The Contemporary Development of Qingdao’s Urban Space ThePerspective ofCivil Society’sParticipation inChineseUrban Planning Dissertation zurErlangungdesakademischenGrades DoktorIngenieur anderFakultätArchitektur der BauhausUniversitätWeimar vorgelegtvon Liu, Chong Geborenam24.Juni1975in Heilongjiang Weimar,2006 Gutachter: Prof.Dr.habil.Dieter Hassenpflug BauhausUniversitätWeimar,Deutschland Prof.Dr.Zhang Lingling Harbin InstituteofTechnology,China Prof.Dr.habil.HeinzSchwarzbach TechnischeUniversitätDresden,Deutschland TagderDisputation:16.Januar2007 1 Acknowledgement ThefirstpersonIwouldliketothankismysupervisorProf.Dr.DieterHassenpflug.Iowe himaprofounddebtofgratitudeforhissupport,encouragement and understanding over theyearsbothofmystudiesandofmydailylife.Hisknowledge onurbanplanning,soci ology,historyandpoliticshashelpedmegreatlytocarryonthisresearch,andwillfurther benefitmylife.Also,IwishtoexpressmywarmandsincerethankstoProf.Dr.MaxWelch Guerra of BauhausUniversity Weimar, Prof. Xu Feipeng of Technical University Qingdao, Prof.ZhangLingling ofHarbinInstituteofTechnology,andMr.FritzHubertofMunichfor theirvaluableinsights. IwarmlythankMr.Xie Gang,Dr.Teng Junhong,Dr.ZhanErpeng,Mr.YangZengxian, Mrs.ZhangYanbo andMr.Leng Wei ofQingdao,Mr.Xu Hongpeng ofHarbin,Mr.Bernhard Raninger ofShenyang,Mr.JensChristian Wittig,Ms.FangChen,Mr.MarkKammerbauer of Weimar,Mr.Dominik Dittrich ofViennaandMr.Steven M. Brown of Detroit who offered variouskindsofassistancerelatedtomyresearch.Withoutsuch supportthisstudywould havebeenmoredifficult,timeconsuming,andexpensive. Iamgratefultothestaffsofthemanyinstitutionsincluding Qingdao UrbanConstruction Archive, Qingdao CityArchive, Qingdao Municipal Library, Beijing National Library, Beijing University Library, Shanghai Municipal Library, Koblenz Federal Achieve, Munich Bavaria National Library, Thuringia University and National Library (Jena), Library of Bauhaus UniversityWeimar, etc.,inwhichIwasallowedtoaccesstomaterialinnumerousarchives, periodicals,prints,historicnewspapersandphotographsdivisions. Thefinancialsupportof the Graduiertenförderung of Free State Thuringia is gratefully acknowledged. Lastbutnottheleast,Iowemylovingthankstomyparentsand myelderbrother. 2 Content Acknowlegement 1 Introduction 7 Part I. The progress and deficits of the development of Qingdao’s urban space 15 1. Historic review of Qingdao’s spatial development 17 1.1 Theprofileofthecity 17 1.2 Theurbanplanandconstructionbefore1978 20 1.3 Summary 29 2. The progress of Qingdao’s contemporary spatial development 35 2.1 Urbanhousing 37 2.2 Heritageprotection 42 2.3 Publicspace 45 2.4 Urbantraffic 48 2.5 Summary 51 3. The deficits of Qingdao’s contemporary spatial development 57 3.1 Urbanhousing 59 3.1.1Resettlementconflict 59 3.1.2Spatialdifferentiation 62 3.2 Heritagepreservation 65 3.2.1Historicbuilding 65 3.2.2Historicarea 67 3.3 Publicspace 71 3.3.1Accessrestriction 71 3.3.2Ecologic function 73 3.4 Urbantraffic 75 3.4.1Roadsystem 75 3.4.2Publictraffic 78 3.5 Summary 82 3 Content Part II. Civil society’s participation in planning theory and its potential for Qingdao’s 87 urban planning 4. Civil society’s participation in planning theory and in