TheThe SteubenSteuben NewsNews A Newspaper by German-Americans for All Americans

VOL. 89 NO.2 DUTY • JUSTICE • CHARITY • TOLERANCE MARCH/APRIL 2016

The Coral House in Baldwin, NY is the site of this yearʼs 97th Anniversary Gala Celebration National Council 97th Anniversary German American Heritage Center in Davenport IA has on-going Gala Luncheon exhibits pertaining to German immigration and events highlighting Join us as we celebrate our 97th year of existence. With a German-American contributions to American culture, history and break of tradition, instead of the Founders Day Banquet, we will society. gather on May 22, 2015 2:00-6:00 p.m. at the Coral House, 70 Milburn Avenue in Baldwin, NY, for a festive luncheon enhanced German-American Heritage Center by the musical entertainment of John Weber. We will honor our Preserves Germanic Culture in Davenport, Iowa Founders, our Patron, and the Men and Women who serve in our In the mid-to-late 1800’s millions of German citizens left Armed Forces. This year's food is as follows: their homeland and settled as immigrants in the United States. The The cocktail hour includes butler-passed top shelf hors d’ou- 1900 U.S. Census documented that over half the citizens in Iowa, vres. The four course dinner includes pasta, caesar salad and for the Nebraska, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota main course a choice of Loin of Pork, Salmon or Skirt Steak. were German immigrants or their descendents. Scott County, where Special cake and coffee will be served for dessert. Soda is included. the first passenger railroad crossed the Mississippi River, was the There will be a cash bar. 97th Anniversary Gala tickets are $70 per entry point for many immigrants to the upper Midwest region and person and c-hildren under 12 are $35 per child. Please make check points west. In 1900, Joseph Eiboeck, a veteran German newspa- payable to Steuben Society of America and mail to Elyse Land, P.O. perman, described Davenport as, “the most German city, not only in Box 777, Levittown, NY, 11756. the State, but in all the Middle West, the center of all German activ- We need your support for this important event. Please invite ities in the State.” your friends and family! Founded on August 1, 1994 as a private, not-for-profit organ- PLEASE SUPPORT THE CENTENNIAL CLUB ization, the German American Heritage Center (GAHC) seeks to preserve the heritage of our German speaking ancestors for present In anticipation of our Centennial Anniversary Celebration, we have established the Centennial Club inviting donations of $100. and future generations and to enrich our Donors will be acknowledged in Steuben News. knowledge of the German immigrant experience. Please make check payable to Steuben Society of America PERMIT #12 PAID US POSTAGE Today, GAHC, a National BULK RATE

(Note: “Centennial Club”) and mail to: Steuben Society of America, THIRD CLASS

One South Ocean Ave. Suite 217, Patchogue, NY 11772 Historic Site, has evolved a museum 11790 BROOK, NY STONY that includes a large permanent exhibit Your Name:______and two rotating special exhibits. Address:______Contʼd Next page

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dedicated to unite men and women T Visit Steuben Societyʼs New YouTube Channel and watch the of Germanic origin who share a September 2015 Erick Kurz Memorial Lecture common interest in the positive and CORREC by Robert Selig entitled, “Grorg Daniel Flohr and continued growth of our nation as ED SS well as the preservation of our rich ST his Travels in America (1780-1781)” heritage. For more info: www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTMiaKc-ICw

www.steubensociety.org Steuben Society of America Suite 217 One South Ocean Ave. NY 11772 Patchogue, ADDRE REQUE MARCH/APRIL 2016 THE STEUBEN NEWS Page 2 GAHC Contd from front cover Steuben Maquette of Jaeger’s Von Steuben dren's books for the Statue Restored at Steuben House, NJ next ten years, there is Within the permanent exhibit, visitors experience February 21 at 12:30 p.m. in the Steuben a general consensus an orientation theater, six education stations, and House, preceding the opening of the ball, the Bergen that this book is her two restored hotel rooms. They enjoy an interac- County Historical Society, joined by special guests, masterpiece. tive experience as you learn about immigrants’ unveiled sculptor Albert Jaeger's three-quarter-sized Wanda was a journey by sea, train and foot, to their final desti- maquette of Major General Friedrich Wilhelm Baron classically trained and nation at the German American Heritage Center von Steuben, made in preparation for the bronze statue educated artist, knowl- building, which was originally a very busy hotel of Baron von Steuben erected in Lafayette Park in edgeable in many for thousands of immigrants in the 1860s. One of 1910, opposite the White House. Damaged during respects about the the highlights in the exhibit is called “Step into Hurricane Sandy while stored in an off-site warehouse, great artists and styles my Shoes.” this 107-year-old plaster model was repaired by con- that came before her Visitors will find footprints of a child, servator Gary McGowan of CPR, Inc., through FEMA time. She was also a female and male at this section. They can step on funding secured by the Bergen County Historical fierce idealist and did any set of the footprints, which then triggers the Society. Thank you FEMA! For more info, visit