THE EFFECT OF TIME AND EDGE BANDING TYPE AND THICKNESS ON THE BENDING AND TENSILE STRENGTH OF MELAMINE COATED PARTICLEBOARD

Cevdet SAÇLI

Department of Materials and Material Processing Technologies, Technical Sciences College, Selcuk University, 42003 Konya, Turkey

Key words Abstract Bending strength, Edge banding is used to surround the exposed sides of composite Heat threatment, such as particleboard, melamine coated particleboard (Mcp), and low, Tensile strength, medium and high density fiberboard. Day and night air temperatures in Wood composite. various regions in Turkey ranging from -5 to +35°C on average have been adopted. In this study, the results of the effect of aging at 12 hour intervals werw monitored. The transition times involved +35 to -5 and -5 to +35°C temperature. This study was carried out to determine the effects of the time and edge banding material which are melamine thickness of 0.4 mm, and polyvinylchloride (PVC) thickness of (0.4, 0.8, 1.0 and 2.0mm), and wood composite panel type on bending and tensile strength properties of (Mcp). Edge band type, thickness, and the effect of heat treatment of the application for bendig strength increases totally 99% and tensile strength increases totally 139%.

Corresponding author: [email protected]. Saclı C. Department of Materials and Material Processing Technologies, Technical Sciences College, Selcuk University, 42003 Konya, Turkey

1. INTRODUCTION

Over the past several decades, industrial grade composite wood based panel (CWP) have been recognized through the industry as an ideal substrate for Mcp constructions, utilizing various types of overlay surfacing and edge banding materials. Edge banding is perceived as the most important accessory and protective in furniture making. There are various types of edge banding materials such as polyvinylchloride (PVC), acrylic, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), melamine, solid wood or wood veneer comprise the types of edge banding materials. During the past decades, there has been successful work accomplished in the (CWP) industry. Lee and Kim [1] found out that there was a significant increase in the modulus of elasticity of wood based composite panels due to coatings. Nemli [2] examined the effects of melamine-impregnated papers coating on the properties of particleboard and stated that surface coating improved the physical, mechanical properties and decreased the formaldehyde emission of particleboard.

The purpose of edge banding will be to suppress the absorption of water and humidity and providing a contrasting finish for all decorative surfaces [3].

Interior fitment and furniture manufacturers are applying widespread ratios of decorative composite edge banding materials for (CWP). CWPs are mostly used in construction of home,

Saçlı (2015). “The effect of time and edge banding type and thickness on the bending and tensile strength of melamine coated particleboard”

Proceedings of the 27th International Conference Research for Furniture Industry September 2015, Turkey

office and school furniture. The purpose of edge coating of CWPs is to suppress the absorption of water and humidity, and esthetic [4]. The performance of the coated panels is depended on quality of CWP and the type of coating materials [5]. While particleboard and medium-density fiberboard make ideal substrates, the manufacturer must pay attention to the many factors that will affect surface quality in virtually every step of manufacturing process [6]. Page | 469

Özçifçi [7] studied some corner joints obtained from particleboard, and covered their edges for case furniture with massive wood. Then, ‘‘L” test samples manufactured and jointed with dowel, rebated, tonque-and-rebated joint types by using polyvinyl acetate (Pvac) (Vinyl Acetate Homopolymer) adhesive. In the test, compression and tension strength tests were applied on the bonding area. As a result, the highest compression and tension strength were obtained in dowel joint.

Uysal [8] investigated the effects of the thickness of solid wood edge banding strips and the dowel diameter on the withdrawal strength of dowels in particleboard. Withdrawal strengths were measured for the prepared test samples and the highest withdrawal strength was obtained in particleboards with12.0 mm edge banding thickness and with 6.0 mm diameter dowel.

With the start of production of MCP and PVC edge bands bleating technical, aesthetic and economic reasons, has gained a very high demand. Pvc edge bands used intensively on furniture industry. Studies in the literature examining the effects of time and temperature based on the mechanics worked on this issue due to insufficient. This study time limits 20, 30, 40 and 50 days, teperature limits +35°C to -5°C

Unaged IB and aged IB values of all the treated specimens at three retention levels significantly decreased when compared to untreated control values. The IB strength and bond durability of all the treated panels decreased with increasing chemical content [9].

