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Dealing with Antiquity Case Studies and Methodological Considerations in the Ethical Engagement of Ancient Materials DWJ_vol. 2 2017 Impressum © Distant Worlds Journal (http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/dwj) Hosted by Propyläum, Fachinformationsdienst Altertumswissenschaften by the Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg and the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München Editorial Board: Hannelore Agnethler Henry Albery Beatrice Baragli Amanda Bledsoe Albert Dietz Zsombor Földi Nina Gschwind Fabian Heil Aaltje Hidding Polly Lohmann Anahita Mittertrainer Lauren Morris Julia Preisigke Ansgar Teichgräber Cagla Umsu Zsuzsanna Végh Christopher Wass Gioele Zisa Laurien Zurhake Advisory Board: Franz Alto Bauer Susanne Bickel Ruth Bielfeldt Julia Budka Irmtraud Fischer Therese Fuhrer Susanne Gödde Ruurd Halbertsma Friedhelm Hartenstein Jens-Uwe Hartmann Tonio Hölscher Birgit Kellner Caterina Maderna Joseph Maran Carola Metzner-Nebelsick Margaret Miller Michael Roaf Francesca Rochberg Hans van Ess Andrew Wallace-Hadrill Christian Witschel Martin Zimmermann Theme editors of this volume: Lauren Morris – Amanda Bledsoe – Fabian Heil Distant Worlds Journal 2 (2017) Table of Contents L. Morris – A. Bledsoe – F. Heil, Preface: Dealing with Antiquity 1 C. Rollston, Introduction: The Publication and Citation of Inscriptions 3 from the Antiquities Market and Contested Regions CASE STUDIES Zs. Földi, Cuneiform Tablets and the Antiquities Market: The Archives 7 from Dūr-Abī-ešuḫ M. Johnson, A Case Study in Professional Ethics Concerning Secondary 28 Publications of Unprovenanced Artefacts: The New Edition DSS F.Instruction1 Preface: Dealing with Antiquity Case Studies and Methodological Considerations in the Ethical Engagement of Ancient Materials Lauren Morris, Amanda Bledsoe, Fabian Heil The Distant Worlds Journal is an online peer-reviewed journal established especially for presenting the research of early-career scholars on the ancient world. In seeking to encompass a broad range of distinct academic fields, each edition of the DWJ takes as its starting point a question or specific topic pertinent to the diverse disciplines engaged in the study of ancient cultures. In the opening edition of this journal, papers explored the question of how the meaning of an object changes throughout its “life” in the past and present. This second edition of the DWJ, “Dealing with Antiquity”, has shifted in focus to the role and responsibilities of the researcher, and has served as a platform to consider how those working in academia could deal with unprovenanced, recently surfaced ancient materials in a way that advances knowledge, as well as being ethically sound. This is a persistent issue behind the scenes of research across academic disciplines, but one that is growing ever more relevant in contemporary times. Often the evidence we draw on in In the opening essay of this issue, Professor researching antiquity does not reach us in a Christopher Rollston reflects on the pure and unproblematic form, and we are problems that arise, particularly for junior faced with serious ethical quandaries in the scholars, in working with unprovenanced process of research. Problems might occur materials, namely the possibility of when excavating or studying human incorporating modern forgeries into research remains, researching archaeological material and, thus, corrupting the dataset. Rollston excavated under difficult political discusses some of the recent rulings made circumstances, or in using manuscripts and by academic societies in regard to the other archaeological materials not obtained publication or presentation of through modern controlled excavations, thus unprovenanced objects, and questions the missing crucial contextual information. This compliance of these rulings with the Hague edition of the DWJ is concerned with the and UNESCO adjudications on cultural latter issue in particular, considering ways in property. which academics may study such recently The following two essays, each provide case surfaced, unprovenanced material in an studies for dealing with unprovenanced ethical manner. How to deal with ancient materials in their respective fields. In his epigraphic material and manuscripts – article about cuneiform tablets from the which feature the qualities of both text and archives of Dūr-Abī-ešuḫ, Zsombor Földi artefact – has been an especially contested in uses this case study to shed light on the this discourse, and thus serves as the principal focus of this edition. difficult position created by the antiquities market for cuneiformists, but also to show 2 Morris, Bledsoe, and Heil, Preface how this material may be ethically of particular relevance due to a large published. Földi