not believe in altering corresponding character to appear before them www.bergencountyhistory.org, her own aestheticism on a screen and talk about their personal experi- [email protected] 201-343- just because she was ence as an immigrant. Visitors may also try on 9492 producing work for clothing that immigrants would have worn dur- ****************** children. She liked to ing the turn of the century, and enjoy exploring Wanda Gag: German-American use stylized human many artifacts on display. The museum also pro- figures, asymmetrical vides educational programs, workshops and Artist from New Ulm MN compositions, strong classes relating to the German American experi- Anton Gag, born in Walk, Bohemia, in 1858, lines and slight spatial ence and culture; assists in the coordination of immigrated to New Ulm in 1879. He married distortions. The real festivals to foster an understanding of German Elizabeth "Lizzie" Biebl, also of Bohemian heritage, source of her expres- American heritage; provides for cultural in 1892. They had seven children: Wanda, born in German-American Wanda Gag, is considered sionistic pictures can exchange through language classes and produc- 1893, followed by Stella, Thusnelda, Asta, Dehli, Americaʼs first childrenʼs book illustrator- be traced back to her tion of cultural presentations to the public; and Howard, and Flavia. They were surrounded by Old author. partners with other heritage groups on programs, World customs, folklore, and folk songs, and spoke a own discoveries as a exhibits and events. German dialect. Anton built this Queen Anne style young art student in Minnesota. She had a strong desire to get at the The GAHC building was built in the house in 1894. "essence" of the object and idea, which meant she was going beyond visu- 1860s, and was originally the Standard Hotel Anton made his living as a photographer and al description through stylized design. She epitomized Lynd Ward's where thousands of German immigrants stayed painter who also decorated houses, churches (includ- description of the realist credo: "I will make the best pictures of which I am in the 1800s when they arrived in the area. The ing the New Ulm Cathedral), and public buildings. capable, whether for children or grown-ups." building was purchased in 1995, partially Anton's painting, "Attack on New Ulm During the She also had a keen sense for detail and authenticity. For Millions restored in 1999, and reopened to the public in Sioux Outbreak," hangs in the Capitol in St. Paul. As of Cats she used her own two cats as models. Her use of white space and May, 2000. In October 2009, GAHC debuted a he was dying in 1908, Anton implored 15-year-old her acute sense of design principles can be seen in the last picture in the newly expanded space including a new large Wanda, "What Papa was unable to accomplish, book. Although she does not specifically write the words, "and they lived interactive permanent exhibit called the “German Wanda will have to finish." happily ever after," as readers we get the distinct impression that the old Immigrant Experience,” two traveling exhibit Wanda graduated from New Ulm High in man and the old woman actually do. In the background are their happy spaces, and large program facilities. GAHC 1912, then went on to art schools in St. Paul, wedding photos, and the picture itself feels very intimate and cozy. Gag offers several new programs based on the new Minneapolis, and New York. After a brief period uses circles in this final frame which are pleasing to the eye and suggest permanent exhibit and two new temporary exhib- doing commercial art, Wanda developed into a world- harmony. Note the circular rug, table and light emanating from the lamp on it spaces. GAHC is located at 712 West Second famous printmaker and watercolor painter. She was the table. There is a great deal of symmetry in the scene as well and the eye Street, Davenport, Iowa 52802. honored annually from 1927 to 1938 by the American notes a feeling of satisfaction and contentment. The German immigrant experience is an Institute of Graphic Artists. The handmade lettering not only fits comfortably around the illus- integral part of the history and fabric of life in In 1928, Wanda Gag wrote and illustrated trations, it also serves as a visual link between the pictures and the story. Iowa, in the region and in the nation. The the book Millions of Cats, considered today a classic This departure from standard type was considered a novelty when the book German American Heritage Center (GAHC) was in children's literature. The book has never been out was published. Anne Carroll Moore, children's librarian for the New York formed in 1994 to document and celebrate this of print and is the oldest American picture book still Public Library, in her original review of the book, thought the hand-letter- heritage. being published. ing would make a child "almost feel that he has made this book." The Germania House was among the In Millions of Cats, Wanda initiated the dou- Wanda was indeed a perfectionist and took great pride and care in earliest of many “Gast Haus” building in the her art. In all of her work she successfully combines the mystery of tech- area. This structure is the last remaining immi- ble-page spread, designing two facing pages as one panoramic scene. She had a sense of movement from nique with a meticulous standard of craftsmanship. She once said that she grant hotel of that period in the