nation from a Black, diasporic perspective, transforming their exclusion from the national discourse into the driving force leading their creative ventures. Within this context, I investigate who is considered French, and how otherness, Blackness, Frenchness and resistance are constructed in the lyrics and imaginations of the artists. This analysis will develop an understanding of how those artistic ventures speak about a diasporic consciousness and how they enrich our understanding of the Black Atlantic at the moment. It adds to the existing collection of works on Black Europe and its forgotten histories, and lays a foundation for work that could develop into a comparative study with Francophone Black Canada. Ultimately this sheds light on the ways in which resistance is articulated and identity negotiated in the Francophone Black diaspora, within a world dominated by Anglophones. ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my advisor, Dr Rinaldo Walcott who expertly guided me through my PhD journey. Four years ago, I considered applying to this PhD program with the sole and firm intention to work with him. Since the day I flew from Paris, simply to meet Dr Walcott and discuss the possibility of applying to the program and working under his supervision, I have been honored to benefit from his consistent support, belief in me and expertise. His remarkable research and ideas and his ability to share them with the community, beyond the academy, have been a major inspiration. I would like to extend my gratitude to my committee members, Dr Miglena Todorova and Dr Tanya Titchkosky. This work would have not been possible without the tremendous support, the precious advice and the consistent encouragements I have received from Dr Miglena Todorova over the past four years. She has gone out of her way to advise me wisely, to help me elevate myself from a student to a young scholar while getting out of my comfort zone. Her guidance has also been extremely precious to navigate the Canadian academic system and, on a personal level, to adapt to life as a newcomer in Canada. I am extremely grateful for her support. Dr Tanya Titchkosky has also been very encouraging and helpful and I thank her particularly for taking the time to always give me very thorough feedback while introducing me to a scholarship and ways of imagining the world that I was not familiar with. I would also like to thank my dear friend Tala El Achkar, who I met throughout this process and who, beyond her precious personal and emotional support, has provided me with excellent feedback throughout her numerous proofreads of my work. iii Many thanks to all my fellow students in the department for their encouragements, and the inspiring conversations we have had. I would like to thank particularly Ahmed Ilmi in that regard. This journey would have been much harder without the unconditional love and support of my parents, Carmen and Jean-Louis, who have always been very well present, while living on the other side of the Atlantic. Last but not least, I would like to thank my partner, Alioune, who has been extremely patient, kind, loving and encouraging during this long and stressful process. iv Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ v Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Social, Political and Cultural Context of the Study ...................................................................... 2 Why Studying Rap Matters ................................................................................................................... 5 Positioning the Study and its Contribution ................................................................................. 11 Chapters Outline ..................................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 1: Theoretical Background and Literature Review ......................................... 20 The Modernity Project and its Implications in Terms of Race Relations ....................... 20 Three Different Interpretations of a Black Diaspora .............................................................. 26 Diaspora and Transnational Approaches as Counter-Discourses of Modernity ........ 30 The Black Atlantic and its Feminist Critiques ..................................................................... 30 Geographical Expansion and Broader Understanding of the Diaspora ................... 33 Black Music: A Medium to Counter Discourses of Modernity and Celebrate Identity and Consciousness ................................................................................................................................. 40 The African American Experience ............................................................................................ 41 Questioning the Authenticity of Black Music ....................................................................... 43 Why Studying Hip-Hop Matters ................................................................................................. 47 Transnational Perspectives in the Study of Black Music ................................................ 49 Transnational Significance of the Study of Black Music in France ................................... 51 Chapter 2: French Like Who? Thinking Alongside Francophone Rappers Resisting “Amputation” and White Supremacist Discourses ........................................................... 56 Speaking and twisting the language of the colonizer: Rap as a privileged cultural medium to denounce and resist French white supremacist discourses and practices ........................................................................................................................................................................ 57 The Use and Abuse of Language: A Graphic but not so Quiet Revolution ..................... 66 Content-Driven Resistance: Explicitly denouncing French systemic racism and interlocking systems of oppression ............................................................................................... 73 Resisting the Ghettoization and Demonization of Racialized Communities in French Suburbs ....................................................................................................................................................... 83 Chapter 3: Resisting Historical Erasure and Amnesia through Hip-Hop: Mapping, Unveiling and Exposing a Different France ........................................................................ 92 v A Note on “Reprehensible Amnesia” and the Historiography of French Colonization and Slavery ................................................................................................................................................ 92 Challenging the National Discourse Through Rap: Unveiling and exposing missing (hi)stories .................................................................................................................................................. 97 Chapter 4: Thinking with Francophone Rappers About a Black Diasporic Identity: Transcending the Black Atlantic .......................................................................................... 112 On the Importance and Complexity of Framing a Francophone Black Atlantic ....... 112 Hybridity of Francophone Rap Music: Influences and circulation ................................ 121 A Diasporic Identity Resulting from the Impossibility to Belong .................................. 128 Conclusion: Towards a Queer of Color Analysis of Black Francophone Rap ............ 137 Annex A ......................................................................................................................................... 145 ANNEX B .......................................................................................................................................
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