Vol II Issue II Dec 2012I ISSN No : 2249-894X

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Monthly Multidisciplinary Research Journal Review Of Research Journal

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Address:-Ashok Yakkaldevi 258/34, Raviwar Peth, Solapur - 413 005 , India Cell : 9595 359 435, Ph No: 02172372010 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isrj.net Review Of Research Vol.2, Issue.3, Dec. 2012 ISSN:-2249-894X Available online at www.reviewofresearch.net ORIGINAL ARTICLE

GROUNDWATER REGIME OF AQUIFERS OF THE VIDRUPA RIVER BASIN, DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA WITH EMPHASIS ON GEO ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

KHADRI , S.F.R AND SUPLE , P.A

Deptt. of Geology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati (M.S)India

Abstract:

Detailed geological and hydro-geological investigations have been carried out for a part of Vidrupa River basin, , Maharashtra with emphasis on pumping test analysis with an aim to understand the hydro-geochemical, geophysical, geological, geomorphological and environmental control on the groundwater regime of the region. The study area is characterized by the presence of 350m thick horizontal sequence of lava flows which can be divided in simple and compound units based on their field characters, textual parameters and geomorphic expression. Detailed study of geomorphic features and the analysis of the remotely sensed data through visual interpretation of the Vidrupa River basin around region, Akola District were carried out to elucidate the role of various morphometric features, geomorphic processes and structural trends in the evolution of the landscape. The results indicate the presence of seven distinctly different geomorphic units which include alluvial plain, bajada zone, moderately dissected plateau, highly dissected plateau, plateau top, structural ridge and denudational hill. Hill slopes exhibit stepped appearance with parallel retreat during pediplanation due to differential erosion of various litho units exposed in the region. The structural, denudational and alluvial landforms, on the basis of land use and land cover have been sub-divided into agriculture land, built up land, wasteland and water bodies. In addition, remote sensing techniques have been effectively utilized in identifying the potential aquifers so as to enable groundwater exploration in the region. The present investigation based on numerous topographical profiles have shown the presence of marked flat terraces at different levels indicating the present state of the cycle of erosion and landform development. The results confirm the hydrogeological and morpho-tectonic conditions, which have also helped in locating suitable aquifers for the water resource development of the region. Major element chemistry of groundwater samples from dug wells and bore wells from 100 selected sites from the Vidrupa region during pre-monsoon and post- monsoon periods has been analyzed to understand the groundwater quality and its impact on the environment. Various thematic maps showing the distribution of various elements and their ration along with iso-contour maps of physico-chemical parameters have been utilized to understand the water quality management of the region. Pumping test results have highlighted the safe yield and other related parameters which have helped in improving the groundwater resource of the region. Hydro-geological studies have thrown light on the water level fluctuations in the region with emphasis on water resource and environmental management of water quality. The results of the chemical analysis indicate that both the surface and groundwater are suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. The results of geophysical resistivity studies have thrown light on the nature of sub surface geology of

Title:GROUNDWATER REGIME OF AQUIFERS OF THE VIDRUPA RIVER BASIN, AKOLA DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA WITH EMPHASIS ON GEO ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Source:Review of Research [2249-894X] KHADRI , S.F.R, , SUPLE , P.A yr:2012 vol:2 iss:3 GROUNDWATER REGIME OF AQUIFERS OF THE VIDRUPA RIVER BASIN..... the region along with groundwater potential zones. The highly fractured, amygdaloidal and weathered basaltic horizons have yielded sufficient amount of water whereas, the compact and massive portions show poor yield in the region. In this study, an attempt has been made to suggest various suitable measures for improving the groundwater potential of the area with due emphasis on water resource management. Detailed environmental analysis was carried out to understand the water level fluctuations and quality of water. In addition, suitable remedial measures were suggested for water resource development and management of the region. I KEY WORDS:

Environmental Management, Groundwater, Deccan Traps, Watershed Development

INTRODUCTION

Water is the most vital, natural resource for living and is the backbone of the socio economic development of the country. The absence of water results in the absence of life on the Moon. The planet Earth has approximately 71% of this area covered with water contained in the oceans. Water is a natural and basic essential need for survival of human beings and for other living beings including plants and animals. Groundwater has been in use in India from the time of Vedas, which mentions that irrigation was being practiced from the wells in addition to surface water resources. Water is the form of precipitation which terminates into rainfall, river water, surface ponds, and lakes which partly infiltrates into ground in the form of groundwater. Beside that water is one of the main resources essential for the overall socio-economic development of any region and it requires careful planning and appropriate exploration for its sustainable management. Water plays a vital role in the development of any activity in the area. Thus the availability of surface and ground water governs the process of planning and development. The surface water resources are inadequate to fulfill the water demand. Productivity through groundwater is quite high as compared to surface water, but groundwater resources have not yet been properly developed through exploration. Keeping this in view, the present study attempts to select suitable locations for groundwater exploration in hard rock areas using an integrated approach through field investigations, geomorphologic, petrographic, geochemical, stratigraphic, remote sensing, geoelectrical soundings and GIS techniques. Watershed management is the process of creating and implementing plans, programs, and projects to sustain and enhance watershed function that affect the plant, animal, and human communities within a watershed boundary. Features of a watershed that agencies seek to manage include water supply, water quality, drainage, storm water runoff, water rights and the overall planning and utilization of watersheds. Landowners, land use agencies, storm water management experts, environmental specialists, water use surveyors and communities all play an integral part in the management of a watershed. Ground water has and would continue to pay a crucial role for food and fodder production, drinking water supply, drought mitigation and economic development of the country. The ground water being relating to subterranean resource, it needs to be explored through sub surface techniques of ground water exploration. The study area is located at Telhara and Akot Taluka of Akola district of Maharashtra which is covered under the Survey of India toposheet no 55C/16 and D/13. The study area is covered by Purna Alluvium and is located at about 145 km from Amravati and about 75 km from Akola between. 20° 54' 30” to 21° 14' 35" N latitudes and between 76° 48' to and 770 03'E longitudes (Fig. 1).

2 Review Of Research * Volume 2 Issue 3 * Dec 2012 GROUNDWATER REGIME OF AQUIFERS OF THE VIDRUPA RIVER BASIN.....

The area selected for the investigation of the Vidrupa (also locally named as Aas River) river basin which is tributary of Purna river basin. The Akola district falls in the Western part of region and it is bounded by Amravati in the East, Washim in the South and Buldana in the West. The Satpuda hill ranges are bordering the dist in the North with their slope towards South. The central part of District is plain whereas Southern part is again elevated with its general slope towards North. Purna is the major river of the region and it flows from East to West through nearly central part of the Akola District. The important tributaries of Purna River are Katepurna, Morna, Man, Vidrupa, Shahanur, Van and Nirguna. The Northern hilly region of 2 to 4 K.M. width, part of Satpuda range, lie above 400 m MSL. The central part of District is mainly occupied by alluvium deposit is gently slopping and it ranges between 200 to 260 m. above MSL. The District is occupied by Alluvium and Deccan basalt horizontally disposed and is traversed by well developed sets of joints. The geographically the district area is covered by an area of 1864 sq. km alluvium and Basalt 3568 sq. km. Most of the Ground water has and would continue to pay a crucial role for food and fodder production, drinking water supply, drought mitigation and economic development of the country. The ground water being occult and subterranean resource needs to be explored through sub surface techniques of ground water exploration. The river originate in the foot hills of Satpuda hill ranges situated towards the North of Akola district, the course of river passing near the Dhondakhar and Chippi a tribal village and flowing through across narrow gauge railway tract and near Adgaon bk. village. The major path of river course is almost in a straight line towards the Purna basin.The majority of Vidrupa river basin residents rely on aquifers (deep reservoirs of groundwater) and drilled wells and Tube wells for their water supply. The risk of contamination of groundwater depends on types of land management in the groundwater recharge area, well contamination, fertilizer application, poorly stored or spilled chemicals and paints and poorly maintained septic systems etc.To protect the environment and improve its status, the International Standard specifies requirements for an environmental management system to enable an organization or corporation to develop and implement a policy and objectives which take into account legal requirements (Pollution Control Board (PCB), Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF) etc.) to which the organization subscribes, and information about significant environmental aspects. It applies to those aspects that the organization identifies as those which it can control and those which it can influence. It does not state itself specific environmental criteria. This work attempts to develop EMS plan for implementing the international standard ISO 14001 :-2004 Environmental Management System to Vidrupa river basin watershed area, in order to improve the water quality status, water usage, fertilizer and insecticides application etc. for effective and efficient management of watershed. The drainage map of Vidrupa river basin watershed is shown in Fig.2