region and is on tried to make her illustrations, "as much a work of art as anything I would the National Register of Historic Places. The left to right in order to urge the reader on to the next page. Because of her dislike of machine print, she had send to an art exhibition." GAHC saved the building from deterioration and Children can sense the up and down rhythmic quality of both the potential demolition by raising $1.3 million to her brother, Howard, hand-letter the text. It is an "enchanting tale", written in folk-art style, with sim- text itself and the illustrations as the very old man traverses rolling hills restore the exterior of the building and to restore and winding roads in his search and retrieval of the cats. The rhythm of the the first and second floors of the four story build- ple black and white illustrations, lyrical language, and a catchy refrain. The book won a Newbery Honor verse and the repetition of the words are all mirrored in the pictures sprawl- ing for use as a historical center. That work to ing across the pages. save this historic treasure and to utilize it as the award, one of the few picture books to do so, and the German American Heritage Center was complet- Lewis Carroll Shelf Award. contʼd next page ed in 2004. Some critics claim that Millions of Cats was The mission is to “preserve and enrich the first truly American picture book done by an for present and future generations knowledge of American author/ artist. Prior to its publication in the German immigrant experience and its impact 1928, there were only English picture books for the on the American Culture.” GAHC’s focus is cul- children's perusal. Some have gone so far as to say it tural programs and immigrant contributions. initiated the picture-book movement in America. It GAHC seeks to reach out to other cultural groups certainly sky rocketed Wanda Gág into instant fame and demonstrate the contributions immigrants and set in stone her reputation as a children's author from many countries and from varied back- and illustrator. It is considered a classic of children's grounds have made to the ethnic palette which is literature and continues to remain in print to this day. the United States. Gág’s book design included two facing The German-American Heritage Center pages of the opened book, termed a "double-page is located at 712 W. 2nd Street, Davenport IA, spread." This was her own innovation and many 52802. For more info call 563-322-8844 or visit future American illustrators have since utilized this gahc.org stylistic device. The Caldecott Award had not been established at this point in history, or it is a sure bet Millions of Cats would've been awarded it. Although German-American childrenʼs book author and illustrator Wanda Gagʼs book she went on to write and illustrate numerous chil- Millions of Cats is the longest running childrenʼs book still in print MARCH/APRIL 2016 THE STEUBEN NEWS Page 3 WANDA GAG The Damroschs – A Family of could all sing before they could talk. cont’d from previous page German – American Musicians When Helene’s voice showed its fine The lovely and repetitious nature of the text no doubt originates in the by Charlotte Arndt quality she joined the Grand Ducal sounds and stories from Wanda's youth and the prevalent oral tradition Leopold Damrosch was born on Opera Company at Weimar where within her own family. Most critics believe that Millions of Cats is a October 22, 1832, in Posen (Poznan), a Franz Liszt trained her to sing Agatha product of Wanda's "mature imagination" and is an original story based Prussian – Polish city about one hundred miles in the Freischuetz. on a synthesis of folktales simmering since early childhood. The story east of Berlin. He was the first child of an intel- Dr. Damrosch realized that itself, in fact, existed first in oral versions. It is said that Wanda invented ligent but uneducated father. When his mother they could never exist on his salary in the story for the children of friends she was living with in New York in died at his birth, his father married his former Weimar. At this time Franz Liszt the early 20's. She perfected it through frequent retellings, as it was wife’s younger sister, according to ancient cus- secured him a post as conductor of the begged for again and again. Millions of Cats uses rhythmic language and tom. Soon, more children were added to the Breslau (Wroclaw) Philharmonic cadenced rhyme, devices of repetition and refrain belonging to the oral family which remained poor and downtrodden. Society. At the end of the season he tradition. At age seven, Leopold was an easy-to- resigned from this position as he antic- She also wrote, illustrated and translated several other books. teach little fellow and extremely intelligent. A ipated no viable future for himself. He Among them ABC Bunny, which also won a Newbery Honor Award. Her wonderful thing happened to him in his dreary then went on to organize the Breslau books Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Nothing at All each won life when his grandmother gave him a violin Orchestra Society. a Caldecott Honor Award. In 1940, a book of edited excerpts from and promised to pay for some lessons. Soon his The young and charming Dr. Wanda's diaries (covering the years 1908 to 1917) was published as music teacher reached the limit of his compe- Damrosch easily made friends among Growing Pains; it received wide acclaim. tence, and recommended a more