Özçifçi investigated the role of geometry on the mechanical performance of scarf joints in laminated veneer (LVL) bonded with phenol formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde (MF) adhesives. It was observed that the highest bending strength (291.5N/mm2) and modulus of elasticity (28101N/mm2) were obtained in control (solid wood) samples having three layered LVL, jointed with 30° angle and bonded with MF adhesive. As a result of the effects scarf joints on bending strength and modulus elasticity test, if the scarf angle decreases, the properties of LVL increase [10].

Güntekin studied some mechanical and physical properties before and after accelerated aging tests of the cement bonded fiberboard made of using Calabrian fibers. Increase of density and percent of accelerators used generally causes an increase in mechanical properties. Percent accelerator also caused an increase in TS and WA. Increase of fiber / cement ratio resulted in an increase in MOR, TS, and WA while a significant decrease was observed for modulus of elasticity [11].

Saçlı (2015). “The effect of time and edge banding type and thickness on the bending and tensile strength of melamine coated particleboard”

Proceedings of the 27th International Conference Research for Furniture Industry September 2015, Turkey

Yıldız et al. studied the effects of heat treatment on compression strength (CS) of wood (Picea orientalis). This study indicated that the changes in the chemical structure of the treated wood were determined by analyzing contents of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Heat treatment was applied on the test samples in an oven at four different temperatures (130, 150, 180 and 200 1C) and three different durations (2, 6 and 10 h) under atmospheric pressure. The results indicate that the effects of heat treatment on CS values generally Page | 470 exhibited a decrease with increased duration and temperature. It was observed that hemicelluloses were the wood-cell components most degraded by the heat treatment [12].

The tests of Mirski et al’s showed that PF resin modification with diol esters makes it possible when maintaining identical pressing parameters to manufacture particleboards with improved mechanical properties and enhances water resistance in comparison to the control board resinated with pure PF resin. The application of diol esters as modifiers of phenol resin makes it also possible to produce at reduced temperature or shortened pressing time particleboards with good mechanical properties and high water resistance [13].

Papadapoulos Antonious studied physical properties of conventional particleboard bonded with amounts of UF and PMDI resin and examine the effect of mat moisture content (MC), wax content and platen temperature on their bonding efficiency, as determined by internal bond strength. It was found that PMDI not only gave superior board properties compared with the UF, but the amount required was reduced considerably as well. The MC of the mat and the platen temperature did not significantly affect the bonding efficiency of PMDI bonded boards, but the bonding efficiency of UF bonded boards. The inclusion of 1% wax significantly affected the bonding efficiency of both resins; however the loss in strength was higher in UF than PMDI bonded boards [14].

P. Bekhta et.al. studied on Short-term effect of temperature on bending strength of wood- based panels. Accordig to this study; Bending strength of different wood-based panels such as particleboard, MDF and OSB has been studied at temperatures between +20°C and +140°C. It was found that the temperature for all studied panels significantly affects bending strength. After one-hour effect of the temperature 140°C the bending strength of panels is reduced (in comparison to the temperature of 20°C) [15].

Kakaras and Papadopoulos found that the internal bond strength was significantly increased by increasing the drying temperature. This was attributed to the breakdown of the particles dried at high temperatures [16].

Increasing the resin content definitely improved the performance of the specimens, apparently because the extra binder increased the resistance of the board to springback and differential shrinkage stresses [17].

One year investigation on the ageing effect and long term performance of Cement Bonded the results from stage 1 showed that both strength and stiffness of Varco cement bonded particleboard were increasing consistently although the test results showed much better performance than those required in EN standards [18].

Saçlı (2015). “The effect of time and edge banding type and thickness on the bending and tensile strength of melamine coated particleboard”

Proceedings of the 27th International Conference Research for Furniture Industry September 2015, Turkey

Heating wood changes the properties of wood. It can decrease the higroscopicity and improve the dimensional stability and decay resistance. A variety of thermal modification processes have been developed. The results of the process depend on several variables, including time and temperature, treatment atmosphere, wood species, moisture content, wood dimensions, and the use of catalyst [19]. Page | 471 Hygroscopic building materials can absorb and release moisture, thus dampening the indoor humidity variation [20].

