Warramboo Borefield Level 2 Fauna Assessment September 2017

Prepared for Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd

Report Reference: 14279- 17-BISR-2Rev0_181009

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Warramboo Borefield Level 2 Fauna Assessment

Prepared for Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd

Job Number: 14279-17

Reference: 14279-17-BISR-2Rev0_181009

Revision Status

Rev Date Description Author(s) Reviewer

A 17/11/2017 Draft Issued for Client Review M. Love S. Pearse

B 14/09/2018 Draft Issued for Client Review M. Love S. Pearse

0 09/10/2018 Final Issued for Information M. Love S. Pearse

Approval

Rev Date Issued to Authorised by

Name Signature

A 17/11/2017 F. Bell S. Pearse

B 14/09/2018 F. Bell S. Pearse

0 09/10/2018 F. Bell S. Pearse

© Copyright 2018 Astron Environmental Services Pty Ltd. All rights reserved. This document and information contained in it has been prepared by Astron Environmental Services under the terms and conditions of its contract with its client. The report is for the clients use only and may not be used, exploited, copied, duplicated or reproduced in any form or medium whatsoever without the prior written permission of Astron Environmental Services or its client. Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 Abbreviations

Abbreviation Definition ANOSIM Analysis of Similarity DBCA Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions DD Data deficiency EN Endangered EPBC Act Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth) ESA Environmentally Sensitive Areas GDA94 Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 Ha Hectare IA International Agreement IBRA Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia Km Kilometre Mi Migratory MNES Matters of National Environmental Significance (under the EPBC Act) PEC Priority Ecological Community PFS Pre-Feasibility Study SRE Short Range Endemic TEC Threatened Ecological Community The ‘survey area’ Warramboo borefield survey area (4,619.7 ha) VU Vulnerable WA Western Australia WAM Western Australian Museum

Page | ii Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 Executive Summary

Astron Environmental Services has been commissioned to undertake a dual phase Level 2 vertebrate and Short Range Endemic invertebrate fauna assessment of the Warramboo survey area which is 4,619.7 hectares in size. The proposed borefield is located approximately 50 km west of Pannawonica in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.

Vertebrate Fauna

Four broad fauna habitat types were recorded in the survey area: Riparian, Floodplain, Hardpan and Clay Plain. The Riparian habitat in the survey area is considered high value for fauna and Warramboo Creek is considered locally significant as it is an ephemeral water course that supports quality riparian vegetation and attracts fauna in a largely dry landscape. This habitat supports conservation listed fauna species such as the Rainbow Bee-eater and acts as foraging sites for Ghost Bats and Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bats.

There were 127 vertebrate fauna species recorded within the survey area, including four amphibian species, 30 reptile species, 71 bird species and 22 mammal species (including four introduced species). The faunal assemblage recorded was similar to other surveys conducted in the vicinity and is considered typical of the Roebourne subregion, which extends along the coast.

Two conservation listed fauna species have been recorded in the survey area: Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat (Rhinonicteris aurantia) (Vulnerable) and Ghost Bat (Macroderma gigas) (Vulnerable).

These species are classified under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Act 1999 as ‘Matters of National Environmental Significance’ species: the Ghost Bat and Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat. A single Ghost Bat was recorded caught in a station fence line. This species was not recorded from acoustic bat recordings; however, this species rarely uses echolocation calls while hunting. The Pilbara Leaf- nosed Bat was recorded at one location at low activity levels (two calls) along Warramboo Creek. There were also six records of Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat previously recorded within the survey area, all from riverine habitat along Warramboo Creek. The survey area does not provide any suitable roosting habitat for either bat species. The Riparian and Floodplain habitats were considered to provide ‘suitable foraging and dispersal habitat’ according to habitat suitability ranking criteria for both bat species.

The vertebrate fauna recorded represent 44% of all known vertebrate fauna species within the vicinity of the survey area. A large number of the species have a high level of habitat specificity, particularly for rocky and coastal habitats that are not located in the survey area. The habitats recorded in the survey area are not restricted at the local, sub-regional or regional scale as they have been previously recorded from other fauna assessments in the local vicinity. The microhabitats of the Riparian habitat (Warramboo Creek) do contain ecological features, including pooling surface water and large eucalypt trees, important to conservation-listed fauna such as the Ghost Bat and Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat. They also potentially provide suitable foraging and dispersal habitat for the Northern Quoll and suitable foraging habitat for the Pilbara Olive Python according to habitat suitability ranking criteria.

Short Range Endemic Invertebrate Fauna

The database search yielded 1,531 records that were attributable to Short Range Endemic groups. The Short Range Endemic groups represented 172 taxa, of which 14 represented named species, 103 represented named morphospecies and 55 represented unidentified species belonging to taxa known to contain Short Range Endemic representatives. Only seven species and morphospecies (all

Page | iii Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 millipedes) represented Short Range Endemics with the remaining 165 taxa being potential Short Range Endemics owing largely to data deficiency. The high proportion of potential Short Range Endemics and undescribed morphospecies indicates a poor state of knowledge about these invertebrates in this region.

The field survey yielded 48 invertebrates from Short Range Endemic target taxa, representing eight different species. Three of these species were known to be widespread with the remaining five being potential Short Range Endemics (data deficiency). The potential Short Range Endemics comprised: three scorpion species, Lychas ‘bituberculatus complex’, Lychas ‘gracilimanus’ and Lychas ‘multipunctatus complex’; one isopod, Buddelundia ‘70’; and one snail, Rhagada convicta. Each of these taxa represents a species complex involving multiple species, some of which may have short- range distributions. The taxonomic composition of the survey suggests that it may have been undertaken in unfavourable conditions owing to the lack of trapdoor spiders, burrowing scorpions, pseudoscorpions and cryptic millipedes. Overall, the composition of Short Range Endemic taxa within this part of the Pilbara remains poorly known.

Page | iv Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 Table of Contents

1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Project Background ...... 1

1.2 Scope and Objectives ...... 1

2 Environmental Context ...... 5 2.1 Physical Environment ...... 5

2.1.1 Climate ...... 5

2.1.2 Geology and Soils ...... 5

2.1.3 Surface Water and Hydrology ...... 6

2.2 Biological Environment ...... 6

2.2.1 Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia ...... 6

2.2.2 Land Systems ...... 7

2.2.3 Pre-European Vegetation ...... 7

2.3 State and Commonwealth Conservation Categories and Management ...... 8

2.4 Land Use and Tenure...... 9

3 Methodology ...... 10 3.1 Desktop Assessment ...... 10

3.1.1 Database Searches ...... 10

3.1.2 Literature Review ...... 10

3.1.3 Habitat Characterisation ...... 11

3.1.4 Conservation Assessment ...... 11

3.2 Field Survey ...... 13

3.2.1 Survey Timing and Personnel ...... 13

3.2.2 Vertebrate Fauna ...... 14

3.2.2.1 Habitat Assessment ...... 14

3.2.2.2 Trapping Grids ...... 15

3.2.2.3 Avifauna Surveys ...... 16

3.2.2.4 Motion Sensitive Cameras ...... 16

3.2.2.5 Acoustic Bat Surveys ...... 16

3.2.2.6 Active Foraging ...... 16

Page | v Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 3.2.2.7 Targeted Searches ...... 16

3.2.2.8 Nocturnal Spotlighting ...... 16

3.2.3 Statistical Analyses ...... 19

3.2.3.1 Sampling Effort ...... 19

3.2.3.2 Site Classification ...... 19

3.2.4 SRE Invertebrates ...... 19

3.2.4.1 Habitat Assessment ...... 19

3.2.4.2 Active Foraging ...... 19

3.3 SRE Specimen Identification ...... 19

3.4 Taxonomy and Nomenclature ...... 20

3.5 Limitations ...... 20

4 Results ...... 23 4.1 Desktop Assessment ...... 23

4.1.1 Environmentally Sensitive Areas ...... 23

4.1.2 Vertebrate Fauna ...... 23

4.1.3 SRE Invertebrates ...... 26

4.2 Field Survey ...... 26

4.2.1 Vertebrate Fauna Habitat ...... 26

4.2.1.1 Fauna Habitats ...... 26

4.2.1.2 Significant Habitat Areas ...... 27

4.2.1.3 Habitat Suitability for MNES Species ...... 29

4.2.2 Vertebrate Fauna Species ...... 30

4.2.2.1 Herpetofauna ...... 30

4.2.2.2 Birds ...... 32

4.2.2.3 Mammals...... 34

4.2.2.4 Conservation Listed Species Recorded ...... 36

4.2.2.5 Conservation Listed Species Potentially Occurring in the Survey Area ..... 37

4.2.3 Invertebrate Fauna Habitats ...... 38

4.2.4 Invertebrate Fauna Species...... 38

5 Discussion ...... 40 5.1 Vertebrate Fauna ...... 40

Page | vi Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 5.1.1 Habitats ...... 40

5.1.2 Species ...... 40

5.1.2.1 General Assemblage ...... 40

5.1.2.2 Conservation Significant Species ...... 41

5.2 SRE Invertebrates ...... 45

5.2.1 Habitats ...... 45

5.2.2 Species ...... 46

6 References ...... 47

List of Figures

Figure 1: Survey area location...... 4

Figure 2: Climate data for Pannawonica (Station 5069)...... 5

Figure 3: Previous surveys conducted over the survey area...... 12

Figure 4: Pannawonica mean monthly rainfall (1971 – 2017) and total monthly rainfall (2016 – 2017) and Mesa A rainfall (2016 - 2017), and Pannawonica mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures (1971 – 2005), and Mesa A mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures (2016 – 2017), in the 12 months preceding the survey...... 14

Figure 5: Diagrammatic layout of systematic trapping sites...... 15

Figure 6: Species accumulation curves for herpetofauna surveys...... 31

Figure 7: Two-dimensional ordination of herpetofauna species assemblages of each site...... 32

Figure 8: Species accumulation curves for bird surveys...... 33

Figure 9: Two-dimensional ordination of bird species assemblages of each site...... 34

Figure 10: Species accumulation curves for mammal surveys...... 35

Figure 11: Two-dimensional ordination of mammal species assemblages of each site...... 36

List of Tables

Table 1: Summary of Astron’s vertebrate fauna and SRE invertebrate fauna assessment...... 3

Table 2: Geological units of the survey area ...... 6

Table 3: Distribution of land systems within the survey area and Pilbara bioregion ...... 7

Table 4: Extent of pre-European vegetation in the survey area ...... 8

Table 5: Database searches requested...... 10

Page | vii Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 Table 6: Trapping site locations and survey effort for the current survey...... 17

Table 7: Statement of limitations for the vertebrate and SRE invertebrate fauna survey...... 21

Table 8: Summary of literature review results from surveys conducted within the vicinity of the survey area...... 24

Table 9: Summary of Western Australian Museum database search results for SRE and potential SRE taxa...... 26

Table 10: Vertebrate fauna habitat types recorded in the survey area...... 28

Table 11: Number of vertebrate fauna species recorded during the survey...... 30

Table 12: Total number of herpetofauna taxa sampled at trap sites (Astron Phase 1, Phase 2 and MWH Australia (2015)) in comparison to estimates of the total species pool based on several models...... 30

Table 13: Total number of bird taxa sampled at trap sites (Astron Phase 1, Phase 2 and MWH Australia (2015)) in comparison to estimates of the total species pool based on several models...... 33

Table 14: Total number of mammal taxa sampled at trap sites (Astron Phase 1, Phase 2 and MWH Australia (2015)) in comparison to estimates of the total species pool based on several models...... 35

Table 15: Suitability of habitat types for SRE fauna within the survey area...... 38

Table 16: Summary of the potential SRE species within the survey area...... 39

List of Appendices

Appendix A: Background Information Figures

Appendix B: Conservation Fauna Categories, Habitat Condition Scales and Likelihood Criteria Appendix C: Survey Sampling Locations

Appendix D: Alacran Environmental Science SRE Report Appendix E: Fauna Species Lists

Appendix F: Threatened and Priority Fauna Species Likelihood of Occurrence within the Survey Area Appendix G: Fauna Habitat Mapping and Significant Areas

Appendix H: Conservation Listed and SRE Fauna Locations

Appendix I: Bat Call WA Pty Ltd Report

Appendix J: List of Specimens Lodged with the Western Australian Museum

Page | viii Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 1 Introduction

1.1 Project Background

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd (Rio Tinto; the Proponent) is evaluating the potential development of a number of iron ore deposits within the Robe Valley in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. One area of potential development under consideration is a borefield at Warramboo in the west of the Robe Valley, located approximately 50 km west of Pannawonica. A Pre-Feasibility Study (PFS) has commenced to evaluate the potential development of a number of mines and associated infrastructure.

Key components of the pre-feasibility and feasibility studies being undertaken are the environmental surveys which are required to inform the PFS and any future environmental impact assessment. Astron has been commissioned to undertake a dual phase Level 2 fauna survey of the proposed Warramboo borefield area (the ‘survey area’), which is 4,619.7 ha (Figure 1). This report presents the outcome of both phases of the Level 2 vertebrate and Short Range Endemic (SRE) invertebrate fauna assessment within the survey area.

1.2 Scope and Objectives

The objective of the assessment was to undertake a dual phase Level 2 assessment of vertebrate fauna and targeted SRE invertebrate fauna through a desktop assessment and field surveys, and to incorporate data from previous biological surveys. The resultant data will support and inform the environmental assessment process in accordance with the requirements of the Environmental Protection Authority. The scope of works was to undertake a:

 desktop assessment, including database searches and literature review of available resources  dual phase vertebrate fauna field survey, including: o fauna sampling over two seasons (dry season, wet season) o targeted Matters of National Environmental Significance (MNES) species sampling and searches o fauna habitat mapping  targeted SRE field survey, including: o targeted survey and searches o dry pitfall trap sampling o SRE fauna habitat mapping.

Astron conducted the fauna survey in accordance with the following:

 Position Statement No. 3 (Environmental Protection Authority 2002)  Technical Guidance - Terrestrial Fauna Surveys (Environmental Protection Authority 2016a)  Technical Guidance -Sampling of Short Range Endemic Invertebrate Fauna (Environmental Protection Authority 2016)Technical Guidance - Sampling Methods for Terrestrial Fauna (Environmental Protection Authority 2016c)

Page | 1 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017  Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) referral guideline for the Endangered Northern Quoll Dasyurus hallucatus (Department of the Environment 2016)  Survey Guidelines for Australia’s Threatened Reptiles, Birds, Mammals and Bats (Department of Sustainability Environment Water Population and Communities 2011b; Department of the Environment 2010b; Department of Sustainability Environment Water Population and Communities 2011a; Department of the Environment 2010a)  Interim Guideline for Preliminary Surveys of Night Parrot (Pezoporus occidentalis) in Western Australia, May 2017 (Department of Parks and Wildlife 2017a)  Rio Tinto data standards (Rio Tinto Iron Ore 2017).

The scope and key limitations of the survey are outlined in Table 1. Section 3.5 of this report provides more detail on the limitations of the survey.

Page | 2 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Table 1: Summary of Astron’s vertebrate fauna and SRE invertebrate fauna assessment.

Level of survey Survey area size Survey timing Relevant regulatory guidance documents Key survey limitations  Position Statement No. 3 (Environmental Protection Authority 2002)  Technical Guidance - Terrestrial Fauna Surveys (Environmental Protection Authority 2016a)  Technical Guidance – Sampling of Short Range Endemic Invertebrate Fauna (Environmental Protection Authority 2016)Technical Guidance - Sampling Methods for Terrestrial Fauna (Environmental Protection Authority 2016c)  Environment Protection and Biodiversity  The low diversity of SRE species and their taxonomic composition suggests that the survey 1 to 9 May 2017 Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) referral Level 2 dual phase guideline for the Endangered Northern Quoll may have been undertaken in unfavourable 4,619.7 ha 12 to 21 September survey Dasyurus hallucatus (Department of the conditions owing to the lack of trapdoor spiders, 2017 Environment 2016) burrowing scorpions, pseudoscorpions and cryptic  Survey Guidelines for Australia’s Threatened millipedes. Reptiles, Birds, Mammals and Bats (Department of Sustainability Environment Water Population and Communities 2011b; Department of the Environment 2010b; Department of Sustainability Environment Water Population and Communities 2011a; Department of the Environment 2010a)  Interim Guideline for Preliminary Surveys of Night Parrot (Pezoporus occidentalis) in Western Australia, May 2017 (Department of Parks and Wildlife 2017a)

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R ioTintoIronLtd Ore Pty WarrambooBorefield AssFaunaLevel– 2 e s smSeptem e nt, ber2017 Figure 1: Survey area location

Author:M.Love 10-11-2017 Date: Projection: MGA - Zone GDA501994 Datum: Km Dr awn : C. DydeDrawn: C. FigureRe14279-17-BIDR-1Re vA_171110_Fig01 f: 0 20 40 60 80 100 ± Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 2 Environmental Context

2.1 Physical Environment

2.1.1 Climate

The climate of the Pilbara region of Western Australia is classified as arid tropical with two distinct seasons: a hot, wet summer (October – April) and a mild, dry winter (May – September) (Bureau of Meteorology 2017).

Based on long-term climatic data from the nearest Bureau of Meteorology weather station at Pannawonica (Station 5069) (approximately 13 km north-east of the survey area) the mean annual rainfall since 1971 is 403.5 mm (Bureau of Meteorology 2017). The mean maximum daily temperatures range between 28°C and 41°C, and range above 30°C for much of the year (Bureau of Meteorology 2017) (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Climate data for Pannawonica (Station 5069). Mean annual rainfall data has been calculated from 1971 – 2017 and mean maximum temperature has been calculated from 1971 – 2005 (Bureau of Meteorology 2017).

2.1.2 Geology and Soils

The survey area is located on the edge of the Carnarvon and Ashburton Basins of the Pilbara Craton and the geology is dominated by conglomerate and shale, or sedimentary rocks (van Vreeswyk et al. 2004). The surface geology of the survey area is comprised of four units (Stewart et al. 2008), with

Page | 5 Page | 5 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 Alluvium 38485 the most dominant (Table 2). Geological mapping of the survey area and surrounds is presented in Figure A.1 (Appendix A).

Table 2: Geological units of the survey area (Stewart et al. 2008).

Area within Geological name Label survey area (ha) Alluvium 38485: channel and flood plain alluvium; gravel, sand, silt, clay, Qa 4,181.5 locally calcreted Colluvium 38491: colluvium, sheetwash, talus; gravel piedmonts and aprons over and around bedrock; clay-silt-sand with sheet and nodular kankar; alluvial Qrc 329.2 and aeolian sand-silt-gravel in depressions and broad valleys in Canning Basin; local calcrete, reworked laterite Robe Pisolite: pisolitic, oolitic and massive limonite, goethite and hematite Czlr 80.8 deposits containing fossil wood fragments; iron ore

Nanutarra Formation: shale, ferruginous and glauconitic quartz sandstone, Kswn 28.2 siltstone, micaceous siltstone; poorly sorted conglomerate

The survey area lies within the Cane River Zone of the Exmouth Province (Tille 2006). It is characterised by alluvial plains and sandplains (with some flood plains and gravelly plains) on Cainozoic deposits over Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Carnarvon Basin. Soils consist of red deep sandy duplexes with red/brown non-cracking clays and red loamy earths, and some red deep loamy duplexes, red sandy earths and self-mulching cracking clays (Tille 2006).

2.1.3 Surface Water and Hydrology

The survey area is intersected by Warramboo Creek, which drains from south-east to north-west. It is likely that the downstream section of Warramboo Creek, where it discharges into scrubland on the coastal plain, becomes part of the Robe River floodplain during large floods. This creek is ephemeral and only flows following significant seasonal rain. The Robe River occurs approximately 8 km from the survey area. The survey area does not occur within a Public Drinking Water Source Area (Department of Water 2008).

2.2 Biological Environment

2.2.1 Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia

The Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA version 7) divides the Australian continent into 89 bioregions and 419 subregions (Department of the Environment and Energy 2016a). The IBRA regions represent a landscape-based approach to classifying the land surface, including attributes of climate, geomorphology, landform, lithology, and characteristic flora and fauna. The survey area occurs in the Pilbara Bioregion, of which 5% to 10% is represented in the national reserve system (Department of the Environment and Energy 2016b).

The biodiversity of the 53 subregions recognised in Western Australia was documented as part of a national audit to provide priorities for conservation action (Department of Conservation and Land Management 2002). Approximately 99% of the survey area occurs in the Roebourne subregion of the Pilbara region. The remaining 1% of the survey area occurs within the Hamersley subregion.

Page | 6 Page | 6 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 These subregions are described in the audit as:

Roebourne PIL4 - coastal and subcoastal plains on Quaternary alluvial and older colluvial geology, dominated by grass savannah of mixed bunch and hummock grasses, and dwarf shrub steppe of Acacia pyrifolia and A. inaequilatera in the south. Upland areas are characterised by Triodia species hummock grasslands, while drainage lines support Eucalyptus victrix or Corymbia hamersleyana woodlands. To the west samphire, Sporobolus and mangal occur on marine alluvial flats and river deltas (Kendrick and Stanley 2001).

Hamersley PIL3 – dissected bold plateaux and ranges of flat lying, moderately folded sandstone and quartzite with vegetation described as Mulga low woodland over tussock grasses occurring on fine textured soils in valley floors, with scattered Snappy gum (Eucalyptus leucophloia) over Triodia brizoides on skeletal soils of the ranges (Kendrick 2001).

2.2.2 Land Systems

Land systems of the Western Australian rangelands have been mapped and described by the Department of Agriculture and Food outlining the distributions and providing descriptions of biophysical resources including soil and vegetation condition. A total of 102 land systems occur in the Pilbara bioregion covering 181,723 km2. Two land systems occur in the survey area, with Cane being the most dominant (Table 3). The layout of these land systems within the survey area is shown in Figure A.2 (Appendix A).

Table 3: Distribution of land systems within the survey area and Pilbara bioregion (van Vreeswyk et al. 2004).

Total area within Total area Proportion Land system Pilbara within survey within survey bioregion area (ha) area (%) (ha) Cane – alluvial plains and floodplains supporting snakewood shrublands, soft and hard spinifex 81,774.97 4,337.5 5.3 grasslands and tussock grassland Peedamulla - gravelly plains supporting hard spinifex 59,200.75 282.2 0.5 grasslands and minor snakewood shrublands TOTAL 140,975.7 4,619.7 -

2.2.3 Pre-European Vegetation

Pre-European vegetation was mapped across the Pilbara region at a scale of 1:1,000,000 (Beard 1975). The survey area is located in the Stuart Hills and Onslow Coastal Plain physiographic units of the Fortescue Botanical District (Figure A.3, Appendix A). These physiographic units are described as:

Onslow Coastal Plain: coastal plain characterised by a gentle rise to barren stony hills south of the Robe River. Vegetation is described as:

 hard alkaline red soil –shrub steppe with Acacia pyrifolia and Hakea lorea subsp. lorea over Triodia pungens  sandy soils – Triodia pungens hummock grassland with scattered Acacia pyrifolia, A. ancistrocarpa, A. sclerosperma, A. tetragonophylla  low-lying clay soils – open eucalypt woodlands over tussock grasslands.

Page | 7 Page | 7 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 Stuart Hills: this unit consists mostly of plains, gently undulating pediplains extending out from Breakaways and residuals capped by Robe pisolites, and stony hills and steeply dissected pediments on fine-grained sandstone, shale and dolomite. Vegetation is described as:

 hills and plains – Triodia wiseana and T. basedowii hummock grasslands with sparse shrubs, particularly Acacia bivenosa  drainage lines – Corymbia hamersleyana and C. candida occur occasionally, with Senna species and ephemerals  major rivers – Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Acacia citrinoviridis along river and mulga low woodland on river flats and tributaries.

Four pre-European vegetation units, 583, 600, 604 and 605 (Shepherd, Beeston, and Hopkins 2002), are associated with the survey area:

583: ‘Hummock grasslands, sparse shrub steppe; kanji and Acacia bivenosa over hard spinifex Triodia basedowii and T. wiseana’ 600: ‘Sedgeland; sedges with low open tree savanna; Eucalyptus sp. aff aspera over various sedges’ 604: ‘Hummock grasslands, shrub steppe; kanji and snakewood over soft spinifex’ 605: ‘Hummock grasslands, shrub steppe; Acacia pachycarpa and waterwood over soft spinifex’.

Table 4 summarises the current and pre-European extent of these four vegetation units in the Pilbara and the survey area.

Table 4: Extent of pre-European vegetation in the survey area (Government of Western Australia 2014).

Vegetation Extent in survey Current extent in Pre-European Proportion of pre-European association area (ha) Pilbara bioregion (ha) extent (ha) extent remaining (%) 583 97.7 243,111.71 243,111.71 100 600 4,164.6 66,954.63 67,036.26 99.88 604 270.5 15,665.93 15,665.93 100 605 86.9 114,115.85 114,115.85 100

2.3 State and Commonwealth Conservation Categories and Management

Commonwealth and State regulatory authorities maintain databases of the locations and conservation status of significant flora, fauna and ecological communities in Western Australia. The EPBC Act provides a legal framework to protect and manage MNES including listed flora, fauna and ecological communities. These listed flora, fauna and ecological communities are allocated conservation categories, which are outlined in Tables B.1-B.6 (Appendix B).

Ecological communities may be subject to processes that threaten to destroy or significantly modify it across much of its range. These communities are identified as threatened ecological communities (TECs) and are listed at both the State level by the Western Australian Minister for Environment and the Commonwealth level under the EPBC Act (Tables B.1-B.2, Appendix B). The Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (DBCA) maintains a list of priority ecological communities (PECs), which may also be under threat and are assigned one of four priority rankings according to the criteria outlined in Table B.3 (Appendix B).

Page | 8 Page | 8 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 Under Western Australian legislation, all native fauna is protected and it is an offence to ‘take’ protected fauna. The Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 also provides for native fauna species to be specially protected when they are considered rare, threatened with extinction, or have a high conservation value (Table B.4, Appendix B). In addition, due to the diversity of Western Australia’s fauna, many species are known from only a few collections or locations, but have not been adequately surveyed. Such fauna may be rare or threatened, but cannot be considered for declaration as Threatened fauna until adequate surveys have been undertaken. These fauna species are included on a supplementary conservation list managed by the DBCA called the Priority Fauna List. Priority fauna are categorised according to level of threat and other information and the conservation categories are described in Table B.5 (Appendix B).

2.4 Land Use and Tenure

The survey area is located within the Shire of Ashburton on the Yarraloola Station pastoral lease. The local area is used for pastoralism, mineral exploration and mining activity.

The nearest conservation reserves to the survey area are:

 Cane River Conservation Park – 32 km south  Millstream-Chichester National Park - 125 km east  Barlee Range Nature Reserve – 145 km south  Murujuga National Park - 145 km north-east.

Page | 9 Page | 9 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 3 Methods

3.1 Desktop Assessment

A desktop assessment was undertaken to assess whether any conservation listed vertebrate and invertebrate species, SRE invertebrate species or communities, or PECs/TECs were likely to occur within the survey area. For vertebrate species, the review focused on key habitats for conservation listed fauna and species of MNES. For SRE invertebrates, the review focused on key habitats for SRE fauna and the eight invertebrate groups with a known high proportion of SRE species (the SRE groups): centipedes (Chilopoda), harvestmen (Opiliones), millipedes (Diplopoda), non-marine snails (Gastropoda), pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones), scorpions (Scorpiones), terrestrial slaters (Isopoda) and spiders (Araneae).

3.1.1 Database Searches

A search for Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) in the vicinity of the survey area was conducted using the WA Atlas (Landgate 2015) and Register of the National Estate spatial database (Department of the Environment and Energy 2008). In addition, database searches were conducted with search details summarised in Table 5. Conservation categories for fauna are provided in Appendix B.

Table 5: Database searches requested.

Date search Database name Search focus Search area results received 40 km radius from an Terrestrial approximate survey area centre NatureMap (Department of Parks fauna and fauna 10/04/2017 point, defined by the and Wildlife 2017b) of conservation coordinates: 21°39’09 S, significance 115°46’45 E 20 km radius from a point Threatened and Priority Fauna Threatened and defined by the coordinates: Database (Department of Parks 21/04/2017 Priority fauna 21°39’09 S, 115°46’45 E and Wildlife 2017d) species (MGA50, GDA94) Protected Matters Search Tool Threatened and 40 km buffer from the central (Department of the Environment 10/04/2017 Priority fauna coordinates: -21.65242, and Energy 2017) species 115.77924 (MGA50, GDA94) 40 km buffer around BirdLife Australia (Birdlife Australia 10/04/2017 Bird species approximate survey area 2017) location 40,000 km2 square area Arachnids, bounded by the coordinates: Western Australian Museum myriapods, Invertebrate Database (Western 06/06/2017 -20.715645, 114.791105 and - crustaceans and Australian Museum 2017) 22.585308, 116.771565 molluscs (MGA50, GDA94)

3.1.2 Literature Review

Fauna surveys have previously been commissioned by Rio Tinto within the vicinity of the survey area and supplied to Astron for the desktop assessment. The previous survey areas that overlapped with the current survey area are shown in Figure 3. The reports reviewed as part of this assessment include:

Page | 10 Page | 10 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017  Mesa J Tail Track Extension Vegetation, Flora and Fauna Survey (Astron Environmental Services 2011)  Warramboo and Highway Deposit RE Drilling AR-13-11882 Vegetation, Flora and Fauna Assessment (Astron Environmental Services 2014b)  Mesa H Level 2 Fauna Assessment (Astron Environmental Services 2016a)  Mesa J Pit Extension Level 2 Fauna Assessment (Astron Environmental Services 2016b)  Mesa H Level 1 Flora, Vegetation and Fauna Assessment (Astron Environmental Services 2014a)  Yarraloola Targeted Fauna Survey (Biologic Environmental Survey 2014)  Fauna Habitats and Fauna Assemblage of Mesa A and G (Biota Environmental Sciences 2005)  Fauna Habitats and Fauna Assemblage of the Mesa A Transport Corridor and Warramboo (Biota Environmental Sciences 2006)  Mesa G Baseline Fauna Survey (Biota Environmental Sciences 2009)  Robe Valley Mesas Fauna Survey (Biota Environmental Sciences 2011)  Level 2 Terrestrial Fauna Surveys: Mesa B-C, Warramboo BWT and Highway to Tod Bore (MWH Australia 2015).

3.1.3 Habitat Characterisation

Using orthophotos provided by Rio Tinto and the available literature, the survey area was split into distinct landform types that were evaluated further for their likelihood of conservation listed vertebrate or SRE species occurrence. The assessment followed several criteria, such as the availability of moisture, extent of shade and shelter, and soil and vegetation types. Emphasis was given to landforms (and associated habitats) that may contain ‘relict’ species (surviving in sheltered and moist conditions) and those that may support habitat specialists (i.e. species restricted to rocky outcrops).

3.1.4 Conservation Assessment

Conservation listed vertebrate fauna species returned from the database searches were categorised for likelihood of occurrence within the survey area prior to the field survey, according to the criteria listed in Table B.7 (Appendix B). Post survey, the likelihood table was re-assessed utilising the information obtained during the field survey. The additional criteria used for the assessment are outlined in Table B.7 (Appendix B). The likelihood table was then updated to reflect an improved understanding of the likelihood that a species would actually occur in the survey area.

SRE invertebrates are species with distributions of less than 10,000 km2 and their occurrence within their distribution is usually fragmented and highly localised (Harvey 2002; Ponder and Colgan 2002). However, it is often difficult to determine whether or not a species in one of the target SRE groups actually has a range < 10,000 km2. For the purpose of desktop review, SRE status was determined by the staff of the Western Australian Museum (WAM) through providing the results of SRE filtered searches of the WAM databases. This assessment was reviewed and supplemented with information contained in previous environmental reports, the published literature and online databases. For morphospecies collected during the survey, the criteria outlined in Table B.8 (Appendix B) were used to determine SRE status. The SRE categories of the WAM (confirmed SRE, potential SRE and widespread species) were used to assess the status of species, with sub-categories applied in accordance with the WAM Taxonomic Service guidelines.

Page | 11 Page | 11 365000 370000 375000 380000 385000 390000 395000

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SurveyArea Previous surveys Level 2 TerresLevel2 trialFauna Surveys:MeWa sB-C, rrama booBWTand Highway TodtoBore (MWH Global 2015) RobeValley Project Flora and Fauna Ass e s smCongo e– nt Bore(ecologia AR-12-09767 Environm e2013) nt 7595000 Flora,Vege tationand Fauna Ass e ss m eof nttheWa rram boo/Yarraloola Acces Track sAustralia (ENV 2012)

RioTintoIron Ore Ltd Pty Datum: GDA 1994 - Projection: - Datum:GDA1994 MGA Zone 50 Wa rram booBorefield FaunaLevel2 – Ass e ss mSeptem e nt, ber2017 Kilom e tres Figure 3: Previous surveys conducted over the survey area 0 1 2 3 4 5 ± Author: M. LoveAuthor:M. Drawn:Dyde C. 10-11-2017 Date: Figure14279-17-BIDR-1RevA_171110_Fig03_PRef: reSurveys Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 3.2 Field Survey

3.2.1 Survey Timing and Personnel

The Phase 1 (wet season) field survey was undertaken by Jeff Turpin and John Trainer from 1 to 9 May 2017. The Phase 2 (dry season) field survey was undertaken by Matthew Love and John Trainer from 12 to 21 September 2017. All survey personnel have over five years of experience conducting Level 2 vertebrate fauna surveys or invertebrate surveys. The survey was conducted under a "Licence to Take Fauna for Scientific Purposes" (Permit No. 08-000566-1, 08-000566-2).