capable the patrons of music. Breslau had a After moving to a farm in New Jersey, which she named "All instructor. No one had understood at the time sizeable cultivated Jewish population Creation," Wanda continued her production of lithographs and children's that this violin had become to Leopold of what who supported the arts and proved to be literature until her death at age 53 from lung cancer. ever was holy and desirable to him. He secret- generous donors. Dr. Damrosch was Other biographies of the Gags include: The Story of an Artist, by ly hoped to run away, and study music at never free of financial worries. Alma Scott, Wanda Gag, A Catalogue Raisonne of the Prints, by Audur Mendelson’s Conservatory in Leipzig. Nonetheless, the family lived a rela- Winnan, The Gag Family, German-Bohemian Artists in America, by However, his father had more practical priori- tively happy lifestyle. Julie L'Enfant ties, and suggested that Leopold graduate from As children were born into the Stella and Thusnelda drew decorative items for sale. Flavia, the gymnasium (a high level high school), and family in rapid succession, and Dr. Dehli, and Asta collaborated to write a children's book in 1931. Flavia study law at the Berlin University. Damrosch gained in prominence, Aunt went on to become an author, illustrator, and watercolor artist in her own As is often the case, life soon changed Marie, Helene’s younger sister, came to right. both of their plans. A work-related accident dis- live with them to give the adults more The Gag house was sold in 1918 following Lizzie's death. It abled his father which made him unable to pro- mobility. The family moved several passed thru six owners until the newly-established Wanda Gag House vide for his family, and tuition for Leopold. He times adding additional rooms with Association purchased it in 1988. Restoration of the house began imme- was thus left to support himself by giving tutor- every move. Somewhat out of the ordi- diately and was virtually complete by 2008. It is on the National Register ing lessons. In reality he had to finace his own nary was a large room furnished with of Historic Places. studies at the university which empowered him two grand pianos for choir practice. The Wanda Gag House in New Ulm was recently named one of to shape his own destiny. The Damroschs maintained a certain The Top 50 Coolest Houses in Minnesota by HighwayHighlights.com. He applied and was accepted by the level of hospitality to a circle of inti- The exterior has been repainted into the original seven different colors faculty of Medicine at Berlin University in mate personal friends like Liszt, highlighting the seven different window shapes. Inside the seven rooms 1854. His graduation certificate shows a gradu- Wagner, Tschaikowsky, Rubinstein, have been restored to their original colors and decorative designs. ation “Summa cum Laude”. However, he Schubert and other notable musicians. Exhibits include numerous original books, lithographs, and decided that he would never be a doctor who Dr. Damrosch did not hesitate paintings by Anton, Wanda, and her sister Flavia, as well as family pho- played the violin, nor a violinist who played at to accept an offer from the New York tographs and memorabilia. Books by and about Wanda and the Gag fam- being a doctor. He decided to dedicate his life Arian Society as conductor of a male ily are available in the gift shop. For more info, visit: to music. chorus, with all traveling expenses www.wandagaghouse.org Lingering in Berlin, he began to partic- paid. He had given Breslau a season of ipate in private musicals. When Franz List opera which had been a failure for lack Right: Gag’s artistic design was innovative heard of Dr. Damrosch, he urged Leopold to of financial support. He could barely for children’s books. She introduced the join him at Weimar. Here, Damrosch’s youth, make a living for his family, and found double-page spread of illustrations and new friendships and and the modern atmos- most of the population of Breslau mate- artistic hand-lettering rather than typeset phere made him a minor prophet of the future. rialistic, and not particularly sympa- font for the books. He was appointed Lead Violinist at the Court thetic towards modern composers. He Below: Wanda Gag House in New Ulm, MN Orchestra. therefore decided, at age forty, to seek a While residing in Weimar, he fell in new career in the New World. The fam- love with Helene von Heimburg, an opera ily arrived at the Hoboken docks on singer, and married her within a year. Helene August 5, 1871. Friends of the Arian had inherited the magnificent voice of her mother who would sing solos at oratorio con- contʼd next page certs. Her mother had fourteen children who MARCH/APRIL 2016 THE STEUBEN NEWS Page 4 Damrosch Music Family: Contʼd from previous page Society welcomed them at the pier, and took them by a horse-drawn carriage to their new furnished apartment with modern conveniences on East 35th Street. As violinist, composer and conductor, Leopold Damrosch’s ener- gy, organizing skills and pioneering spirit soon brought him influence in the musical life of New York. Here he founded the Oratorio Society in 1873, and the New York Symphony Society in 1877. An unprecedented Music Fest was made possible in May 1881 with the leadership of Dr. Damrosch’s cho- rus of 1200 voices, and 250 instru- The Damrosch Music Dynasty included (L-R) the patriarch Leopold and his sons Walter