The moisture buffering effect of the wood paneling is related to its moisture responses at the room level [21].

Bending Strength of uncoated particleboard is 18.29 N/mm2 and melamine coated particleboard is 19.96 N/mm2 [22].

It is well established that the board density is one of the most important variables in determining the strengths of particleboard. In particleboard, the intimate contact among adhesive-coated wood particles is prerequisite for forming bonding among the particles. Raising the board density increases the intimate contact of the particles, thus increasing the strengths of the particleboard. However, if the density is high enough to allow all wood particles too intimately contact with each other, further increase in the density would not increase the strengths any more [23].

Specific mass of the plate is one of the factors that most affect the physical and mechanical properties. Particleboard with the increase of the mass of a specific thickness swells improves all other aspects except for dimensional stability. Specific mass as a result of increased contact between chips is much more powerful [24].

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials Particleboard is produced by mechanically reducing the wood raw material into small particles, applying adhesive to the particles, and consolidating a loose mat of the particles with heat and pressure into a panel product [25]. Mcp is typically made in five layers. The uppermost faces of the board are thin melamine; the layer under the melamine consists of fine wood particles, then the core is made of the coarser material. Melamine coated particleboard is used for furniture, case goods, and home decoration where it is typically overlaid with other materials for decorative purposes.

Eighteen millimeter thick Mcp was selected for this study due to its wide-use by the Turkish panel furniture manufacturers. Production Date: 11th. June, 2012, mixing properties (Wooden): pine, beech, and a bit of waste wood, Mixing properties (Chemical): UF glue, wax and hardener, Density: 659Kgr/m3 Mcp which 18 mm thick, 1880 mm wide and 3660 mm length full-sized board sheet was obtained from one of the wellknown Mcp producers in Turkey. First cut into strips. These strips were subsequently cut into the desired member lengths. Members for joints were randomly selected from this common supply. Melamine

Saçlı (2015). “The effect of time and edge banding type and thickness on the bending and tensile strength of melamine coated particleboard”

Proceedings of the 27th International Conference Research for Furniture Industry September 2015, Turkey

coated chipboard produced according to TS EN 312 (17.03.2005) [26]. Approximately 95 % of the lignocelluloses material used for particle board production is wood [27].

Hot-melt adhesive used in this study is a thermoplastic-based synthetic resin. Its application is recommended in locations subjected to 8–10% relative humidity. Hot-melt adhesives are environmentally friendly glues containing no solvents. They find key applications in the Page | 472 manufacture of office and home furniture, particularly in the edges of various types of edge banding materials such as wood and wood veneer, (PVC), acrylic, (ABS), melamine for table and cabinet furniture. They are solid at normal ambient temperatures and need to be heated to a liquid state before bonding. They have to remain sufficiently fluid to wet out the two surfaces during bonding. As the adhesive cools, it will revert to its solid state, completing the bond. With hotmelt adhesives, the change from solid to liquid is reversible, and controlled by temperature. Wood and wood composite should be dry enough so that even if moisture is added during bonding, the moisture content of the product is at about the level expected for the assembly in service [28]. Adhesives are used to hold two materials together; thus, the viscoelastic dissipation of internal and external forces is the most important aspect of adhesive performance. The effects of internal forces are often not considered, but such forces can be very high in wood [29]. Adhesive failures are generally the result of using weak edge banding procedures during manufacture rather than the adhesive having an unreasonably low softening temperature [30].

Melamine is a private paper that is initially impregnated and then covered with lacquer. Impregnation is a process in which the paper is absorbed with resin and coated with lacquer surface. Meanwhile, the paper strength and durability wins. It must be emphasized that melamine is a special surface covering material that has high resistance to impacts, scratches, and abrasion. Additionally it is flexible and suitable for surrounding corners [31]. Melamine edge bands which Thickness of 0.4 mm and width of 22 mm are affixed with an iron temperature of 200 °C.