Daily weather observations recorded at the Mesa A Weather Station (Rio Tinto supplied data) directly adjacent to the survey area were used to identify local rainfall and temperatures preceding the survey as current data were not available from Pannawonica weather station (Figure 4).

Rainfall received at Pannawonica in the 12 months preceding the vertebrate fauna assessment was 430 mm above the annual average. Rainfall for the three months preceding Phase 1 of the survey at Pannawonica was 220.2 mm above the average monthly mean. Rainfall for the three months preceding the Phase 2 survey at Pannawonica was 58.9 mm below the average monthly mean. A total of 67.4 mm and 2.0 mm of rainfall was recorded at Mesa A weather station in the three months preceding Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the survey, respectively. No rainfall was received during either phase.

During the Phase 1 survey, daily maximum temperatures averaged 33.2°C ± 0.2°C and daily minimum temperatures averaged 19.5°C ± 0.3°C. Mean maximum and minimum daily temperatures were higher during the survey than the long-term mean for Pannawonica in May.

During the Phase 2 survey, daily maximum temperatures averaged 36.2°C ± 0.2°C and daily minimum temperatures averaged 21.6°C ± 0.3°C. Mean maximum and minimum daily temperatures were higher during the survey than the long-term mean for Pannawonica in September.

Page | 13 Page | 13 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Mesa A total monthly rainfall (2016-2017) Pannawonica total monthly rainfall (2016-2017) Pannawonica mean monthly rainfall (1971-2017) Mesa A mean maximum temperature (2016-2017) Mesa A mean minimum temperature (2016-2017) Pannawonica mean maximum temperature (1971-2005) Pannawonica mean minimum temperature (1971-2005) 45 350

40 300

35

C) ° 250 30

25 200 Rainfall (mm) Rainfall Temperature ( Temperature 20 150

15 100 10 50 5

0 0 Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Sep-17 Month-Year

Figure 4: Pannawonica mean monthly rainfall (1971 – 2017) and total monthly rainfall (2016 – 2017) and Mesa A rainfall (2016 - 2017), and Pannawonica mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures (1971 – 2005), and Mesa A mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures (2016 – 2017), in the 12 months preceding the survey. Black arrow indicates field survey timings. Pannawonica data from Bureau of Meteorology (2017) and Mesa A data from Rio Tinto.

3.2.2 Vertebrate Fauna

3.2.2.1 Habitat Assessment

There were eight fauna habitat assessments conducted within the four fauna habitat types present in the survey area (Table C.1, Appendix C). The locations are shown in Figure C.1 (Appendix C) and the following information was collected at each site:

 location – coordinates measured using a handheld GPS (GDA94)  recorder and date – personnel involved in undertaking the fauna habitat assessment and the survey date  vegetation type – a broad description of vegetation type and structure  soils – a brief description of soil type  microhabitat – presence of specific microhabitat features, e.g. leaf litter, logs, burrows, rocky outcrops, rock crevices, hollows, permanent or semi-permanent water  condition – habitat condition was assessed based on the presence of anthropogenic (human-induced) disturbances, and using the condition ratings suggested by Thompson and Thompson (2010) (Table B.9, Appendix B)  disturbance – any disturbance such as clearing, fire, weeds, flooding, vehicular, machinery, tracks or grazing  photographs – a representative photograph was taken of each habitat assessment site.

Page | 14 Page | 14 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 The information derived from the fauna habitat assessments, as well as previous fauna habitat and vegetation mapping (MWH Australia 2016) from within and adjacent to the survey area, was used to delineate fauna habitats throughout the survey area, which were then mapped accordingly. The potential for the mapped habitats to provide suitable habitat for MNES species, Pilbara Olive Python (VU, S3), Northern Quoll (EN, S2), Ghost Bat (VU, S3), Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat (VU, S3) and Night Parrot (EN, S1) were ranked according to the criteria listed in Table B.10 (Appendix B) and then mapped for each species (Figures C.2-C.4, Appendix C).

3.2.2.2 Trapping Grids

The trapping program was a post wet season survey undertaken using four trapping sites (Table 6). Sites were selected in areas of favourable micro-habitat to maximise the likelihood of fauna capture (Figure C.1, Appendix C).

The following trap design was used for the program:

 three trap sites (Trap 1, 2 and 4) of 10 pitfall traps (20 L buckets), six funnel traps, 20 Elliot traps and four cage traps (wire mesh cage trap)

 one trap site (Trap 3) was established as an Elliott site, with 20 Elliott traps and four cage traps arranged in a linear layout.

All pitfall and funnel traps were used in conjunction with a 100 m drift fence running over the centre of the pit, directing animal movement into the pitfall trap. The trap sites remained open for seven nights. Traps were cleared each morning within three hours of sunrise to minimise the potential of trap death. The typical trap arrangement used by Astron is depicted in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Diagrammatic layout of systematic trapping sites.

Page | 15 Page | 15 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 3.2.2.3 Avifauna Surveys

Systematic avifauna (bird) censuses were undertaken at each trapping grid, for both survey phases, for 20 minutes each day on three occasions, resulting in a total of 120 minutes per person of survey effort at each site. All species were recorded from sightings and/or from species-specific bird calls. Opportunistic records of species across the survey area were also recorded and habitats that may support species of conservation significance were targeted.

3.2.2.4 Motion Sensitive Cameras

Sixteen motion sensitive cameras were used during the survey (Moultrie). Cameras were set for between five and eight nights with a combined trapping effort of 88 camera trap nights. The cameras were baited with cat biscuits and placed in prospective/suitable habitat aimed at targeting MNES species. Camera locations are shown in Figure C.1 and detailed in Table C.1 (Appendix C).

3.2.2.5 Acoustic Bat Surveys

Acoustic ultrahigh frequency equipment was used to record the presence of bats, in particular the Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat and Ghost Bat. Two acoustic recording devices (Song Meter 2, SM2BAT+) were positioned in eight locations. The detectors were set for one to four nights, resulting in a total of 21 recording nights. The locations are depicted in Figure C.1 and detailed in Table C.1 (Appendix C). The bat echolocation data collected on the SM2BAT+ detectors in the field was analysed by Robert Bullen (Bat Call WA 2017).

3.2.2.6 Active Foraging

Active searches were undertaken across both phases of the survey in microhabitats suitable for ground-dwelling reptiles and mammals. Active searches included the following:

 searching and recording scats, tracks and other traces  turning over rocks and logs and peeling off bark  raking soil and leaf litter  searching rocky habitats in cracks and caves, around water bodies and inside bore hole caps.

3.2.2.7 Targeted Searches

The aim of the targeted searches was to identify areas of potentially suitable habitat for conservation significant fauna, such as caves, and secondary signs including tracks, scats, diggings and burrows. Walked transects were undertaken throughout the survey area (Figure C.1, Appendix C). In addition, visual observation for conservation significant fauna habitat was ongoing whilst moving through the survey area. Track logs were recorded using a handheld GPS and are shown in Figure C.1 (Appendix C). Any opportunistic sightings of fauna species were recorded whilst traversing the survey area.

3.2.2.8 Nocturnal Spotlighting

Spotlighting at night was undertaken on foot and from vehicles to target fauna that are nocturnal or crepuscular, particularly conservation significant species. A total of 1,354 minutes (approximately 22.5 hours) of nocturnal spotlighting was undertaken across the survey area (Figure C.1, Appendix C).

Page | 16 Page | 16 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Table 6: Trapping site locations and survey effort for the current survey.

Location Total Habitat Dates Trap No. of Site (MGA Zone Habitat Vegetation description trap Photos condition opened nights traps 50 K) nights

Eucalyptus camaldulensis subsp. refulgens low open woodland over Acacia tumida 02/05/17 – 374933mE var. pilbarensis tall sparse 09/05/17 Trap 1 Riparian 0.8 14 40 560 7602886mN shrubland over Themeda 13/09/17 – triandra tussock grassland and 20/09/17 Triodia epactia isolated hummock grasses

Acacia ancistrocarpa and A. bivenosa tall to mid sparse 02/05/17 – 371842mE shrubland over Triodia sp. 09/05/17 Trap 2 Clay Plain 1.0 14 40 560 7603525mN Peedamulla (A.A. Mitchell 13/09/17 – PRP1636) open hummock 20/09/17 grassland

Isolated patches of Corymbia candida low trees over Acacia inaequilatera, A. ancistrocarpa, 02/05/17 – A. synchronicia and A. 374447mE 09/05/17 Trap 3 Hardpan sclerosperma subsp. 1.0 14 24 336 7606605mN 13/09/17 – sclerosperma tall sparse 20/09/17 shrubland over Triodia epactia hummock to open hummock grassland

Page | 17 Page | 17 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Location Total Habitat Dates Trap No. of Site (MGA Zone Habitat Vegetation description trap Photos condition opened nights traps 50 K) nights Eucalyptus camaldulensis subsp. refulgens and E. victrix low open woodland over 02/05/17 – Acacia ancistrocarpa, A. 373743mE 09/05/17 Trap 4 Floodplain trachycarpa, A. bivenosa, and 0.6 14 40 560 7609162mN 13/09/17 – A. tumida var. pilbarensis tall to 20/09/17 mid open shrubland over Triodia epactia open to sparse hummock grassland Total trap effort 2,016

Page | 18 Page | 18 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 3.2.3 Statistical Analyses

3.2.3.1 Sampling Effort

Sampling effort was assessed using species accumulation curves and modelled estimates of the total species pool. Species accumulation curves are created by randomly sampling an incremental number of sites while plotting the total number of species sampled. Species estimators are particular statistical models of species accumulation which estimate the total species pool available. Four species estimators were compared: Chao 2, Jackknife 1, Jackknife 2 and Bootstrap (Colwell and Coddington 1994). Species accumulation curves were created for each faunal group (mammals, birds and herpetofauna). All analyses were performed in R 3.2.1 (R Development Core Team 2015) using the package “Vegan”.

3.2.3.2 Site Classification

The similarity of species assemblages amongst sites was assessed using two dimensional ordinations based on Sorensen’s index of similarity amongst sites. Significant groupings of sites by habitat type were identified using the Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM) function (Clarke, Somerfield, and Gorley 2008) within the package “Vegan”. Ordinations and ANOSIM tests were performed for each faunal group.

3.2.4 SRE Invertebrates

3.2.4.1 Habitat Assessment

Fauna habitats within the survey area were mapped for their suitability to support SRE invertebrates as part of an initial desktop assessment (Section 3.1.3) and further refined following the field survey.

3.2.4.2 Active Foraging

A total of 23 systematic sites (including the trapping sites over both phases) were sampled for SRE fauna across the survey area (Figure C.1, Appendix C). All sites were sampled by active foraging and litter-soil samples. The sites were selected so that they represented the landforms and vegetation associations inferred as prospective in the desktop assessment; however, some sites also targeted the less prospective habitats (e.g. Clay Plain) to confirm the results of the initial desktop assessment. Detailed site descriptions, including associated landforms and vegetation features, are provided in Table C.1 (Appendix C).

Foraging was focused under boulders, at the base of tree logs, under loose tree bark, in moist and dry leaf litter accumulations and in Triodia clumps, but occurred in all habitats. The search for mygalomorph spider burrows was by visual inspections. Night-time searching for scorpions was undertaken in conjunction with the nocturnal spotlighting. Leaf litter was sifted in situ with a 16 mm soil sieve, and potential SRE invertebrates preserved directly in 98% ethanol. Any potential SRE invertebrates observed in the dry pitfall or funnel traps at the four trapping sites were also collected.

3.3 SRE Specimen Identification

The samples were separated and sorted to morphospecies level under a dissecting microscope by Dr Erich Volschenk. Morphological identifications to species level were attempted for all collected specimens. These identifications were based on the available taxonomic literature and keys, environmental reports and online databases. Compound microscopes were used to examine fine taxonomic characters not visible otherwise, for example trichobothria patterns in pseudoscorpions.

Page | 19 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 Dr Simon Judd contributed information about isopod distributions, SRE assessment and specimen identification. The remaining identifications (scorpions and snails) were carried out by Dr Erich Volschenk. More details on SRE specimen identification are provided in Appendix D.

3.4 Taxonomy and Nomenclature

For species identified in the desktop assessment, every effort was made to determine the current scientific name for each taxon, including wherever there was doubt as to their true taxonomy (through subsequent name changes). In addition, some taxon names may be followed by ‘sp.’, meaning that the species name was not given in the original data source. WAM species codes were applied to unnamed species whenever possible (MYG codes for mygalomorph spiders) but alternative names applied by the taxonomic experts were used when WAM codes were unavailable (unpublished manuscript names for scorpions given as Genus ‘name’ by Dr Erich Volschenk).

The biology of many SRE species is not well known and the precise distribution and life history are poorly, if at all, documented (Harvey 2002; Harvey et al. 2011). Species identification is often very difficult because few specimens have been collected, reference collections are unavailable, the specimens are the wrong sex or life stage for identification, or they are morphologically cryptic and require DNA analyses. Taxonomic resolution can also be poor, either because there are no published taxonomic revisions for a group in question (terrestrial isopods in Western Australia), or because there is no expert actively working on one of the SRE groups.

3.5 Limitations

Following completion of the desktop assessment and field survey, a review of any limitations that may affect a complete assessment of the data collected was conducted. The limitations listed in Table 7 are based on those suggested as considerations in Technical Guidance - Terrestrial Fauna Surveys (Environmental Protection Authority 2016a).

Page | 20 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Table 7: Statement of limitations for the vertebrate and SRE invertebrate fauna survey.

Degree of Potential limitation Statement regarding potential limitations limitation The ecologists responsible for conducting the survey have extensive experience in conducting (i) Competency/experience No limitation Level 2 vertebrate and SRE fauna surveys in the Pilbara. (ii) Scope What faunal groups were sampled and were The survey scope employed was able to be completed and all sampling methods adequately some sampling methods not able to be employed No limitation employed. The fauna observed and identified is likely to represent a portion of the suite of species because of constraints such as weather that utilise the survey area. conditions. The fauna observed and identified are likely to represent a portion of the suite of species that utilise the survey area. Fauna habitats were able to be adequately described and a list of species likely to be present was prepared based on this assessment. Species accumulation curves generally were starting to reach an asymptote. When taking into account previous records as well as species recorded from methods other than trapping, then a (iii) Proportion of fauna identified, recorded Minor large portion of the predicted assemblage was recorded. and/or collected limitation It is not possible to determine bat species abundance from echolocation records; bat activity levels provide a relative measure of the abundance of each species within the survey area. The taxonomic composition of the SRE survey suggests that it may have been undertaken in unfavourable conditions owing to the lack of trapdoor spiders, burrowing scorpions, pseudoscorpions and cryptic millipedes. Adequate information on vertebrate fauna was available from database searches and previous (iv) Sources of information Minor studies in the survey area and region. Previously available information (whether limitation The high proportion of potential SREs and undescribed morphospecies identified in the database historic or recent) as distinct from new data. searches indicates a poor state of knowledge about these invertebrates in the region. (v) Proportion of task achieved. The survey scope employed was able to be completed and all sampling methods adequately No limitation Further work which might be needed? employed.

Page | 21 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Degree of Potential limitation Statement regarding potential limitations limitation For Phase 1 the rainfall in the three months preceding the survey was well above average at Pannawonica weather station. There was still surface water present within the survey area, particularly Warramboo Creek. However for Phase 2 all surface water was absent, particularly Warramboo Creek and no rainfall was recorded in the three months preceding this survey. Minor For Phase 1 and Phase 2 the mean temperature experienced during the survey was above the long (vi) Timing/weather/season/cycle limitation term average. The higher than normal temperatures, especially at night may have resulted in an increased abundance of species being recorded, specifically reptiles and small mammals. The taxonomic composition of the SRE survey suggests that it may have been undertaken in unfavourable conditions owing to the lack of trapdoor spiders, burrowing scorpions, pseudoscorpions and cryptic millipedes. (vii) Disturbances e.g. fire, flood, accidental human intervention No limitation No disturbances were recorded in the survey area that would have affected the survey results. which affected results of survey (viii) Intensity No limitation The intensity of the surveys was considered adequate for a Level 2 assessment. In retrospect, was the intensity adequate? (xi) Completeness All main habitats in the survey area were surveyed and coverage of habitat assessments and No limitation Was the relevant area fully surveyed? targeted surveys is considered adequate. (x) Resources Adequate resources were available to identify fauna species. All personnel involved in identification Degree of expertise available in animal No limitation have extensive experience in conducting Level 2 vertebrate and SRE fauna surveys in the Pilbara. identification to taxon level. Taxonomic experts were consulted for all SRE fauna groups. (xi) Remoteness and/or access problems No limitation There were no access problems with all of the survey area able to be accessed by vehicle or on foot. Database searches and previous fauna surveys in the survey area provided by Rio Tinto contributed (xii) Availability of contextual information Minor contextual information. e.g. biogeographic information on the region. limitation The composition of SRE taxa within this part of the Pilbara remains poorly known.

Page | 22 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

4 Results

4.1 Desktop Assessment

4.1.1 Environmentally Sensitive Areas

There are no ESAs located within, or adjacent to the survey area (Department of Water and Environmental Regulation 2017).

4.1.2 Vertebrate Fauna

The database searches and literature review results indicate that 287 vertebrate fauna have been previously recorded within 40 km of the survey area, including seven amphibian species, 93 reptile species, 148 bird species (including one introduced bird species) and 39 mammal species (including nine introduced mammal species) (Tables E.1-E.4, Appendix E). Of these, 24 species are of conservation significance, including two reptile species, 16 bird species and six mammal species (Table F.1, Appendix F). Of these, two species were considered to have a ‘high’ likelihood (inclusive of those previously recorded within the survey area), seven species were considered to have a ‘moderate’ likelihood and 15 were considered to have a ‘low’ likelihood of occurrence within the survey area (Table F.1, Appendix F). This is based on their respective ecology, habitats considered likely to be present and any previous records from historic survey and database records.

Previous surveys undertaken for Rio Tinto in the vicinity of the survey area recorded six conservation significant vertebrate fauna species: Northern Quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus), Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat (Rhinonicteris aurantia), Ghost Bat (Macroderma gigas), Western Pebble-mound Mouse (Pseudomys chapmani), Pilbara Olive Python (Liasis olivaceus barroni) and Lined Soil-crevice Skink (Notoscincus butleri) (Table 8).

Please note the Rainbow Bee-eater (Merops ornatus), Cattle Egret (Ardea ibis) and the Eastern Great Egret (Ardea modesta) were all previously listed as Migratory (IA) under the EPBC Act and Schedule 5 (IA) under the WC Act but have subsequently been delisted since the completion of the field surveys.

Page | 23 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Table 8: Summary of literature review results from surveys conducted within the vicinity of the survey area.

Author Survey area; size Survey level Survey timing Survey effort Conservation significant vertebrate fauna recorded (year) (ha) Notoscincus butleri (Lined Soil-crevice Skink) Eight trapping sites utilising various Liasis olivaceus barroni (Pilbara Olive Python) September/ combinations of pitfall traps (both PVC tubes and 20 L buckets), Elliott traps Dasyurus hallucatus (Northern Quoll) Astron Mesa H Level 2 October 2015 and/or funnel traps. Avifauna censuses at Rhinonicteris aurantia (Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat) (2016a) 4,930 ha (dual phase) each trapping site. Targeted searches, Macroderma gigas (Ghost Bat) April/May 2016 Anabat echolocation recordings, motion Pseudomys chapmani (Western Pebble-mound Mouse) sensitive cameras.

Habitat assessments, fauna trapping, Mesa J Pit Level 2 avifauna surveys, foot traverses, targeted Astron September/ Notoscincus butleri (Lined Soil-crevice Skink) Extension (single searches for both vertebrates and SRE (2016b) October 2015 Pseudomys chapmani (Western Pebble-mound Mouse) 150.5 ha phase) invertebrates, and the use of motion sensitive cameras. Mesa B-C, Dasyurus hallucatus (Northern Quoll) May 2015 Trapping at 13 locations, avifauna census, MWH Warramboo BWT & Macroderma gigas (Ghost Bat) Level 2 echoloation recordings, motion sensitive Australia Highway to Tod Rhinonicteris aurantia (Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat) (dual phase) September cameras, and targeted searches for both (2015) Bore Pseudomys chapmani (Western Pebble-mound Mouse) 2015 vertebrates and SRE invertebrates 7,936 ha Liasis olivaceus barroni (Pilbara Olive Python) Warramboo and Astron Desktop survey and Level 1 targeted field Highway Level 1 April/May 2014 Pseudomys chapmani (Western Pebble-mound Mouse) (2014) survey 654 ha Dasyurus hallucatus (Northern Quoll) Liasis olivaceus barroni (Pilbara Olive Python) A Level 1 targeted survey for Northern Biologic Yarraloola Pseudomys chapmani (Western Pebble-mound Mouse) Level 1 December 2013 Quolls, Pilbara Olive Pythons and Pilbara (2014) Size not stated Rhinonicteris aurantia (Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat) Leaf-nosed Bats. Macroderma gigas (Ghost Bat)

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Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Author Survey area; size Survey level Survey timing Survey effort Conservation significant vertebrate fauna recorded (year) (ha) Astron Mesa J Level 1 June 2011 Desktop survey and site reconnaissance. Nil (2011) 78.63 ha Trapping at 18 locations, avifauna census, Dasyurus hallucatus (Northern Quoll) Level 2 harp traps and echolocation recordings Biota Robe Valley Macroderma gigas (Ghost Bat) (single October 2010 targeting bat species, and targeted (2011) 9,354 ha Notoscincus butleri (Lined Soil-crevice Skink) phase) searches for both vertebrates and SRE invertebrates. Six trapping sites, avifauna census, harp Level 2 traps and echoloaction recordings Biota Mesa G Rhinonicteris aurantia (Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat) (single August 2009 targeting bat species, and targeted (2009) Size not stated Macroderma gigas (Ghost Bat) phase) searches for both vertebrates and SRE invertebrates.

April - May Ten trapping sites, including pits (buckets Mesa A Transport 2005 and PVC tubes), medium sized Elliotts Notoscincus butleri (Lined Soil-crevice Skink) Biota Corridor and Level 2 and funnels. Harp traps targeting bat Macroderma gigas (Ghost Bat) (2006) Warramboo (dual phase) species, avifauna census at each trapping July - August Pseudomys chapmani (Western Pebble-mound Mouse) 7,045 ha site and targeted searches for both 2005 vertebrates and SRE invertebrates. Ten trapping sites utilising various combinations of pitfall traps (both PVC Level 2 Biota Mesa A and G tubes and 20 L buckets), Elliott traps Dasyurus hallucatus (Northern Quoll) (single May 2004 (2005) 1,305 ha and/or funnel traps. Avifauna censuses at Macroderma gigas (Ghost Bat) phase) each trapping site and Anabat echolocation recordings.

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Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 4.1.3 SRE Invertebrates

The most recent survey investigating SREs at Warramboo and surrounds is by MWH Australia (2015). That report summarised the data from eight reports undertaken in the vicinity of the survey area (Appendix D). The data from these reports largely corroborated the data from the WAM database searches. However, there are some discrepancies such as the species identified by Biota Environmental Sciences (2006) which did not appear in the database searches. For this reason, this review focuses primarily on the data provided by the WAM.

The database search yielded 8,553 records from within the search area (Appendix D). Of those, 1,531 records were attributed to the SRE groups SREs and potential SREs. The SRE groups represented 172 taxa, of which 14 represented named species, 103 represented named morphospecies and 55 represented unidentified species belonging to taxa known to contain SRE representatives (Table 9). Previous species records are shown in Figures 5.1 to 5.9 (Appendix D). Only seven species and morphospecies (all millipedes) represented SREs with the remaining 165 taxa being potential SRE owing largely to data deficiency (DD). The high proportion of potential SREs and undescribed morphospecies indicates a poor state of knowledge about these invertebrates in this region.

Table 9: Summary of Western Australian Museum database search results for SRE and potential SRE taxa.

Named Un-named Order Morphospecies Totals species taxa (“sp.”) Araneae (spiders) 3 32 13 48 Pseudoscorpiones (pseudoscorpions) 0 10 6 16 Opiliones (harvestmen) 0 4 6 10 Scorpiones (scorpions) 0 16 6 22 Chilopoda (centipedes) 0 14 7 21 Diplopoda (millipedes) 7 7 6 20 Isopoda (slaters) 0 7 7 14 Eupulmonata (land snails) 4 13 4 21 Totals 14 103 55 172

4.2 Field Survey

4.2.1 Vertebrate Fauna Habitat

4.2.1.1 Fauna Habitats

Four broad fauna habitat types were recorded in the survey area: Riparian, Floodplain, Hardpan and Clay Plain. The habitats are described in Table 10 and mapping is presented in Figure G.1 (Appendix G). Habitat assessments undertaken during the survey are detailed in Table C.1 (Appendix C).

The majority of the Floodplain, Clay Plain and Hardpan habitats were in ‘very good’ to ‘high quality’ condition, with some areas of Floodplain habitat considered ‘good’ condition due to being affected by cattle grazing. The Riparian habitat was generally in poorer condition compared with the other habitats in the survey area, ranging from ‘good’ to very good’ condition. This is due to these habitats often supporting soft spinifex and Buffel Grass, which is considered palatable to livestock, resulting in degradation by grazing and weed infestation. It is also subject to grazing pressure due to the presence of seasonally available water.

Page | 26 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 Riparian habitat is considered to be of high importance to fauna providing a range of ecological values to a wide suite of species. The vegetation was complex and provided a range of micro niches for fauna species to exploit, such as for shelter and foraging. Riparian habitats are known to have greater species richness and abundances compared with other habitats (Doughty et al. 2011). There was also some surface water still present from recent rainfall that provides drinking opportunities for a range of species and attracts prey for predators. Although only a small portion of the survey area (0.8%) due to its linear nature, this habitat provides routes for dispersal throughout the landscape as well as areas of refuge due to its more mesic environment. This habitat is likely to support conservation listed fauna species such as the Rainbow Bee-eater and provide foraging opportunities for Ghost Bats and Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bats. The Riparian habitat is the same habitat mapped as Major River by MWH Australia (2015).

Floodplain habitat is considered to be of moderate value to a wide spectrum of fauna species. The Floodplain habitat typically exhibits a moderate diversity of microhabitats, with some tree hollows and logs. At the time of the survey the tree hollows of the Floodplain supported nesting for large concentrations of Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulates). Within the survey area the vegetation of this habitat was generally less complex when compared to Riparian habitat. This habitat occurred within the north and a small portion in the south of the survey area (13.5% of the survey area). This habitat may provide some limited foraging opportunities for Ghost Bats and Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bats. Other conservation listed species including the Rainbow Bee-eater and Lined Soil-crevice Skink may occur in this habitat.

Hardpan habitat occurs over most of the eastern portion and some parts of the western portion of the survey area. The alluvial plains of clay soil are subject to sheet water flow after rainfall and vegetation is often densely clumped or banded due to the sheet flow. This habitat was widespread, comprising 42.6% of the survey area. Although this habitat may support a different suite of fauna species, it is considered of limited value to conservation listed species, with the exception of the Short-tailed Mouse (Leggadina lakedownensis), which may be found within this habitat. The Hardpan habitat is the same habitat mapped as Hardpan by MWH Australia (2015).

Clay Plain habitat was also widespread within the survey area (42.5% of the survey area) and is considered to be of limited value to fauna. This habitat was characterised by extensive spinifex cover over clayey soils. Some areas of the Clay Plain habitat supported some small areas of large dense Triodia clumps, which may provide shelter and breeding opportunities for some fauna species. The remaining areas had been affected by recent fires (approximately 5 years) and cattle grazing. The Clay Plain habitat is similar to that mapped as Stony Plain and Acacia on Stony Plain by MWH Australia (2015).

Approximately 25.2 ha (0.6%) of the survey area was considered to be highly modified and not suitable as fauna habitat.

4.2.1.2 Significant Habitat Areas

No significant habitat features were recorded throughout the survey area. There was some surface water still present in some areas due to recent rainfall and heavy clay soils. Warramboo Creek may be considered locally significant as it is an ephemeral water course and supports quality riparian vegetation. It also provides a potential dispersal route for the Northern Quoll recorded within adjacent areas (MWH Australia 2015).

No significant bat roosts or other significant areas were identified during the survey. None of the fauna habitats were considered to be synonymous with any TECs or PECs relating to terrestrial fauna listed in the Pilbara region (Department of Parks and Wildlife 2017c).

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Table 10: Vertebrate fauna habitat types recorded in the survey area.

Extent in Habitat Value (broad faunal assemblage and Habitat type survey area Vegetation description Microhabitats Sites Representative photos condition MNES species) (proportion)

Eucalyptus camaldulensis subsp. High value to a wide spectrum of fauna refulgens and E. victrix mid Surface water species that are likely to reside in woodland over Acacia tumida var. Trap 1, CAM01, CAM02, Dense and varied leaf Good to Riparian habitats. 38.7 ha pilbarensis tall sparse shrubland CAM04, HA06, HA08, Riparian litter Very Good (0.8%) over Themeda triandra tussock SRE04, SRE09, SRE10, Quality grassland and Triodia epactia Hollow bearing trees SRE13, SM008027A Moderate value to target MNES species isolated hummock grasses on clay and logs as they are likely to traverse and forage soils within this habitat type.

Moderate value to a wide spectrum of Mixed Eucalyptus and Corymbia Trap 4, CAM09, CAM13, fauna species that are likely to reside in spp. low open woodland over CAM14, HA01, HA02, Floodplain habitats. Breeding site for 624.7 ha mixed Acacia tall to mid open Some hollow bearing SRE01, SRE02, SRE03, Good to large concentration of Budgerigars. Floodplain (13.5%) shrubland over Triodia epactia trees SRE05, SRE11, High Quality open to sparse hummock grassland SM007634A, Low value to target MNES species as on clay soils SM008027D they do not provide significant refugia or shelter.

Moderate value to a specific suite of Isolated patches of Corymbia fauna species that are likely to reside in Trap 3, CAM03, CAM07, candida low trees over mixed Very Good Hardpan habitats. 1,969.2 ha Some surface water, CAM08, CAM11, HA03, Hardpan Acacia tall sparse shrubland over to High (42.6%) dense Triodia clumps HA04, SRE14, Triodia epactia hummock to open Quality SM007634B Low value to target MNES species as hummock grassland on clay soils they do not provide significant refugia or shelter.

Trap 2, CAM06, CAM05, CAM10, CAM12, Low value to a wide spectrum of fauna Acacia ancistrocarpa and A. CAM15, CAM16, HA05, species that are likely to reside in bivenosa tall to mid sparse HA07, SRE06, SRE07, Very Good Clayplain habitats. 1,961.8 ha shrubland over Triodia sp. Clay Plain Dense Triodia clumps SRE08, SRE12, SRE15, to High (42.5%) Peedamulla (A.A. Mitchell SM008027B, Quality PRP1636) open hummock Low value to target MNES species as SM008027C, grassland on clay to clay loam soils they do not provide significant refugia SM007634C, or shelter. SM007634D, Key: CAM - camera (active) site/location; HA - habitat assessment site/location; Trap- trapping grid site/location; SM - SM2 acoustic bat recording site/location; SRE – Short Range Endemic sample site

Page | 28 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 4.2.1.3 Habitat Suitability for MNES Species

Northern Quoll

Approximately 38.7 ha (0.8%) of the survey area was considered to be ‘suitable foraging and dispersal habitat’, which consisted of Riparian habitat (Figure G.2, Appendix G). Although the nearest Northern Quoll record is 7 km away and foraging/dispersal habitat is usually within 1 km to 2 km of denning habitat, very little is understood about the characteristics of foraging and dispersal habitat (Department of the Environment 2016). Therefore Astron has adopted the precautionary approach and consider Warramboo Creek, which is a moderate sized drainage line, as potentially suitable foraging/dispersal habitat for the Northern Quoll. The remaining 4,555.8 ha (99.2%) of the fauna habitats of the survey area (minus the 25.2 ha of highly modified habitat) were considered to provide ‘limited foraging and dispersal habitat’, consisting of Floodplain, Clay Plain and Hardpan habitats (Figure G.2, Appendix G).

Ghost Bat and Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat

Approximately 663.4 ha (14.4%) of the survey area, comprising the Riparian and Floodplain habitats, was considered ‘suitable foraging and dispersal habitat’ for the two bat species (Figure G.3, Appendix G). The complex vegetation structure, particularly the tall trees, of the Riparian and Floodplain habitats provide ideal foraging habitat for these species.