and Frank ments. The Festival lasted one week, and included such choral works as of the second generation of Damroschs izers of classical music in America. and Clara Damrosch Mannes.” She and Haendel’s “Messiah,” Rubinstein’s in America are immeasurable. The NBC Network appointed her husband David Mannes were “The Tower of Babel,” and The oldest Damrosch son, him Music Advisor, and he presented a founders of the Mannes College of Beethoven’s “Ninth Symphony.” An Frank, devoted his life to music at age “Music Appreciation Hour “ for chil- Music. Sadly, the names of the original enormous audience of 10,000 people 23 when he founded the Denver Chorus dren on the radio. Damrosch honorees have been largely attended every performance. The pub- Club in 1882, and became Supervisor of Walter Damrosch’s greatest tal- forgotten, and Damrosch Park has lic acclaimed Dr. Damrosch with much Music in their public schools. After his ent lay in his ability to organize and sus- become part of the larger New York enthusiasm as America’s greatest musi- father’s death, he became Chorus tain large artistic projects by gaining the entertainment scene. cian. It was a splendid artistic and Master at the Metropolitan Opera in interest and financial support of When an insignificant little financial success. New York. He also organized the wealthy patrons. He became a true artis- violin was given to Leopold Damrosch Unfortunately, his career as People’s Singing Society which con- tic advisor to Andrew Carnegie who by his grandmother at age seven, he conductor of the Oratory and ducted classes in singing and sight read- financed the construction of Carnegie became aware of his passion for music Symphony Societies was cut short by ing. His mission was to teach everybody Hall in 1891. When the New York which he passed on to millions later in his untimely death in 1885. His two to sing, especially working people, for Symphony Orchestra was reorganized life. America’s cultural life was sons, Frank (Franz, named after Franz he believed that music is the greatest in 1903, he persuaded Harry Harkness enriched immeasurably by the Liszt) and Walter were only partially giver of comfort and happiness in life. Flagler to become its patron. As the Damroschs, and they should be remem- prepared to take over their father’s As conductor and Music Director Frank orchestra’s permanent conductor, he bered with deep gratitude. demanding post. They did not follow in founded and directed the Institute of took it to many parts of the US, often to his shadow but were influenced by his Musical Art from 1905 to 1926. When it cities where a symphony orchestra had Zion Church: German Roots achievements at a critical period in the merged with the Juliard School of never been heard. of Lutheranism in America development of music in America. Music he served as its Dean until 1933. Clara Damrosch, Leopold’s Cont’d from Last Issue Both sons pledged to carry on the work Yale University awarded him an daughter, was an accomplished pianist, Honorary Doctorate of Music in 1904. concert soloist and teacher. When her Weygand was German born. which their father had begun so coura- He had studied theology but had not geously since 1871. They were devoted Walter Damrosch, Frank’s brother Walter unexpectedly discovered younger brother, was highly regarded as David Mannes’s superior gift as a vio- served in the active ministry. A clever to music from childhood, and studied booking agent one day offered him free composition and piano in Germany and the best-known conductor of Wagner’s linist he secured him a position at the music. One of his important achieve- New York Symphony Orchestra. passage to America as ship's chaplain. the US. They grew up in an atmosphere The agent used the prestige of a minis- where music was cultivated by their ments was the successful performance Sharing a love for music, he and Clara of Parsifal, the most difficult of were soon married. Together, they ter's presence aboard to bait others into parents which influenced their artistic making the trip. Upon landing in development. Interacting with world - Wagner’s operas. It was performed in established the Settlement School of March 1886 for the first time in the US Music giving singing and instrument Philadelphia, the ship owner demanded famous musicians and giving musicals that Weygand pay his passage on pain at nearby Ducal estates had opened a by the Oratorio and Symphony lessens to underprivileged children in Societies of NY. Equally important was 1912. After many hours of demanding of being sold into bondage. He was res- new world for them. cued from his predicament by his fel- The family prospered when the his pioneering work in the performance practice, the young players gave a con- of classical music on the radio. He cert at Carnegie Hall including a pro- low passengers, and, penniless, he love of music bound them together in a sought out Muhlenberg. The latter took common cause. The accomplishments became one of the best-known popular- gram for string orchestra by Bach, Beethoven, Mozart and Handel. The him under his wing, preparing him for a Damrosch Park, Lincoln Center, New York City is a 2-acre public park featuring hall was crowded with people of all ministry in America. While still not outdoor concerts named in honor of the Damrosch family of musicians ages. The audience response was exhil- ordained, he came to the New Jersey arating. congregation at their