China’s law and poli- 89 tical statements 4.1 Thereviewoftheconceptsofcivilsociety 89 4.2 TheunderstandingofcivilsocietyintheChinesecontext 94 4.2.1Theemergenceoftheterm“civilsociety” incontemporaryChina 94 4.2.2ThemodeofcivilsocietyincontemporaryChina 96 4.2.3TheresourcesofcivilsocietyinChineseculture 100 4.3 Civilsociety’s participationinplanningtheory 106 4.3.1Citizeninvolvementfordecisionmaking 107 4.3.2Publicprivatepartnershipforfundingandmanaging 112 4.3.2.1On thecommunitylevel 114 4.3.2.2Abovethecommunitylevel 116 4.4 Civilsociety’sparticipation inChina’slawandpoliticalstatements 120 4.4.1Citizeninvolvementfordecisionmaking 120 4.4.2PPPforfundingandmanaging 123 4.5 Summary 127 5. Civil society’s participation in China’s planning practice: three case studies 131 5.1 HongKong’sKaiTak Project 133 5.2 Shenyang’s ResourceRecoveryProject 137 5.3 Qingdao’s Taidong Project 140 5.4 Summary 143 6. Recommendation for Civil Society’s participation in Qingdao’s urban plan- 147 ning: “Foundation of Collaborative Urban Solutions” 6.1Theprinciples 150 6.2Thepilotprojects 151 6.2.1TheCommunitybasedHousingWorkshop 151 6.2.2TheHeritagePreservationWorkshop 152 6.2.3ThePublicSpaceForum 153 6.2.4TheMassTransitForum 154 4 Content Summary 159 Summery inGerman language 165 Listof figures 171 Notes 173 Bibliography 179 Curriculumvitae 191 Announcement 193 5 6 Introduction Introduction ThisthesisstudiesthecontemporarydevelopmentofurbanspaceinQingdao,acostal cityintheP.R.China.Threequestionswillbeanswered,namely:HowhasthecityofQing dao developeditsurbanspacesince1978’sreform?Wherehasitexcelled,andwhatare thedeficitsofthisdevelopment?Andhowcanthecityimproveitsurbanplanningtobetter copewiththeexistingproblems?Therearetwomainaddedvaluesofthisthesis.Firstly,it focusesonboththeprogressandthedeficienciesinQingdao’s spatialdevelopmentsince thereformof1978indiversifiedaspects,includinghousing,heritagepreservation,public spaceandurbantraffic,whichhasnotyetbeensystematicallydoneinChinaorintheWest; secondly,itpresentsanapproachforimprovingQingdao’s planningbasedontheunder standingofcivilsocietyfromaChineseperspective. ThisstudyonthecontemporarydevelopmentofQingdao’s UrbanSpaceoriginatedpri marily frommypersonalinterest.IspentmorethantenyearsinQingdao,andhavealso participatedinhousingstudiesandheritagemappingwhilestudyingtowardmybachelor’s degree.SinceIstartedmystudiesintheculturalcityofWeimar,Germany, notonlythe aestheticcontextbetweenQingdao andGermany,butalsocontemporaryWesternplanning impressesmedeeply.IkeptandstillkeepthinkingaboutthepastandfutureofQingdao. Themethodsutilisedinthisresearchincludemainlysecondarystudiesandfieldsur vey.1)Secondarystudiesutilizeddissertations,conferencecontributions,articlesinofficial newspapersandotherpublicationsaboutQingdao’s urbandevelopment.Also,theofficial statisticsofQingdao providequantitativedatainthisresearch.Thisworkwasmainlydone from 2002 to 2004. My resources were largely taken from in Qingdao Archive, Qingdao UrbanConstructionArchive,BeijingNational Library, Beijing University Library, Shanghai MunicipalLibrary,Koblenz FederalAchieve,MunichBavariaNationalLibrary,Thuringia Uni versity andNationalLibrary(Jena),etc.2)DuringthefieldsurveyinQingdao,respectively