The remaining 3,931.1 ha (85.6%) of the fauna habitats of the survey area (minus the 25.2 ha of highly modified habitat), comprising the Clay Plain and Hardpan habitats, was considered to provide ‘limited foraging and dispersal habitat’ (Figure G.3, Appendix G).

Pilbara Olive Python

Approximately 38.7 ha (0.8%) of the survey area was considered ‘suitable foraging and dispersal habitat’, which consisted of the Riparian habitat along Warramboo Creek (Figure G.4, Appendix G). This drainage line with quality riparian vegetation may provide foraging opportunities for the Pilbara Olive Python. It was not considered to be ‘potential shelter and foraging habitat’ due to the lack of permanent water within this habitat.

The remaining 4,555.8 ha (99.2%) fauna habitat types of the survey area (minus the 25.2 ha of highly modified habitat), was considered to provide limited foraging and dispersal habitat, consisting of Floodplain, Clay Plain and Hardpan habitats (Figure G.4, Appendix G).

Night Parrot

All of the survey area, comprising all four fauna habitats (Riparian, Hardpan, Clay Plain and Floodplain) was considered to have limited foraging and dispersal habitat. This is a result of the survey area being subjected to regular fire events and therefore the limited chance that Triodia hummocks could reach >50 years of age. Roosting habitat is thought to be large long unburnt Triodia hummocks >50 cm and ‘ring-forming’ to provide the necessary level of shelter for this species (Department of Parks and Wildlife 2017a). The survey area is also of limited foraging potential given the absence of chenopod communities and the absence of varying successions of Triodia communities (Department of Parks and Wildlife 2017a).

Page | 29 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 4.2.2 Vertebrate Fauna Species

There were 127 vertebrate fauna species recorded within the survey area during the survey (Table 11). A complete list of recorded species is provided in Tables E.5-E.9 (Appendix E). The following sections provide detailed results for each major taxonomic group sampled.

Table 11: Number of vertebrate fauna species recorded during the survey.

Fauna taxonomic No. of species No. of conservation No. of introduced species group recorded significant species recorded recorded Amphibians 4 0 0 Reptiles 30 0 0 Birds 71 1 0 Mammals 22 2 4 Total 127 3 4

4.2.2.1 Herpetofauna

Four amphibian species were recorded during the survey: Cyclorana maini, Litoria rubella, Notaden nichollsi and Platyplectrum spenceri (Table E.5 Appendix E). All four species were recorded from the Floodplain habitat and three of the species (except N. nichollsi) from the Riparian habitat. No conservation significant species were recorded.

Thirty reptile species were recorded during the survey (Table E.6, Appendix E). The most abundant groups encountered were the skinks (84 records, 54%), which was also the most speciose with 13 species, followed by the dragon lizards (34 records, 21%) with four species. The most commonly recorded species were Ctenotus hanloni (28 records), Ctenophorus isolepis (20 records), Ctenotus duricola (11 records) and Lerista bipes (11 records).

In terms of the systematic trapping data, the most speciose site was Trap 2 (Clay Plain) with 17 species followed by Trap 1 (Riparian) and Trap 4 (Floodplain) with 12 species. Three of the 30 reptile species (10%) were not captured at trapping grids, but were recorded from targeted and opportunistic records. No conservation significant species were recorded during the survey.

Utilising the relevant systematic trapping data for the survey area (all Astron sample sites, MWH Australia (2015) site WAR02_Riparian), species accumulation curves appear to approach asymptote (Figure 6). Based on estimates of total species richness between 53% and 80% of the total species pool was recorded (Table 12). As an additional three species (10% of all Astron samples) were recorded using methods other than trapping, the survey effort recorded the majority of the herpetofauna expected to be present in the survey area.

Table 12: Total number of herpetofauna taxa sampled at trap sites (Astron Phase 1, Phase 2 and MWH Australia (2015)) in comparison to estimates of the total species pool based on several models.

Estimated total species pool Observed Chao2 Jackknife 1 Jackknife 2 Bootstrap Number of species 40 75 61 75 50 Estimated % sampled 53.3 65.6 53.3 80.0

Page | 30 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Figure 6: Species accumulation curves for herpetofauna surveys.

There was no significant difference in species composition between habitat types (ANOSIM R= 0.78, P=0.2). However despite not statistically different, the Floodplain and Riparian habitats were similar to each other, but different from both Hardpan and Clay Plain habitats (Figure 7).

Page | 31 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Figure 7: Two-dimensional ordination of herpetofauna species assemblages of each site.

4.2.2.2 Birds

Seventy-one bird species were recorded during the survey (Table E.7, Appendix E). The most commonly recorded species was the Rainbow Bee-eater (Merops ornatus) with 17 records, followed by the Galah (Cacatua roseicapilla) with 15 records, and Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) with eight records. The most speciose families observed were the Accipitridae (eagles, kites and hawks) with nine species, followed by Columbidae (pigeons, doves) and Meliphagidae (honeyeaters) with five species each.

The most speciose site was Trap 1 (Riparian) with 45 species (95 records), followed by Trap 4 (Floodplain) with 33 species (68 records). The remaining two sites, Trap 2 (Clay Plain) and Trap 3 (Hardpan), had less than 20 species. Of the 71 bird species recorded six species were not recorded at trapping grids, but were recorded from targeted and opportunistic searches.

Utilising the relevant systematic trapping data for the survey area (all Astron samples, one MWH Australia (2015) site WAR02_Riparian), species accumulation curves appear to approach asymptote (Figure 8). Based on estimates of total species richness, between 54% and 83% of the total species pool was recorded (Table 13). The data does not include an additional nine bird species (12%) that were recorded opportunistically.

Page | 32 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Table 13: Total number of bird taxa sampled at trap sites (Astron Phase 1, Phase 2 and MWH Australia (2015)) in comparison to estimates of the total species pool based on several models.

Estimated total species pool Observed Chao2 Jackknife 1 Jackknife 2 Bootstrap Number of species 71 127 100 121 83 Estimated % sampled 54.3 69.0 57.0 83.1

Figure 8: Species accumulation curves for bird surveys.

There was no significant difference in species composition between habitat types (ANOSIM R=- 0.1111, P=0.6) which is not surprising given their more mobile nature compared to other fauna classes (Figure 9).

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Figure 9: Two-dimensional ordination of bird species assemblages of each site.

4.2.2.3 Mammals

Twenty-two species of mammal were recorded during the survey, including 11 non-volant mammals and 11 volant mammals (bats). Of these 22 mammal species, four species were considered to be introduced: Cat (*Felis catus), Dingo (*Canis dingo), European Cattle (*Bos taurus) and House Mouse (*Mus musculus) (Table E.8-E.9, Appendix E). The most commonly recorded introduced species was the House Mouse with nine individual records, across three trap sites (Trap 1, Trap 3, and Trap 4).

The most commonly trapped species was the Little Red Kaluta (Dasykaluta rosamondae) with 32 captures (34% of trap records) followed by the Sandy Inland Mouse (Pseudomys hermannsburgensis) with 26 captures (28% of trap records). The most speciose trapping site was Trap 4 (Floodplain) with seven species, followed by Trap 1 (Riparian) with five species. The other trapping sites (Trap 2, Trap 3) only recorded four species each. Ten bat species were recorded from the acoustic recording sites (Table E.9, Appendix E) and one species opportunistically. Two species of conservation significance were recorded during the survey: Ghost Bat (Macroderma gigas) and Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat (Rhinonicteris aurantia).

Utilising the relevant systematic trapping data for the survey area (all Astron samples, one MWH Australia (2015) site WAR02_Riparian), species accumulation curves appear to approach asymptote (Figure 10). Based on estimates of total species richness, between 83% and 90% of the total species pool were recorded (Table 14). The data does not include any bat species, which make up 45% of the mammal species, as well as one additional species that was recorded opportunistically.

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Table 14: Total number of mammal taxa sampled at trap sites (Astron Phase 1, Phase 2 and MWH Australia (2015)) in comparison to estimates of the total species pool based on several models.

Estimated total species pool Observed Chao2 Jackknife 1 Jackknife 2 Bootstrap Number of species 11 11 13 12 12 Estimated % sampled 90.9 76.9 83.3 83.3

Figure 10: Species accumulation curves for mammal surveys.

Page | 35 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 There was no significant difference in species composition between habitat types (ANOSIM R=-0.56, P=0.8) with each trapping site being separate from each other (Figure 11).

Figure 11: Two-dimensional ordination of mammal species assemblages of each site.

4.2.2.4 Conservation Listed Species Recorded

Three vertebrate species of conservation significance have been recorded within the survey area. The locations of these species records from the current survey, as well as previously recorded species, are shown in Figure H.1 (Appendix H).

Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat (Rhinonicteris aurantia)

Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bats (VU; S3) are known to require deep caves characterised by high levels of humidity and stable temperatures (Churchill 2008). This is a result of their limited ability to conserve heat and water (Armstrong 2001; Churchill 1991). Caves deep enough to create this environment are relatively uncommon in the Pilbara, with only 20 to 25 roost sites being known (R. Bullen, pers. comm. 20 Oct 2014). Foraging habitat for the Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat is diverse and includes riparian vegetation, hummock grassland, and sparse tree and shrub savannah (Duncan, Baker, and Montgomery 1999).

Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bats have also been recorded flying over small watercourses amongst granite boulder terrain, over pools and low shrubs in ironstone gorges, and above low shrubs and around pools in gravelly watercourses with Melaleuca leucadendron, such as in Barlee Range Nature Reserve (Armstrong 2001). In the Pilbara, this species has been observed in Triodia hummock grasslands covering low rolling hills and shallow gullies, with scattered Eucalyptus camaldulensis along the creeks (Armstrong 2001; Churchill 1991).

Page | 36 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 The Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat was recorded at low activity levels at one of the bat detector locations (SM008027A) within Riparian habitat of the survey area (Bat Call WA 2017) (Appendix I). There are six records of Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat previously recorded within the survey area, all were acoustic recordings from the Riparian habitat along Warramboo Creek. Numerous records of this species have also been recorded within the vicinity of the survey area (Astron Environmental Services 2014b; Biologic Environmental Survey 2014; MWH Australia 2015). While roosting habitat is not present within the survey area, the Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat utilises the survey area for foraging, particularly along the Riparian habitat of Warramboo Creek.

Ghost Bat (Macroderma gigas)

The preferred habitat of Ghost Bats (VU; S3) is considered to be rocky gorges and breakaways that support caves and crevices used as maternity roosts. The Ghost Bat uses different natural formations for various purposes and for groups to persist they generally require habitats that provide:

 a selection of roosting opportunities with night roosts or feeding sites, day roosts and at least one deep cave with characteristics of a maternity roost  nearby gullies and gorges with vegetation of vertical complexity (diverse vegetation heights and density) and presence of water that would attract prey species  a productive foraging area within a 5 km to 10 km radius, usually including a good quality riparian drainage line.

The Ghost Bat can have a relatively small nightly foraging range (up to 2 km from the roost where it has been studied in Queensland) (Tidemann et al. 1985; Pettigrew et al. 1986), but has the flight capability to range widely (Bullen and McKenzie 2002), perhaps tens of kilometres in a night. This is evident from genetic markers, which suggest that males are particularly likely to disperse long distances throughout the landscape (Worthington Wilmer et al. 1994; 1999).

There were no suitable caves for Ghost Bats within the survey area. However, one individual Ghost Bat was recorded caught in a barbed wire station fence and released alive. The Ghost Bat was not detected from acoustic recordings within the survey area, although this is not unexpected as Ghost Bat echolocation calls are very cryptic and also are rarely used while hunting (R. Bullen, pers. comm. 25 May 2016). The nearest previous record of a Ghost Bat is approximately 15 km to the east of the survey area, where scats were recorded within mesa habitat (MWH Australia 2015). Ghost Bats are likely to utilise the survey area for foraging opportunities, particularly within the Riparian and Floodplain habitats.

4.2.2.5 Conservation Listed Species Potentially Occurring in the Survey Area

Seven species were not found in the survey area but were considered to have a moderate likelihood of occurrence because they are either likely to be seasonal visitors or suitable habitat exists but they have not been recorded: Lined Soil-crevice Skink, Notoscincus butleri (P4), Pilbara Olive Python, Liasis olivaceus barroni (VU; S3), Oriental Plover, Charadrius veredus (Mi; IA), Oriental Pratincole, Glareola maldivarum (Mi; IA), Fork-tailed Swift, Apus pacificus (Mi; IA), Northern Quoll, Dasyurus hallucatus (EN; S2) and Short-tailed Mouse, Leggadina lakedownensis (P4) (Table F.1, Appendix F). Despite the Pilbara Olive Python and Northern Quoll not being recorded in the survey, the Riparian habitat was considered ‘suitable foraging and dispersal habitat’ according to Table B.10 (Appendix B). Although not recorded during the current survey, suitable core habitat may be present for the Lined Soil-crevice Skink within the Riparian and Floodplain habitats and for the Short-tailed Mouse within the Hardpan and Clay Plain habitats, as both species have previously been recorded within

Page | 37 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 20 km of the survey area. The five bird species are only likely to be seasonal visitors to the survey area.

An additional 15 species not found in the survey area were considered to have a low likelihood of occurrence (Table F.1, Appendix F) due to lack of suitable habitats within the survey area and/or lack of records within 20 km of the survey area.

4.2.3 Invertebrate Fauna Habitats

Four potential SRE habitat types were identified differing in their prospectivity for SRE fauna. The more prospective habitats were Riparian and Floodplain habitats, comprising 14.3% of the survey area. The most common habitat types, that together account for more than 85% of the survey area, were assessed as having low suitability for supporting SREs in the desktop assessment. The fauna habitats’ suitability to support SRE species are detailed in Table 15 and mapping is presented in Figure G.1 (Appendix G). Some of the data collected from the field survey support this habitat assessment of some habitats being more conducive to certain SREs; however, some potential SREs seem to be driven by other environmental factors. For instance, many potential SREs are recorded from outside of these typical habitats as is reflected by other survey results, where potential SRE species were recorded within the Hardpan and Clay Plain habitats. For many of the potential SREs, they are only known from one or two records and not enough are known about their habitat preferences.

Table 15: Suitability of habitat types for SRE fauna within the survey area.

Landform/habitat Total area (ha) Total area (%) Suitability for SRE fauna Riparian 38.7 0.8 Moderate Floodplain 624.7 13.5 Moderate Clay Plain 1,961.8 42.5 Low Hardpan 1,969.2 42.6 Low Highly Modified 25.2 0.6 Low TOTAL 4,619.7 ha

4.2.4 Invertebrate Fauna Species

The current survey yielded a total of 48 invertebrates from SRE target taxa, representing eight different species from the survey area, of which five species were considered potential SRE (DD) species (Table 16 and Table E.10, Appendix E). Two species of land snail, Gastrocopta mussoni and Stenopylis coarctata and a scorpion Lychas ‘harveyi complex’ were considered widespread species (Appendix D). All of the potential SRE species recorded from the current survey were also recorded from the WAM database area searches. The locations of these species records from the current survey are shown in Figure H.2 (Appendix H). Potential SRE species were recorded within all habitats of the survey area. WAM lodgement details for representative vouchers are provided in Appendix J.

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Table 16: Summary of the potential SRE species within the survey area.

Order Family Species Sites SRE status SRE01 (Floodplain) Lychas ‘bituberculatus SRE03 (Floodplain) Potential SRE (DD) complex’ SRE06 (Hardpan) Scorpiones Buthidae Trap 4 (Floodplain) (scorpions) Lychas ‘gracilimanus’ Trap 2 (Clay Plain) Potential SRE (DD) Lychas ‘multipunctatus Trap 1 (Riparian) Potential SRE (DD) complex’ Trap 2 (Clay Plain) SRE03 (Floodplain) SRE06 (Hardpan) Isopoda SRE08 (Clay Plain) Armadillidae Buddelundia’70’ Potential SRE (DD) (slaters) SRE13 (Riparian) Trap 2 (Clay Plain) Trap 4 (Floodplain) SRE06 (Hardpan) Eupulmonata Camaenidae c.f. Rhagada convicta SRE12 (Clay Plain) Potential SRE (DD) (land snails) SRE14 (Hardpan)

Page | 39 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 5 Discussion

5.1 Vertebrate Fauna

5.1.1 Habitats

The Riparian habitat in the survey area (0.8% of the survey area) is considered high value for fauna and Warramboo Creek is considered locally significant because it is an ephemeral watercourse that supports quality riparian vegetation, which attracts fauna in a largely dry landscape. This habitat contains microhabitats not common in other habitat types such as large tree hollows, hollow logs and moist leaf litter which provide a productive ecosystem attracting and supporting a range of predators and prey. This habitat supports conservation listed fauna species such as Ghost Bats and Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bats in which they forage. The Warramboo Creek was considered to be suitable foraging and dispersal habitat for the Northern Quoll and suitable foraging habitat for the Pilbara Olive Python. However, in a regional context the mesas and Robe River in the immediate area provide more suitable and core denning, shelter, foraging and dispersal habitat for both species. Additionally the Robe River, located 8 km north of the survey area, potentially contains more suitable foraging habitat (drinking sources) for bat species due to the presence of more permanent and suitable water pools than when compare to Warramboo Creek which is more ephemeral in nature.

The Floodplain habitat (13.5% of the survey area) within the survey area is generally the broad valley area of the Warramboo Creek and is not likely to provide significant habitat for species. However, this habitat may provide suitable foraging habitat for the two MNES bat species. The Hardpan and Clay Plain habitats in the survey area (85.1% of the survey area) provide fewer microhabitat opportunities for terrestrial fauna and are also more widespread in the immediate vicinity as well as the Roebourne subregion and wider Pilbara bioregion.

No rocky habitat occurs within the survey area, which would provide roosting habitat for Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bats and Ghost Bats or denning/shelter habitat for Northern Quolls and Pilbara Olive Pythons.

The four habitat types recorded within the survey area are not unique for the Warramboo area, have been previously recorded within the vicinity (including Biota Environmental Sciences 2005, 2006, 2007) and are widely found west of the North West Coastal Highway. The microhabitats provided by these habitat types are not unique for the survey area and similar microhabitats exist adjacent to and within the vicinity of the survey area. Therefore, the habitats recorded in the survey area are not restricted at the local, sub-regional or regional scale as they have been previously recorded from other fauna assessments in the local vicinity.

5.1.2 Species

5.1.2.1 General Assemblage

There were 127 vertebrate fauna species, comprising four amphibians, 30 reptiles, 71 birds and 22 mammals (including four introduced species) recorded within the survey area during the current survey. This compares well to other total fauna species recorded from the wider area, comprising of 97, 181, 84 and 123 total record species (Biota Environmental Sciences 2005, 2006, 2009; MWH Australia 2015). The fauna assemblage recorded during the assessment is considered typical of the Roebourne subregion which extends along the coastal section of the Pilbara bioregion.

Page | 40 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 The vertebrate fauna species recorded within the survey area represents 44% of all known vertebrate fauna species within the vicinity of the survey area from the desktop review. It is unlikely that all species identified in a desktop review will be recorded during on ground surveys for a number of reasons, the major one being that a large number of these species have a high level of habitat specificity for habitat types, such as rocky and coastal habitats that are not located in the survey area. Given the number of habitats and that most of the major fauna classes were approaching an asymptote in their accumulation curves in the current survey, particularly when considering species recorded by means other than trapping, it is considered the survey effort was adequate to determine the fauna assemblages present in the survey area.

The number of amphibians recorded during the current survey was higher (four species) than that recorded during other single and dual phase surveys (zero to three species) (Biota Environmental Sciences 2005, 2006, 2009; MWH Australia 2015). This is probably due to the recent rains received prior to the Phase 1 survey and the persistence of surface water at the time. In addition some individuals were opportunistically sampled whilst aestivating during the Phase 2 survey. The number of reptile species recorded (30 species) was generally similar, but slightly lower, than that recorded from other single phase surveys in the vicinity (33 to 37 species in comparable surveys) (Biota Environmental Sciences 2005, 2009). This may be due to a lack of rocky habitats within the survey area and/or the timing of the current survey when reptiles are less likely to be active. One species of reptile, Varanus bushi, was recorded from the survey that has not previously been recorded from other surveys in the vicinity.

The number of bird species recorded during the survey (71 species) was generally consistent with other single and dual season surveys conducted in the area (31 to 93 species) (Biota Environmental Sciences 2005, 2006, 2009; MWH Australia 2015). Seven bird species, Chestnut Teal (Anas castanea), Australian Wood Duck (Chenonetta jubata), Collared Sparrowhawk (Accipiter cirrocephalus), Australian Hobby (Falco longipennis), Square-tailed Kite (Lophoictinia isura), Eastern Barn Owl (Tyto javanica) and Redthroat (Pyrrholaemus brunneus), were recorded during the current survey that have not been recorded by previous surveys in the vicinity. The current survey recorded comparable numbers of mammal species (22 species) to other dual season surveys in the vicinity (20 to 23 species) (Biota Environmental Sciences 2006; MWH Australia 2015).

5.1.2.2 Conservation Significant Species

Of the 24 conservation significant species identified in the literature review, two species have been previously recorded or were recorded during the current survey. An additional seven species were considered to have a ‘moderate’ likelihood and 15 species to have a ‘low’ likelihood of occurring within the survey area.

The Riparian habitat within the survey area was considered suitable for the target MNES species: Pilbara Olive Python, Ghost Bat, Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat and Northern Quoll. The current survey included a targeted search for these species. The majority of the survey area was mapped as low habitat suitability for the target MNES species; Northern Quoll, Ghost Bat, Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat, Pilbara Olive Python and Night Parrot (99.2%, 85.7%, 85.7%, 99.2% and 100% of the survey area, respectively). Low potential habitat for all five species generally comprised areas of Hardpan, Clay Plain and Highly Modified habitats. The Floodplain habitat was also considered low potential habitat for the Northern Quoll and Pilbara Olive Python. These habitats contained no significant refugia or shelter, or semi-permanent or permanent water.

The Northern Quoll was not recorded from the survey area. However, adopting a precautionary approach, the Riparian habitat of Warramboo Creek is considered ‘suitable foraging and dispersal habitat’, particularly given numerous records of this species within the vicinity of the survey area

Page | 41 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 and that the characteristics of foraging and dispersal habitat are not well understood (Department of the Environment 2016). All other habitats were considered to provide limited foraging and dispersal habitat for the Northern Quoll.

The Ghost Bat was recorded once during the current survey through finding an individual caught in a station fence line. This species was not recorded from acoustic bat recordings; however, this species rarely use echolocation calls while hunting. The survey area does not provide any suitable roosting habitat. The Riparian and Floodplain habitats were considered to provide suitable foraging and dispersal habitat for the Ghost Bat.

The Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat was recorded at one of the four acoustic bat recording locations at low activity levels (two calls) within Riparian habitat (Bat Call WA 2017). There are also six records of Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat previously recorded within the survey area, all were acoustic recordings from riverine habitat along Warramboo Creek. There is no suitable roosting habitat within the survey area, so this species is likely to be foraging within (particularly the Riparian habitat) or transiting through the survey area. Both the Riparian and Floodplain habitats were considered to provide suitable foraging and dispersal habitat for the Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat.

No Pilbara Olive Pythons were or have been recorded from within the survey area. The Riparian habitat was considered suitable as foraging habitat for the Pilbara Olive Python. It was not considered potential shelter habitat as it only contains remnant surface water following rainfall, but may provide some foraging opportunities given the quality riparian vegetation present within this habitat. All other habitats were considered to provide limited foraging and dispersal habitat for the Pilbara Olive Python.

No Night Parrots were recorded from within the survey area and the closet known and confirmed record in the Pilbara is over 350 km to the east (Davis and Metcalf 2008). The current level of knowledge of habitat preference of the Night Parrot is poor, with some sources believing a matrix of long unburnt spinifex stands (>50 years) in close association with chenopod communities (samphire) as the key habitat preference (Department of Parks and Wildlife 2017a). The survey area does not contain this type of habitat due to fire frequency in the survey area.

5.2 SRE Invertebrates

5.2.1 Habitats

Despite a variety of potential SRE habitat types present in the survey area, the diversity of SRE fauna recorded during the fauna assessment is comparatively low. This in part can be seen due to the survey area lacking rocky gorge type habitats specifically south facing Mesas and Breakaways which are generally more prospective for some SRE groups. Also the fauna habitat assessments detailed that pastoralism had an impact on fauna habitat types specifically ground cover and mid layer shrub species being absent from grazing. This disturbance potentially would of impacted the level of SRE faunal assemblage being present

Overall, the habitat assessment indicates that potential SRE species in the survey area should be widespread due to the wider occurrence of similar habitats within the Roebourne subregion and Pilbara bioregion. There are no habitat types unique to the survey area and the habitat types and landforms are common in the vicinity of the Warramboo survey area. The use of habitat mapping to explain the distribution of SREs does not necessarily work for some groups, such as spiders and scorpions (E. Volschenk, pers. comm. 6 November 2017). In many cases this is because there is insufficient knowledge about the distributions of these species to know if habitat type can be used as a descriptive or predictive tool for their distribution. Recent studies are also showing that the

Page | 42 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 distributions of SRE species are not always correlated with the distributions of other conservation significant species or correlated with the environmental variable measured, for example, Volschenk et al. (2010). In addition many of the potential SREs are only known from one or two records and not enough is known about their habitat preferences (E. Volschenk, pers. comm. 8 June 2017).

5.2.2 Species

The database search results from within the search area yielded 14 named species and 103 named morphospecies from a total of 172 species records. The high degree of morphospecies most likely reflects the poor level of taxonomic knowledge about this part of the Pilbara. This position is reflected by the high degree of DD potential SREs (167 taxa) from the search area.

The current field survey yielded species previously recorded from the search area, five of which were potential SREs. However, the diversity of species sampled was lower than expected and may be attributed to the late timing of the field survey, when temperature and moisture were lower. The survey yielded no trapdoor spiders, burrowing scorpions, pseudoscorpions, or cryptic centipedes (Geophilomorpha and Cryptopidae), all of which represent groups normally expected from the habitats present and well represented within the survey area.

Some of the taxa recorded during the survey represent a species complex involving multiple species, some of which may have short-range distributions. Lychas ‘bituberculatus complex’ and Lychas ‘multipunctatus complex’ both appear to be complexes of multiple species, meaning that each species most likely represents multiple species based on genetic data. While members of these complexes are known from most of the Pilbara, some of the ‘species’ contained within these complexes appear to be range restricted.

Lychas ‘gracilimanus’ appears to be represented by two different populations, one associated with the western Pilbara and the other from around Marble Bar in the Eastern Pilbara. There are slight differences between these populations in the intensity of granulation upon the carapace and mesosoma. These populations are currently under investigation using genetic data to verify if these populations represent discrete species. If they do represent discrete species, then both may be SREs.

Buddalundia ‘70’ is a form of the common Buddelundia 14 type found in the Pilbara. The morphospecies was described in Judd and Perina (2013) as Buddelundia sp. 5. It appeared to be common on Barrow Island; however, the specimens recorded from this survey represent the first mainland records of the species. The distribution on the mainland is unknown and it should therefore be considered as potential SRE.

The two snails were tentatively identified as Rhagada convicta. Both specimens have damaged apertures which is an important feature in identifying this group of snails. This species is sometimes considered widespread; however, that position is not supported by published data. Solem (1997) suspected that this species may represent a complex of several species. A genetic study of Rhagada in northern Western Australia (Johnson et al. 2012) identified four putative species within Rhagada convicta. For these reasons, this species is considered a species complex as its constituent species may be SREs.

Page | 43 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 6 References

Armstrong, KN 2001, 'The roost habitat and distribution of the orange leaf-nosed bat, Rhinonicteris aurantius, in the Pilbara region of Western Australia', Wildlife research, vol. 28, pp. 95-104. Astron Environmental Services 2011, Mesa J Tail Track Extension Vegetation, Flora and Fauna Survey, unpublished report to Rio Tinto Iron Ore. Astron Environmental Services 2014a, Mesa H - Level 1 Flora, Vegetation and Fauna Assessment, unpublished report to Rio Tinto Iron Ore. Astron Environmental Services 2014b, Warramboo and Highway Deposit RE Drilling AR-13-11882 Vegetation, Flora and Fauna Assessment, unpublished report to Rio Tinto Iron Ore. Astron Environmental Services 2016a, Mesa H Level 2 Fauna Assessment, unpublished report in preparation for Robe River Mining Co. Pty Ltd. Astron Environmental Services 2016b, Mesa J Mine Extension, Level 2 Fauna Assessment, unpublished report to Rio Tinto Iron Ore. Bat Call WA 2017, Warramboo Borefield, Pilbara WA, May 2017, Echolocation Survey of Bat Activity, unpublished report to Astron Environmental Services. Beard, JS 1975, Vegetation Survey of Western Australia, Pilbara. 1:1 000 000 Vegetation Series. Explanatory Notes to Sheet 5, University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands, Western Australia. Biologic Environmental Survey 2014, Yarraloola - Northern Quoll, Pilbara Olive Python and Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat Targeted Survey, unpublished report to Rio Tinto Pty Ltd. Biota Environmental Sciences 2005, Fauna Habitats and Fauna Assemblage of Mesa A and G, Near Pannawonica, unpublished report to Robe River Iron Associates. Biota Environmental Sciences 2006, Fauna Habitats and Fauna Assemblage of the Mesa A Transport Corridor and Warramboo, unpublished report to Robe River Iron Associates. Biota Environmental Sciences 2007, Bungaroo Trial Pit and Transport Corridor to Mesa J, Near Pannawonica: Fauna Assemblage Seasonal Survey, unpublished report to Pilbara Iron Company. Biota Environmental Sciences 2009, Mesa G Baseline Fauna Survey, unpublished report to Rio Tinto Iron Ore. Biota Environmental Sciences 2011, Robe Valley Mesas Fauna Survey, unpublished report to Rio Tinto Iron Ore. Birdlife Australia 2017, Birdata, 2017, . Bullen, RD & McKenzie, NL 2002, 'Scaling bat wingbeat frequency and amplitude', Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 205, pp. 2615-26. Bureau of Meteorology 2017, Climate Data Online, . Churchill, S 2008, Australian Bats, 2nd edn., Allen and Unwin, Crows Nest, New South Wales. Churchill, SK 1991, 'Distribution, abundance and roost selection of the orange horseshoe-bat, Rhinonycteris aurantius, a tropical cave dweller', Wildlife research, vol. 18, pp. 343-53. Clarke, KR, Somerfield, PJ & Gorley, RN 2008, 'Testing of null hypotheses in exploratory community analyses: similarity profiles and biota-environment linkage', Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol. 366, no. 1–2, pp. 56-69.

Page | 44 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 Colwell, RK & Coddington, JA 1994, 'Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, vol. 345, no. 1311, pp. 101-18. Davis, RA & Metcalf, BM 2008, 'The Night Parrot (Pezoporus occidentalis) in northern Western Australia: a recent sighting from the Pilbara region', Emu, vol. 108, pp. 233-6. Department of Conservation and Land Management 2002, Bioregional Summary of the 2002 Biodiversity Audit for Western Australia, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth. Department of Parks and Wildlife 2017a, Interim Guideline for Preliminary Surveys of Night Parrot (Pezoporus occidentalis) in Western Australia, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Perth. Department of Parks and Wildlife 2017b, NatureMap Database Search, . Department of Parks and Wildlife 2017c, 'Threatened and Priority Ecological Communities database', Department of Parks and Wildlife, Kensington. Department of Parks and Wildlife 2017d, 'Threatened and Priority Fauna database', Department of Parks and Wildlife, Kensington. Department of Sustainability Environment Water Population and Communities 2011a, Survey guidelines for Australia’s threatened mammals: Guidelines for detecting mammals listed as threatened under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. Department of Sustainability Environment Water Population and Communities 2011b, Survey guidelines for Australia’s threatened reptiles, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. Department of the Environment 2016, Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 referral guidelines for the endangered northern quoll, Dasyurus hallucatus, EPBC Act Policy Statement, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, 2010a, Survey guidelines for Australia’s threatened bats: Guidelines for detecting bats listed as threatened under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, Commonwealth of Australia. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, 2010b, Survey guidelines for Australia’s threatened birds: Guidelines for detecting birds listed as threatened under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, Commonwealth of Australia. Department of the Environment and Energy 2008, 'Register of the National Estate - Spatial Database (RNESDB)'. Department of the Environment and Energy 2016a, Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA), Version 7, Department of the Environment, viewed 2016, . Department of the Environment and Energy 2016b, National Reserve System, . Department of the Environment and Energy 2017, Protected Matters Search Tool, 2017, . Department of Water 2008, Public Drinking Water Source Areas of Western Australia: A Register of Drinking Water Catchments Within Each Local Government, Department of Water, Water Source Management Division, Perth.