request. Here, he A similar opportunity presented became known as a good preacher and itself to Clara and her husband to estab- pastor. lish a music school in New York. In December 1749, when he Money was needed everywhere. Sooner had been here only one year, Weygand than expected, funds were raised by performed an action which threw a loyal friends. With a large student pop- cloud over the remaining years of his ulation in place, the Mannes Music pastorate and which almost prevented School opened its doors in February his ordination. The action was not imm- 1920. moral, but was ill-advised. In one after- In 1959, the City of New York noon he proposed marriage to the established Damrosch Park at Lincoln daughter of his leading layman and Center next to the Metropolitan Opera host, Baltes Pickel, and without await- House. It was dedicated to “The ing Pickel's final decision, he proposed Distinguished family of Musicians to another young woman to whom he Leopold, Frank and Walter Damrosch, continued on pg 6 MARCH/APRIL 2016 THE STEUBEN NEWS Page 5

Chairman’s Message: The purpose of the Steuben Society of America is to educate the public about matters of interest to Dear Steuben Brothers and Sisters, American citizens of German descent and their families, to encourage their participation in civic Although the cold weather thwarted many social affairs and to perpetuate and enhance the understanding of the contributions made by such citizens to the development of the United States events in January and February, I am eagerly awaiting the warmer weather and the events and challenges ahead. Our immediate programs involve the election meetings The Steuben News VOL. 89 NO. 2 MARCH/APRIL 2016 of the New York State Council and the National Council. EDITORIAL & ADVERTISING OFFICES: One South Ocean Avenue, Suite 217, Patchogue, NY 11772 PHONE: 631-730-5111 The dates and venues will be announced shortly. We are EDITOR & ART DIRECTOR: Christine Lynn Harvey STEUBEN NEWS COMMITTEE: Ilse Hoffmann, Peter Hoffmann, Marilyn Harvey, Elyse Land, Robert Land E.O., Barbara DeOliveira counting on support and participation from the delegates. STEUBEN NEWS CONTRIBUTORS: Dr. Don Heinrich Tolzmann, Siegfried Bette, George L. Glotzbach, We are looking forward to the National Council 97th Richie Odorfer, Mary Helen Jones, Charlotte & Hans Arndt, Dr. Ann Marie Fuhrig Anniversary Gala Luncheon. This will be held at The Coral House in Baldwin, Subscriptions are $25 per year and are fulfilled by third class mail. The Steuben News is the official publication of The Steuben Society of America. The opinions expressed herein are not necessarily those of the Steuben News or the Steuben Society of NY on May 22 from 2:00 PM to 6:00 PM. There are more details on the front America.We reserve the right to refuse, edit or excerpt submissions; we do not guarantee the return of manuscripts or photos unless provided a SASE. cover. This is a major fundraiser for the National Council and we need your support. The love he clearly shared with his The Forty-Eighters were Our education committee needs to provide for the awards at the USMA grandchildren warmed your heart. action-oriented individuals whose at West Point and the USNA at Annapolis in May. Anyone interested in making Tom, I will miss you! Rest in peace. democratic ideals led them to oppose one of these presentations in the name of our society, please contact us. We the political status quo of their time. have repeated our ad in German Life Magazine appealing for new members. “The Legacy of 1848: Many immigrated to America and The responses so far have been very positive from people joining our Trailblazers of Democracy, An built successful lives for themselves society from various parts of the country. If any new member feels that there International Conference on the and their families. Some became are enough members to have a unit formed in their area, The National Council Forty-Eighters in the USA” politically active and then supported is more than willing to assist you in any way that is possible. the Union cause in the Civil War Please contact us if you have an interest. I stress that we need the March 30 – April 2, 2017 (1861 - 1865). Carl Schurz, for younger generation to be involved in our society. If anyone has any thoughts Northfield, Minnesota and ideas on how to get them involved, I am certainly open to your input, ideas, The German and European example, became a U.S. Senator, a and thoughts. rebels and freedom fighters that general in the Union Army, Minister With Spring approaching and the weather getting milder soon, I will be immigrated to the USA as a result of to Spain and Secretary of the Interior. able to visit your units. Please let me know of any events that your unit may be the 1848 Revolution will be the focus But today few are aware of the con- having. I want to wish you and your family a Happy and Blessed Easter and a of a trans-Atlantic conference. “The tribution they made to America. wonderful Spring season. Legacy of 1848” (Das Vermächtnis In addition to immigration Fraternally yours, von 1848) will be held in Northfield, history, the program in Northfield Bob Land Minnesota (50 miles/80 km south of will feature family history topics as Minneapolis) from March 30 to April well. Please submit papers or propos- Some Thoughts on the Passing of 2, 2017. als by October 6, 2016 to: Brother Tom Cornell According to conference Dr. Don Heinrich Tolzmann, By