in2003andwinter2004,theauthorhaspersonallyobservedthephysicalformanduseof theurbanspaces streets,squares,parks,publicbuildingsandresidentialblocks,etc.,and alsomadecomparativephotostudiesbetweenthepastandpresent ofthesamespaces. Someinterviewsweremadewithplanners,architects,commoncitizens,andtouristsfrom 2003to2005.Throughthisprocess,mostopinionstheauthoracquiredaredetailedandin depth.However,mostintervieweespreferkeepinganonymous,especiallyinregardtotheir 7 Introduction criticism.Thustheauthoronlyusestheinformationfromtheinterviewsasvaluablerefe rences butdoesnotquotethemasgroundsofargumentormakeparticularevaluations. Inthefollowing,thethreemainobjectsofthisresearchwillbebrieflyintroducedin frontofthemaincontentsofthethesis,namely:Qingdao,urbanplanningandcivilsociety. a.Qingdao FirstappearingintheJiajing Period(15221566)oftheMingDynasty,“Qingdao” was originallythenameofanislandinthevicinityoftheeastwingoftheJiaozhou (Kiaochow) Bay,andthisislandiscalled“SmallQingdao” andusedasaparktoday.DuringtheQing Dynasty,Qingdao wasalsothenameofthevillageoppositetoQingdao Islandunderthe administrationofJimo Town’sRenhua County.OnJune14th1891,theQing Government startedtheconstructionofamilitarybasearoundQingdao village,and6yearslater,the wholeJiaozhou BaywasseizedbytheGermanNavyonNovember14th1897.Bythe treaty signedonMarch6th1898,Germanyacquireda99yearleaseonJiaozhou Bay,coveringa landacreageof551.753sqkm andwateracreageof576.500sqkm.[1]Theconstructionof anewcolonialcitywasrapidlystarted,andonOctober12th1899,theGermanEmperor WilhelmIInamedthenewurbanareaoftheJiaozhou Concession “Tsingtau”. In 1900’s masterplan,Qingdao wasalsothenameoftheEuropeanDistrictintheurbanarea.From 1899 to 1929, the whole city, including its urban and rural areas, was called either “Tsingtau” or “Kiaochow” in official documents or nongovernmental literatures of China, GermanyandJapan.InApril1929theNationalistGovernment (Nanjing)officiallynamed thecityQingdao.Remaininguntiltodayas“barrio” intheChinesegeographicandpolitic administrationhierarchy,thecitycoversthelandareaof1316.270sqkm.[2]Accordingto theBasicRulesforChinesePinyinOrthographylaunchedin1958, thewriting“Qingdao” replaces“Tsingtau” (Germanform)or“Tsingtao”(Englishform)intheP.R.China.Inbrief, thetermQingdao comprisesmainly4concepts:1)Qingdao Island,2)Qingdao Village,3) theEuropeanDistrictoftheformerGermancolonialcityinJiaozhou Region,and4)the formerGermancolonialcityandthecitygrownfromit.Thisthesisconcernsitselfwiththe fourthconcept. b.Urbanplanning Generallyspeaking,theunderstandingoftheterm“urbanplanning” intheWestandin Chinabothcomprisestwomajoraspects.Firstly,itisasubject,anareaofstudy,which belongstothe29majorsubjectslistedbytheUnitedNationsin 1974.Secondly,itrefersto thegovernmentalorgovernment–led comprehensive activities for arranging the physical 8 Introduction settingofacityencompassinglanduse;housing;openspaceand recreation;traffictrans portation;publicandhumanservices;conservationofenvironmentandheritageresources; etc.TostudyurbanplanninginChina,thelocalinterpretationofthistermisworthpaying attention to.Since1950'stherehavebeendiversedefinitionsofurbanplanninginChina’s official documents,