Page | 45 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 Department of Water & Environmental Regulation 2017, Environmentally Sensitive Areas, . Doughty, P, Rolfe, JK, Burbridge, AH, Pearson, DJ & Kendrick, PG 2011, 'Herpetological Assemblages of the Pilbara Biogeographic Region, Western Australia: Ecological Associations, Biogeographic Patterns and Conservation', Records of the Western Australian Museum, vol. 78, pp. 315-41. Duncan, A, Baker, GB & Montgomery, N 1999, The Action Plan for Australian Bats, Environment Australia, Canberra. Environmental Protection Authority 2002, Terrestrial Biological Surveys as an Element of Biodiversity Protection, Position Statement 3, Environmental Protection Authority, Perth. Environmental Protection Authority 2016, Technical Guidance - Sampling of Short Range Endemic Invertebrate Fauna, Environmental Protection Authority, Perth. Environmental Protection Authority 2016a, Technical Guidance - Terrestrial Fauna Surveys, Environmental Protection Authority, Perth. Environmental Protection Authority 2016c, Technical Guidance - Sampling Methods for Terrestrial Vertebrate Fauna, Environmental Protection Authority, Perth. Government of Western Australia 2014, 2014 Statewide Vegetation Statistics Incorporating the CAR Reserve Analysis (Full Report), Parks and Wildlife, Perth. Harvey, MS 2002, 'Short-range endemism amongst the Australian fauna: some examples from non- marine environments', Invertebrate Systematics, vol. 16, pp. 555-70. Harvey, MS, Rix, MG, Framenau, VW, Hamilton, ZR, Johnson, MS, Teale, RJ, Humphreys, G & Humphreys, WF 2011, 'Protecting the innocent: studying short-range endemic taxa enhances conservation outcomes', Invertebrate Systematics, vol. 25, pp. 1-10. Johnson, MS, Hamilton, ZR, Teale, RJ & Kendrick, PG 2012, 'Endemic evolutionary radiation of Rhagada land snails (Pulmonata: Camaenidae) in a continental archipelago in northern Western Australia', Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 106, pp. 316–27. Judd, S & Perina, G 2013, 'An illustrated key to the morphospecies of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Oniscidea) of Barrow Island, Western Australia', Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement, vol. 83, pp. 185-207. Kendrick, P 2001, Pilbara 3 (PIL3 - Hamersley Subregion), (M. Cowan, chairman), A Biodiversity Audit of Western Australia's 53 Biogeographical Subregions in 2002, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth. Kendrick, P & Stanley, F 2001, Pilbara 4 (PIL4 - Roebourne synopsis), A Biodiversity Audit of Western Australia's 53 Biogeographical Subregions in 2002, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth. Landgate 2015, WA Atlas, . MWH Australia 2015, Level 2 Terrestrial Fauna Surveys: Mesa B-C, Warramboo BWT and Highway to Tod Bore, unpublished report to Rio Tinto Iron Ore. MWH Australia 2016, Level 2 Flora and Vegetation Survey: Mesa B-C, Warramboo BWT, Highway to Tod Bore and Mesa A Extension, unpublished report to Rio Tinto Iron Ore. Pettigrew, JD, Baker, GB, Baker-Gabb, D, Baverstock, G, Coles, R, Conole, L, Churchill, S, Fitzherbert, K, Guppy, A, Hall, L, Helman, P, Nelson, J, Proddel, D, Pulsford, I, Richards, G, Schulz, M & Tidemann, CR 1986, 'The Australian ghost bat, Macroderma gigas, at Pine Creek, Northern Territory', Macroderma, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 8-19.

Page | 46 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017 Ponder, WF & Colgan, DJ 2002, 'What makes a narrow-range taxon? Insights from Australian freshwater snails', Invertebrate Systematics, vol. 16, pp. 571-82. R Development Core Team 2015, 'R: A language and environment for statistical computing', R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. Rio Tinto Iron Ore 2017, '2017 Data Standards'. Shepherd, DP, Beeston, GR & Hopkins, AJM 2002, 'Native Vegetation in Western Australia: Extent, Type and Status', Resource Management Technical Report 249, Department of Agriculture, Western Australia. Solem, A 1997, 'Camaenid land snails from Western and Central Australia (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Camaenidae). VII. Taxa from Dampierland through the Nullabor', Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement, vol. 50, pp. 1461–906. Stewart, AJ, Sweet, IP, Needham, RS, Raymond, OL, Whitaker, AJ, Liu, SF, Phillips, D, Retter, AJ, Connolly, DP & Stewart, GR 2008, 'Surface Geology of Australia 1: 1 000 000 Scale, Western Australia [Digital Dataset]', The Commonwealth of Australia, Geoscience Australia (http://www.ga.gov.au), Canberra. Thompson, SA & Thompson, GG 2010, Terrestrial Vertebrate Fauna Assessments for Ecological Impact Assessment, Terrestrial Ecosystems, Mt Claremont. Tidemann, CR, Priddle, DM, Nelson, JE & Pettigrew, JD 1985, 'Foraging behaviour of the Australian ghost bat, Macroderma gigas (Microchiroptera: Megadermatidae)', Australian Journal of Zoology, vol. 33, pp. 705-13. Tille, P 2006, Soil-landscapes of Western Australia's rangelands and arid interior, Department of Agriculture and Food, Perth. van Vreeswyk, AME, Payne, AL, Leighton, KA & Hennig, P 2004, An inventory and condition survey of the Pilbara region, Western Australia. Technical Bulletin No. 92, Department of Agriculture and Food, Perth. Volschenk, ES, Burbidge, AH, Durrant, BJ & Harvey, MS 2010, 'Spatial distribution patterns of scorpions (Scorpiones) in the arid Pilbara region of Western Australia', Records of the Western Australian Museum, pp. 271–84. Western Australian Museum 2017, 'Western Australian Museum Taxonomic Service Invertebrates Database', Western Australian Museum, Welshpool. Worthington Wilmer, J, Hall, L, Barratt, E & Moritz, C 1999, 'Genetic structure and male-mediated gene flow in the ghost bat (Macroderma gigas)', Evolution, vol. 53, pp. 1582-91. Worthington Wilmer, J, Moritz, C, Hall, L & Toop, J 1994, 'Extreme population structuring in the threatened ghost bat, Macroderma gigas: evidence from mitochondrial DNA', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol. 257, pp. 193-8.

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Appendix A: Background Information Figures

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370000 375000 380000

Legend

SurveyArea Surface Geological Unit (Stewart et al. 2008) QUATERNARY Qrc Qa Qrc CENOZOIC Czlr CRETACEOUS Ksw n PALEOPROTEROZOIC Lsi 7610000

Qa

Qrc Qrc 7605000

Czlr

Kswn

Qrc 7600000

Czlr Qrc Lsi Kswn

Rio TintoIroRio Ltd nOrePty WarrambooFaunAssessm2 a Level – Borefield Septem ent, 2017 ber Appendix A.1: Geological units of the Warramboo survey area

Author:LoveM. 10-11-2017 Date: ProMGADatum Zon jection- : 50 GDA1994 e : Km Drawn : C. DydeDrawn C. : 14279-17-BIDR-1RevA_171110_FigA1_Geo Ref: Figure ± 0 1 2 3 370000 375000 380000

Legend

SurveyArea Land System CaneSystem HOF CapricornSystem HorseflatSystem PeedamullaSystem UarooSystem 7610000

CAN

UAR

PED 7605000 7600000

CPN

Rio Tinto Iron OreIronPtyTintoLtd Rio WarrambooFaunAssessmLevel2 a– Borefield September ent, 2017 Appendix A.2: Land systems of the Warramboo survey area

Author:LoveM. 10-11-2017 Date: MGA ZoneProjection: 50 Datum - GDA1994 : Km Drawn: C. DydeDrawn: C. 14279-17-BIDR-1RevA_171110_FigA2_Land Ref: Figure ± 0 1 2 3 370000 375000 380000

Legend

SurveyArea Vegetation Association (Shepherd et al. 2002) 583 Hum m ockgrasslands, sparse sh rusteppe; b kanji& Acacia bivenosaov hard erspinifex Triodia basedowii& T. wiseana 600 Sedgeland;sedges withopen low treesavanna; Eucalyptusaffsp. asperaov variou er sedges s 604 Hum m ockgrasslands, sh rusteppe; b kanjisnakewood& ov soft er spinifex 605 Hum m ockgrasslands, sh rusteppe; b Acacia pachycarpawaterwood& ov soft er spinifex

600 7610000

604

605 7605000

583

605 7600000

R io TintoRIron ioLtdOrePty WarrambooFaunaAssessmLevel2 Borefield – September ent, 2017 Appendix A.3: Pre-European vegetation of the Warramboo survey area

AuthLovM. or: e 10-11-2017 Date: Projection:Datu MGA- GDA 1994Zonem 50 : Km Drawn: C. DydeDrawn: C. Figu14279-17-BIDR-1RevA_171110_FigA3_PEVegRef: re ± 0 1 2 3 Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

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Appendix B: Conservation Fauna Categories, Habitat Condition Scales and Likelihood Criteria

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Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Table B.1: Categories of Threatened Ecological Communities (Department of Environment and Conservation 2013).

PD: Presumed Destroyed An ecological community that has been adequately searched for but for which no representative occurrences have been located. The community has been found to be totally destroyed or so extensively modified throughout its range that no occurrence of it is likely to recover its species composition and/or structure in the foreseeable future. An ecological community will be listed as presumed totally destroyed if there are no recent records of the community being extant and either of the following applies (A or B): A) Records within the last 50 years have not been confirmed despite thorough searches of known or likely habitats or B) All occurrences recorded within the last 50 years have since been destroyed. CR : Critically Endangered An ecological community that has been adequately surveyed and found to have been subject to a major contraction in area and/or that was originally of limited distribution and is facing severe modification or destruction throughout its range in the immediate future, or is already severely degraded throughout its range but capable of being substantially restored or rehabilitated. An ecological community will be listed as Critically Endangered when it has been adequately surveyed and is found to be facing an extremely high risk of total destruction in the immediate future. This will be determined on the basis of the best available information, by it meeting any one or more of the following criteria (A, B or C): A) The estimated geographic range, and/or total area occupied, and/or number of discrete occurrences since European settlement have been reduced by at least 90% and either or both of the following apply (i or ii): i) geographic range, and/or total area occupied and/or number of discrete occurrences are continuing to decline such that total destruction of the community is imminent (within approximately 10 years); ii) modification throughout its range is continuing such that in the immediate future (within approximately 10 years) the community is unlikely to be capable of being substantially rehabilitated. B) Current distribution is limited, and one or more of the following apply (i, ii or iii): i) geographic range and/or number of discrete occurrences, and/or area occupied is highly restricted and the community is currently subject to known threatening processes which are likely to result in total destruction throughout its range in the immediate future (within approximately 10 years); ii) there are very few occurrences, each of which is small and/or isolated and extremely vulnerable to known threatening processes; iii) there may be many occurrences but total area is very small and each occurrence is small and/or isolated and extremely vulnerable to known threatening processes. C) The ecological community exists only as highly modified occurrences that may be capable of being rehabilitated if such work begins in the immediate future (within approximately 10 years).

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

En: Endangered An ecological community that has been adequately surveyed and found to have been subject to a major contraction in area and/or was originally of limited distribution and is in danger of significant modification throughout its range or severe modification or destruction over most of its range in the near future. An ecological community will be listed as Endangered when it has been adequately surveyed and is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of total destruction in the near future. This will be determined on the basis of the best available information by it meeting any one or more of the following criteria (A, B, or C): A) The geographic range, and/or total area occupied, and/or number of discrete occurrences have been reduced by at least 70% since European settlement and either or both of the following apply (i or ii): i) the estimated geographic range, and/or total area occupied and/or number of discrete occurrences are continuing to decline such that total destruction of the community is likely in the short term future (within approximately 20 years); ii) modification throughout its range is continuing such that in the short term future (within approximately 20 years) the community is unlikely to be capable of being substantially restored or rehabilitated. B) Current distribution is limited, and one or more of the following apply (i, ii or iii): i) geographic range and/or number of discrete occurrences, and/or area occupied is highly restricted and the community is currently subject to known threatening processes which are likely to result in total destruction throughout its range in the short term future (within approximately 20 years); ii) there are few occurrences, each of which is small and/or isolated and all or most occurrences are very vulnerable to known threatening processes; iii) there may be many occurrences but total area is small and all or most occurrences are small and/or isolated and very vulnerable to known threatening processes. C) The ecological community exists only as very modified occurrences that may be capable of being substantially restored or rehabilitated if such work begins in the short-term future (within approximately 20 years). VU: Vulnerable An ecological community that has been adequately surveyed and is found to be declining and/or has declined in distribution and/or condition and whose ultimate security has not yet been assured and/or a community that is still widespread but is believed likely to move into a category of higher threat in the near future if threatening processes continue or begin operating throughout its range. An ecological community will be listed as Vulnerable when it has been adequately surveyed and is not Critically Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk of total destruction or significant modification in the medium to long-term future. This will be determined on the basis of the best available information by it meeting any one or more of the following criteria (A, B or C): A) The ecological community exists largely as modified occurrences that are likely to be capable of being substantially restored or rehabilitated. B) The ecological community may already be modified and would be vulnerable to threatening processes, is restricted in area and/or range and/or is only found at a few locations. C) The ecological community may be still widespread but is believed likely to move into a category of higher threat in the medium to long term future because of existing or impending threatening processes.

Reference: Department of Environment and Conservation 2013, Definitions, Categories and Criteria for Threatened and Priority Ecological Communities DEC (Parks and Wildlife),

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Table B.2: Definitions and criteria for Threatened Ecological Communities (Department of Environment and Conservation 2013). Three categories exist for listing Threatened Ecological Communities under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). An ecological community may be categorised as:

Categories of ecological communities If, at that time, it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the Critically endangered immediate future. If, at that time, it is not critically endangered and is facing a very high risk of Endangered extinction in the wild in the near future. If, at that time, it is not critically endangered or endangered, and is facing a high Vulnerable risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future.

Reference: Department of Environment and Conservation 2013, Definitions, Categories and Criteria for Threatened and Priority Ecological Communities DEC (Parks and Wildlife),

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Table B.3: Definitions and criteria for Priority Ecological Communities (Department of Environment and Conservation 2013). Possible Threatened Ecological Communities that do not meet survey criteria or that are not adequately defined are added to the Priority Ecological Community Lists under Priorities 1, 2 and 3. Ecological communities that are adequately known, and are rare but not threatened or meet criteria for Near Threatened, or that have been recently removed from the threatened list, are placed in Priority 4. These ecological communities require regular monitoring. Conservation Dependent ecological communities are placed in Priority 5.

P1: Priority One – Poorly-known ecological communities Ecological communities that are known from very few occurrences with a very restricted distribution (generally ≤5 occurrences or a total area of ≤ 100ha). Occurrences are believed to be under threat either due to limited extent, or being on lands under immediate threat (e.g. within agricultural or pastoral lands, urban areas, active mineral leases) or for which current threats exist. May include communities with occurrences on protected lands. Communities may be included if they are comparatively well-known from one or more localities but do not meet adequacy of survey requirements, and/or are not well defined, and appear to be under immediate threat from known threatening processes across their range. P2: Priority Two – Poorly-known ecological communities Communities that are known from few occurrences with a restricted distribution (generally ≤10 occurrences or a total area of ≤200ha). At least some occurrences are not believed to be under immediate threat of destruction or degradation. Communities may be included if they are comparatively well known from one or more localities but do not meet adequacy of survey requirements, and/or are not well defined, and appear to be under threat from known threatening processes. P3: Priority Three – Poorly-known ecological communities (i) Communities that are known from several to many occurrences, a significant number or area of which are not under threat of habitat destruction or degradation or: (ii) communities known from a few widespread occurrences, which are either large or with significant remaining areas of habitat in which other occurrences may occur, much of it not under imminent threat, or; (iii) communities made up of large, and/or widespread occurrences, that may or may not be represented in the reserve system, but are under threat of modification across much of their range from processes such as grazing by domestic and/or feral stock, and inappropriate fire regimes. Communities may be included if they are comparatively well known from several localities but do not meet adequacy of survey requirements and/or are not well defined, and known threatening processes exist that could affect them. P4: Priority Four Ecological communities that are adequately known, rare but not threatened or meet criteria for Near Threatened, or that have been recently removed from the threatened list. These communities require regular monitoring. (i) Rare. Ecological communities known from few occurrences that are considered to have been adequately surveyed, or for which sufficient knowledge is available, and that are considered not currently threatened or in need of special protection, but could be if present circumstances change. These communities are usually represented on conservation lands. (ii) Near Threatened. Ecological communities that are considered to have been adequately surveyed and that do not qualify for Conservation Dependent, but that are close to qualifying for Vulnerable. (iii) Ecological communities that have been removed from the list of threatened communities during the past five years. P5: Priority Five – Conservation dependent ecological communities Ecological communities that are not threatened but are subject to a specific conservation program, the cessation of which would result in the community becoming threatened within five years.

Reference: Department of Environment and Conservation 2013, Definitions, Categories and Criteria for Threatened and Priority Ecological Communities DEC (Parks and Wildlife),

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Table B.4: Conservation codes for Western Australian fauna (Department of Parks and Wildlife 2015).

Code Conservation category Definition Schedule 1 of the Wildlife Conservation (Specially Fauna that is rare or likely to become CR Protected Fauna) Notice under the Wildlife extinct, as critically endangered fauna. Conservation Act 1950. Schedule 2 of the Wildlife Conservation (Specially Fauna that is rare or likely to become EN Protected Fauna) Notice under the Wildlife extinct, as endangered fauna. Conservation Act 1950. Schedule 3 of the Wildlife Conservation (Specially Fauna that is rare or likely to become VU Protected Fauna) Notice under the Wildlife extinct, as vulnerable fauna. Conservation Act 1950. Schedule 4 of the Wildlife Conservation (Specially EX Protected Fauna) Notice under the Wildlife Fauna that is presumed to be extinct. Conservation Act 1950. Schedule 5 of the Wildlife Conservation (Specially Birds that are subject to international IA Protected Fauna) Notice under the Wildlife agreements relating to the protection of Conservation Act 1950. migratory birds. Schedule 6 of the Wildlife Conservation (Specially Fauna that are of special conservation CD Protected Fauna) Notice under the Wildlife need being species dependent on Conservation Act 1950. ongoing conservation intervention. Schedule 7 of the Wildlife Conservation (Specially Declared to be fauna that is in need of OS Protected Fauna) Notice under the Wildlife special protection, otherwise than for the Conservation Act 1950. reasons mentioned.

Reference: Department of Parks and Wildlife 2015, Conservation Codes For Western Australian flora and fauna, The Government of Western Australia.

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Table B.5: Priority species under Western Australian Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (Department of Parks and Wildlife 2015). Taxa that have not yet been adequately surveyed to be listed under Schedule 1 or 2 are added to the Priority Flora and Priority Fauna Lists under Priorities 1, 2 or 3. These three categories are ranked in order of priority for survey and evaluation of conservation status so that consideration can be given to their declaration as threatened flora or fauna. Taxa that are adequately known, are rare but not threatened, or meet criteria for Near Threatened, or that have been recently removed from the threatened list for other than taxonomic reasons, are placed in Priority 4. These taxa require regular monitoring. Conservation Dependent species are placed in Priority 5.

P1: Priority One – Poorly known taxa Taxa that are known from one or a few collections or sight records (generally less than five), all on lands not managed for conservation, e.g. agricultural or pastoral lands, urban areas, Shire, Westrail and Main Roads WA road, gravel and soil reserves, and active mineral leases and under threat of habitat destruction or degradation. Taxa may be included if they are comparatively well known from one or more localities but do not meet adequacy of survey requirements and appear to be under immediate threat from known threatening processes.

P2: Priority Two – Poorly known taxa

Taxa that are known from one or a few collections or sight records, some of which are on lands not under imminent threat of habitat destruction or degradation, e.g. national parks, conservation parks, nature reserves, State forest, vacant Crown land, water reserves, etc. Taxa may be included if they are comparatively well known from one or more localities but do not meet adequacy of survey requirements and appear to be under threat from known threatening processes.

P3: Priority Three – Poorly known taxa

Taxa that are known from collections or sight records from several localities not under imminent threat, or from few but widespread localities with either large population size or significant remaining areas of apparently suitable habitat, much of it not under imminent threat. Taxa may be included if they are comparatively well known from several localities but do not meet adequacy of survey requirements and known threatening processes exist that could affect them.

P4: Priority Four: Rare, near threatened and other taxa in need of monitoring (a) Rare. Taxa that are considered to have been adequately surveyed, or for which sufficient knowledge is available, and that are considered not currently threatened or in need of special protection, but could be if present circumstances change. These taxa are usually represented on conservation lands. (b) Near Threatened. Taxa that are considered to have been adequately surveyed and that do not qualify for Conservation Dependent, but that are close to qualifying for Vulnerable. (c) Taxa that have been removed from the list of threatened species during the past five years for reasons other than taxonomy.

P5: Priority Five: Conservation dependent taxa

Taxa that are not threatened but are subject to a specific conservation program, the cessation of which would result in the taxa becoming threatened within five years.

Reference: Department of Parks and Wildlife 2015, Conservation Codes For Western Australian flora and fauna, The Government of Western Australia.

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Table B.6: Categories and definitions for EPBC Act listed fauna species.

Conservation category Definition Taxa with no reasonable doubt that the last member of the species Extinct has died. Taxa known to survive only in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population well outside its past range; or it has not been recorded in its known and/or expected habitat, at Extinct in the wild appropriated seasons, anywhere in its past range, despite exhaustive surveys over a time frame appropriate to its life cycle and form. Taxa facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the Critically endangered (CR) immediate future, as determined in accordance with the prescribed criteria. Taxa are not critically endangered; and are facing a very high risk of Endangered (E) extinction in the wild in the near future, as determined in accordance with the prescribed criteria. Taxa are not critically endangered or endangered; and are facing a Vulnerable (V) high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as determined in accordance with the prescribed criteria. Taxa are the focus of a specific conservation program the cessation of which would result in the species becoming vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered; or the following subparagraphs are satisfied: i) the taxa is a species of fish; ii) the taxa is the focus of a management plan that provides management actions necessary to stop the decline of, and support the recovery of, the taxa so that its chances of long Conservation dependent (CD) term survival in nature are maximized; iii) the management plan is in force under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory; iv) Cessation of the management plan would adversely affect the conservation status of the taxa Fish includes all taxa of bony fish, sharks, rays, crustaceans, molluscs and other marine organisms, but does not include marine mammals/reptiles.

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Table B.7: Criteria used to define likelihood occurrence of conservation significant fauna species.

Likelihood of Pre-survey Post-survey occurrence Recorded N/A Species or evidence of species recorded during survey. Core or preferred habitats present in the survey area which are abundant and/or high quality condition. OR Species has been recorded Species is known to be cryptic and may not have been within the survey area or detected despite adequate survey effort and suitable High within 20 km of the survey habitat present within the survey area. area and preferred habitat appears to be present. OR Species or evidence of species recorded within the survey area however doubt remains over the taxonomic identification, validity of record.

Species has not been Core or highly suitable habitats present in the survey area, recorded from within the however, non-cryptic species that was not detected survey area, however despite adequate survey effort. Moderate species has been recorded OR within 20 km of the survey area and suitable habitat Core or preferred habitats present in the survey area are appears to be present. mainly in poor or modified condition. Species has not been recorded in the survey area despite adequate survey effort. Species recorded within OR 20 km of the survey area but Low Species dependent on specific habitats that do not occur suitable habitat does not in the survey area. appear to be present. OR Species considered locally extinct.

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Table B.8: Criteria used to determine SRE status of invertebrates (Western Australian Museum).

Status Criteria

 A known distribution of < 10 000km2. Confirmed SRE  The taxonomy is well known.  The group is well represented in collections and/ or via comprehensive sampling.

 Patchy sampling has resulted in incomplete knowledge of the geographic distribution of the group.  We have incomplete taxonomic knowledge. Potential SRE  The group is not well represented in collections.  This category is most applicable to situations where there are gaps in our knowledge of the taxon.

 A known distribution of > 10 000km2. Widespread  The taxonomy is well known. (not an SRE)  The group is well represented in collections and/ or via comprehensive sampling.

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Table B.9: Fauna habitat condition scale (Thompson and Thompson 2010).

Habitat condition Condition description These areas closely approximate the vegetation mix and quality that would High Quality Fauna have been in the area prior to any human induced disturbance. The habitat has Habitat (1.0) connectivity with other habitats and is likely to support the most natural vertebrate fauna assemblage. These areas show minimal signs of human induced disturbance (e.g. grazing, clearing, fragmentation, weeds) and retain almost all of the characteristics of Very Good Fauna the habitat had it not been disturbed. The habitat has connectivity with other Habitat (0.8) habitats, and fauna assemblages in these areas are likely to be minimally effected by disturbance. These areas show signs of human induced disturbance (e.g. grazing, clearing, fragmentation, weeds) but generally retain many of the characteristics of the Good Fauna Habitat habitat had it not been disturbed. The habitat still retains some connectivity (0.6) with other habitats but fauna assemblages in these areas are likely to be affected by disturbance. Fauna assemblages in these areas are likely to be similar to what might be expected in this habitat. These areas show signs of human induced significant disturbance (e.g. mining, clearing, tracks and roads). Many of the trees, shrubs and undergrowth have died or have been cleared. These areas may be in the early succession and Disturbed Fauna Habitat regeneration stages. Areas may show signs of significant grazing, contain an (0.4) abundance of weeds or have been damaged by vehicles or machinery. Habitats are fragmented or have limited connectivity with other fauna habitats. Fauna assemblages in these areas are likely to differ significantly from what might be expected in the area had the disturbance not occurred. These areas often have a significant human induced loss of vegetation, and / or a large number of vehicle tracks and / or have been completely cleared, and / Highly Degraded Fauna or areas have been heavily grazed or farmed. There is limited or no fauna Habitat (<0.2) habitat connectivity. Fauna assemblages in these areas are likely to differ significantly from what existed prior to the disturbance, and are often depleted compared to what existed prior to the disturbance.

Reference: Thompson, SA & Thompson, GG 2010, Terrestrial Vertebrate Fauna Assessments for Ecological Impact Assessment, Terrestrial Ecosystems, Mt Claremont.

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Table B.10: Suitability/significance of habitat ranking criteria for the five target Matters of National Environmental Significance (MNES) species.

Potential shelter and foraging Suitable foraging and Limited foraging and Species habitat (a) dispersal habitat (b) dispersal habitat (c) Drainage lines with dense Rocky habitat such as gorges, Pilbara Olive vegetation enabling Habitat that has limited escarpments and breakaways Python transitory behaviours sheltering and foraging along with drainage lines (Liasis and/or providing foraging capacity with no including or in close proximity to olivaceus potential. Rocky habitats permanent or semi- permanent or semi-permanent barroni) that are not in close permanent water. water holes. proximity to water. Habitat important for Rocky habitats such as ranges, foraging, dispersal and escarpments, mesas, ranges, Habitat that has limited buffering of the species Northern gorges, breakaways and boulder sheltering and foraging including moderate to Quoll fields. Also major drainage lines capacity and not small sized drainage lines (Dasyurus or tree-lined drainage systems connected to potential and native vegetation in hallucatus) that are structurally diverse and denning/shelter and close proximity (within contain large diameter trees, foraging habitat. 2 km) denning or shelter termite mounds or hollow logs. habitat. Rocky habitat that contains caves Pilbara Leaf- suitable as diurnal or maternity Habitat that has limited Habitat important for nosed Bat roosts sites, or potentially ecological value but may foraging including diverse (Rhinonicteris contains these caves and has not provide capacity for rocky terrain, moderately aurantia) and adequately surveyed transitory movement sized drainage lines and Ghost Bat OR across the landscape dense complex vegetation (Macroderma and/or limited foraging Areas highly suitable for foraging stands. gigas) that are likely to be used on a potential. regular basis. Isolated habitat not subjected to predation pressure, fire pressure, and altered habitat from Very little is known on the pastoralism and mining activities. foraging requirements of Generally roosting habitat that the Night Parrot. Habitat contains old and large spinifex within 40 km of potential clumps (>50 years unburnt), roosting and nesting sites, particularly ring-forming potentially important for Habitat that has limited Night Parrot hummocks. foraging, including roosting and foraging (Pezoporus OR chenopod communities potential for the Night occidentalis) Areas highly suitable for foraging (particularly those Parrot. in close association (<10 km) to dominated by potential roosting habitat, Sclerolaena), Triodia and including Triodia (particularly at areas rich in herbs, times of mass flowering and including forbs, grasses seeding) and chenopod and grass-like plants. communities dominated by Sclerolaena.

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Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Appendix C: Survey Sampling Locations

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370000 372000 374000 376000 378000

CAM14 CAM9 SRE11 SRE01 TRAP4 CAM11

CAM13 SRE02 HA04 SRE05 SM8027D SM007634A HA01 HA02 SRE06

SRE03 CAM8 SRE12 7608000 SRE04

SRE07 SM007634B

SM008027B

CAM7 SRE13 TRAP3

CAM12 SM8027C HA05 HA03 7606000

CAM15 CAM6 HA08

CAM5 SRE10 CAM4

CAM3

CAM2 7604000

TRAP2

CAM1 SM008027A TRAP1

HA07

SRE08 SM7634D CAM16

SM7634C

7602000 CAM10 SRE09

SRE14 SRE15 HA06

Legend GPS TracklogsGPS Survey AreaSurvey Fauna Sampling Locations #* Acousticbatrecording !? Camerarecording G Habitaassessment t 7600000 ^_ saSRE mpsite ling "/ Trapgrid p ing

Rio Tinto Iron Ore PtyLtdTintoOre Iron Rio W a rramboo Borefield – Level 2 Faun2 Assessment, aWaLevel – rrambooSeptemberBorefield 2017 Appendix C.1: Sampling locations of the Warramboo survey area.

Author:LoveM. Date:10-11-2017 Coo rdinaSystem: teMGA GDA1994 Zon 50 e Metres Draw n : C. DydeDraw C. n : 14279-17-BIDR-1RevA_171110_FigC1_Samp lingLocns Ref: Figure 0 500 1,000 1,500 ± Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Table C.1: Astron fauna sampling locations.