Randall J. Ratje, Past National Chairman organizers, historians Dr. Joachim Cincinnati: [email protected]; (Yogi) Reppmann of Northfield and - www.donheinrichtolzmann.net/, or Recently, our Society lost someone I was proud Dr. Don Heinrich Tolzmann of to: Dr. Joachim Reppmann, to consider to be a friend in addition to being a Cincinnati, Ohio, the "Forty [email protected]; - fraternal brother. Tom Cornell vigorously served Eighters" may not have been success- www.moin-moin.us 103 Orchard St the cause of the Steuben Society at every level. ful revolutionaries in Europe, but N., Northfield, MN, 55057 What makes his devotion to our mission more they were “likely the most remark- Phone: 507-664-1064 remarkable than most is that Tom was not of able immigrants that ever arrived in German descent. America.” At the time Tom joined the Steuben Society, he was only eligible to hold Associate Member status by virtue of the fact that his wife Gerda was a German Billionaire Funds Scholarships for full member. Under the limitations of our Constitution as it then existed, Tom Children of US Veterans was able to serve in every office within his Unit except for the office of Chairman. So Tom did just that. But then something historic happened. Some time between 2002 and 2004, at the time Holger Apfelbaum was Hans-Peter Wild Enlarge image Hans- National Chairman and I was National Secretary, the National Council was Peter Wild, chairman of Wild Flavors petitioned by Tom's home Unit, the Senator Robert F. Wagner Unit, No.165, of GmbH Capri Sun billionaire Hans- Islip, New York. The Wagner Unit sought a special exemption from the consti- Peter Wild, who grew up in tutional prohibition against Associate Members serving as Unit Chairmen. Heidelberg during and after World They sought this relief because Tom had moved his way up through the Unit War II, wanted to show his apprecia- Chairs and, but for the constitutional prohibition, he would have been next in tion for US troops liberating Germany line to serve as Unit Chairman. Given Tom's outstanding service to our Society, from Nazi rule and for what they did the Council voted, after some heated debate, in favor of a one time special case exemption to allow Tom Cornell to run for his Unit's Chairmanship. for Germany after the war. With the permission of the National Council, Tom ran for and won the Chairmanship of the Wagner Unit. He would go on to serve in that position “The American military saved Germany from the Nazis,” with great distinction. But, his service also extended to the National Council Wild told the Washington Post recently. He said he believes that where he rose to the position of First Vice Chairman. Thanks to his strong back- Germany owes a debt of gratitude to US troops for their sacri- ground as a successful businessman, Tom was also invited to serve on the board fices, which brought prosperity and peace to Germany. So he of the Steuben Endowment Corporation. In light of all his accomplishments decided to help the children of military veterans, as the newspa- within the Steuben Society, I have no doubt that Tom's example was the reason per reports. why at the National Convention held in St. Louis, Missouri, in 2011, the Society's Constitution and Statutes were amended to confer full membership upon the Non-German-American spouse of a full member as long as the spouse "As an expression of his continuing gratitude, Wild has given is an American citizen of voting age. $16.5 million to the Marine Corps Scholarship Foundation, a In addition to his sterling service to the Steuben Society, Tom was a philanthropic organization based in Alexandria, Va., that pro- devoted member of Prince of Peace Lutheran Church in Brentwood, New York. vides educational financial support for the children of Marine I fondly remember attending German language Christmas services at Prince of and Navy veterans. Wildʼs gift, the largest ever for the founda- Peace together with my fellow Steubenites as well as with members of the Islip tion, will benefit 3,000 scholarship recipients during the coming and Medford Choral Societies. Tom was also a devoted husband, father and decade, said the groupʼs president, Margaret Davis." grandfather. Anytime the Wagner Unit held a dinner you could be sure that www.Germany.info Tom would makes sure as many of his clan as possible would be in attendance. MARCH/APRIL 2016 THE STEUBEN NEWS Page 6

ZION CHURCH AND Dr. John Honeyman, in his history of Muhlenberg. It was too much to announcement that he would preach. of the church, conjectured that it expect that he should leave his He was a preacher, pastor, and exec- AMERICAʼS LUTHERAN was a one-story structure of smooth Philadelphia, work to come to New utive with superlative talents. ROOTS Contʼd from page 4 hewn logs, clapboarded and desti- Germantown. But that is exactly His greatness is not dimin- married before nightfall. The incident tute of plaster. It was soon to be what he did. ished when viewed through the is told because it created the need for remodeled and enlarged for the use HENRY MELCHIOR careers of his children. The three a parsonage at a time when the of Father Muhlenberg and his fami- MUHLENBERG (1756 - 1760) sons entered the ministry. Two of church was already in debt and was ly. Muhlenberg had grown them transferred to the service of the involved in church building opera- By this time, Pluckemin had weary of the New Jersey troubles newly formed nation