PVC edge banding is manufactured with premium quality resins and high-impact modifiers that produce a product with excellent machinability, impact resistance, durability, and overall appearance. Thickness of (0.4, 0.8, 1.0 and 2.0) mm and width of 22 mm produced by Ersa Mobilya ve Plastik Sanayi ve Ticaret Ltd Şti., Ankara. PVC edge bands glued with hot-melt adhesives on auto edge banding machine. The temperature of gluing was at 200 °C and the feed speed of the machine was 12 m/min. The edge banding machine bonds the edge banding to the substrate, trims leading and trailing edge, trims top and bottom flush, scraps any surplus and buffs the edge. The adhesive is applied to only edge surface of Mcp, using 214 g/m².

Edge bands types and thicknesses are indicated in Figure 1. Number of 1 is non banding, 2 is 0,4 mm melamine, 3 is 0,4 mm PVC, 4 is 0,8 mm PVC, 5 is 1,0 mm PVC, and 6 is 2,0 mm PVC.

Cupboard sizes; Height: 900 mm + 100 mm metal leg, Width: 500 mm, Depth: 500 mm + cover (18 mm), Shelf: 460 mm x 470 mm. Experimental Cupboard shown in Figure 2.

Saçlı (2015). “The effect of time and edge banding type and thickness on the bending and tensile strength of melamine coated particleboard”

Proceedings of the 27th International Conference Research for Furniture Industry September 2015, Turkey

Page | 473

Figure 1. Edge bands types and thicknesses

Figure 2. Experimental Cupboard

Test methods In this subsection mandatory information about the test methods for the performed experiments is presented. Accordingly information regarding to experimental use of materials like standby time, bending-tensile strength, laboratory properties used for testing and preparation of test samples have been explained.

Saçlı (2015). “The effect of time and edge banding type and thickness on the bending and tensile strength of melamine coated particleboard”

Proceedings of the 27th International Conference Research for Furniture Industry September 2015, Turkey

Experimental use of materials

Page | 474

Figure 3

Figure 4

1. Test sample standby time: 20 days, 30 days, 40 days and 50 days 2. Bending Strength sample size: Thickness: 18 mm, Width: 50 mm, Length: 410 mm 3. Tensile Strenght sample size: Thickness: 18 mm, Width: 50 mm, Length: 254 mm

Test laboratory properties 1. Physical properties 1.1. Internal Dimensions: L: 400cm, W: 400mm, H: 250mm (40m3) 1.2. Basic Construction: 2 x 30 x 30 mm steel profile 1.3. Coating Properties: (from inward to outside): 1.3.1. Thickness of 5 mm Al panel 1.3.2. Thickness of 18 mm Mcp 1.3.3. Thickness of 30 mm and density 28 polyurethane foam 1.3.4. Thickness of 18 mm Mcp 1.3.5. minus 40 °C, resistant to cold storage door

Equipment and functions 1.4. Cabin temperature is between -20 degrees Celsius to +50 degrees Celsius 1.5. Wind speed: 12 mts / minute air flow rate (constant)

Saçlı (2015). “The effect of time and edge banding type and thickness on the bending and tensile strength of melamine coated particleboard”

Proceedings of the 27th International Conference Research for Furniture Industry September 2015, Turkey

Laboratory processing 1. Humidity ranges and transition periods; Within 7.30 hours from %37.2 to %65.9 2. Temperature ranges and transition periods; Within 7.30 hours from +35.6 °C to -5.0 °C

Test sample preparation 1. Representative parts to obtain: during the cold and hot application process; test specimens Page | 475 were obtained 20th day from the doors, 30 th day from shelves, 40 th day from right sides, and the last 50 th day left sides of cupboards. 2. Obtaining the test sample: 20th, 30th, 40th ve 50th day’s bending and tensile strength samples used for experiments were obtained by cutting with circular machine. 3. Packaging and transport to the test place: The test samples given in date and serial numbers coated with polystyrene and packed in corrugated cardboard boxes where transported by cargo experimental scene.

By using of (Mcp), non banding control sample, two different types of edge banding materials (PVC and melamine), four edge banding thickness (0.4, 0.8, 1.0, and 2.0 mm) for PVC, and one edge banding thickness (0.4 mm) for melamin, for bending strength test, a total of 192, and for tensile strength tests, a total of 216 samples were prepared.