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Figure 2 · Drainage Map of Vidrupa river basin Watershed

DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL:

A digital elevation model is a digital model or 3D representation of a terrain's surface. There is no common usage of the terms digital elevation model (DEM), digital terrain model (DTM) and digital surface model (DSM) in scientific literature. In the most cases the term digital surface model represents the earth's surface and includes all objects on it. In contrast to a DSM, the digital terrain model represents the bare ground surface without any objects like plants and buildings. Surfaces represented by a Digital Surface Model include buildings and other objects. Digital Terrain Models represent the bare ground. The term Digital Elevation Model is often used as a generic term for DSMs and DTMs, only representing height information without any further definition about the surface. Other definitions equalise the terms DEM and DTM, or define the DEM as a subset of the DTM, which is also representing other morphological elements. There are also definitions which equalise the terms DEM and DSM. Digital Elevation Models are data files that contain the elevation of the terrain over a specified area, usually at a fixed grid interval over the "Bare Earth". The intervals between each of the grid points will always be referenced to some geographical coordinate system. This is usually either latitude-longitude or UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) coordinate systems. The closer together the grid points are located, the more detailed the information will be in the file. The details of the peaks and valleys in the terrain will be better modeled with small grid spacing than when the grid intervals are very large. Elevations other than at the specific grid point locations are not contained in the file. As a result peak points and valley points not coincident with the grid will not be recorded in the file. Quality DEM products are measured by how accurate the elevation is at each pixel and how accurately the morphology is presented. Several factors are important for quality of DEM-derived

Review Of Research * Volume 2 Issue 3 * Dec 2012 4 GROUNDWATER REGIME OF AQUIFERS OF THE VIDRUPA RIVER BASIN..... products :- In order to perform distributed or even lumped rainfall - runoff modelling a multitude of information is needed. Part of the necessary model input can now be provided through processing and analysis of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in combination with information extracted from other remotely sensed images of a selected model area. The data can be downloaded freely, unzipped, mosaic and processed. As for arid and semi-arid areas the reflective surface mostly represents the actual ground surface, the main limitations of the dataset is that there are often small areas having data voids which need to be corrected prior to further processing. Next to this source of elevation data also existing contour or point elevation information can be used as well as optical stereoscopic, lidar or other interfero metric based remote sensing instruments to produce a DEM. For extraction of elevation from remote sensing dedicated software packages are required but most GIS packages have routines for point or contour line interpolation. To work effectively with raster based elevation information a new routine has been developed using ILWIS, a GIS and RS package developed at ITC This DEM hydro-processing module supports further DEM processing to obtain a full raster and vector based (including topology) schematization of the (sub) catchments and drainage network, coupled with additional hydrological relevant parameters. The basis is formed by the Deterministic - 8 flow direction procedure. Additional, more complex algorithms may be added in the future. The hydro module facilitates closed basin processing, DEM optimization procedures to incorporate river bathymetric as e.g. the SRTM radar signal is opaque for water bodies (optionally incorporation of drainage parameters from a table), a topological optimization routine to handle lakes, allows assignment of multiple drainage thresholds (e.g. based on a reclassified geological map or internal relief map if only a DEM is available). The drainage network and catchment tables generated can be easily linked using common table ID columns and can be exported to be incorporated in other packages. Furthermore drainage network and catchment segmentation can be aggregated - merged using different stream orders (e.g. for more generic up scaling purposes) or by user defined drainage outlet locations and the resulting 22 network can be extracted to provide further hydrological model input. A number of compound indices, using e.g. flow accumulation area and slope or river network and flow direction maps, can be calculated. Finally, other raster based information, e.g. obtained from a soil map or classified satellite image can be crossed with the catchment map and the cross table shows relevant (aggregated) statistical information as well as Horton plots. It supports latitude - longitude coordinates as well as metric projections. (Fig. 3)

Fig.3 Digital Elevation Model for the Vidrupa River basin

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SUMMARY:

The recharge of groundwater in the study area is controlled by topography, thickness of weathered zone, vegetation, infiltration capacity of soil and sub-soil strata within the zone of aeration. The water bearing capacity of various lava flows depends on the flow nature and geomorphic expression. The massive portions show low porosity due to the lack of openings and hence, unproductive for groundwater, whereas, the vesicular and amygdaloidal horizons of lava show interconnected and uniformly distributed vesicles contributing to their groundwater potential due to high degree of porosity and permeability which further increase with weathering. Occasionally, the closely spaced inter-connecting joints if present in between the massive horizons may contribute towards formational porosity and forms productive zones. The size and number of vesicles, degree of weathering and joint pattern controls the water productivity and yielding capacity of aquifers in the study area. Hence, highly weathered zones of vesicular and amygdaloidal basalts are potential zones of groundwater. The red / green bole horizons in the area are less productive due to the clayey nature which tends to stop the vertical movement of groundwater as they act as confining aquicludes. The study area is characterised by the presence of multiple aquifer system showing both productive and unproductive zones due to the presence of alternating massive and vesicular units with lateral variations. The weathered and jointed zones in the massive units and vesicular and amygdaloidal units forming water table aquifers of basalts are presently tapped in the region. The depth of water table indicates four distinct horizons, which include shallow water level (1.5 - 5 m), moderately deep water level (5 -8 m) and very deep water level (>15 m). The shallow water level in the study area is mainly influenced by the surface irrigation showing artificial recharge of water table. The water level fluctuation in the area of investigation depends on the differences of water levels in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods, which is related directly to the recharge and discharge of groundwater. It is generally grouped into three distinct classes namely low water level fluctuations (1-2 m), moderate fluctuations (2-3 m) and high water level fluctuations (>3 m). The study area is dominated by low water levels fluctuations, which is controlled by the recharge of groundwater, surface irrigation and low frequency dug wells causing a less groundwater withdrawal. High water levels fluctuations are caused by the mining of groundwater during non-monsoon season for irrigation purposes (Khadri and Deshmukh, 1998). The lithological variations have caused undulations in the topography. The results indicate various topographic forms developed by intrusive phase of the igneous activity offer more resistance to weathering and erosion, which are represented by the presence of linear ridges breaking the monotony of the plains. The result of the drainage analysis indicates hydro-geological conditions of the study area, which is more suitable for groundwater exploration with high drainage frequency.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The financial assistance provided to the first author by Department of Science and Technology, University Grant Commission and Indian Council of Agricultural Research are thankfully acknowledged. The authors also thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions and constructive comments that have certainly helped in improving the quality of the manuscript.

REFERENCES

Horton, R.F. (1945). Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins, hydrological approach to quantitative morphology, Geol. Soc. mer. Bull. 56:275-370. Khadri, S.F.R. and Deshmukh, M.S. (1998). Geomorphological characteristics of Pohara region, Amravati Dist. (M.S) with emphasis on water resource management, workshop on G.W recharge and management in Wardha River basin, Organized by water irrigation commission, Govt. of Maha. 25-26 June, Amravati, 31-38. Raju, T.S. and Jha, B.M. (1990). Relationship of Base Flow and geohydrological properties of Bina River Basin; Hydrology Jour. IAH. XIII (2), 55-72. Sankar, K, Jegatheisan, M.S and Balasubramanian, A, (1996). Geoelectrical Resistivity studies in the Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu. Jour. of Applied Hydrology. IX, 1 & 2, 83-90. Schumm, S.A. (1975). Evolution of drainage systems of geomorphology; Bull. Geol. Soc.America, 67: 597-646. Strahler, A.N. (1952). Dynamic basis of geomorphology; Bull. Geol. Soc. America; 63,923-938. Strahler, S.A. (1964). Quantitative geomorphology of basin and channel networks.Handbook of Applied Hydrology (Ed. Ven Te Chow). Mcgraw Hill Book Company, New York.

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Tiwari, M.P., Bhai, H.Y. and Padhi, R.N. (1996). Geomorphology and geology of Purna. Valley. Symposium Vol.Vishweshvarayyah Regional College of Engineering. Nagpur. 11-20. Wisler, C.O. and Brater, B.F. (1959). Hydrology, John Willey and Sons, New York. 408.

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