MGA Zone 50K Sampling Site ID Phase Date Habitat Condition Disturbance Microhabitats Photo Easting Northing method (mE) (mN)

02/05/2017 – Phase 1 09/05/2017 Hollows, some surface pools TRAP01 374933 7602886 Trapping grid Riparian 0.8 Weeds, grazing (wet season) Phase 2 13/09/2017 – 20/09/2017

02/05/2017 – Phase 1 09/05/2017 TRAP02 371842 7603525 Trapping grid Clay Plain 1.0 Grazing Dense Triodia clumps Phase 2 13/09/2017 – 20/09/2017

02/05/2017 – Phase 1 09/05/2017 TRAP03 374447 7606605 Trapping grid Hardpan 1.0 Grazing None Phase 2 13/09/2017 – 20/09/2017

02/05/2017 – Phase 1 09/05/2017 TRAP04 373743 7609162 Trapping grid Floodplain 0.6 Weeds, grazing Hollows, dense vegetation Phase 2 13/09/2017 – 20/09/2017

Habitat Hollows, some surface pools HA01 Phase 1 372169 7608478 5/05/2017 Floodplain 0.8 Weeds, grazing assessment (wet season)

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

MGA Zone 50K Sampling Site ID Phase Date Habitat Condition Disturbance Microhabitats Photo Easting Northing method (mE) (mN)

Habitat Some hollows, dense HA02 Phase 1 373879 7608430 5/05/2017 Floodplain 0.6 Weeds, grazing assessment vegetation

Habitat HA03 Phase 1 375562 7606043 6/05/2017 Hardpan 0.8 Grazing Some sandy loose soil assessment

Non-cracking clay – some Habitat HA04 Phase 1 375648 7608749 6/05/2017 Hardpan 1.0 Grazing surface water present, dense assessment Triodia

Habitat HA05 Phase 1 371613 7606134 6/05/2017 Clay Plain 1.0 Grazing Leaf litter, dense Triodia assessment

Habitat Some surface water HA06 Phase 1 375374 7601365 7/05/2017 Riparian 0.8 Weeds, grazing assessment (wet season)

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

MGA Zone 50K Sampling Site ID Phase Date Habitat Condition Disturbance Microhabitats Photo Easting Northing method (mE) (mN)

Habitat HA07 Phase 1 373334 7602513 7/05/2017 Clay Plain 1.0 Grazing Dense Triodia assessment

Habitat Some surface water HA08 Phase 1 374191 7605221 7/05/2017 Riparian 0.6 Weeds, grazing assessment (wet season)

Camera 03/05/2017- Some hollows, dense CAM1 Phase 1 374798 7603154 Riparian 0.8 Grazing No photo (active) 08/05/2017 vegetation

Camera 03/05/2017- Some hollows, dense CAM2 Phase 1 374426 7603902 Riparian 0.8 Grazing No photo (active) 08/05/2017 vegetation

Camera 03/05/2017- Hardpan/Clay CAM3 Phase 1 375012 7604197 1.0 Grazing Dense Triodia No photo (active) 08/05/2017 Plain

Camera 03/05/2017- Some hollows, dense CAM4 Phase 1 374257 7604736 Riparian 0.8 Grazing No photo (active) 08/05/2017 vegetation

Camera 03/05/2017- CAM5 Phase 1 371055 7604934 Clay Plain 1.0 Grazing Dense Triodia No photo (active) 08/05/2017

Camera 03/05/2017- CAM6 Phase 1 373055 7605478 Clay Plain 1.0 Grazing Dense Triodia No photo (active) 08/05/2017

Camera 03/05/2017- Hardpan/Clay CAM7 Phase 1 373603 7606587 1.0 Grazing None No photo (active) 08/05/2017 Plain

Camera 03/05/2017- Hardpan/Clay CAM8 Phase 1 375841 7607922 1.0 Grazing Dense Triodia No photo (active) 08/05/2017 Plain

Camera 03/05/2017- Some hollows, dense CAM9 Phase 1 373122 7609174 Floodplain 1.0 Grazing No photo (active) 08/05/2017 vegetation

Camera CAM10 Phase 2 374820 7601805 12/09/2017- Clay Plain 1.0 Grazing None No photo (active) 20/09/2017 Camera Grazing, Drill CAM11 Phase 2 376721 7608983 13/09/2017- Hardpan 1.0 None No photo (active) 20/09/2017 Lines Camera CAM12 Phase 2 373765 7606382 12/09/2017- Clay Plain 1.0 Grazing Leaf litter, dense Triodia No photo (active) 20/09/2017

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

MGA Zone 50K Sampling Site ID Phase Date Habitat Condition Disturbance Microhabitats Photo Easting Northing method (mE) (mN) Camera Grazing, weeds, CAM13 Phase 2 371937 7608797 16/09/2017- Floodplain 0.6 Leaf litter No photo (active) 20/09/2017 drill lines Camera Grazing, weeds, Leaf litter, dense vegetation, CAM14 Phase 2 373700 7609241 13/09/2017- Floodplain 0.6 No photo (active) 20/09/2017 tracks some hollows Camera CAM15 Phase 2 373027 7605480 15/09/2017- Clay Plain 1.0 Grazing Leaf litter No photo (active) 20/09/2017 Camera CAM16 Phase 2 372953 7602053 16/09/2017- Clay Plain 1.0 Grazing Leaf litter No photo (active) 20/09/2017

Acoustic 03/05/2017- SM7634A Phase 1 373123 7608504 Floodplain 1.0 Grazing Some hollows No photo recording 05/05/2017

Acoustic 05/05/2017- SM7634B Phase 1 374330 7607178 Hardpan 1.0 Grazing None No photo recording 08/05/2017

Acoustic 03/05/2017- Some hollows, dense SM8027A Phase 1 374819 7603127 Riparian 0.8 Grazing No photo recording 06/05/2017 vegetation

Acoustic 06/05/2017- SM8027B Phase 1 371013 7606924 Clay Plain 1.0 Grazing None No photo recording 09/05/2017

Acoustic 12/09/2017- Some hollows, dense SM7634C Phase 2 374952 7601879 Clay Plain 1.0 Grazing recording 13/09/2017 vegetation

Acoustic 16/09/2017- SM7634D Phase 2 372898 7602085 Clay Plain 1.0 Grazing None No photo recording 19/09/2017

Acoustic 12/09/2017- SM8027C Phase 2 373741 7606214 Clay Plain 1.0 Grazing Some hollows No photo recording 16/09/2017

Acoustic 16/09/2017- Some hollows, dense SM8027D Phase 2 371957 7608778 Floodplain 0.6 Grazing No photo recording 18/09/2017 vegetation

SRE foraging SRE01 Phase 1 372582 7609146 5/05/2017 Floodplain 0.8 Weeds, grazing Hollows, dense vegetation No photo site

SRE foraging SRE02 Phase 1 372386 7608779 5/05/2017 Floodplain 0.8 Weeds, grazing None No photo site

SRE foraging Some water in channels, leaf SRE03 Phase 1 372355 7608049 5/05/2017 Floodplain 0.8 Weeds, grazing No photo site litter, dense vegetation

SRE foraging SRE04 Phase 1 373503 7607781 5/05/2017 Floodplain 0.8 Weeds, grazing Leaf litter No photo site

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

MGA Zone 50K Sampling Site ID Phase Date Habitat Condition Disturbance Microhabitats Photo Easting Northing method (mE) (mN)

SRE foraging SRE05 Phase 1 373897 7608665 5/05/2017 Floodplain 0.6 Weeds, grazing Leaf litter, dense vegetation site

SRE foraging Triodia spoil piles from track SRE06 Phase 1 376874 7608335 6/05/2017 Hardpan 1.0 Grazing, tracks No photo site grading

SRE foraging SRE07 Phase 1 371110 7607166 6/05/2017 Clay Plain 1.0 Grazing Leaf litter No photo site

SRE foraging SRE08 Phase 1 372013 7602068 7/05/2017 Clay Plain 1.0 Grazing Leaf litter under Eucalypts No photo site

SRE foraging Surface water, leaf litter SRE09 Phase 1 375005 7601788 7/05/2017 Riparian 0.8 Weeds, grazing No photo site under Eucalypts

SRE foraging SRE10 Phase 1 374262 7604815 7/05/2017 Riparian 0.8 Weeds, grazing Leaf litter along banks No photo site

SRE foraging Grazing, tracks, Large woody debris, spoil SRE11 Phase 2 373464 7609199 14/09/2017 Floodplain 0.6 site weeds piles, leaf litter

SRE foraging Grazing, tracks, SRE12 Phase 2 377234 7607863 15/09/2017 Clay Plain 0.8 Termite mound, leaf litter site drill lines

SRE foraging SRE13 Phase 2 373672 7606614 15/09/2017 Riparian 0.8 Grazing, weeds Leaf litter site

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

MGA Zone 50K Sampling Site ID Phase Date Habitat Condition Disturbance Microhabitats Photo Easting Northing method (mE) (mN)

SRE foraging SRE14 Phase 2 375534 7601518 19/09/2017 Hardpan 0.8 Grazing, weeds Leaf litter site

SRE foraging SRE15 Phase 2 375283 7601469 19/09/2017 Clay Plain 0.6 Grazing, weeds Leaf litter site

Condition 1.0 (Excellent) 0.8 (Very Good) 0.6 (Good) 0.4 (Poor) 0.2 (Very Poor)

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

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Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Appendix D: Alacran Environmental Science SRE Report

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

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1 Report No. 1707

Short-range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from

the Warramboo Area

Prepared for Astron (Rio Tinto)

Lychas ‘gracilimanus’

ABN 33577027061 www.alacranenvironmental.com

Short-range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the Warramboo Area

Report No. 1707 | Version 1 | Prepared by Erich Volschenk | Submitted to Astron (Melissa Ford) | 27 July 2017

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents the findings of a desktop study, and the identification and SRE (short-range endemic) assessment of invertebrates sampled during a field survey undertaken by Astron. The information in this report is intended to be used by Astron in their preparation of an overarching fauna report for Rio Tinto. The aim of that report was to provide information to Rio Tinto to enhance the level of knowledge of fauna within the Warramboo area in the west Robe Valley, the Study Area. This information is also intended to inform any future environmental impact assessment (EIA) within the region.

The Study Area is located approximately 50 km west of Pannawonica with an area of approximately 4,634 ha. A level 2, single phase fauna survey was undertaken by Astron in early April 2017, within the Study Area. A desktop assessment of SRE invertebrates was undertaken within a 40,000 km2 square area (the Search Area) centred on the Study Area. Reports from previous surveys undertaken in the area were reviewed and database searches were undertaken for SRE invertebrate records from the WA Museum’s Arachnids and Myriapods, Crustaceans and Molluscs databases. These data were edited to enforce consistency in naming and then filtered for SRE’s and potential SREs.

The database search revealed yielded 8,553 records from within the Search Area. Of those, 1,531 records were attributed to SRE groups, SREs and Potential SREs. The SRE groups represented 172 taxa, of which 11 represented named species, 103 represented named morphospecies and 58 represented unidentified species belonging to taxa known to contain SRE representatives. Only seven species and morphospecies (all millipedes) represented SREs with the remaining 165 taxa being Potential SRE owing largely to data deficiency (DD). The high proportion of potential SREs and undescribed morphospecies indicates a poor state of knowledge about these invertebrates in this region.

The field survey yielded 28 invertebrates from SRE target taxa, representing seven different species. Two of these species were known to be widespread with the remaining five being potential SREs (DD). The potential SREs comprised: three scorpion species, Lychas ‘bituberculatus complex’, Lychas ‘gracilimanus’ and Lychas ‘multipunctatus complex’; one isopod, Buddelundia ‘70’; and one snail, Rhagada convicta. Each of these taxa represents a species complex involving multiple species, some of which may have short-range distributions. The taxonomic composition of the survey suggests that it may have been undertaken in unfavourable conditions owing to the lack of trapdoor spiders, burrowing scorpions, pseudoscorpions and cryptic millipedes.

Overall, the composition of SRE taxa within this part of the Pilbara remains poorly known. This situation is most likely to be improved with more intensive and bi-season (wet and dry seasons) targeted surveys.

Alacran Environmental Science Address 32 Amalfi Way, Canning Vale 6155 Western Australia, AUSTRALIA Email [email protected] Phone 0457 111 317 www.alacranenvironmental.com

© 2017 Alacran Environmental Science. Limitation: This report was prepared for Astron to provide information about the identity, short- This report (or any part of it) cannot be range endemism and conservation significance of invertebrates from the Warramboo area. reproduced or distributed without the Alacran Environmental Science accepts no liability or responsibility for any use or reliance on this written permission of Astron or Alacran report for anything other than its purpose. The accuracy and completeness of the information Environmental Science. supplied by Astron or other data sources including (but not limited to) The Western Australian Museum, The Australian Bureau of Meteorology or the Western Australian Department of Minerals and Petroleum, has not been reviewed or verified.

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II 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 8 8 8 9

III No.

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oda (centipedes) rang ......

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Eupulmonata, Mollusca (land snails) (land Mollusca Eupulmonata, Arachnida Chilop (millipedes) Diplopoda lice) or wood (slaters Isopoda Database search Database Li Identification Lodgement Specimen Short ......

......

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Summary WA Museum Database search Database WA Museum Survey Field Search Area Literateure review Literateure Desktop assessment Desktop Defining short Defining Taxonomy Scope Overview

References 4.1.4 4.1.5 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.1 Discussion 2.3.2 Results 2.3.1 2.2.2 2.2.1 Methods 1.2.1 Introduction 4.2 4.1 3.3 3.1 3.2 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.2 1.1

Appendices 5 4 3 2 1 Table of Contents Table of Figures Table TABLE C OF summary Executive

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No. 28 32 35 10 11 15 16 17 19 22 25

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...... Buddelundia Lychas ......

...... scorpion records records scorpion

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...... convicta; B, convicta; ......

Urodacus ......

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records from the database Search database the from records

Rhagada ......

plopoda (millipedes) records from the from records (millipedes) plopoda ...... ‘multipunctatus complex’; E, complex’; ‘multipunctatus

...... Warramboo Area Warramboo Lychas e field survey: A, c.f. survey: e field ......

...... range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range -

Short e database Search Area. Number of records in parentheses. records of Number Area. Search e database the distribution of SRE category Eupulmonata (land snails) records from the the from records snails) (land Eupulmonata category SRE of distribution the

zidae and Idiopidae. Number of records in Parentheses. in records of Number Idiopidae. and zidae ‘bituberculatus complex’; D, D, complex’; ‘bituberculatus

......

FIGURES Lychas parentheses. database Search Area. Number of records in parentheses. of records Number Area. Search database in records of Number Camaenidae. and Bothriembryonitidae families Area: Search database Search Area: family Buthidae. Number of records in parentheses. records of Number Buthidae. family Area: Search th from records (slaters) from the database Search Area. Number of records in parentheses. in records of Number Area. Search database the from in parentheses. of records Number Area. Search Area: families Cteni Area: families in parentheses. of records Number Selenopidae. and Nemesiidae Area: families parentheses. Parentheses. in records of Number Barychelidae. and Actinopodidae Area: families ‘70’; C, C, ‘70’; mm.2 = Bars Scale ‘gracilimanus’. WA Museum’s Terrestrial Invertebrates, Crustaceans and Molluscs databases Molluscs and Crustaceans Invertebrates, Terrestrial WA Museum’s TABLE OF

Figure 4.9. West Pilbara showing Pilbara West 4.9. Figure Figure 4.8. West Pilbara showing the distribution of SRE category Di category SRE of distribution the showing Pilbara West 4.8. Figure Figure 4.7. West Pilbara showing the distribution of SRE category Chilopoda (centipedes) and Isopoda Isopoda and (centipedes) Chilopoda category SRE of distribution the showing Pilbara West 4.7. Figure Figure 4.6. West Pilbara showing the distribution of SRE category scorpions records from the database database the from records scorpions category SRE of distribution the showing Pilbara West 4.6. Figure Figure 4.5. West Pilbara showing the distribution of SRE category pseudoscorpion records from the database the database from records pseudoscorpion category SRE of distribution the showing Pilbara West 4.5. Figure Figure 4.4. West Pilbara showing the distribution of SRE category Opiliones and and Opiliones category SRE of distribution the showing Pilbara West 4.4. Figure Figure 4.3. West Pilbara showing the distribution of SRE category spider category SRE of distribution the showing Pilbara West 4.3. Figure Figure 4.2. West Pilbara showing the distribution of SRE category spider records from the database Search Search database the from records spider category SRE of distribution the showing Pilbara West 4.2. Figure Figure 4.1. West Pilbara showing the distribution of SRE category spider records from the database Search Search database the from records spider category SRE of distribution the showing Pilbara West 4.1. Figure Figure 3.2. Distribution of SRE taxa from the field survey within the Study Area. Number of records in of records Number Area. Study the within survey the field from taxa of SRE Distribution 3.2. Figure Figure 3.1. Images of SRE taxa recovered during th during recovered taxa SRE of 3.1. Images Figure Figure 2.1. West Pilbara showing the location of the Study Area and the Search Area used to interrogate to interrogate used Area the Search and Area Study the of location the showing Pilbara West 2.1. Figure

1 1707

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Edward Edward and Harvey 2008

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. The purpose of this work is to gather information through a desktop study and the use the use study and a desktop through information gather is to work ofpurpose this . The ely field locations within the Study Study the within locations field ely Harvey Harvey 1991 phase 2Level phase fauna survey (

OVERVIEW Short SCOPE result result when speciation occurs following the fragmentation of continuous habitat into two or

Car et al. 2013 scorpions scorpions in the genus ( . In Australia, Australia, In .

Idioblothrus INTRODUCTION mited dispersal capabilities mited dispersal isolate formerly widespread species widespread formerly isolate

provided specialist support specialist provided seasonal activity seasonal and growth, slow of fecundity. low levels li undertaking a desktop assessment including area searches of relevant WA Museum databases, databases, Museum WA of relevant area searches including assessment a desktop undertaking of samples field SRE assessment and identification selecting lik selecting Ponder and Colgan 2002 Colgan and Ponder

nominally nominally less than 10,000 km ropus and and ; range range endemics are organisms with small geographic distributions extreme extreme examples of relictual S range range endemism have been recognised: Relictual

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habitat specialist SREs include spiders in in spiders include SREs specialist habitat :

authorise identifications authorise

, as it been sampled sampled been SREs that are impossible to identify based to identify are impossible that SREs subject to systematic investigation systematic to subject

or; / Synsphyronus not

who can who taxa include juvenile or female millipedes, millipedes, or female juvenile include taxa

in the genera genera the in Warramboo Area Warramboo potential potential for a species

not been been not ENDEMISM

life stages of stages life relevant

has d e stages prevent identification to species level. species to identification prevent stages e

This category covers taxa for which there is insufficient data insufficient there is which for taxa covers category This . on the group group on the status of invertebrates of status ) : -

scorpions. Genomic methods have great potential to overcome overcome to potential great have methods Genomic scorpions.

geographic information, geographic and/or information, taxonomic range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range based on publicly available vouchered records. S records. vouchered available on publicly based , and scorpions scorpions , and RANGE -

) 2 - (DD) a species a species

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iciency insufficient insufficient lif inappropriate e.g. ecies that have adapted to very specific environment types, including those

actively working working actively , e.g. • • • categories further elucidate status: this elucidate further categories Hebert et al. 2003b et al. Hebert -

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rcher rcher : This category applies to situations where there are knowledge gaps for the taxon. the taxon. for gaps knowledge are there where situations to applies This category issues

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al. 2003aal. a resea and collection, reference accessible a publicly DNA barcoding as such methods genomic using boundaries species of assessment DEFINING SHORT Harvey and Volschenk 2007 Volschenk and Harvey published

; – – – the following METHODS

dentification Potential SRE: SRE: Potential sub The following Confirmed SRE Confirmed 000km 10 than is less distribution both. ideally morphological, or sequences) DNA (from genomic be either can I of Examples characters. morphological on and spiders mygalomorph limitation. of type this following: assessment of species distributions. The absence of a species from survey records may not mean not may records survey species from a of absence The distributions. species of assessment the area. from absent that it is resolution, taxonomic Poor resolution taxonomic Good determine. to impossible or difficult either is the identity necessarily Poor survey coverage, coverage, survey Poor ed

— — — — —

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employ There are no Assessment Assessment of short following: the of any may include Limitations 2 ( found in arid environments (e.g. rocky outcrops or isolated dune systems). systems). dune isolated or outcrops rocky (e.g. environments arid in found of Examples refugial. not are therefore and years) million (<10 young the family Selenopidae and pseudoscorpions in the genera Habitat specialist SREs

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known to be range restricted; a new a new restricted; range be to known This category relies on unpublished research research on unpublished relies This category

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about about isopod distributions, SRE assessment and

category uses one or more morphological morphological more orone uses category Warramboo Area Warramboo

” absent or significantly reduced, and/or longer longer and/or reduced, or significantly absent

This . ) : category employs h employs category

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cluster of individual organisms within which there is a parental a parental is there which within organisms individual of cluster :

. may may be helpful in developing conservation priorities 2 range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range (H) -

.” Evidence

Short habitats are known to to known are habitats to develop develop to

ical n

diagnosable : This category applies when vouchered evidence demonstrates a demonstrates evidence vouchered when applies This category :

”. of potential SRE expertise expertise Phylogenetic Phylogenetic Species Concept Unpublished Research & E & Research Unpublished or status whe status habitat subterranean from sampled range be to potential greater has therefore habitat such from species discovered widespread than SRE) a (i.e. restricted Morpholog chara are that characters subterranean to adapted of animals features morphological the specialised e.g. surface than paler or significantly absent that are markings body including habitats, are that eyes relatives, dwelling relatives surface than antennae) (legs and appendages Habitat Indicators Habitat “

(not an SRE) an (not

▪ ▪ ▪ where there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage, lack of full scientific full of lack damage, environmental irreversible or serious of threats are there where Identification TAXONOMY “ certainty should not be used as a reason to postpone measures to degradation prevent environmental

: : ) The references used for species determination are summarised in summarised are determination species forused The references species is the smallest smallest the is species

These These categories A “ descent and ofancestry pattern Widespread km 10,000 than greater distribution each taxon should be assessed on its merit and in accordance with the 2002 1

—

specimen identification. The remaining identifications (scorpions (scorpions and snails) carried identifications were out The specimen remaining identification. by Drthe Erich Volschenk. 2.2.1 For this report, Dr Simon Judd contributed information Alacran Alacran follows the morphosecies International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Nomenclature Zoological of Code International The taxonomic nomenclature of invertebrates follows the references designations follow the parataxonomy of the scientist(s) working on the group; these informal names are written between single quotation marks rather than being italicised as they are not valid un

2.2

4 1707 No.

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.

Erich S . morphospecies designations

for for inclusion in their biological

Reference collection at the WA

. and with Dr Erich S. Volschenk and with Dr Simon Judd

Reference Reference collection at theWA

Morphospecies and reference collection Morphospecies designation by Dr Volschenk Museum Morphospecies designation by Dr Simon Judd. Museum Reference collection at the WA Museum Fet specimens specimens submitted to Alacran Environmental ; Judd Judd Warramboo Area Warramboo , ) ; Johnson ;

Johnson et 2009 ) ( ;

Schotte et al. ) Volschenk and ;

; Kovařík 1997 ; range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range

- ) Schmalfuss 2003 ; Short

Johnson et al. 2004 2003 ; Acosta 1990 ;

a , Volschenk et al. 2010 1997 ; , Volschenk et al. 2000 Whisson and Köhler 2012 reference ; ; Whisson and Kirkendale 2014 ; Schmidt and Leistikow 2004 Judd and Perina 2013 ; ; EPA EPA Guidance Statement 20 Solem 1985 Judd and Horwitz Glauert Glauert 1925b ( et al. 2012 al. 2013 Prendini 2008 ( 2004 2008 ( et al. 2000 Taxonomic Specimen Lodgement

. The following ‘general’ references and collections were used with assist to

.

1 .

2 Gastropoda Isopoda Scorpiones Order

collections In In accordance with Science for taxonomic identification will be offered to the WA Museum 2.2.2 Table

5 1707

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approximately 100 km km 100 approximately

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‘pannawonica’. ,

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requested of the Search Area was used when when used Area was Search of the --

cotype of the species was species the of cotype

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screening for SREs or subterranean fauna. fauna. subterranean SREs or for screening following

centring used instead of genus instead used , Short no ata edits and

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‘pannawonica’ sp. n.” was renamed to to renamed n.” was sp. ‘pannawonica’

unidentified species from subterranean survey methods of groups known to to known of groups methods survey subterranean from species unidentified

2 all species obtained through terrestrial survey methods survey terrestrial through obtained species all : ™ : e.g. rank “unknown”

inomial , B “ arch a ?” ESKTOP ASSESSMENT Google

, based on taxon and/or sampling methods sampling and/or on taxon , based Rhagada amily “ family Cryptopidae family Troglobite methods sampling schizomids. ?Epigean SR epigean contain Epigean W.A., in epigean be to known of the genus of the unidentified all “sp suffix, that without renamed were “sp. n.” in ending names morphospecies Binomial All “ Where the genus field was empty, empty, was field the genus Where f empty fields were genus and family Where both Search area D Database s Se

Bottom right corner right Bottom database searches database b. c. a. c. d. a. b. data ‘dumps’ of of ‘dumps’ data ;

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Another field was created called called created was field Another recorded A new field field A new concatenated,

2 1 this report, the Search Area is defined as the area investigated for SREs surrounding the Study Area the Study surrounding SREs for investigated area as the is defined Area Search the report, this

databases. constitute departmental the different between consistency enforce to for SREs screening to prior edited were 2.3.1.2 WA the from requested were searches area the when time At the provided approximately 40,000 km 40,000 approximately north, south east and west and east north, south databases Museum’s WA the within from searches undertaking 114.791105 Based on the nominal area area on the nominal Based using generated 2.3.1.1 For 2.3.1

2.3

6 1707 No. Page |

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Data presented in presented Data

filtered out. filtered

range endemism range

-

Millipede families families Millipede also

species that either species .

according to the SRE the SRE to according

e.g. including the Montebello Montebello the including ,

essed several s

Defining short Defining slands slands

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in C, Warramboo BWT and Highway and BWT C, Warramboo subterranean fauna survey methods of methods survey fauna subterranean -

Mesa A and G, near Pannawonica. near G, A and Mesa s in the Pilbara in the s ata These s These

.

species species

either “epigean” or “?epigean”. or “epigean” either from

Warramboo Area Warramboo s of s filtered d filtered vey for the Buckland Project Stage 2 haul road. haul 2 Stage Project Buckland the for vey

. obtained cotype Project rail corridor fauna and fauna assemblages survey. assemblages fauna and fauna corridor rail Project and freshwater and

range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range - during this review: this during

Barrow Island and the nearby the nearby and Island Barrow

marine Short : are on are range endemic invertebrate fauna survey of The Edge. of The survey fauna invertebrate endemic range range endemic invertebrate fauna survey of Delphine. survey fauna invertebrate endemic range

- - species present in the in present species or o the names in the “Binomial”. “Binomial”. in the the names o

, investigated Unidentified species species Unidentified Aquatic : Terrestrial fauna surveys for the Buckland Project. the Buckland for surveys fauna Terrestrial Short Terrestrial fauna survey for the Buckland Project haul road. haul Project the Buckland for survey fauna Terrestrial Short families rarely sampled in SRE survey in SRE sampled rarely families

Level 1 terrestrial fauna sur fauna 1 terrestrial Level - - - -

and and Island ) - ) ) )

West Pilbara Iron Ore Pilbara West West Pilbara Iron Ore Project mine areas seasonal fauna survey fauna seasonal areas mine Project Iron Ore Pilbara West

or

filtered for records with e with records for filtered

Level 2 Terrestrial Fauna Surveys: Mesa B Mesa Surveys: Fauna 2 Terrestrial Level

)

Fauna habitats and fauna assemblage of assemblage fauna and habitats Fauna and corridor A transport Mesa the of assemblage fauna and habitats Fauna - -

-

rea overlaps much of Barrow Island, which contains which Island, of Barrow much overlaps rea

- - )

)

) A ) ) 2014a 2014b 2012a 2012b 2013 ( ( ( ( ( Literature review ?troglobite orders Dolodesmidae and Haplodesmidae Marine 2015 2009a 2009b 2005 2006 (

s, but are not known from the Pilbara mainland Pilbara the from known are not s, but

( ( ( ( earch earch

d. e. Phoenix Phoenix Phoenix MWH Bore. Biota Biota Phoenix Phoenix Phoenix Biota Biota Warramboo. Island The data were The data each of status The SRE described and WAMTS by the used previously categories The S the to endemic

– – – – – – – – – – 4 5 3

2.3.2 were literature The following Filtered data were then used to generate distributions at the family order or class level. class or order family at the distributions to generate used then were data Filtered t maps corresponds tables and

115°0'0"E 115°30'0"E 116°0'0"E 116°30'0"E

µ 20°30'0"S

DAMPIER KARRATHA 21°0'0"S

Chichester Roebourne 21°30'0"S ONSLOW PANNAWONICA

Fortescue 22°0'0"S

Hamersley 22°30'0"S

Kilometrrs 0 15 30 60

Figureinterrogateto Searc used AreatheStudy thehand Area locationof 2.the showing West1Pilbara the WAMuseum’s MolluscsTerrestrialInvertebrates,Crustaceansand databases

Client:Tinto) Astron(Rio Project: WarrambooBorefield Database search area Coordinate System:WGS GCS1984 Projection: TransverseMerc ator Author:Volschenk E.S. Datum: WGS1984 Date:2017 Jun 7 Study area 1:1,223,607 Western Australia

IBRA v7 Pilbara Subregions 2017 Science Environmental Alacran © XY Towns www.alacranenvironmental.com Page | 11

8 1707

, ) No. Page | report report 2009a 2.3.1.2

( ,

6 at taxa, e.g. 200 . Th ) , within within this file

represented by represented Mt Brockman”

“ 2015 ( the the data from the WA

undetermined undetermined

Biota 2005 Biota

affin affin sp. s (

embedded

e 48 16 10 22 21 17 14 21 . These were These . 172 Potential SRE (DD) and 7 were were 7 and (DD) SRE Potential Total wer

file is file

8 SRE data edits and filters and edits data SRE

Rhagada records Study Area Study

ential SRE taxa. SRE ential and and

ason, this review focuses primarily on the the on primarily focuses review this ason,

1,531

6 6 6 7 6 7 4 13 58 named - applying the applying Un taxa (“sp.”) of these taxa were were taxa these of

Warramboo Area Warramboo

for and SRE pot EARCH (165) morphospecies morphospecies and 5

The corresponding The data corresponding Pannawonica Pannawonica 1”

. .

1 4 7 7 . 32 10 16 14 13 103 were

3 “sp

3 Morphospecies range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range - Table Table

. The majority The . in

Missulena Short , that number was reduced to to reduced was , that number

)

The The data from these reports largely corroborated

0 4 3 0 0 0 0 7 . 11 ) y y Order species Named b

named species, 10 onica 1”, 2013

eight reports undertaken in the vicinity of the of vicinity the in undertaken reports eight ,

b

,

were

from

Totals 1 Pannaw

1 . sp. and Chthoniidae sp Chthoniidae and sp.

WA MUSEUM DATABASE S LITERATEURE REVIEW “sp

the data the Order earches yielded a total of 8,553 records. After filtering filtering After records. 8,553 of total a yielded earches RESULTS Summary Museum of WA database search results S Phoenix Phoenix 2012a . Aname ; 1 ( .

Isopoda (slaters) ) Araneae (spiders) 3 rea rea Pseudoscorpiones (pseudoscorpions)

A Diplopoda (millipedes) Scorpiones (scorpions) Chilopoda (centipedes) Opiliones (harvestmen)Opiliones Appendix 1. Appendix 2011 Eupulmonata (land snails)

, 2006

as Table These These results are summarised 172 172 taxa of which Tyrannochthonius SRE. confirmed The filtering and edits data area search data provided by the WA Museum. WA the by provided data ( without these as such differences reconcile to is impossible It searches. database in the appear not did which re this For codes. registration comparing or specimens the accessing b Museum’s searches. database There are such however some discrepancies as the species identified by Biota The most recent surveys investigating SREs at Warramboo and surrounds is by MWH summarised 3

3.2 3.1

9 1707

No.

Page |

useum M

SRE statusSRE widespread Widespread otential SRE: DD otential SRE: DD otential SRE: DD otential SRE: DD P P P P Potential SRE: DD

sites SRE7 SRE7 SRE6 recorded recorded from the WA

TrapSite2 TrapSite1 TrapSite2 Field Field SRE1, SRE3 and SRE6 SRE3, SRE6, SRE8 and

Warramboo Area Warramboo ‘70’

mussoni

coarctata convicta

‘gracilimanus’ Species

. The data file containing these records is attached as Appendix Appendix as attached is records these containing file data The . ) 1 Buddelundia . ‘bituberculatus complex’ range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range Rhagada

‘multipunctatus complex’

- Stenopylis 3 Lychas Gastrocopta Short Lychas

Lychas Figure Figure

and and

2 . 3

field survey results.field

a total of 28 invertebrates from SRE target taxa, representing seven different species different seven representing taxa, target SRE from invertebrates 28 of total a

Family . Buthidae Pupillidae Table Table the es Camaenidae

(

Helicodiscidae

FIELD SURVEYFIELD

urvey yielded yielded urvey Summary of s

pions) . r 2 . Order the the potential SRE and SRE species from the field survey were also 3

Scorpiones (sco (land snails) Eupulmonata

Isopoda (slaters) atabase area search atabase area

d All All of Table from the Study Area Study the from 2. The field The field

3.3

1707 10

No. Page | ‘70’; ‘70’; C,

Buddelundia ‘gracilimanus’. Scale Bars = 2

convicta; B,

Lychas Rhagada c.f. c.f. Warramboo Area Warramboo ‘multipunctatus complex’; E, range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range - Lychas Short ‘bituberculatus complex’; D,

. . Images of SRE taxa recovered during the field survey: A, 1 Lychas mm . 3

Figure

* # *

µ #

#*

*

#*!!(( #

** ##**## !(

Roebourne

")((((!!!!###***

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Hamersley

Kilometrrs 0 0.5 1 2

Figure 3.2 Distribution of SRE taxa from the field survey within the Study Area. Number of records in parentheses. Client: Astron (Rio Tinto) cf (4) Study area Project: Warramboo Borefield !( Rhagada convicta

Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Buddelundia '70' (8) IBRA v7 Pilbara Subregions * Projection: Transverse Mercator Author: E.S. Volschenk *## Datum: WGS 1984 Date: 3 Nov 2017 'bituberculatus complex' (5) 1:42,209 Lychas Western Australia (! Lychas 'gracilimanus' (4) © Alacran Environmental Science 2017 ") Lychas 'multipunctatus complex' (4) www.alacranenvironmental.com Page | 15

1707 12 No. Page | Western Western

Potential Potential (

6 . Australia’s ) 201 trapdoor trapdoor spider

Castalanelli Castalanelli et al. Crews Crews and Harvey ; ( ne ni Notice ) and the Mygalomorphae d d Fauna)

Harvey Harvey et al. 2012 ( (wall (wall crab spiders)

White White and Anderson 2017 of these taxa were considered (

). All 3 . 4 elenopidae Warramboo Area Warramboo

S (Specially (Specially Protecte )

off’ site. In the Pilbara, the modern spiders currently nd nd are therefore significant candidates for exhibiting - Figure Figure - range range distributions 1 - . 4 range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range -

Figure Figure Harvey et al. 2011 et Harvey ; taxa, taxa, of which three were named species, 32 were morphospecies and and and Short

1 Wildlife Wildlife Conservation . 4

piders)

spider spider . ; however, none of these are known from the Pilbara region. In the Pilbara,

) )

48 Table Table

(

and and Theraphosidae, of which all except Theraphosidae are known to contain Harvey 2002a Harvey (

listed listed in the taxa

). ugh ugh to ‘catch the wind’ like a kite, and lift the spiderling into the wind to be deposited . 1 ) . contained

Araneae (s Arachnida AREA SEARCH 4 currently

Table Table DISCUSSION (

)

Rix et al. 2017 (in press) (in al. 2017 et Rix Crews 2013 Crews range endemism endemism range - DD ; ; Search Search Area (

011

SRE The 13 were unidentified representatives representatives with confirmed or potential short 2014 Australian Australian Government 2017 trapdoor spiders are represented by Idiopidae, six Nemesiidae families: Actinopodidae, Barychelidae, Ctenizidae, Dipluridae, Most Most of Western Australia’s SRE spiders are trapdoor spiders. In Western Australia, species are considered considered to contain SRE’s are members of the family 2 process process where a creates spiderling and releases a long strand of silk into the wind. The silk strand eventually becomes long eno elsewhere, potentially many kilometres from its ‘take spiders spiders are broadly into divided two groups, the Araneomorphae (modern spiders (trapdoor spiders). Most modern spiders are widely distributed and achieve this through ‘ballooning’; a 4.1.1.1 20,000 and 15,000 between be to thought are there Australia, In arachnids. recognisable instantly are Spiders species, although only approximately 4,000 are currently named short Among the classes containing SREs, the arachnids stand out with the number of contain orders and SREs. families With that the exception of most modern spiders, arachnids have and relatively poor some dispersal capabilities pseudoscorpions a and mites, most 4.1.1 4

4.1

1707 13

No.