All tests were carried out on a universal testing machine, which have 7 tons capacity in the Furniture and Decoration Research Laboratory at the Faculty of Technical Education, Dumlupınar University, Turkey. A rate of loading of 6 mm/min was used in all tests. The loading was continued until separation occurred on the surface of the test samples. The maximum bending and tensile strength were determined as the force applied to each experimental sample at the time of failure. The result for each of the samples was displayed by the computer to which the test device was connected.

Specific gravity values of Mcp wehere calculated following ASTM Standard D 2395-93 [32]. Moisture contents were calculated on the same specimens and followed ASTM Standard D 4442-92(2003) Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials [33].

Data analyses and experiments The first important factor is type and thickness of edge banding material, and type of time. In this respect, the multivariate analysis of variance results for bending and tensile strengths values for Mcp according to time, edge banding type and edge banding thickness are presented in Table 1 and Table 2.

Saçlı (2015). “The effect of time and edge banding type and thickness on the bending and tensile strength of melamine coated particleboard”

Proceedings of the 27th International Conference Research for Furniture Industry September 2015, Turkey

Table 1. Duncan test for bending and tensile strengths results and homogeneity groups according to edge banding. (N/mm²) Bending strength test Tensile strength test Type and thickness of edge X mean HG Type and thickness of edge X mean HG band and process (N/mm2) band and process (N/mm2) 2,0mm PVC50 days 14,74 A 2,0mm PVC50 days 43.00 A 1,0mm PVC50 days 13,91 B 1,0mm PVC50 days 40.82 AB Page | 476 0,8mm PVC 50 days 13,70 BC 0,8mm PVC 50 days 38.63 B 0,4mm PVC 50 days 13,36 CD 0,4mm PVC 50 days 35.94 C 0,4mm melamine 50 days 13,10 D 0,4mm melamine 50 days 33.34 D Non banding 50 days 12,90 D Non banding 50 days 29.33 E

According to Table 1 the highest bending strength for 2.0 mm PVC 50 days mean is (14.74 N/mm2), the lowest bending strength for non banding 50 days mean is (12.90 N/mm2). As the Table 1 the highest tensile strength for 2.0 mm PVC 50 days mean is (43.00 N/mm2), the lowest tensile strength for non banding 50 days mean is (29.33 N/mm2).

Table 2. Bending and tensile strength Bending strength test Tensile strength test Times X mean(N/mm2) HG Times X mean(N/mm2) HG 50 days 16,59 A 50 days 38.20 A 40 days 15,28 B 40 days 36.99 AB 30 days 13,88 C 30 days 36.28 B 20 days 8,72 D 20 days 35.98 B

As Table 2 indicates, the highest bending trength for 50 days is (16.59 N/mm2), the lowest bending strength for 20 days is (8.72 N/mm2). As the Table 2 the highest tensile strength for 50 days is (38.20 N/mm2), the lowest tensile strength for 20 days is (35.98 N/mm2). In Table 3 edge band type, thickness, and the effect of heat treatment of the application and the homogeneity of the results of the comparison groups and the Duncan test to compare the results of bending and tensile strength.

Table 3. Duncan test for the comparison results and homogeneity groups according to bending and tensile strength tests (N/mm²) Bending strength test Tensile strength test Type and thickness of edge X HG Type and thickness of edge X HG band and process band and process 2,0mm PVC50 days 17.27 A 2,0mm PVC50 days 45.26 A 1,0mm PVC50 days 16.97 A 1,0mm PVC50 days 44.08 AB 0,8mm PVC 50 days 16.80 AB 0,8mm PVC 50 days 41.66 ABC 0,4mm PVC 50 days 16.44 ABC 0,4mm PVC 50 days 41.01 ABC 0,4mm melamine 50 days 16.24 ABCD 0,4mm melamine 50 days 40.94 ABCD non banding 50 days 15.82 BCDE non banding 50 days 40.84 ABCD 2,0mm PVC40 days 15.69 CDE 2,0mm PVC40 days 40.78 ABCD 1,0mm PVC40 days 15.53 CDEF 1,0mm PVC40 days 40.73 ABCD 0,8mm PVC 40 days 15.37 CDEFG 0,8mm PVC 40 days 39.90 BCDE 0,4mm PVC 40 days 15.17 DEFGH 0,4mm PVC 40 days 38.57 CDEF 0,4mm melamine 40 days 15.06 EFGH 0,4mm melamine 40 days 38.31 CDEF non banding 40 days 14.86 EFGHI non banding 40 days 37.75 CDEF 2,0mm PVC30 days 14.59 FGHI 2,0mm PVC30 days 37.32 CDEFG

