Epidemiology and Economic Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease in Domestic Ruminants in Western Amhara Regional State, North Western Ethiopia
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Thesis Ref. No. -------- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE IN DOMESTIC RUMINANTS IN WESTERN AMHARA REGIONAL STATE, NORTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA MVSc Thesis BY BETELIHEM YIRDAW ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE AND AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL STUDIES JUNE, 2021 BISHOFTU, ETHIOPIA EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE IN DOMESTIC RUMINANTS IN WESTERN AMHARA REGIONAL STATE, NORTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA A Thesis submitted to the College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture of Addis Ababa University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Veterinary Medicine in Veterinary Epidemiology By Betelihem Yirdaw Getie June, 2021 Bishoftu, Ethiopia I Signature and Approval Sheet Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Department of Clinical Studies ________________________________________________________________________ Title: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE IN DOMESTIC RUMINANTS IN WESTERN AMHARA REGIONAL STATE, NORTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA Submitted by: Betelihem Yirdaw Getie ____________ _________ Name of Student Signature Date Approved for Submitted to MSc research Thesis assessment committee 1. ______________ _________________ ________________ Major Advisor signature date 2 ______________ ________________ ________________ Co advisor signature date 3 ______________ ________________ ________________ Department Head signature date II Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Department of Clinical Studies _____________________________________________________________ As member of the examining board of the final MVSc open defense, we certify that we have read and evaluated the thesis prepared by: Betelihem Yirdaw Getie titled: “Epidemiology and Economic impact of Foot and mouth disease in Domestic ruminants in Western Amhara regional state, North western Ethiopia and recommended that it be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Veterinary Epidemiology. 1.______________ ______________ ____________ Chairperson Signature Date 2.______________ _________________ ___________ Internal Examiner Signature Date 3. ______________ __________________ ___________ External examiner Signature Date Advisors 1. Dr. Yasmin Jibril ____________ ___________ Major advisor Signature Date 2. Dr. Haileleul Negussie ____________ ___________ Signature Date III DEDICATION This thesis manuscript is dedicated and memorial to my beloved Mother Ehetinat Esyneh Endalew whom I could not forget her since she has passed away because of diabetes case on March 12/2020!!! The grief I felt has hurt me so much. May your soul rest in peace IV STATEMENT OF AUTHOR First, I declare that this thesis is my original work and that all sources of material used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged. This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an MVSc degree in Veterinary medicine at Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture and is deposited at the University/College library to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the Library. I surely declare that this thesis is not submitted to any other institution anywhere for the award of any academic degree, diploma, or certificate. Name: Betelihem Yirdaw Getie Signature: ______________ College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Bishoftu Date of Submission: 17 June 2021 V BIOGRAPHY SKETCH The author was born in Quarit, Gebezemariam on July 10, 1995, from her father Ato Yirdaw Getie and her mother W/ro Ehetnat Esyneh. She completed her secondary and preparatory education at Quarit Secondary and Preparatory School. Then, from October 2012 to June 20, 2018, she joined Gondar University and graduated with a Doctorate degree in Veterinary Medicine. In September 2019, she joined the Ethiopian Institute of Agriculture and served as an Assistant researcher at Asosa center. Subsequently, in September 2020 she joined Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Department of Clinical study for MSc Program in veterinary Epidemiology. VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Research would not have been possible without the support of GOD and contribution of many people. First and for most praise to almighty God, who has been protected and help me in all aspect of my life. I would like to thank to my thesis advisors Dr. Yasmin Jibril and Dr. Haileleul Negussie for their devotion of time in advisement, scholarly guidance and constant encouragements throughout the study time. I want to extend my sincerely thanks to prof. Wudu Temesgen and Dr. Teshale Sori for their supporting in writing of thesis. I would like to say thanks for Ethiopian Institute of agricultural research and Addis Ababa University for their financial support. I would like to express my heart-felt gratitude to National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta and staff members of the center, especially for Ayelech Muluneh and Melaku Sombo. I extend my special thanks for Bahir Dar Animal health Dignostic and investigation center and staff members for their technical and material support especially Dr. Endeshaw Demile, Dr. Almaz Habtamu, Ato Wndosen Kumilachew, Ato Habtamu Kefyalew and Ato Elias Demssie. I am also wish to acknowledge the assistance provided by farmers and district level veterinary professionals especially Dr. Birhanu Tamirat, Ato Abeje Mandefro and Dr. Mandefero. My special thanks go to my families who were behind the successes of my work. I have especial thanks to my sisters Agrie Yirdaw, Eyerus Workie and Gojjam Amogne for their moral support. Finally I wish to acknowledge to my partners and classmates especially Mr. Wasie Mihertie and Dr. Dessie Abera. VII Contents DEDICATION IV STATEMENT OF AUTHOR V BIOGRAPHY SKETCH VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VII LIST OF TABLES XI LIST OF FIGURES XII LIST OF APPENDEX TABLE XIII LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURE XIV ABBREVIATIONS XV ABSTRACT XVI 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 4 2.1. Definitions ............................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Etiology…………………………………………………………………………………4 2.2.1 Taxonomy of the Virus ..................................................................................................... 4 2.2.2 Historical Perspective of FMDV ....................................................................................... 4 2.2. 3 FMD Virus Morphology and Genomic organization ..................................................... 5 2.2.4 Serotype of Foot and mouth diseases virus ...................................................................... 6 2.2.5 Physicochemical properties of FMDV .............................................................................. 7 2.3 Epidemiology of FMDV……………………………………………………………………….7 2.3.1 Global distributions.............................................................................................................. 8 2.3.2 Distribution of FMDV in Ethiopia ...................................................................................... 8 2.3.3 Current Statuses of the Diseases in Ethiopia ..................................................................... 9 2.3.4 Risk factor .......................................................................................................................... 10 2.3.5 Sources of infection and transmission .............................................................................. 12 2.3.6 Molecular epidemiology .................................................................................................... 13 VIII 2.4 Pathogenesis ........................................................................................................... 13 2.5 Clinical sign and Differential diagnosis ............................................................... 14 2.6 Diagnostic methods ............................................................................................... 16 2.6.1 Clinical and epidemiological diagnosis ............................................................................ 16 2.6.2. Laboratory Diagnosis ....................................................................................................... 16 2.7 Control, Prevention and Treatment .................................................................... 20 2.8 Economic challenge of Foot and mouth diseases on Livestock Production ..... 22 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 25 3.1. Study Area ............................................................................................................ 25 3.2 Study Population ................................................................................................... 27 3.3 Study Designs ......................................................................................................... 27 3.4 Sample Size Determination .................................................................................. 28 3.5 Ethical Considerations .......................................................................................... 28 3.6 Study Methodology ............................................................................................... 29 3.6.1 Sample collection ............................................................................................................... 29 3.6.2 Serological Examination ................................................................................................... 29 3.6.3 RNA Extraction and