) ) to

Page |

data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data

several several

otential SREs SREs SREs SREs SREs Main 1996 ( Harms andHarms WAM WAM data WAM WAM WAM WAM WAM WAM WAM WAM WAM WAM WAM WAM WAM WAM WAM WAM WAM WAM ( Justification Genus containGenus Genus containGenus cryptic species contain Genus containsGenus containsGenus to contain SREs Family contains Species complexSpecies Framenau 2013 and with p Genus Genus suspected

Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Ecotype

Category - SRE Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Warramboo Area Warramboo

sp. `po3` sp. sp.

sp.

sp. sp.

butleri `MYG057` `MYG319`

`DNA03` `DNA05` `MYG110` occatoria `preston`

`MYG279` `MYG040`

`MYG112` `MYG113` `MYG335` `MYG070`

`MYG302` `MYG414`

`MYG083`

`MYG082`

range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range - Binomial Synothele Aganippe Eucyrtops Synothele Conothele Missulena Idiommata Barychelidae sp. Synothele `pseudidiommata` Euoplos Synothele Conothele Short Anidiops Aurecocrypta Synothele Missulena Aganippe Aganippe Synothele Synothele Synothele Synothele Conothele Missulena Idiommata Aurecocrypta Aurecocrypta

Family Idiopidae Idiopidae Idiopidae Idiopidae Idiopidae Idiopidae Ctenizidae Ctenizidae Ctenizidae Barychelidae Barychelidae Barychelidae Barychelidae Barychelidae Barychelidae Barychelidae Barychelidae Barychelidae Barychelidae Barychelidae Barychelidae Barychelidae Barychelidae Barychelidae Actinopodidae Actinopodidae Actinopodidae

. Table of SRE category Araneae identified from the area search of the WA Museum’s Terrestrial Invertebrates Terrestrial Museum’s WA the of search area the from identified Araneae category SRE of Table . Database 1 . 4 nfraorder I Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae

Table

1707 14 No.

Page |

contain SREs SREs SREs SREs SREs SREs WAM data WAM data WAM data WAM data WAM data WAM data WAM data WAM data WAM data WAM data WAM data WAM Data WAM Data WAM Data WAM Data Justification Genus containGenus containGenus containGenus Genus Genus Family contain Family contain

Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Ecotype

Category - SRE Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Warramboo Area Warramboo

sp. sp. sp.

sp.

`MYG007` `MYG090` `MYG093` `MYG195` `MYG375` `MYG374`

`MYG218` `MYG307`

`MYG271` `MYG366` `MYG369` `MYG413`

` `MYG178` martamarta range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range - Binomial Aname Karaops Yilgarnia Kwonkan Idiopidae sp. Kwonkan `po2` Nemesiidae Nemesiidae sp. Aname Aname Aname Aname Aname Euoplos Euoplos ` Short Yilgarnia Yilgarnia Kwonkan Kwonkan Kwonkan Kwonkan Karaops

Family Idiopidae Idiopidae Idiopidae Nemesiidae Nemesiidae Nemesiidae Nemesiidae Nemesiidae Nemesiidae Nemesiidae Nemesiidae Nemesiidae Nemesiidae Nemesiidae Nemesiidae Nemesiidae Nemesiidae Nemesiidae Nemesiidae Selenopidae Selenopidae

nfraorder I Araneomorphae Araneomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae Mygalomorphae

Figure 4.1. West Pilbara showing the distribution of SRE category spider records from the database Search Area: families Actinopodidae and Barychelidae. Number of records in Parentheses.

114°30'0"E 115°0'0"E 115°30'0"E 116°0'0"E 116°30'0"E 117°0'0"E

DAMPIER KARRATHA

*) Actinopodidae Missulena `MYG040` (2) µ *# *# Missulena occatoria (1) * Missulena sp. (3)

Barychelidae 21°0'0"S Aurecocrypta `MYG057` XW (8) . Aurecocrypta `MYG319` XW XW (1) XW Aurecocrypta `po3` (1) *# )" Idiommata `MYG110` (1) (! Synothele `DNA05` (1) (! (! Synothele `MYG112` (1) Chichester (! Synothele `MYG113` (1) (! Synothele `MYG335` (5) (! `preston` (1) Synothele Roebourne 21°30'0"S (! Synothele `pseudidiommata` (1) ) Idiommata sp. (2) * ONSLOW .((! XW(! PANNAWONICA Synothele sp. (7) .*#. Fortescue ( (!*# (!(! XW . Barychelidae sp. (21) . . XWXW Database search area ( (! IBRA v7 Pilbara XW Subregions ) Study area . (! XY Towns . XW (

)" ( 22°0'0"S Hamersley.. Client: Astron (Rio Tinto) Project: Warramboo Borefield

Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Author: E.S. Volschenk . Projection: Transverse Mercator Date: 7 Jun 2017 . Datum: WGS 1984 1:839,427

((

. ( (! * Western Australia .. . © Alacran Environmental Science 2017 2017 Science Environmental Alacran © (! . 22°30'0"S

Kilometres 0 12.5 25 50 Page | 15 www.alacranenvironmental.com Figure 4.2. West Pilbara showing the distribution of SRE category spider records from the database Search Area: families Ctenizidae and Idiopidae. Number of records in Parentheses.

114°30'0"E 115°0'0"E 115°30'0"E 116°0'0"E 116°30'0"E 117°0'0"E

XY

DAMPIER KARRATHA XY * * XY

µ (! * XY .

Ctenizidae

# Conothele `MYG279` (1)

21°0'0"S * Conothele sp. (5) Idiopidae *# Aganippe `MYG302` (1)

*# Aganippe `MYG414` (1) *

# Anidiops `MYG083` (1) (! Euoplos `MYG082` (1) (! Euoplos `MYG218` (3) Chichester (! Euoplos `MYG307` (2) * Aganippe sp. (6) Y Eucyrtops sp. (3) Roebourne 21°30'0"S . Idiopidae sp. (8) Database search area ONSLOW PANNAWONICA IBRA v7 Pilbara XY . XY Fortescue

Subregions ** Y **Y Y *# * #

Study area . . *# *

. #

XY Towns .(! *

. 22°0'0"S Hamersley

Client: Astron (Rio Tinto)

Project: Warramboo Borefield Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 * Author: E.S. Volschenk Projection: Transverse Mercator (! Date: 7 Jun 2017 Datum: WGS 1984 1:839,521

Western Australia © Alacran Environmental Science 2017 2017 Science Environmental Alacran © 22°30'0"S

Kilometres . 0 12.5 25 50 Page | 16 www.alacranenvironmental.com Figure 4.3. West Pilbara showing the distribution of SRE category spider records from the database Search Area: families Nemesiidae and Selenopidae. Number of records in parentheses.

114°30'0"E 115°0'0"E 115°30'0"E 116°0'0"E 116°30'0"E 117°0'0"E

DAMPIER KARRATHA

*(*

*

)(* ((( * ))) * ( ( Nemesiidae ( ( )(( ))( ((*( (! Aname `MYG271` (3) (*#*# µ ( ) (! Aname `MYG366` (8) ( (! `MYG369` (1) Aname ((! (! &- Aname `MYG413` (16) ( (! 21°0'0"S *# Kwonkan `MYG007` (1) (! ( *# Kwonkan `MYG090` (1) *# # *# Kwonkan `MYG093` (1) * *# Kwonkan `MYG195` (1) ( *# Kwonkan `po2` (2) ( )" Yilgarnia `MYG374` (1) )" `MYG375` (1) Yilgarnia Chichester ( Aname sp. (110) ( ( * Kwonkan sp. (7) Yilgarnia sp. (11) ) Roebourne

Selenopidae (( 21°30'0"S

*

# Karaops martamarta (

(18) ( * (&- ( **

(ONSLOW &- ( PANNAWONICA

Karaops sp. (51) )" (( Fortescue &- &- *

( ((( ( &- (((&- &- * ***** * *

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Subregions *# ( * ( *

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1707 18 - No. da -

Page | ). 2 .

4 Pinto (

Table Table (

) data diverse but poorly poorly but diverse

DD contains SRE contains SRE contains SRE contains SRE , a , contains SRE contains SRE (

)

WAM data WAM data WAM WAM data Justification representatives representatives representatives representatives representatives representatives Order Genus Genus Family Family Family DPaW 2017 DPaW

( Potential SRE Potential

. Some members of this order are SREs ) idered idered Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Ecotype ?Epigean ?Epigean ?Epigean ?Epigean . The Pilbara diversity of Opiliones is poorly ) Epigean and Epigean and (Assamiidae) (Assamiidae)

. ALA 2017 )

Warramboo Area Warramboo (

). All were cons were All ). SRE: DD

rs, but differ from them by lacking a clearly defined division division defined clearly a lacking by them from differ but rs, 4 Dampetrus . Harvey Harvey 2002b 4 Category ( - Shear 2001 Shear

( SRE range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range - Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Figure Figure , 2 .

4

Short

arvestmen)

sp. `sp. `sp.

?` sp. al Table Table ( `DNA07` `DNA02` `DNA03`

Binomi Opiliones Opiliones sp. Middle Robe` Dampetrus be dominated by the genus genus the by dominated be Assamiidae sp. Dampetrus Dampetrus ` Phalangodidae sp. Triaenonychidae sp. Dampetrus Dampetrus Dampetrus wider wider distribution patterns

. In Australia, 11 families are recorded )

Opiliones (h

between between the cephalothorax and abdomen, as well as in numerous other aspects

. Table of SRE category Opiliones identified from the area search of the WA Museum’s Terrestrial

Invertebrates Database 2 were unidentified taxa unidentified were .

4 Family Assamiidae Assamiidae Assamiidae Assamiidae Assamiidae Assamiidae Assamiidae Phalangodidae Triaenonychidae

Table The Search Area contained 10 Opiliones taxa, of which none were named species, four were morphospecies six and known but appears to to appears but known Australia northern to confined genus resolved (constriction) (constriction) Rocha et al. 2007 while others have 4.1.1.2 spide small to similar superficially appear Opiliones

Figure 4.4. West Pilbara showing the distribution of SRE category Opiliones and Urodacus scorpion records from the database Search Area. Number of records in parentheses.

114°30'0"E 115°0'0"E 115°30'0"E 116°0'0"E 116°30'0"E 117°0'0"E

DAMPIER KARRATHA Opiliones )" (! Dampetrus `DNA02` (1) . `DNA03` (1) µ (! Dampetrus (! Dampetrus `DNA07` (1) `sp. Middle (! Dampetrus Robe` (1)

) Phalangodidae sp. (2) 21°0'0"S * Triaenonychidae sp. (4) ( Dampetrus sp. (5) . Opiliones sp. (5) Scorpiones (Urodacidae) Urodacus `armatus )" group` (2) `pilbara15` (1) )" Urodacus Chichester Urodacus `saipem1` )" (14) Urodacus `waramboo` )" (2) Roebourne Urodacus 21°30'0"S )" `megamastigus long` (3) sp. (15) ( Urodacus )" ONSLOW )" ((! PANNAWONICA Database search area )")" Fortescue )"()" (! ( IBRA v7 Pilbara )")" " "()")" ) )) Subregions () . Study area ((( XY Towns ( ( **)"* ( ( 22°0'0"S

Hamersley . ( Client: Astron (Rio Tinto) Project: Warramboo SRE Survey

Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 . Author: E.S. Volschenk Projection: Transverse Mercator Date: 7 Jun 2017 Datum: WGS 1984 1:839,427 ( .

(! ( ((

* Western Australia ( © Alacran Environmental Science 2017 2017 Science Environmental Alacran © )" )" ( (! )" 22°30'0"S Kilometres 0 12.5 25 50 Page | 19 www.alacranenvironmental.com

1707 20

. ) ) No.

) ) DD (

Page |

nerally nerally

Harvey 2012 (

,

) ) data Harvey Harvey and

; Harvey 2013 Harvey 2008 2008 ( genus WAM data WAM WAM data WAM data WAM data WAM data WAM data WAM data Justification

. representatives representatives representatives representatives . They are ge are They . boundaries in this Edward and Harvey Edward and Harvey 2011Harvey Genus containsGenus SRE containsGenus SRE containsGenus SRE Family contains SRE Family contains SRE ( ( ( and Volschenk 2007 Poorly known species representatives families families

9 to them to

Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean were considered Potential SRE Potential considered were Ecotype ?Epigean ?Epigean ?Epigean ?Epigean Epigean and Epigean and Epigean and Edward Edward and Harvey 2008

; ). All All ).

5 .

4 like like abdomen and stinging telson for which - Figure Figure are not closely related closely not are Warramboo Area Warramboo Category - and and

they they e last decade and these are primarily focussed on SRE 3 . Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD 4

Table Table seudoscorpions)

( range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range

-

Harvey Harvey and Volschenk 2007

taxa

sp.

;

sp.

sp. Short

sp. `PSE069`

Bungaroo 1` `sp. `sp. Bungaroo` `sp. `sp. Bungaroo 2`

`sp. `sp. nov. CR2` `sp. `sp. nov. CR1`

`MortlandRiver`

`sp. `sp. `sp. `sp. Middle Robe`

Binomial Indohya Austrohorus Chthoniidae sp. Chernetidae sp. Synsphyronus Tyrannochthonius Synsphyronus Indolpium Synsphyronus Synsphyronus Oratemnus Synsphyronus Austrochthonius Tyrannochthonius Pseudoscorpions (p The epigean fauna flagged as SRE’s or Potential SRE’s are largely undescribed largely are SRE’s Potential or as SRE’s flagged fauna epigean The

Harvey Harvey and Edwards 2007

. (

)

ecies and 6 were unidentified unidentified were 6 and ecies

). 3 . Table of SRE category Pseudoscorpiones identified from the area search of the WA Museum’s Terrestrial Invertebrates Database . 3 . 4 4 occur on most undisturbed terrestrial habitats but escape our attention owing to their small size and rypidae

Family Hyidae Olpiidae Olpiidae Garypidae Garypidae Garypidae Ga Garypidae Atemnidae Chthoniidae Chthoniidae Chthoniidae Chthoniidae Chernetidae Table Table

Table The Search Area contained 16 morphosp Pseudoscorpion taxa, of which ( none were named species, 10 were troglobites: troglobites: 2008b Leng cryptic cryptic behaviour (Harvey 1992). The Pilbara pseudoscorpion fauna are generally poorly known with only a few groups receiving taxonomic attention over th much smaller than most scorpions and lack the distinctive tail 1 by represented are pseudoscorpions Australian Western In infamous. are scorpions They 4.1.1.3 but scorpions resemble superficially Pseudoscorpions

1707 21 No. Page |

data

Pilbara Epigean WAM data WAM data WAM Justification representatives. uncommon in the Genus containsGenus SRE representatives very

Epigean Epigean Ecotype ?Epigean ?Epigean Epigean and Epigean and

Warramboo Area Warramboo Category - SRE Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD

range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range -

Short

sp.

`sp. `sp. Bungaroo`

`sp. `sp. Bungaroo 2`

Binomial Olpiidaesp. Indolpium Indolpium Ideoblothrus

Family Olpiidae Olpiidae Olpiidae Syarinidae

Figure 4.5. West Pilbara showing the distribution of SRE category pseudoscorpion records from the database Search Area. Number of records in parentheses.

114°30'0"E 115°0'0"E 115°30'0"E 116°0'0"E 116°30'0"E 117°0'0"E

Pseudoscorpiones Austrochthonius `sp. Y DAMPIER KARRATHA # Bungaroo` (1) ..YY Y) `sp. ) Ideoblothrus .*)Y

X Bungaroo` (1) Y . Y Y) # `sp. µ .Y Indolpium ..Y ") Bungaroo 1` (2) Y . Indolpium `sp. ") Bungaroo 2` (2) Oratemnus `sp. ) ") Middle Robe` (1) ) 21°0'0"S

)

) # ) Synsphyronus )) ) `Mortland River` (1) ))

) # ) Synsphyronus )))

`PSE069` (1) ) # Synsphyronus `sp.

nov. CR1` (6) # Synsphyronus`sp. ) nov. CR2` (3) Tyrannochthonius `sp. Chichester # Bungaroo 2` (1) Y Austrohorus sp. (33)

) Indolpium sp. (73) ..... Roebourne

) Indohya sp. (2) 21°30'0"S

* Synsphyronus sp. (5)

* Tyrannochthonius sp. * * ONSLOW )) PANNAWONICA (10) ) * ** ) Fortescue

Y0. Y ") Chthoniidae sp. (9) . Y 0** 0 ) ) ) 0000 / Chernetidae sp. (3) Y .. Y ) . Y ) ) ) Olpiidae sp. (27) ) )Y) .. ) ) . ) ) Database search ) area X") IBRA v7 Pilbara *

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### # Study area # )") )) 22°0'0"S XY Towns HamersleyY Client: Astron (Rio Tinto) 0 Project: Warramboo SRE Survey

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Date: 7 Jun 2017

Datum: WGS 1984 Y)

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1707 23

. No.

Page | is only only is ).

4 .

Urodacus 4 . Isometrus )

and and

Table Table (

)

as well as several Western Western Australia.

data) DD (

Harvey 2014 Harvey ; Aops oncodactylus Aops area , only known from this . Most species of ) Isometroides , Justification species species are also known to be

koolanensis

(unpublished data) (unpublished (unpublished data) SRE representatives

Lychas , the latter latter the , ra, nus poorly resolved and may contain Order contains SRE representatives Urodacus Genus containsGenus SRE representatives Family contains SRE representatives Species complexSpecies likely to contain SREs complexSpecies likely to contain SREs Aops Urodacus Ge species (Pilbara1)species This This differsspecies from the widespread adult adult males. The families Buthidae and and and

Volschenk et al. 2012 et Volschenk

and and ;

. Several ) Warramboo Area Warramboo olschenk olschenk and Prendini 2008 Urodacus Category - V ( ). All were considered Potential SRE Potential considered were All ). 4 planimanus

. SRE

4 Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range -

Figure Figure Volschenk et al. 2010 et al. Volschenk Urodacus ;

n taxa, of which none were named species, 16 were morphospecies and and morphospecies were 16 species, named were none which of taxa, n Short Volschenk Volschenk et al. 2010 and and

(

corpions) 4

. sp.

(s 4

sp.

`middle robe``middle

Table Table are frequently collected in surveys of WA and current investigations on the genus (

Binomial Lychas Buthidae sp. Volschenk 2008 Volschenk `annulatus complex`

Scorpiones sp. scorpions varies in complexity: species from the family Buthidae can be identified from from identified be can Buthidae family the from species complexity: in varies scorpions ; Isometroides `bituberculatus complex`

Lychas instars; instars; however, species identification of Bothriuridae, Urodacidae and Hormuridae is

Isometroides nd Lychas Scorpiones Lychas and and 2

. Table of SRE category Scorpiones identified from the area search of the WA Museum’s Terrestrial st Invertebrates Database 4 . (WA Museum) indicates (WA the Museum) of indicates presence species some several of complexes, which appear to contain

range range endemic species are known from the families Buthidae, Urodacidae and Hormuridae. The 4 -

. Family were unidentified taxa unidentified were

Buthidae Buthidae Buthidae Buthidae Buthidae Buthidae Volschenk et al. 2000 al. et Volschenk

Table The Search Area contained 22 scorpio 22 contained Area Search The six SREs including the described species Pilbara. the from species undescribed known from a single specimen from Barrow Island not does distribution their that meaning distributed, patchily often are but widespread relatively be to appear equate to their area of occupation SREs genera, two by represented is Urodacidae family The Representatives ofRepresentatives Lychas identified using DNA barcoding methods. methods. DNA barcoding using identified gene three by represented is Buthidae family the Australia, Western In usually usually heavily dependent on characteristics Urodacidae only also contain several species present complexes containing cryptic in species, which can only be currently Species delineation in in delineation Species all but 1 Short Australian scorpion fauna is very poorly described with as much as ( 85% suspected of being undescribed 4.1.1.4 Scorpions are instantly recognisable arachnids and are represented by four families in

1707 24 No.

) Page |

4 .

4

Koch ( Figure Figure

data

WAM data WAM data WAM data WAM data WAM WAM data WAM data WAM data Justification mainland records ( (unpublished data) (unpublished data)

mean thatmean all WA scorpions

) 1977 some of which likelyare to be SRE western Pilbara and may represent Disjunct distribution in eastern and Genus containsGenus SRE representatives. different species. (unpublished data) Species complexSpecies likely to contain SREs complexSpecies likely to contain SREs Complex taxonomicComplex problems in attributed to are this likely species to be Abundant Barrow Island.on Only known misidentified. Numerous involves,species from scarcefrom

Warramboo Area Warramboo Category - SRE Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range

-

s

Short

sp.

`glauerti` `saipem1`

`nubby` `pilbara15`

`waramboo` `scottae?`

`paraburdoo` `armatus group` `racing stripe` `gracilimanus`

`multipunctatu Binomial complex`

`megamastigus long`

`hairy tail complex` Urodacus

Lychas Lychas Urodacus Urodacus Lychas Urodacus Lychas Lychas Urodacus Lychas Urodacus Lychas Urodacus

Family Buthidae Buthidae Buthidae Buthidae Buthidae Buthidae Buthidae Urodacidae Urodacidae Urodacidae Urodacidae Urodacidae Urodacidae Urodacidae

Figure 4.6.West Pilbara showing the distribution of SRE category scorpions records from the database Search Area: family Buthidae. Number of records in parentheses.

114°30'0"E 115°0'0"E 115°30'0"E 116°0'0"E 116°30'0"E 117°0'0"E

DAMPIER KARRATHA (! (! . (! ** (! ...... (! (!(!(!(!(!(! * * (! (! (!(!(! ** (!(!...... (!(!(! µ (! (!(!(! *(!. (! (! (! Scorpiones (Buthidae) (! (! * Isometroides `middle ") robe` (1) Lychas `gracilimanus` (! (38) 21°0'0"S Lychas `annulatus (! ) (! complex` (4) (! (! `bituberculatus (! Lychas (! complex` (49) (!(! (! Lychas `glauerti` (34) (! Lychas `hairy tail (! complex` (41) Lychas `multipunctatus (! complex` (55) Chichester (! Lychas `nubby` (2) (! Lychas `paraburdoo` (4) Lychas `racing stripe` (3) (! Roebourne 21°30'0"S (! Lychas `scottae?` (1) ) Isometroides sp. (3) ONSLOW (!(!(! (!(! PANNAWONICA * Lychas sp. (38) (! (! Fortescue (! (! (!(! (! (!(!(! (!*(! (!(!(! (! (! ** . Buthidae sp. (46) (! ") (! ***(! (! *(! (! (! (! (! (! (! ** Database search area * (! (! ) **(!*(! IBRA v7 Pilbara *(!(!(! * (! (! (! Subregions (! * (!(! * * Study area (! (! * Towns ) XY (! *(! (! (! *(! (! . (!(! * 22°0'0"S (! . Hamersley

Client: Astron (Rio Tinto) Project: Warramboo Borefield

Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Author: E.S. Volschenk Projection: Transverse Mercator Date: 7 Jun 2017 (! Datum: WGS 1984 (! ! 1:839,427 ( (! (! (! (! (! * Western Australia *** (! (! (! © Alacran Environmental Science 2017 2017 Science Environmental Alacran © (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! 22°30'0"S ! Kilometres (! * ( 0 12.5 25 50 Page | 25 www.alacranenvironmental.com

1707 26 No.

Table Table Page |

(

data data data data data data data data SRE’s SRE’s SRE’s SRE’s to contain to contain to contain to contain Justification Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished Order appears Family appears Family appears Family appears

pigean pigean pigean pigean pigean pigean pigean pigean pigean pigean E E E E E E E E E E Ecotype ?epigean ?epigean epigean and ophysiological ophysiological requirements, ilomorpha ilomorpha (Earth Centipedes)

e e considered Potential SRE (DD) DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD Category - SRE Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE:

). ). All wer

7 sp. . Warramboo Area Warramboo

4

sp. sp.

which which none were named species, 14 were morphospecies Figure Figure

) `DNA12` `DNA04` `DNA05` `DNA03` `DNA06` `DNA08` `DNA09` `DNA10` Binomial and Geophilidae sp. Sepedonophilus Sepedonophilus

Mecistocephalus Mecistocephalus Mecistocephalus Mecistocephalus Mecistocephalus Mecistocephalus Mecistocephalus Geophilomorpha Sepedonophilus 5 range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range . - 4

Short Table Table (

centipedes encountered encountered when turning over rocks or larger pieces of fallen wood/logs.

Family Geophilidae Chilenophilidae Chilenophilidae Chilenophilidae Mecistocephalidae Mecistocephalidae Mecistocephalidae Mecistocephalidae Mecistocephalidae Mecistocephalidae Mecistocephalidae

Chilopoda Chilopoda (

were were unidentified taxa

. Table of SRE category Chilopoda identified from the area search of the WA Museum’s Terrestrial Invertebrates Database 5 Order

. 4

). Geophilomorpha Geophilomorpha Geophilomorpha Geophilomorpha Geophilomorpha Geophilomorpha Geophilomorpha Geophilomorpha Geophilomorpha Geophilomorpha Geophilomorpha Geophilomorpha 5 .

Table The Search Area contained 21 centipede taxa, of and seven 4 preliminary preliminary genetic studies (unpublished data) on several Pilbara cryptopid and geophilomorph taxa, both endemism. of local incidence high indicates subterranean, and terrestrial Members of both groups are also frequently collected in subterranean fauna surveys where their presence as as presence their where surveys fauna subterranean in collected frequently also are groups both of Members troglofauna or soil fauna is often debated. Regardless of their specific ec and and members of the family Cryptopidae from the order cryptopids Scolopendromorpha. Both are geophilomorphs and blind and microhabitats. They are strongly usually associated with rocky environments, surface soil and leaf litter 4.1.2 Two orders of centipedes from the Pilbara are known to contain SREs: Geoph

1707 27

No.

,

)

Page |

data only

probably

data data data data single single species else, specimen something Type for Type E. WAM WAM data Koch 1983 contain SRE known from Justification ( Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished contains SREs Genus likelyGenus to Family likely to this is this nudior in NT!is

pigean Epigean E Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Ecotype ?Epigean ?Epigean ?Epigean Epigean and

DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD Category - SRE Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE:

Warramboo Area Warramboo

sp. `cf. `cf.

sp.

sp.

`DNA06` `DNA07` `DNA10` `DNA11`

nudior` Binomial Cryptops `cf. capensis``cf. Cryptopidae Scolopendrida Cryptops Cryptops Cryptops Cryptops Ethmostigmus Australoschendyla range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range -

Short

Family Cryptopidae Cryptopidae Cryptopidae Cryptopidae Cryptopidae Cryptopidae Schendylidae Scolopendridae

Order Geophilomorpha Scolopendromorpha Scolopendromorpha Scolopendromorpha Scolopendromorpha Scolopendromorpha Scolopendromorpha Scolopendromorpha Scolopendromorpha

Figure 4.7. West Pilbara showing the distribution of SRE category Chilopoda (centipedes) and Isopoda (slaters) records from the database Search Area. Number of records in parentheses.

114°30'0"E 115°0'0"E 115°30'0"E 116°0'0"E 116°30'0"E 117°0'0"E

Chilopoda DAMPIER KARRATHA Cryptops `DNA06` (8) ") . .*# ") Cryptops `DNA07` (1) *# ") Cryptops `DNA10` (4) µ * ") Cryptops `DNA11` (1)

`cf.

(! Ethmostigmus

nudior` (1) * * # * #

) Scolopendrida sp. (4) ) 21°0'0"S ( Cryptops sp. (31) ( . Cryptopidae sp. (8) Isopoda *# Buddelundia `32` (1)

*# Buddelundia `70` (1)

*

*# Buddelundia `10bf` (9) # *

# Buddelundia `61` (11) Chichester *

# Buddelundia `62` (3) *

# Buddelundia `89` (1) * Buddelundia sp. (4) Roebourne ) Buddelundiinae sp. (3) 21°30'0"S

Hanoniscus sp. (1) (*

PANNAWONICA0

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0 ()) *") *# Fortescue

)( *

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") 22°30'0"S ( ") Kilometres ") 0 12.5 25 50

www.alacranenvironmental.com Page | 28

1707 29

;

No. s

Page | , , both

) ) . In the the In . )

AM SREs SREs 2013 2013 W WAM WAM WAM stictopygus

nus contains Justification Harvey 2002b Harvey Car and Harvey Car and Harvey ( Order contains hus Ge Genus containsGenus containsGenus numerous SREs numerous SREs numerous SRE Family contains and and which are ( (

that that most Pilbara

Boreohesperus and and

Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Ecotype and and the troglobitic genus Austrostrop ?Epigean ?Epigean Car and Harvey 2014 Harvey and Car stictopygus

) ;

es were SREs and the remainder remainder the and SREs were es i

dicates dicates several troglobitic species are , it seems likely Antichiropus ) DD DD DD DD DD SRE SRE SRE SRE SRE SRE Category - SRE Car et al. 2013 al. et Car Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Hoffman Hoffman 2003 ; ( Austrostrophus

bara bara Spirobolida was thought to be represented

Warramboo Area Warramboo

sp.

). Seven of these spec these of Seven ). furcosus

8 `DIP009` `DIP019` `DIP025` `DIP041` `DIP049` `DIP051` .

4 stictopygus sp.

Harvey Harvey et al. 2011 ; delicatus Binomial Figure Figure Boreohesperus

Antichiropus Polydesmida sp. Car and Harvey 2013 Harvey and Car range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range ( - Antichiropus Antichiropus Antichiropus Antichiropus Antichiropus Antichiropus `Paradoxosomatidae?` and Boreohesperus molecular investigations into this group by the WA Museum indicate indicate Museum WA by the group this into investigations molecular

6 . Short 4

illipedes)

Austrostrophus ). 6 . . Recent 4 Table Table ) (

and and in the Pilbara it is represented by five orders: Polydesmida, Polyxenida, a; however, based on investigations of the fauna of SW Australia Australia SW of fauna the of investigations on based however, a;

taxa Table Table

Family Edward Edward and Harvey 2010 ; Paradoxosomatidae Paradoxosomatidae Paradoxosomatidae Paradoxosomatidae Paradoxosomatidae Paradoxosomatidae Paradoxosomatidae Paradoxosomatidae Paradoxosomatidae Hoffman 1994 Hoffman `Paradoxosomatidae?` Diplopoda (m (

. Table of SRE category Diplopoda identified from the area search of the WA Museum’s Terrestrial Invertebrates Database 6

. 4 Order Polydesmida Polydesmida Polydesmida Polydesmida Polydesmida Polydesmida Polydesmida Polydesmida Polydesmida Polydesmida Polydesmida

were potential SRE (DD) ( (DD) SRE potential were Table The Search Area contained 17 millipede taxa, of which four were named species, seven were morphospecies seven morphospecies were of 17four were which The millipede taxa, named species, contained Area Search unidentified were six and Moir Moir et al. 2009 SREs. will be representatives therefore therefore appears to represent a complex of species, some of which may be SREs. This species is therefore regarded as a potential SRE here. The orders Polyzoniida (sucking millipedes) and Pilbar the from Spirostreptida known poorly are very significant significant variation between some Pilbara consistent with species level divergences (MS populations Harvey Personal Communication). of of which contain SRE representatives. Until recently, the Pil by a single widespread species Speleostrophus particularly the family Paradoxosomatidae Paradoxosomatidae family the particularly genera by two described are represented Paradoxosomatidae Pilbara, Polyzoniida, Polyzoniida, Spirobolida and Spirostreptida. Of these, only the order Polyxenida (pincushion millipedes) has widespread epigean species, although molecular data (unpublished) in SREs. The order Polydesmida (flatback millipedes) has received significant attention over recent years, 4.1.3 Diplopoda is a diverse class

1707 30

No. s

Page |

) . ally 2

2013 WAM WAM WAM km

Justification amily contains Car and Harvey

numerous SRE numerous SREs Family contains F ( ) )

sp. sp. 3 in Judd and Judd and Horwitz Horwitz and Judd

(

sp. sp. 5 in in Judd and 2013 2013

( ( and ven ven were morphospecies 10 group taxonomic Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Ecotype

uncertainty Justification ?Epigean is diverse is Perina Perina Buddelundia species species described in Australia

Restricted distribution Restricted distribution Restricted distribution Buddelundia

Distribution than less 7500 Genus containsGenus SRE representatives Family contains SRE representatives Buddelundia DD DD DD DD DD SRE Category - same as referred toreferred as SRE Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE:

). Seven of these species were SREs and the

7 .