expresses the view that number of unprovenanced fragments which cuneiformists have the responsibility to have flooded the antiquities market in the publish discovered cuneiform tablets as soon past decade or more. as possible. He notes, however, that this These two pieces of meticulous scholarship publication should not only include the demonstrate the possibility of engaging with contents of the text, but also deal with its this difficult topic even as an early career provenance. Földi presents the possibility of scholar. Furthermore, while these initial publication of such tablets emerging contributions make very clear that the on the contemporary antiquities market–– complicated interrelations between political, which, as pointed out by Professor Rollston, economic, social and scientific interests is a matter of controversy––after extensive necessitate a careful approach to and transparent research into their provenances and acquisition histories. unprovenanced artefacts, they also present constructive steps forwards for future work Michael Johnson picks up with another dealing with such material. problematic issue raised by Professor With the publication of this second edition Rollston: the secondary publication of of the Distant Worlds Journal, we would unprovenanced artifacts. In treating a like to reiterate our thanks to the Munich previously published “Dead Sea Scroll” Graduate School for Ancient Studies fragment, Johnson notes that both the “Distant Worlds” for its generous support. American Society of Oriental Research and We would also like to extend our gratitude Society of Biblical Literature only to the members of our Advisory Board and discourage the initial publication of the other scholars around the world who questionable artifacts, without comment on have acted as peer-reviewers, and to the potential further publication of these members of the Editorial Board for their materials. Johnson argues that such efforts in bringing this edition to final publication is crucial to academic discourse, publication. We would also like to thank the as first editions may make unsubstantiated Heidelberg University Library for hosting claims, often benefiting the object’s dealer our journal. Finally we would like to thank or owner. Subsequent publication, therefore, the authors for their contributions to this is necessary for correcting these problems volume and, especially, Professor Rollston by exercising a greater degree of caution in for kindly agreeing to offer an introductory assigning provenance to objects, and essay dealing with this controversial subject. especially in highlighting the uncertain origins of the object. In the context of Dead Munich, May 2017 Sea Scrolls research, Johnson’s discussion is Introduction: The Publication and Citation of Inscriptions from the Antiquities Market and Contested Regions Christopher A. Rollston Participation in the publication of an senses were on the mark. A number of these archaeological artifact that hails from the seals and bullae turned out to be modern antiquities market or from a contested forgeries. And through the years, I have had region (e.g., certain parts of Cyprus or a hand in exposing a fair number of modern Occupied Palestine) is not the sort of thing forgeries, including some seals, bullae, that I would encourage. Long ago, I was ostraca, pithoi inscriptions, and inscriptions attempting to settle on a dissertation topic in stone (including a few that would have and had all but decided that I would be been in my dissertation!). I have always working on scores of Old Hebrew bullae been particularly grateful for Jerrold and seals that had surfaced on the antiquities Cooper’s wise counsel, as it saved me from market. I had already submitted my the embarrassment of writing a dissertation dissertation proposal, and signals were that would have been plagued with tainted auspicious that the proposal would be data from the modern period. Similarly, I readily accepted. However, Assyriologist have always been grateful for the sage Jerrold Cooper of Johns Hopkins University warnings of the late Professor Joseph Naveh (the institution at which I earned my of Hebrew University about the presence of doctorate) learned of my proposed some very capable modern forgers in the dissertation topic, and he told me that he late 20th and early 21st centuries. And I shall wanted to talk with me about the topic. I always treasure a letter from the late thought that he would indicate to me that he Professor Frank Moore Cross of Harvard believed the proposed topic was useful and University in which he stated that he that it would serve the field well. But as considered my (2003) article on the subject Professor Cooper and I walked across the of modern forgeries to be absolutely
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