Saçlı (2015). “The effect of time and edge banding type and thickness on the bending and tensile strength of melamine coated particleboard”

Proceedings of the 27th International Conference Research for Furniture Industry September 2015, Turkey

1,0mm PVC30 days 14.59 GHIJ 1,0mm PVC30 days 36.31 DEFG 0,8mm PVC 30 days 14.11 HIJ 0,8mm PVC 30 days 35.27 EFGH 0,4mm PVC 30 days 13.89 IJ 0,4mm PVC 30 days 34.86 FGH 0,4mm melamine 30 days 13.52 JK 0,4mm melamine 30 days 34.62 FGH non banding 30 days 12.81 K non banding 30 days 33.04 GHI 2,0mm PVC20 days 11.39 L 2,0mm PVC20 days 32.88 GHI 1,0mm PVC20 days 8.81 M 1,0mm PVC20 days 32.84 GHI Page | 477 0,8mm PVC 20 days 8.53 MN 0,8mm PVC 20 days 31.15 HI non banding 20 days 8.11 MN non banding 20 days 28.78 I 0,4mm PVC 20 days 7.92 MN 0,4mm PVC 20 days 28.72 I 0,4mm melamine 20 days 7.59 N 0,4mm melamine 20 days 28.66 I

According to Table 3 the highest bending strength for 2.0mm PVC 50 days mean is (17.27 N/mm2), the lowest bending strength for 0.4mm melamine 20 days mean is (7.59 N/mm2). As the Table 3 points out the highest tensile strength for 2.0mm 50 days mean is (45.26 N/mm2), the lowest tensile strength for 0.4mm melamine 20 days mean is (28.66 N/mm2).

3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Bending strength of non banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 95%, for 0,4 mm melamine banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 113%, for 0,4 mm PVC banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 107%, for 0,8 mm PVC banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 134%, for 1,0 mm PVC banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 93%, for 2,0 mm PVC banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 52%

Tensile strength of non banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 142%, for 0,4 mm melamine banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 143%, for 0,4 mm PVC banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 143%, for 0,8 mm PVC banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 134%, for 1,0 mm PVC banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 134%, for 2,0 mm PVC banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 138%

In previous studies bending and tensile strength of the wood and wood composite materials, and the rates were applied to investigate the various additives. The resulting wood composite materials with different mechanical and physical properties were observed. In those studies, usually much higher temperatures were applied.

In this study, different indoor temperatures between -5 and +36 °C were carried out covering different regions of Turkey. In contrast to the previous studies this pointed out a decline in mechanical properties. This study indicates an increase in mechanical properties.

Edge band type, thickness, and the effect of heat treatment of the application for bendig strength increases totally 99% and tensile strength increases totally 139%.

Acknowledgement This study has been supported by the Scientific Research Project Coordinators of Selcuk University Turkey which project number 11401146.

Saçlı (2015). “The effect of time and edge banding type and thickness on the bending and tensile strength of melamine coated particleboard”

Proceedings of the 27th International Conference Research for Furniture Industry September 2015, Turkey

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Saçlı (2015). “The effect of time and edge banding type and thickness on the bending and tensile strength of melamine coated particleboard”

Proceedings of the 27th International Conference Research for Furniture Industry September 2015, Turkey

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Saçlı (2015). “The effect of time and edge banding type and thickness on the bending and tensile strength of melamine coated particleboard”

Proceedings of the 27th International Conference Research for Furniture Industry September 2015, Turkey

[33] ASTM Standard D 4442-92(2003): Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials

Corresponding author: C. SAÇLI Page | 480 Department of Materials and Material Processing Technologies, Technical Sciences College, Selcuk University, 42003 Konya, Turkey E-mail addresses: [email protected]

© Author(s) 2015. This article is published under Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.

Saçlı (2015). “The effect of time and edge banding type and thickness on the bending and tensile strength of melamine coated particleboard”