4

)

Warramboo Area Warramboo

sp.

largely undescribed and and undescribed largely

Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean

Ecotype

?epigean

is

Figure Figure

fauna fauna `DNA02`

Binomial

and

undulatus stictopygus

). 7 Boreohesperus Austrostrophus DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD . 7 Siphonotidae sp. Category . range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range 4 - Austrostrophus - 4 Paradoxosomatidae Paradoxosomatidae sp. or wood lice

SRE Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Short

Table Table Table Table ly ly aquatic isopods with 190 approximately

laters . Isopods have poor dispersal capabilities and often have specific habitat )

. terrestrial isopod . terrestrial A . Binomial Family category terrestrial Isopoda from area the searchof the Museum’s WA Crustacea Database Buddelundia sp. Armadillidae sp. Trigoniulidae Trigoniulidae Siphonotidae Buddelundia `32` Buddelundia `61` Buddelundia `62` Buddelundia `70` Buddelundia `89` Buddelundia `10bf` . The W The . ) Paradoxosomatidae Paradoxosomatidae Paradoxosomatidae 11 Isopoda Isopoda (s

. Table of SRE

7 Judd Judd and Perina 2013 . Family 4 ; Order Armadillidae Armadillidae Armadillidae Armadillidae Armadillidae Armadillidae Armadillidae Armadillidae Spirobolida Spirobolida Polyzoniida Polydesmida Polydesmida Polydesmida Martin et al. 20 et al. Martin

remainder were potential SRE (DD) ( (DD) SRE potential were remainder Table The Search Area contained 14 isopod taxa, of which none were named species, se and seven were unidentified taxa ( ( 2003 WA. in taxa SRE target them making preferences, Isopoda Isopoda represent the only order of epigean crustaceans known to contain SREs. The represents suborder terrestrial and secondari Oniscidae 4.1.4

1707 31 No.

Page |

d and

representatives representatives

SRE e largely taxonomicallye unknown Justification

ly contains SRE representatives are taxonomicallyare unknown Tribe containsTribe SRE representatives Genus containsGenus Family contains SRE Fami cryptic and ar restricted distribution. areThey small, Isopods attribute to ‘Spherillo’ all have All Philosciidae in Pilbara are considered potential SREs. areThey rarely collecte

Warramboo Area Warramboo and Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Ecotype ?epigean ?Epigean ?Epigean

DD DD DD DD DD DD Category range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range - - SRE Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Potential SRE: Short

B` Binomial Spherillo sp. Oniscidae sp. Hanoniscus sp. Philosciidae sp. Philosciidae `nov. Buddelundiinae sp.

Family Oniscidae Oniscidae Philosciidae Philosciidae Armadillidae Armadillidae Justification and comments provided by Dr Simon Judd. Dr Simon by provided comments and Justification

All All

Figure 4.8. West Pilbara showing the distribution of SRE category Diplopoda (millipedes) records from the database Search Area. Number of records in parentheses.

114°30'0"E 115°0'0"E 115°30'0"E 116°0'0"E 116°30'0"E 117°0'0"E

Diplopoda DAMPIER KARRATHA Antichiropus `DIP009` *# (8) Antichiropus `DIP019` // *# (5) *#") µ Antichiropus `DIP025` *# (1) Antichiropus `DIP041` *# (1) *# Antichiropus `DIP049` 21°0'0"S (1) ") * ")**#") Antichiropus `DIP051` *# (1) * Antichiropus sp. (14) (! Austrostrophus stictopygus (16) ( Austrostrophus sp. (15) Boreohesperus delicatus Chichester ") (4) Boreohesperus furcosus ") (2)

Boreohesperus

") undulatus (3) Roebourne 0 # 21°30'0"S Siphonotidae sp. (2) Paradoxosomatidae sp. * / (8) ONSLOW * PANNAWONICA ..* *# * *# Fortescue . Polydesmida sp. (12) .. *#**# `Paradoxosomatidae?` . / sp. (1) . ( ...

Database search area ((

(! ( 0 IBRA v7 Pilbara # *# Subregions /

(/ (!

Study area (! 0 # (! XY Towns ( * (! ( ( 22°0'0"S Hamersley((! Client: Astron (Rio Tinto) Project: Warramboo SRE Survey

Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Author: E.S. Volschenk Projection: Transverse Mercator Date: 7 Jun 2017 * Datum: WGS 1984 *#") 1:839,427 *

(! / (! (! / ((((

*# Western Australia *# ****# © Alacran Environmental Science 2017 2017 Science Environmental Alacran © ( / (! *#(! (! 22°30'0"S Kilometres 0 12.5 25 50 Page | 32 www.alacranenvironmental.com

1707 33

No.

four them them Page |

). 8

.

) Johnson et

4 ( . Beesley et Beesley al. involving ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

)

( Johnson et al. ( phylogenetic 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 WAM, WAM, 2012 Table Table al. 2012 Justification Preston area

morphologically and morphologically and oorly defined species, oorly defined species, . Family contains SREs Complex Complex ) relationships P P Whisson and Kirkendale Whisson and Kirkendale Whisson and Kirkendale Whisson and Kirkendale Whisson and Kirkendale Whisson and Kirkendale Whisson and Kirkendale Whisson and Kirkendale ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( genetically Only known from the Cape Genus likelyGenus to contain SREs multiple speciesmultiple were morphospecies and and morphospecies were

13 . In the Pilbara region of WA, the the WA, of region Pilbara the In .

) potential SRE (DD) ( SRE (DD) potential

Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Epigean Ecotype EPA 2009 EPA

;

nails) considered Warramboo Area Warramboo

dae dae are significant in containing SREs and potential Category - were named species, species, named were

Whisson and Kirkendale 2014 Kirkendale and Whisson were ;

SRE Harvey 2002b Harvey ( All four Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD Potential SRE: DD ). 9 .

4

range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range

-

Figure Figure

Short taxa, of which which of taxa,

and Johnson et al. 2013 al. et Johnson

; 8 Range` Range` . Binomial snail 4 costulatus

Quistrachia sp. Camaenidae sp. 21 Mount Robinson` Bothriembryon cf. Rhagada cf. radleyi Quistrachia herberti Rhagada `cf. radleyi` Rhagada cf. convicta Camaenidae cf.`small Quistrachia `cf. Barlee Quistrachia cf. herberti Table Table Bothriembryon `Pilbara` Rhagada `Cape Preston` Rhagada `small banded` Rhagada `Pannawonica` cf. Quistrachia cf. `Barlee E categoryE Eupulmonata from area the search of the Museum’s WA Mollusca Database

Eupulmonata, Mollusca s (land

Johnson et al. 2012 al. et Johnson ( . Table of SR Family

8 . . . Their limited dispersal capabilities, often combined with specific habitat requirements, makes 4 ) Camaenidae Camaenidae Camaenidae Camaenidae Camaenidae Camaenidae Camaenidae Camaenidae Camaenidae Camaenidae Camaenidae Camaenidae Camaenidae Bothriembryontidae Bothriembryontidae

Table The Search Area contained contained Area Search The ( taxa unidentified were SREs; however, much of the diversity is cryptic and dependent on molecular investigations to verify species boundaries 1998 Australia Western in groups target SRE the of one families Camaenidae, Bothriembryonitidae and Succinei 4.1.5 Land snails are a ofdiverse group and most invertebrates of Australia’s snail is fauna endemic

1707 34

No.

but Page |

complex

) Johnson et ) Johnsonet

( ( . . involving )

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1707 36 No. Page | exes exes of

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differences differences between ) ometimes ometimes considered

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is composed of multiple distinct Rhagada . For these reasons, this species is 11 11 named species and 103 named

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convicta populations, one associated with the western western the with associated one populations,

each each species burrowing scorpions burrowing

Warramboo Area Warramboo 14 type found in the Pilbara. The morpho The Pilbara. the in found type 14

Rhagada sp. 5. It appeared to be common on Barrow Island Barrow on common be to appeared It 5. sp.

all all of which represent groups normally expected from the

; lower than than expected lower ‘multipunctatus ‘multipunctatus complex’ both appear to be compl Rhagada Rhagada convicta indicated indicated that

. While members of these complexes are known from most of

apdoor spiders, apdoor range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range - Buddelundia Lychas tained within these complexes appear to be range restricted. range be to appear complexes these within tained Short Buddelundia , as , genetic genetic data be represented by two distinct two by represented be

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y of granulation. The genetic variation within and between and within variation genetic The granulation. of y

. If they do represent discrete species, then both may be SRE’s. may then both species, discrete represent do . If they the common common the

2013 ( ithin ithin the Study Area and which were well represented in the Search Area. SUMMARY d is unknown and it should therefore be considered as potential SRE. SRE. potential as be considered therefore it should and unknown is d identified identified four putative species within ‘70’ is a form of form a is ‘70’

) ed a species complex as its constituent species may be SREs. be may species constituent as its complex a species ed ‘bituberculatus ‘bituberculatus complex’ and 2012 ‘gracilimanus’ appears to appears ‘gracilimanus’

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data deficiency potential SREs, 167 taxa, from the study area. study the from taxa, 167 SREs, potential deficiency data cur

et al. consider which which is an important feature in identifying widespread; this however, that group position is of not supported snails. by published This data. Solem species is species may represent a complex of a species. In several ofstudy genetic s on the mainlan on the The two snails were tentatively identified as described in Judd & Perina & Judd in described the specimens recorded from this study the represent first mainland records of the species is Buddalundia Lychas Pilbara and the other from around Marble Bar in the Eastern Pilbara. There are slight intensit the in populations these the Pilbara, some of the ‘species’ con ‘species’ of the some the Pilbara, Lychas multiple species, meaning that genetic lineages, potentially different species habitats habitats present w known. poorly remains Pilbara of the this part within taxa of SRE composition of the field survey. The survey yielded no tr no yielded The survey of survey. the field centipedes (Geophilomorpha and Cryptopidae) The field yielded the recorded survey from species previously Search Area, ofall which were potential SRE’s; ofhowever, was the sampled species diversity morphospecies, from a total of 172 species records. The high degree of morphospecies most likely reflects the the reflects likely most morphospecies of degree high The records. species 172 of total a from morphospecies, degree high the by reflected is position This Pilbara. the of part this about knowledge taxonomic of level poor of The database search results from within the Search Area yielded

4.2

1707 37 No. Page |

desmida: desmida: (Diplopoda: (Diplopoda: Boletín Boletín de la

19. – , 1 Antichiropus Antichiropus (Diplopoda: (Diplopoda: Poly 290

(Araneae: (Araneae: Selenopidae) from

ZooKeys

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Antichiropus Antichiropus na and fauna assemblages survey. (Biota (Biota survey. assemblages fauna and na . (Accessed 26 April 2017) April 26 . (Accessed 118. –

, 83

28

77. – Warramboo Area Warramboo 27. – , 20 Peters, Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae).

, 7 , www.ala.org.au 29

61

469.

– range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range - 385. , 443 – Cercophonius Short 3647 , 375

28

(Plennum Press: New York and London.) and York New Press: (Plennum

Zootaxa

187. 187. ental Sciences Pty Ltd: West Leederville, WA.). WA.). Leederville, West Ltd: Pty ental Sciences – (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Paradoxosomatidae). Polydesmida, (Diplopoda, 159

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(4), 341 (4),

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, 1 ,

3748

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- , gen. et sp. nov., the f 257. – , gen. et sp. nov., the first , 235 assessment assessment of cavernicolous, troglobitic and 22 -

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257. 4. –

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1906. (1), 57 (1), – 261

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1707 No.

Warramboo Area Warramboo from an area search by the W.A. Museum. W.A. the by search an area from range Endemic Assessment of Invertebrates from the the from Invertebrates of Assessment Endemic range - Short range endemic records records endemic range survey. field the from records group target and endemic range - -

Short Short

– –

APPENDICES this document: within embedded are appendices The following 1 Appendix 2 Appendix

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Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Appendix E: Fauna Species Lists

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Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Table E.1: Amphibian species list – results of database searches, literature reviews and Astron survey results.

Conservation codes EPBC Protected Previous Current Scientific name Common name Introduced Nature Map Birdlife EPBC Act WC Act DBCA Matters Search surveys survey HYLIDAE Cyclorana maini Sheep Frog x x x

Litoria rubella Little Red Tree Frog x x x

LIMNODYNASTIDAE Neobatrachus aquilonius Northern Burrowing Frog x Notaden nichollsi Desert Spadefoot x x Platyplectrum spenceri Centralian Burrowing Frog x x x MYOBATRACHIDAE Uperoleia russelli Northwest Toadlet x

Uperoleia saxatilis Pilbara Toadlet x

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Table E.2: Reptile species list – results of database searches, literature reviews and Astron survey results.

Conservation codes Nature EPBC Protected Previous Current Scientific name Common name Introduced Birdlife EPBC Act WC Act DBCA Map Matters Search surveys survey DIPLODACTYLIDAE Crenadactylus ocellatus Clawless Gecko x Diplodactylus bilybara Western Fat-tailed Gecko x x x

Diplodactylus galaxias x

Diplodactylus mitchelli x Diplodactylus savagei x x

Lucasium stenodactylum Pale-snouted Ground Gecko x x x

Lucasium wombeyi x x

Oedura marmorata Marbled Velvet Gecko x x

Rhynchoedura ornata Beaked Gecko x x

Strophurus elderi Jewelled Gecko x x

CARPHODACTYLIDAE Nephrurus levis pilbarensis x x

Nephrurus wheeleri x x

GEKKONIDAE Gehyra pilbara x x

Gehyra punctata Spotted Rock Dtella x x

Gehyra variegata Variegated Tree Dtella x x x

Hemidactylus frenatus Asian House Gecko * x x

Heteronotia binoei Bynoe’s Gecko x x x

Heteronotia spelea Pilbara Cave Gecko x x

PYGOPODIDAE Delma butleri x Delma elegans x x

Delma haroldi x Delma nasuta x x

Delma pax x x x

Delma tincta x x

Lialis burtonis Burrton’s Legless Lizard x x

Pygopus nigriceps x x

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Conservation codes Nature EPBC Protected Previous Current Scientific name Common name Introduced Birdlife EPBC Act WC Act DBCA Map Matters Search surveys survey AGAMIDAE Gowidon longirostris Long-Nosed Dragon x x x Ctenophorus caudicinctus Ring-tailed Rock Dragon x x Ctenophorus femoralis Dune Dragon x Ctenophorus isolepis isolepis Military Sand Dragon x x x Ctenophorus nuchalis Central Netted Dragon x x x Ctenophorus reticulatus Western Netted Dragon x Pogona minor Bearded Dragon x x x SCINCIDAE Carlia munda x x x

Cryptoblepharus buchananii x x

Cryptoblepharus ustulatus x x

Ctenotus duricola x x x

Ctenotus grandis x x x

Ctenotus hanloni x x x

Ctenotus helenae x x

Ctenotus pantherinus Leopard Ctenotus x x x

Ctenotus rubicundus x Ctenotus saxatilis Rock Ctenotus x x x

Ctenotus serventyi x

Cyclodomorphus melanops Slender Blue-tongue x x Southern Pilbara Spiny-tailed Egernia depressa x Skink Egernia formosa x x Egernia pilbarensis Pilbara Skink x x Eremiascincus fasciolatus x x Eremiascincus isolepis x x x Eremiascincus pallidus Western Narrow-banded Skink x Lerista bipes x x x Lerista clara x x x Lerista flammicauda x x Lerista muelleri x

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Conservation codes Nature EPBC Protected Previous Current Scientific name Common name Introduced Birdlife EPBC Act WC Act DBCA Map Matters Search surveys survey Menetia greyii x x x Menetia surda surda x x Morethia ruficauda exquisita Fire-tailed Skink x x x Notoscincus butleri Lined Soil-crevice Skink P4 x x Notoscincus ornatus x x Proablepharus reginae x Tiliqua multifasciata Central Blue-tongue x x x VARANIDAE Varanus acanthurus Spiny-tailed Monitor x x x

Varanus brevicauda Short-tailed Pygmy Monitor x x

Varanus bushi Pilbara Mulga Monitor x x

Varanus eremius Pygmy Desert Monitor x x

Varanus giganteus Perentie x

Varanus gouldii Bungarra x x

Varanus hamersleyensis x Varanus panoptes x x x

Varanus pilbarensis x x Varanus tristis tristis Racehorse Monitor x x

TYPHLOPIDAE Anilios ammodytes x

Anilios grypus Beaked Blind snake x

Anilios hamatus x Anilios ammodytes x PYTHONIDAE Antaresia perthensis Pygmy Python x

Antaresia stimsoni Stimson's Python x x

Aspidites melanocephalus Black-headed python x x

Liasis olivaceus barroni Pilbara Olive Python VU S3 x x x

ELAPIDAE Acanthophis wellsi Pilbara Death Adder x x

Brachyurophis approximans x x

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Conservation codes Nature EPBC Protected Previous Current Scientific name Common name Introduced Birdlife EPBC Act WC Act DBCA Map Matters Search surveys survey Demansia psammophis Yellow-faced Whipsnake x x x cupreiceps Demansia rufescens Rufous Whipsnake x x

Furina ornata Moon Snake x x x

Parasuta monachus x x x

Pseudechis australis Mulga Snake x x x

Pseudonaja mengdeni Western Brown Snake x x

Pseudonaja modesta Ringed Brown Snake x

Gwardar; Northern Brown Pseudonaja nuchalis x x Snake Simoselaps anomalus Desert Banded Snake x

Suta fasciata Rosen’s Snake x x

Suta punctata Spotted Snake x x

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Table E.3: Bird species list – results of database searches, literature reviews and Astron survey results.

Conservation codes Nature EPBC Protected Previous Current Scientific name Common name Introduced Birdlife EPBC Act WC Act DBCA Map Matters Search surveys survey DROMAIIDAE Dromaius novaehollandiae Emu x x x

PHASIANIDAE Coturnix ypsilophora Brown Quail x x x

ANATIDAE Anas castanea Chestnut Teal x Anas gracilis Grey Teal x x

Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck x x x

Aythya australis Hardhead x x

Cygnus atratus Black Swan x x x

Chenonetta jubata Australian Wood Duck x x

Dendrocygna arcuata Wandering Whistling Duck x Tadorna tadornoides Australian Shelduck x PODICIPEDIDAE Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe x x x

Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary-headed Grebe x x

THRESKIORNITHIDAE Platalea flavipes Yellow-billed Spoonbill x Threskiornis spinicollis Straw-necked Ibis x x ARDEIDAE Ardea ibis Cattle Egret x Ardea intermedia Intermediate Egret x x x Ardea modesta Great Egret x x x Ardea garzetta Little Egret x x x Ardea novaehollandiae White-faced Heron x x x Ardea pacifica White-necked Heron x x x Ardea sacra Eastern Reef Egret x Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night-heron x x x PELECANIDAE

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Conservation codes Nature EPBC Protected Previous Current Scientific name Common name Introduced Birdlife EPBC Act WC Act DBCA Map Matters Search surveys survey Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican x x x PHALACROCORACIDAE Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant x x Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant x x Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant x ANHINGIDAE Anhinga novaehollandiae Darter x x PANDIONIDAE Pandion haliaetus Eastern Osprey Mi IA x x ACCIPITRIDAE Accipiter cirrocephalus Collared Sparrowhawk x x x Accipiter fasciatus Brown Goshawk x x Aquila audax Wedge-tailed Eagle x x x x Circus assimilis Spotted Harrier x x x x Elanus caeruleus Black-shouldered Kite x x x x Lophoictinia isura Square-tailed Kite x Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea Eagle x Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite x x x x Hieraaetus morphnoides Little Eagle x x x x Milvus migrans Black Kite x x x x OTIDIDAE Ardeotis australis Australian Bustard x x x x RALLIDAE Fulica atra Eurasian Coot x x x Porzana pusilla Baillon’s Crake x x Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake x x Tribonyx ventralis Black-tailed Native-hen x x TURNICIDAE Turnix velox Little Button-quail x x x BURHINIDAE Burhinus grallarius Bush Stone-curlew x x x

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Conservation codes Nature EPBC Protected Previous Current Scientific name Common name Introduced Birdlife EPBC Act WC Act DBCA Map Matters Search surveys survey CHARADRIIDAE Charadrius veredus Oriental Plover Mi IA x Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover Mi IA x Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover EN/IA S2/IA x Elseyornis melanops Black-fronted Dotterel x x x x Erythrogonys cinctus Red-kneed Dotterel x SCOLOPACIDAE Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper CR/Mi S3/IA x Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint Mi IA x Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit Mi IA x x Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew CR S3/IA x Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel Mi IA x Tringa brevipes Grey-tailed Tattler Mi IA P4 x Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Mi IA x GLAREOLIDAE Glareola maldivarum Oriental Pratincole Mi IA x x x COLUMBIDAE Columba livia Domestic Pigeon * x x

Geopelia cuneata Diamond Dove x x x x

Geopelia striata placida Peaceful Dove x x x x

Geophaps plumifera Spinifex Pigeon x x x x

Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon x x x x

Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing x x

CUCULIDAE Cacomantis pallidus Pallid Cuckoo x x x x Chrysococcyx basalis Horsfield’s Bronze Cuckoo x x x Centropus phasianinus Pheasant Coucal x x TYTONIDAE Tyto javanica Eastern Barn Owl x STRIGIDAE Ninox connivens Barking Owl x x x

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Conservation codes Nature EPBC Protected Previous Current Scientific name Common name Introduced Birdlife EPBC Act WC Act DBCA Map Matters Search surveys survey Ninox boobook boobook Southern Boobook Owl x PODARGIDAE Podargus strigoides Tawny Frogmouth x CAPRIMULGIDAE Eurostopodus argus Spotted Nightjar x x x x AEGOTHELIDAE Aegotheles cristatus Australian Owlet-nightjar x x x APOPDIDAE Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift Mi IA x x ACLEDINIDAE Dacelo leachii leachii Blue-winged Kookaburra x x x x Todiramphus pyrrhopygius Red-backed Kingfisher x x x x Todiramphus sanctus Sacred Kingfisher x x x MEROPIDAE Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater x x x x x FALCONIDAE Falco cenchroides cenchroides Australian Kestrel x x x x Falco berigora berigora Brown Falcon x x x x Falco longipennis Australian Hobby x x x CACATUIDAE Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella x x x x Cacatua roseicapilla Galah x x x x Nymphicus hollandicus Cockatiel x x x x PSITTACIDAE Platycercus zonarius Australian Ringneck x x x x Melopsittacus undulatus Budgerigar x x x x Pezoporus occidentalis Night Parrot EN S1 x x PTILONORHYNCHIDAE Ptilonorhynchus maculatus Western Bowerbird x x guttatus MALURIDAE

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Conservation codes Nature EPBC Protected Previous Current Scientific name Common name Introduced Birdlife EPBC Act WC Act DBCA Map Matters Search surveys survey Amytornis striatus Striated Grasswren x x Malurus lamberti assimilis Variegated Fairy-wren x x x x Malurus leucopterus White-winged Fairy-wren x x x x Stipiturus ruficeps Rufous-crowned Emu-wren x x x MELIPHAGIDAE Acanthagenys rufogularis Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater x x Certhionyx variegatus Pied Honeyeater x x Epthianura tricolor Crimson Chat x x x x Ptilotula keartlandi Grey-headed Honeyeater x x Ptilotula penicillata White-plumed Honeyeater x x x Gavicalis virescens Singing Honeyeater x x x Lichmera indistincta Brown Honeyeater x x x x Manorina flavigula Yellow-throated Miner x x x x Melithreptus gularis Black-chinned Honeyeater x Sugomel niger Black Honeyeater x PARDALOTIDAE Pardalotus rubricatus Red-browed Pardalote x x x x Pardalotus striatus Striated Pardalote x ACANTHIZIDAE Gerygone fusca Western Gerygone x x Gerygone tenebrosa Dusky Gerygone x Pyrrholaemus brunneus Redthroat x Smicrornis brevirostris Weebill x x x x POMATOSTOMIDAE Pomatostomus temporalis Grey-crowned Babbler x x x x PSOPHODIDAE Psophodes occidentalis Chiming Wedgebill x x ARTAMIDAE Artamus cinereus melanops Black-faced Woodswallow x x x White-breasted Artamus leucorynchus x x x x Woodswallow

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Conservation codes Nature EPBC Protected Previous Current Scientific name Common name Introduced Birdlife EPBC Act WC Act DBCA Map Matters Search surveys survey Artamus minor Little Woodswallow x x Artamus personatus Masked Woodswallow x x x x CRACTICIDAE Cracticus torquatus Grey Butcherbird x Cracticus nigrogularis Pied Butcherbird x x x x Cracticus tibicen Australian Magpie x x x x CAMPEPHAGIDAE Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike x x x x Lalage tricolor White-winged Triller x x x x OREOICIDAE Oreoica gutturalis Crested Bellbird x x x x PACHYCEPHALIDAE Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrike-thrush x x x Pachycephala lanioides White-breasted Whistler x Pachycephala rufiventris Rufous Whistler x x x x Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark x x Cincloramphus mathewsi Rufous Songlark x x x RHIPIDURIDAE Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail x Rhipidura leucophrys leucophrys Willie Wagtail x x x x MONARCHIDAE Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark x x x x CORVIDAE Corvus bennetti Little Crow x x Corvus orru Torresian Crow x x x x PETROICIDAE Melanodryas cucullata Hooded Robin x Petroica goodenovii Red-capped Robin x ALAUDIDAE Mirafra javanica Horsfield's Bushlark x x x HIRUNDINIDAE

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Conservation codes Nature EPBC Protected Previous Current Scientific name Common name Introduced Birdlife EPBC Act WC Act DBCA Map Matters Search surveys survey Cheramoeca leucosternus White-backed swallow x Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow x x x Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Mi IA x Petrochelidon ariel Fairy Martin x x x Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin x x x x ACROCEPHALIDAE Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed Warbler x x x LOCUSTELLIDAE Eremiornis carteri Spinifex-bird x x x x ZOSTEROPIDAE Zosterops luteus Yellow White-eye x DICAEIDAE Dicaeum hirundinaceum Mistletoebird x x ESTRILDIDAE Emblema pictum Painted Finch x x x x Neochmia ruficauda subclarescens Star Finch (Western) x x x Taeniopygia guttata Zebra Finch x x x x MOTACILLIDAE Anthus australis Australian Pipit x x x x Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail Mi IA x Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail Mi IA x

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Table E.4: Mammal species list – results of database searches, literature reviews and Astron survey results.

Conservation codes Nature EPBC Protected Previous Current Scientific name Common name Introduced Birdlife EPBC Act WC Act DBCA Map Matters Search surveys survey TACHYGLOSSIDAE Tachyglossus aculeatus Short-beaked Echidna x x

DASYURIDAE Dasykaluta rosamondae Little Red Kaluta x x x

Dasyurus hallucatus Northern Quoll EN S2 x x x

Ningaui timealeyi Pilbara Ningaui x x x

Planigale ingrami Long-tailed Planigale x x

Pseudantechinus woolleyae Woolley’s Pseudantechinus x x

Sminthopsis macroura Stripe-faced Dunnart x x x

Sminthopsis youngsoni Lesser Hairy-footed Dunnart x x x

THYLACOMYIDAE Macrotis lagotis Greater Bilby, Dalgyte VU S3 x

MACROPODIDAE Osphranter robustus erubescens Euro, Biggada x x

Osphranter rufus Red Kangaroo, Marlu x x

Petrogale rothschildi Rothschild’s Rock-wallaby x MEGADERMATIDAE Macroderma gigas Ghost Bat VU S3 x x x x

HIPPOSIDERIDAE Rhinonicteris aurantia Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat VU S3 x x x x

EMBALLONURIDAE Saccolaimus flaviventris Yellow-bellied Sheath-tailed Bat x x x Taphozous georgaianus Common Sheath-tailed Bat x x x VESPERTILIONIDAE Chalinolobus gouldii Gould's Wattled Bat x x x Nyctophilus geoffroyi Lesser Long-eared Bat x x

Scotorepens greyii Little Broad-nosed Bat x x x Vespadelus finlaysoni Inland Cave Bat x x x MOLOSSIDAE Chaerephon jobensis Northern Free-tailed Bat x x x

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Conservation codes Nature EPBC Protected Previous Current Scientific name Common name Introduced Birdlife EPBC Act WC Act DBCA Map Matters Search surveys survey Ozimops lumsdenae Northern Free-tailed Bat x x x Austronomus australis White-striped Free-tailed Bat x x x MURIDAE Leggadina lakedownensis Short-tailed Mouse P4 x x Mus musculus House Mouse * x x x x

Notomys alexis Spinifex Hopping-mouse x x

Pseudomys chapmani Western Pebble-mound Mouse P4 x x x

Pseudomys delicatulus Delicate Mouse x x

Pseudomys desertor Desert Mouse x x x

Pseudomys hermannsburgensis Sandy Inland Mouse x x x

Zyzomys argurus Common Rock-rat x x x LEPORIDAE Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit * x x CANIDAE Canis dingo Dingo * x x x Canis lupus Dog * x x Vulpes vulpes Red Fox * x x

FELIDAE Felis catus Cat * x x x x EQUIDAE Equus asinus Donkey * x BOVIDAE Bos taurus European Cattle * x x x x Capra hircus Goat * x

Previous surveys Astron 2011, Mesa J Tail Track Extension Vegetation, Flora and Fauna Survey Astron 2014, Mesa H Level 1 Flora, Vegetation and Fauna Assessment Astron 2016, Mesa H Flora, Vegetation and Fauna Survey Biologic 2014, Yarraloola Targeted Fauna Survey Biota 2005, Fauna Habitats and Fauna Assemblage of Mesa A and Mesa G

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Biota 2006, Fauna Habitats and Fauna Assemblage of the Mesa A Transport Corridor and Warramboo Biota 2009, Mesa G Baseline Fauna Survey Biota 2011, Robe Valley Mesas Fauna Survey MWH 2015, Mesa B-C, Warramboo BWT and Highway to Tod Bore Level 2 Terrestrial Fauna Surveys

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment – September 2017

Table E.5: Amphibian species recorded during the Astron surveys.

Species name Trap 1 Trap 2 Trap 3 Trap 4 Other HYLIDAE Cyclorana maini 8 3 Litoria rubella 9 2 LIMNODYNASTIDAE Notaden nichollsi 1 Platyspectrum spenceri 4 16

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Table E.6: Reptile species recorded during the Astron surveys.

Species name Trap 1 Trap 2 Trap 3 Trap 4 Other AGAMIDAE Gowidon longirostris 9 1 Ctenophorus isolepis isolepis 18 2 Ctenophorus nuchalis 2 Pogona minor 1 1 DIPLODACTYLIDAE Diplodactylus bilybara 1 Lucasium stenodactylum 1 ELAPIDAE Demansia psammophis 1 Furina ornata 2 Pseudechis australis 1 Pseudonaja nuchalis 2 Parasuta monachus 1 GEKKONIDAE Gehyra variegata 3 1 4 Heteronotia binoei 4 3 5 1 PYGOPODIDAE Delma pax 1 1 1 1 SCINCIDAE Carlia munda 2 Ctenotus duricola 2 9 Ctenotus grandis 3 1 4 Ctenotus hanloni 1 22 1 4 Ctenotus pantherinus 1 1 Ctenotus saxatilis 6 Eremiascincus fasciolatus 1 Eremiascincus isolepis 6 1 1 Lerista bipes 11

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Species name Trap 1 Trap 2 Trap 3 Trap 4 Other Lerista clara 1 Menetia greyii 1 1 Morethia ruficauda exquisita 1 Tiliqua multifasciata 1 1 1 VARANIDAE Varanus acanthurus 1 Varanus bushi 1 Varanus panoptes 1 1

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment – September 2017

Table E.7: Bird species recorded during the Astron surveys.

Species name Trap 1 Trap 2 Trap 3 Trap 4 Other

DROMAIIDAE Dromaius novaehollandiae 1

PHASIANIDAE Coturnix ypsilophora 1 5

ANATIDAE Anas castanea 1 Chenonetta jubata 1 ACCIPITRIDAE Accipiter cirrocephalus 1 1 Accipiter fasciatus 1 1 Aquila audax 1 Circus assimilis 1 1 1 Elanus caeruleus axillaris 1 3 Lophoictinia isura 1 Haliastur sphenurus 1 1 Hieraaetus morphnoides 1 Milvus migrans 1 OTIDADE Ardeotis australis 4 1 TURNICIDAE Turnix velox 3 2 1 1 BURHINIDAE Burhinus grallarius 1 1 CHARADRIIDAE Elseyornis melanops 1 COLUMBIDAE Geopelia cuneata 1 3 1 Geopelia striata placida 2 Geophaps plumifera 1 1 Ocyphaps lophotes 1 1 3

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Species name Trap 1 Trap 2 Trap 3 Trap 4 Other Phaps chalcoptera 2 3 CUCULIDAE Cacomantis pallidus 1 1 Centropus phasianinus 1 TYTONIDAE Tyto javanica 1 CAPRIMULGIDAE Eurostopodus argus 3 AEGOTHELIDAE Aegotheles cristatus 1 1 ALCEDINIDAE Dacelo leachii leachii 2 1 Todiramphus pyrrhopygius 1 2 2 MEROPIDAE Merops ornatus 4 6 7 FALCONIDAE Falco cenchroides cenchroides 1 1 1 1 Falco berigora berigora 1 1 2 1 Falco longipennis 1 1 1 CACUATIDAE Cacatua sanguinea 3 2 Cacatua roseicapilla 6 4 5 Nymphicus hollandicus 2 2 1 1 2 PSITTACIDAE Platycercus zonarius 4 2 1 Melopsittacus undulatus 3 2 1 2 MALURIDAE Malurus lamberti assimilis 1 1 Malurus leucopterus 1 1 Stipiturus ruficeps 2 1 MELIPHAGIDAE Epthianura tricolor 1 1

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Species name Trap 1 Trap 2 Trap 3 Trap 4 Other Ptilotula penicillata 4 5 1 Gavicalis virescens 1 1 1 2 Lichmera indistincta 2 Manorina flavigula 1 3 3 PARDALOTIDAE Pardalotus rubricatus 5 1 1 2 ACANTHIZIDAE Pyrrholaemus brunneus 1 Smicrornis brevirostris 1 2 POMATOSTOMIDAE Pomatostomus temporalis 2 1 ARTAMIDAE Artamus cinereus melanops 1 1 1 Artamus leucorynchus 2 4 Artamus personatus 1 CRACTICIDAE Cracticus nigrogularis 4 1 1 Cracticus tibicen 2 CAMPEPHAGIDAE Coracina novaehollandiae 1 2 2 Lalage tricolor 1 1 OREOICIDAE Oreoica gutturalis 1 3 1 PACHYCEPHALIDAE Pachycephala rufiventris 1 1 1 3 Cincloramphus cruralis 2 Cincloramphus mathewsi 3 2 1 1 RHIPIDURIDAE Rhipidura leucophrys leucophrys 6 1 1 2 MONARCHIDAE Grallina cyanoleuca 4 1 1 CORVIDAE

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Species name Trap 1 Trap 2 Trap 3 Trap 4 Other Corvus orru 1 2 2 ALAUDIDAE Mirafra javanica 1 HIRUNDINIDAE Petrochelidon nigricans 1 LOCUSTELLIDAE Eremiornis carteri 1 ESTRILDIDAE Emblema pictum 1 1 1 Neochmia ruficauda subclarescens 2 2 Taeniopygia guttata 4 1 4 4 3 MOTACILLIDAE Anthus australis 1 1

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Table E.8: Non-volant mammal species recorded during the Astron survey.

Species name Trap 1 Trap 2 Trap 3 Trap 4 Other BOVIDAE *Bos taurus 2 CANIDAE *Canis dingo 1 1 DASYURIDAE Dasykaluta rosamondae 2 7 23 Ningaui timealeyi 1 Sminthopsis macroura 2 3 Sminthopsis youngsoni 3 FELIDAE *Felis catus 1 MURIDAE *Mus musculus 1 3 5 Notomys alexis 6 1 Pseudomys desertor 2 5 Pseudomys hermannsburgensis 9 10 5 2

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Table E.9: Volant mammal (bat) species recorded during the Astron surveys. Phase 1 Phase 2 Species Name Other SM007634A SM007634B SM008027A SM008027B SM007634C SM007634D SM008027C SM008027D EMBALLONURIDAE Saccolaimus flaviventris Low Low Low Low Low Low Taphozous georgaianus Low Low Low Low Low MEGADERMATIDAE Macroderma gigas 1 MOLOSSIDAE Austronomus australis Low Chaerephon jobensis High Low Low Low Med Med Med Low Ozimops lumsdenae Low Low Low Low RHINONYSTERIDAE Low Rhinonicteris aurantia (2 calls) VESPERTILIONIDAE Chalinolobus gouldii High Low High Med Low Low Nyctophilus geoffroyi Low Low Scotorepens greyii High Low High Low Low Low Low Low Vespadelus finlaysoni Low Low

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Table E.10: Collected species in SRE Groups. Potential SRE species are shaded grey and the number of specimens per site is given in the columns. Trap Trap Trap Trap SRE SRE SRE SRE SRE SRE SRE SRE SRE SRE SRE SRE SRE SRE SRE Species Name 1 2 3 4 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 SCORPIONES BUTHIDAE Lychas ‘bituberculatus 1 1 6 1 complex’ Lychas ‘gracilimanus’ 4 Lychas ‘multipunctatus 5 1 complex’ Lychas 'harveyi complex' 1 ISOPODA Armadillidae Buddelundia ‘70’ 3 1 1 2 1 2 EUPULMONATA PUPILLIDAE Gastrocopta mussoni 3 HELICODISCIDAE Stenopylis coarctata 7 CAMAENIDAE Rhagada convicta 2 4 2

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Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Appendix F: Threatened and Priority Fauna Species Likelihood of Occurrence within the Survey Area

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Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Table F.1: Likelihood of occurrence of conservation listed vertebrate fauna species listed as potentially occurring in the vicinity of the survey area.

Conservation codes Likelihood of occurrence Scientific name (common name) Preferred habitat EPBC Act WC Act DBCA Pre-survey Post-survey Reptiles Arid, rocky, near coastal Pilbara regions. Notoscincus butleri P4 Associated with spinifex-dominated areas near Low Moderate (Lined Soil-crevice Skink) creeks and river margins. Liasis olivaceus barroni Generally rocky habitats in close association to VU VU Moderate Moderate (Pilbara Olive Python) permanent and semi-permanent water sources. Birds Pandion haliaetus This species favours coastal areas, especially the Mi IA Low Low (Eastern Osprey) mouths of large rivers, lagoons and lakes. This species is almost entirely coastal, inhabiting littoral and estuarine habitats. They mainly occur Charadrius leschenaultii Mi IA on sheltered sandy, shelly or muddy beaches with Low Low (Greater Sand Plover) large intertidal mudflats or sandbanks, as well as sandy estuarine lagoons. This species usually occurs in coastal littoral and estuarine environments. The species is seldom Charadrius mongolus EN/Mi EN/IA recorded away from the coast, at margins of Low Low (Lesser Sand Plover) lakes, soaks and swamps associated with artesian bores. Moderate – Breeding habitat includes arid grasslands, Charadrius veredus may be Mi IA saltpans; non-breeding habitat includes Low (Oriental Plover) seasonally grasslands, salt-fields, and coastal regions. present

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Conservation codes Likelihood of occurrence Scientific name (common name) Preferred habitat EPBC Act WC Act DBCA Pre-survey Post-survey This species mainly occurs on intertidal mudflats in sheltered coastal areas and also around non- tidal swamps, lakes and lagoons near the coast. Calidris ferruginea CR/Mi VU/IA They are also recorded inland, though less often, Low Low (Curlew Sandpiper) including around ephemeral and permanent lakes, dams, waterholes and bore drains, usually with bare edges of mud or sand. This species is mostly found in coastal areas. It can also be found inland ephemeral or permanent Calidris ruficollis Mi IA shallow wetlands including lagoons, lakes, Low Low (Red-necked Stint) swamps, riverbanks, waterholes, bore drains, dams, soaks and pools in saltflats. This species is most commonly associated with sheltered coasts, especially estuaries, bays, Numenius madagascariensis CR VU/IA harbours, inlets and coastal lagoons, with large Low Low (Eastern Curlew) intertidal mudflats or sandflats, often with beds of seagrass. Primarily found in coastal habitats such as Numenius phaeopus Mi IA beaches, dunes, mudflats and mangroves Low Low (Whimbrel) however there are also scattered inland records. This species is often found on sheltered coasts with reefs and rock platforms or with intertidal Tringa brevipes Mi IA P4 mudflats. Inland records for the species are rare Low Low (Grey-tailed Tattler) with sightings on river banks and the edges of rock pools. This species uses well-vegetated, shallow, freshwater wetlands, such as swamps, billabongs, Tringa glareola lakes, pools and waterholes. They also frequent Mi IA Low Low (Wood Sandpiper) inundated grasslands, short herbage or wooded floodplains, where floodwaters are temporary or receding, and irrigated crops.

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Conservation codes Likelihood of occurrence Scientific name (common name) Preferred habitat EPBC Act WC Act DBCA Pre-survey Post-survey This species usually inhabits open plains, floodplains or short grassland (including farmland Moderate – or airstrips), often with extensive bare areas. They Glareola maldivarum may be Mi IA often occur near terrestrial wetlands, such as Moderate (Oriental Pratincole) seasonally billabongs, lakes or creeks, and artificial wetlands present such as reservoirs, saltworks and sewage farms, especially around the margins. Apus pacificus Largely aerial species independent of the Mi IA Moderate Moderate (Fork-tailed Swift) terrestrial environment. Most habitat records are from Triodia grasslands and/or chenopod shrublands in the arid and semi- arid zones. Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass), shrubby Pezoporus occidentalis EN CR samphire and chenopod associations, scattered Moderate Low (Night Parrot) trees and shrubs, Acacia aneura (Mulga) woodland, treeless areas and bare gibber as associated with sightings of the species. Coastal open country generally, especially near Hirundo rustica Mi IA surface water and man-made structures such as Moderate Low (Barn Swallow) bridges and power wires. Damp short-grass flats, rice stubbles and edge of Motacilla cinerea Mi IA swamps, sewage ponds, bore overflows, grazed or Low Low (Grey Wagtail) mowed grass and irrigated areas. Mainly banks and rocks in fast-running freshwater Motacilla flava Mi IA habitats such as rivers, creeks, streams and Low Low (Yellow Wagtail) around waterfalls. Mammals Northern Quoll habitat generally encompasses Dasyurus hallucatus some form of rocky area for denning purposes EN EN Moderate Moderate (Northern Quoll) with surrounding vegetated habitats used for foraging and dispersal.

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Conservation codes Likelihood of occurrence Scientific name (common name) Preferred habitat EPBC Act WC Act DBCA Pre-survey Post-survey

Macrotis lagotis Sand or sandy-loam in hummock grassland VU VU Low Low (Greater Bilby, Dalgyte) (Triodia species) and or Acacia shrublands.

A wide range from rainforest, monsoon and vine Macroderma gigas VU VU scrub in the tropics to open woodlands and arid Moderate Recorded (Ghost Bat) areas. High – previously Rhinonicteris aurantia (Pilbara form) VU VU Deep warm, humid caves or rock cracks. recorded Recorded (Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat) within survey area Open tussock and hummock grassland, Acacia Leggadina lakedownensis P4 shrubland and savannah woodland on alluvial clay Moderate Moderate (Short-tailed Mouse, Karekanga) / sandy soils.

Pseudomys chapmani Gentle rocky slopes, hills and spurs with small P4 Moderate Low (Western Pebble-mound Mouse) pebble surface cover and sparse vegetation.

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Appendix G: Fauna Habitat Mapping and Significant Areas

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370000 372000 374000 376000 378000 7608000 7606000 7604000 7602000

Legend SurveyArea Exclusion ZoneExclusion Fauna Habitat Clay PlainClay Floo dplain Hardpa n 7600000 Ripa rian Highly mo Highly dified

Rio Tinto Iro n OreIroPtyTintoLtd n Rio WaFaunaSeptember rra2 Assessment, Level mboo2017 – Borefield Appendix G.1: Vertebrate fauna and SRE habitat mapping

Author:LoveM. Date:10-11-2017 CooMGA rdinateSystem:GDA1994 50Zone Metres Dra wn: C. DydeDra C. wn: 14279-17-BIDR-1RevA_171110_FigG1_FaunaHabita Ref: Figure t 0 500 1,000 1,500 ± 370000 372000 374000 376000 378000 7608000 7606000 7604000 7602000

Legend SurveyArea Northern Quoll Habitat Suitability Mapping Suitable foraging and dispersal habitat dispersal and foraging Suitable 7600000 Limited foraging and dispersal habitat dispersal and foraging Limited Highly mo Highly dified

Rio Tinto Iro n OreIroPtyTintoLtd n Rio W arramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, SeptemberWarramboo Assessment, Fauna 22017 Level – Borefield Appendix G.2: Northern Quoll habitat suitability mapping

Author:LoveM. 10-11-2017 Date: CooMGASystem:GDA1994 rdinate50Zone Metres Drawn: C. Dyde Drawn:C. 14279-17-BIDR-1RevA_171110_FigG2_NQHSM Ref: Figure 0 500 1,000 1,500 ± 370000 372000 374000 376000 378000 7608000 7606000 7604000 7602000

Legend SurveyArea Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat and Ghost Bat Habitat Suitability Mapping Suitable foraging and dispersal habitat dispersal and foraging Suitable 7600000 Limited foraging and dispersal habitat dispersal and foraging Limited Highly mo Highly dified

Rio Tinto Iro n OreIroPtyTintoLtd n Rio W arramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, SeptemberWarramboo Assessment, Fauna 22017 Level – Borefield Appendix G.3: Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat and Ghost Bat habitat suitability mapping

Author:LoveM. 10-11-2017 Date: CooMGASystem:GDA1994 rdinate50Zone Metres Drawn: C. Dyde Drawn:C. 14279-17-BIDR-1RevA_171110_FigG3_PLNBHSM Ref: Figure 0 500 1,000 1,500 ± 370000 372000 374000 376000 378000 7608000 7606000 7604000 7602000

Legend SurveyArea Pilbara Olive Python Habitat Suitability Mapping Suitable foraging and dispersal habitatdispersal and foraging Suitable 7600000 Limited foraging and dispersal habitatdispersal and foraging Limited Highly modified Highly

Rio Tinto Iron OrePtyLtd Iron Tinto Rio W arramb oo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, Fauna 2 Warramb SeptembLevel – 2017 er Borefield oo Appendix G.4: Pilbara Olive Python habitat suitability mapping

Author: M. LoveAuthor:M. 10-11-2017 Date: System:CoordinateMGA50 GDA1994 Zone Metres Drawn: C. Dyde Drawn:C. 14279-17-BIDR-1RevA_171110_FigG4_POPHSM Ref: Figure 0 500 1,000 1,500 ± Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Appendix H: Conservation Listed and SRE Fauna Locations

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370000 372000 374000 376000 378000 7610000 7608000

Ghost Bat #* 7606000

Pilbara leaf-nosedPilbara bat

)" leaf-nosedPilbara bat

)" leaf-nosedPilbara bat 7604000 Pilbara leaf-nosedPilbara bat

Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat )" Pilbara leaf-nosedPilbara bat )"

Pilbara leaf-nosedPilbara bat 7602000

Legend )" PreviousConservationFaun Surveys)( Sign a ificant SurveyArea Conservation Significant Vertebrate Fauna Locations #* BatGhost

7600000 )" Leaf-nosedBatPilbara

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd OreIronPty Tinto Rio W arrambooFaunAssessmBorefieldLevel2– a September ent, 2017 Appendix H.1: Previous and current conservation significant vertebrate fauna locations

Author: M. LoveM.Author: 06-09-2018 Date: MGASystem:GDACoordinate1994 50Zone Metres Drawn : C. DydeDrawn C. : 14279-17-BIDR-2RevB_180906_FigH1_ConSigFaunFigure Ref: a 0 500 1,000 1,500 ± Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Table H.1 Locations of vertebrate conservation listed species recorded during the Astron field survey.

MGA Zone 50 K Species name Observation type Status Phase Site ID Habitat (common name) Easting (mE) Northing (mN) (number of records)

Mammals Macroderma gigas VU / VU 1 Opp 374539 7607135 Individual (1) Hardpan (Ghost Bat) Rhinonicteris aurantia VU / VU 1 SM008027A 374819 7603127 Calls (2) Riparian (Warramboo Creek) (Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat)

370000 372000 374000 376000 378000 7610000

Lychas'bituberculatus comple x' " )"(! ) SRE01 Trap 4 Buddelundia'70' Lychas Lychas'bituberculatus comple x' 'bituberculatus comple x' Lychas'bituberculatus comple x'

Buddelundia'70' SRE06 Rhagada convicta #*)"(! Buddelundia'70' SRE03 Rhagada convicta )"(! Lychas'bituberculatus comple x' Lychas Lychas 'bituberculatus 7608000 #* SRE12 'bituberculatus Buddelundia'70' comple x' Buddelundia'70' comple x' Rhagada convicta

Buddelundia'70' SRE13 (! 7606000 7604000

Lychas'gracilimanus'

Trap 2 Buddelundia'70' * # *

GF(!#

Buddelundia'70' Lychas'gracilimanus'

Lychas'multipun comple ctatus x' Trap 1 GF Lychas Lychas'multipun comple ctatus x' 'multipun ctatus comple x'

SRE08 (! Buddelundia'70'

7602000 Buddelundia'70'

Rhagada convicta SRE14 #*

Legend *

SurveAre y a # Lychas'gracilimanus' Potential SRE GF Lychas'multipun comple ctatus x' (! Buddelundia'70' #* Rhagada convicta 7600000 )" Lychas'bituberculatus comple x'

Rio Tinto Iron OreIronLtd Pty Tinto Rio W arrambooBoreLeve– Faun field Asse2 l a ssmSeptem e n t, ber2017 Figure H.2: Current Short Range Endemic invertebrate fauna locations.

Author: M. LoveM.Author: 06-09-2018 Date: CoordinateSystemMGA GDA1994 Zone 50 : Me tre s Drawn : C. DydeDrawn C. : 14279-17-BIDR-2RevB_180906_FigH2_SRE FigureRef: 0 500 1,000 1,500 ± Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Table H.2 Locations of Potential SRE species recorded during the Astron field survey.

MGA Zone 50 K Order Family Species Sites Easting Northing SRE Status (mE) (mE) Scorpions SRE01 (Floodplain) 372582 7609146 Lychas SRE03 (Floodplain) 372355 7608049 Potential ‘bituberculatus SRE06 (Hardpan) 376874 7608335 SRE (DD) complex’ Trap 4 (Floodplain) 373743 7609762 Scorpiones Buthidae Lychas Potential Trap 2 (Clay Plain) 371842 7603525 ‘gracilimanus’ SRE (DD) Lychas Trap 1 (Riparian) 374933 7602836 Potential ‘multipunctatus Trap 2 (Clay Plain) 371842 7603525 SRE (DD) complex’ Slaters 372355 SRE03 (Floodplain) 7608049 SRE06 (Hardpan) 376874 7608335 SRE08 (Clay Plain) 372013 7602068 Potential Isopoda Armadillidae Buddelundia’70’ SRE13 (Riparian) 373672 7606614 SRE (DD) Trap 2 (Clay Plain) 371842 7603525 Trap 4 (Floodplain) 373743 7609762 Land Snails SRE06 (Hardpan) 376874 7608335 Rhagada Potential Eupulmonata Camaenidae SRE12 (Clay Plain) 377234 7607864 convicta SRE (DD) SRE14 (Hardpan) 375534 7601518

Rio Tinto Iron Ore Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Appendix I: Bat Call WA Pty Ltd Report

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Warramboo B’field –2017 Issue 2

Warramboo Borefield, Pilbara WA, Phase 1 and 2, 2017

Echolocation Survey of Bat and Night Parrot Activity.

Prepared for Astron Environmental Services

Bat Call WA Pty Ltd ABN 26 146 117 839 43 Murray Drive Hillarys Western Australia 6025 [email protected] +61 8 9402 1987 +61 488 930 735

Prepared by: R. D. Bullen – Bat Call WA Issue 2 10 October 2017

This document has been prepared to the requirements of Astron Environmental Services. It may be cited for the purposes of scientific research or other reasonable use. It may not be reproduced or distributed to any third party by hardcopy or electronic means without the permission of the client or Bat Call WA.

BAT CALL WA 1 of 9 10/10/2017 Warramboo B’field –2017 Issue 2

Document Revision History

Issue Date Revision History

A 19 May 2017 Initial draft prepared for Astron review with phase 1 results

1 22 May 2017 Initial issue incorporating client comments

2 10 October 2017 Second Issue including phase two results

BAT CALL WA 2 of 9 10/10/2017 Warramboo B’field –2017 Issue 2

Summary Astron Environmental Services (Astron) carried out two phases of an echolocation based survey at Warramboo Borefield, near Mesa A, in the Pilbara, WA, during May and September 2017. Eight sites were surveyed for bat species presence and a subset of four were surveyed for Night Parrot (Pezoporus occidentalis) presence during phase two in September. Bat Call WA has reviewed the recordings made and provided species lists and activity levels for the bats present.

Ten species of echolocating bats were recorded including one of two EPBC Act listed species in the Pilbara, the Pilbara leaf-nosed bat (Rhinonicteris aurantia) (PLNb). PLNb calls were detected in low numbers at site SM008027A. A summary of call numbers and timing is provided. Activity levels for the common species are provided by site.

No Night Parrot calls were detected.

Habitats The sites for the survey were chosen by Astron. Details of the sites are presented in Table 1. All sites are in the vicinity of Warramboo project. Five are on clay plains, two are on floodplains and one is in a drainage lines. The locations are shown in relation to local features in Figure 1.

Characteristics of the bat calls recorded are presented in Table 2.

Bat Fauna An assemblage of ten echolocating species was confirmed as present at the study sites including the PLNb, Tables 2 and 3. Species activity levels were low to high, which is expected for the study area habitat and the time of year, see criteria below.

PLNb were detected at one sites. Two calls were recorded at 22:30 suggesting a single PLNb was foraging along the watercourse. No PLNb were detected at the three less productive sites away from the drainage feature. Three common species, Chalinolobus gouldii, Chaerephon jobensis and Scotorepens greyii dominated presence in the area.

Taxonomy presented herein is after Reardon et al. (2014) and Jackson and Groves (2015).

Survey Timing, Moon Phase and Weather The echolocation survey was conducted between 3rd and 8th May and 12th to 20th September 2017.

Sampling evenings in May and September were warm and dry with minimum overnight temperatures around 15OC. No rain fell during either phase of the survey. The moon in May and September was first quarter to full and last quarter to new respectively.

Survey Team Sites were chosen and detectors placed by Astron ecologists. Bob Bullen of Bat Call WA completed analysis of echolocation recordings.

Sampling The survey consisted of completing a total of eleven overnight bat sound recordings in May and ten bat and audio sound recordings in September, all beginning at twilight. Four locations within the survey area were chosen in both phases. The recordings were “continuous” (Hyder et al. 2010) made using SM2BAT+ SongMeter (Wildlife Acoustics Inc, USA) detectors. The jumper and

BAT CALL WA 3 of 9 10/10/2017 Warramboo B’field –2017 Issue 2 audio settings used followed the manufacturer’s recommendations for bat and audio detection contained in the user manual (Wildlife Acoustics 2010).

For the recordings, once reformatted as .wav files, COOL EDIT 2000 (now available as AUDITION from Adobe Systems Inc.) was used to display each sequence for identification. Calls were identified manually. Only good quality call sequences were used. Details of bat calls analysed are provided in Table 2 as recommended by Australasian Bat Society (ABS 2006). Reference data for the species identified are available in Bullen and McKenzie 2002, McKenzie and Bullen 2003 and McKenzie and Bullen 2009. Reference data for the Night Parrot calls is from Bat Call’s library and were originally provided by the Night Parrot Recovery Team.

Bat and parrot activity was then characterised as “Low”, “Medium” or “High” based on the rate of call sequences recorded.  Low species activity is referred when a species is recorded with call spacing less often than ten minutes,  Medium species activity refers to call recordings more often than 10 minutes but less often than two minutes apart for a at least an hour followed by sporadic records for the remainder of the session.  High species activity refers to call recording more often than two minutes apart for at least two hours followed by reasonably regular records for the remainder of the session.

Survey Limitations The sites surveyed were accessible on foot and the SM2, using an omnidirectional microphone, was set on the ground with the microphone horizontal. Species are unlikely to be under- represented as a result.

Bat species density away from cave or adit entrances is impossible to estimate from echolocation records. Bat activity is therefore substituted as an approximate guide to the relative numbers of each species using the study area.

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References

ABS (2006). Recommendations of the Australasian Bat Society Inc for reporting standards for insectivorous bat surveys using bat detectors. The Australasian Bat Society Newsletter 27: 6-9.

Bullen R.D. and McKenzie N.L. (2002). Differentiating Western Australian Nyctophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) echolocation calls. Australian Mammalogy. 23: 89-93

Hyder, B.M., Dell, J. and Cowan, M.A. (eds) (2010). Technical guide – Terrestrial vertebrate fauna surveys for environmental impact assessment. Technical report of the Environmental Protection Authority and the Department of Environment and Conservation.

Jackson, S. and Groves, C (2015). Taxonomy of Australian Mammals. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood Vic.

McKenzie N.L. and Bullen R.D. (2003). Identifying Little Sandy Desert bat species from their echolocation calls. Australian Mammalogy 25: 73-80.

McKenzie, N.L. and Bullen R.D. (2009). The echolocation calls, habitat relationships, foraging niches and communities of Pilbara microbats. Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Supplement 78:123-155.

Reardon, T.B., McKenzie, N.L., Cooper, S.J., Appleton, B. Carthew, S. and Adams, M. (2014). A molecular and morphological investigation of species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships in Australian free-tailed bats Mormopterus (Chiroptera: Molossidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, available on-line 23 April 2014.

Wildlife Acoustics (2010). Song Meter User Manual, Model SM2, with Song Meter SM2BAT 192kHz Stereo or 384kHz Mono Ultrasonic Recorders addendum.

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Table 1 Site Specific details.

Recording Time & Date Habitat Easting Northing SM2 unit

Phase 1

Three SM008027A 3 – 5 May overnight recordings Drainage line 374819 7603127 using SM2 SN 8027

Three SM008027B 6 – 8 May overnight recordings Clay plain 371013 7606924 using SM2 SN 8027

Two SM007634A 3 – 4 May overnight recordings Floodplain 373123 7608504 using SM2 SN 7634

Three SM007634B 5 – 7 May overnight recordings Clay plain 374330 7607178 using SM2 SN 7634

Phase 2

Four SM008027C 12 – 15 Sept overnight recordings Clay plain 373741 7606215 using SM2 SN 8027

Two SM008027D 16 – 17 Sept overnight recordings Floodplain 371957 7608779 using SM2 SN 8027

One SM007634C 12 Sept overnight recording Clay plain 374952 7601880 using SM2 SN 7634

Three SM007634D 16 – 18 Sept overnight recordings Clay plain 372898 7602085 using SM2 SN 7634

Note 1: Coordinates are Zone 50K

BAT CALL WA 6 of 9 10/10/2017 Warramboo B’field –2017 Issue 2 Table 2: Summary of Echolocation call characteristics for microbat species present.

Typical Ave. Typical F Typical Call Genus species Authority Common name peak Q Duration kHz Shape Note 1 msec Note 1 Austronomus australis (Gray 1838) CF– shallow White-striped free-tailed bat 12 7 12 - 23 Note 2 FM Chaerephon jobensis (Miller 1902) Northern free-tailed bat 22 5 8 - 15 Shallow FM

Chalinolobus gouldii (Grey 1841) Gould’s wattled bat 32 10 7 - 11 FM

Nyctophilus geoffroyi Leach 1821 Lesser long-eared bat 48 3 5 Steep FM Ozimops lumsdenae Reardon et Northern free-tailed bat 26 10 8 - 13 Shallow FM al.2014 Rhinonicteris aurantia (Gray 1845) Pilbara leaf-nosed bat 120 30 5 - 8 CF Saccolaimus flaviventris (Peters Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed 18 9 12 - 21 CF - FM 1867) bat Scotorepens greyii (Gray 1843) Little broad-nosed bat 38 10 7 - 13 FM Taphozous georgianus Thomas CF– shallow Common sheath-tailed bat 24.5 14 9 - 18 1915 FM Vespadelus finlaysoni (Kitchener, Inland cave bat 55 14 4 - 8 FM Jones and Caputi 1987)

Note 1: Fpeak and Q are defined in McKenzie and Bullen 2003, 2009. Note 2: Taxonomy follows Jackson and Groves (2015). A. australis was recently Tadarida australis. O. lumsdenae was recently Mormopterus beccarii.

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Table 3. Survey microbat lists presented by site.

Site greyii gouldii jobensis australis Ozimops aurantia geoffroyi finlaysoni lumsdenae Taphozous flaviventris georgianus Vespadelus Nyctophilus Scotorepens Scotorepens Chaerephon Saccolaimus Austronomus Chalinolobus Rhinonicteris

Phase 1 Low SM008027A Low High Low Low High Low (2 calls)

SM008027B Low Med Low Low Low Low

SM007634A Low High High High

SM007634B Low Low Low Low Low

Phase 2

SM008027C Med Low Low Low Low Low Low

SM008027D Low Low Low Low

SM007634C Med Low Low Low

SM007634D Med Low Low Low Low Low

BAT CALL WA 8 of 9 10/10/2017 Warramboo B’field –2017 Issue 2 Figure 1. Detector sites in relation to features in the study area. The orange pin denotes site SM008027A where PLNb (Ra) were detected. Total PLNb call numbers and timing of the closest calls to civil twilight are also noted. No Night Parrot calls were detected during the Phase two survey, i.e. sites with suffix C or D. Mesa A and Warramboo mines are visible in the lower right

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Robe River Mining Co. Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

Appendix J: List of Specimens Lodged with the Western Australian Museum

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Table D.1: List of specimens submitted to the Western Australian Museum.

No of Species Site Latitude Longitude Collecting Date WAM Rego specimens Lychas 'bituberculatus complex' SRE1 -21.616227° 115.768933° 1 5/05/2017 T143757 Lychas 'bituberculatus complex' Trap Site 4 -21.616165° 115.78015° 1 19/09/2017 T144279 Lychas 'bituberculatus complex' SRE6 -21.623855° 115.810334° 1 3/05/2017 T143758 Lychas 'bituberculatus complex' SRE3 -21.62612° 115.766656° 1 5/05/2017 T143759 Lychas 'bituberculatus complex' SRE3 -21.62612° 115.766656° 5 5/05/2017 T143760 Lychas 'gracilimanus' Trap Site 2 -21.666948° 115.761352° 1 14/09/2017 T144281 Lychas 'gracilimanus' Trap Site 2 -21.666948° 115.761352° 1 18/09/2017 T144280 Lychas 'gracilimanus' Trap Site 2 -21.666948° 115.761352° 1 5/05/2017 T143761 Lychas 'gracilimanus' TrapSite2 -21.666948° 115.761352° 1 5/05/2017 T143762 Lychas 'harveyi complex' Trap Site 2 -21.666948° 115.761352° 1 18/09/2017 T144282 Lychas 'multipunctatus complex' Trap site 1 -21.673392° 115.791169° 1 3/05/2017 T143763 Lychas 'multipunctatus complex' Trap Site 1 -21.673392° 115.791169° 3 19/09/2017 T144283 Lychas 'multipunctatus complex' Trap Site 1 -21.673392° 115.791169° 1 19/09/2017 T144285 Lychas 'multipunctatus complex' Trap Site 2 -21.666948° 115.761352° 1 16/09/2017 T144284 Rhagada convicta SRE6 -21.623855° 115.810334° 1 6/05/2017 T144286 Rhagada convicta SRE14 -21.685339° 115.796879° 2 19/09/2017 S81987 Rhagada convicta SRE12 -21.628143° 115.813767° 4 15/09/2017 S81986 Rhagada convicta SRE6 -21.623855° 115.810334° 1 6/05/2017 S88425 Stenopylis coarctata SRE7 -21.634006° 115.754561° 7 6/05/2017 S88423 Gastrocopta sp. indet. SRE7 -21.634006° 115.754561° 3 6/05/2017 S88422 Buddelundia '70' SRE13 -21.62612° 115.766656° 2 15/09/2017 C72417 Buddelundia '70' Trap Site 4 -21.616165° 115.78015° 1 16/09/2017 C72419 Buddelundia '70' Trap Site 2 -21.666948° 115.761352° 1 15/09/2017 C72418 Buddelundia '70' SRE8 -21.680121° 115.762892° 1 7/05/2017 Sample rejected - damaged

Robe River Mining Co. Pty Ltd Warramboo Borefield – Level 2 Fauna Assessment, September 2017

No of Species Site Latitude Longitude Collecting Date WAM Rego specimens Buddelundia '70' SRE3 -21.62612° 115.766656° 1 5/05/2017 Sample rejected - damaged Buddelundia '70' SRE6 -21.623855° 115.810334° 2 6/05/2017 C71099 Buddelundia '70' Trap Site 2 -21.666948° 115.761352° 1 5/05/2017 C71098 Buddelundia '70' Trap Site 2 -21.666948° 115.761352° 1 18/09/2017 C72420