after the war tions. The church council, without lost the parsonage, most of its 100 and seemed to be done with the con- for American independence. All hesitation, purchased a home and a acres, and thus had left only a little gregations. But after Schrenk left he three achieved a place of distinction fifty acre farm for the use of the pas- land and their little church in which was persuaded to promise a visit in in history. tor. This property, known as the no services were held. In 1752, the the following spring. This news was Henry was not only a splen- Glebe, was one and one quarter miles members requested Zion to permit received enthusiastically, especially did preacher and pastor, but a west of town on the Potterstown road. Mr. Weygand to hold services for in Pluckemin where the people at botanist respected in Europe and This parsonage was a sign of them every six or eight weeks. This once decided to replace their old America, and an educator, the first the final separation of the union marked a renewal of relationship, church with a fine stone structure. president of Franklin College, church from Pluckemin, whose par- and later Pluckemin and New In a short time they sub- Lancaster, Pennsylvania. sonage now was unused. Germantown were chartered as a scribed 300 pounds to which was Peter, known to every school The original church building, two-congregation united parish. added 200 Pounds by the "English boy for his "time to fight" speech, completed in 1750, has been By 1753, Zion had divided Church People" with the under- left the pulpit and took up the sword, described as an almost exact model of into two parties. The trouble took standing that the "preacher would rising to the rank of Major General the Episcopal Church built by George the form of dissatisfaction with the now and then deliver an English ser- under Washington. After the war, he Washington at Pohick Valley, pastor, but underneath this local mon." The Patriarch tried to per- was Vice President of Pennsylvania Virginia. It had low walls, topped by infection was a poison affecting the suade them to "abstain from their under President Benjamin Franklin; a barrack shaped roof, sloping to the whole organism of pioneer intended expensive church-building, he served as a representative in the four sides. The windows were small, Lutheranism in America. as we were now in the midst of war" first, second, and third congresses; square, and high from the ground. Weygand, whose practices (French and Indian). "But they and went on to become a United The pulpit with its high sounding were being seriously questioned at answered that it was better to spend States Senator. board was opposite the large doors, New Germantown, was enthusiasti- their little means in building a house Henry’s son Frederick was which were in the middle of the south cally called to the Dutch Lutheran to the Lord than to save them for the President of the Pennsylvania State wall. In the center of the church, in Congregations of New York City enemy." Convention which ratified the the broad aisle was a huge pit ... filled and Hackensack, New Jersey. He Muhlenberg was again over- Constitution in 1787, and had the with glowing charcoal. There were accepted and served there until his ruled by the persuasive members of honor of being the very first Speaker five aisles and two galleries at the death. Zion, when, as his last objection to of the House of Representatives of sides, one being used as an organ loft LUDOLPH HENRY SCHRENCK their plan for him to be their resident the United States. and containing a fine instrument for (1753 - 1756) pastor, he said that the parsonage Three of the male those days, a valuable relic now Schrenk was a well educated was "too small and unsuitable for Muhlenbergs, Henry Melchior, unfortunately lost to the church. The German who arrived in Philadelphia my family." They erected, within Henry Jr., and Peter were resident first organ in New York had been in 1749. He was dependent for four months, with much labor and at pastors of Zion Church. installed just twenty years before. awhile upon Muhlenberg's charity heavy cost, a roomy building, of Of Muhlenberg's four daugh- The dedication took place on and by him was trained as a cate- stone next to the old one. ters, one was the mother of Governor Advent Sunday, December 2nd, 1750. chist and lay preacher. He served in In the spring of 1759, with Schultze of Pennsylvania, a second The Reverends Peter Brunnholtz, of this capacity at several towns in his wife and four of the children married a great preacher and pastor, Philadelphia, J. P. Handschuh, of Eastern Pennsylvania acceptably (Peter was brought later), he came to another married General Francis Lancaster, J. N. Kurtz, of enough to be ordained in 1752. The New Germantown to reside. It was Swaine, and the fourth was the wife Tulpehocken, J. H. Schaum of York, following year, he was called to in one of his reports of this period of Matthias Richards, member of and J. C. Hartwick of Rhinebeck, NY, Zion. Here, if history tells his true that the name "New Germantown" Congress. were selected to perform the services. story, he bit all the hands that fed was first recorded. Previously the We need not wonder there- They were accompanied by him. town was known as Smithfield. fore why Zion's best historian spoke an organist to play on the fine instru- His first year was as bril- We have seen the masterful of Muhlenberg's pastorate as an ment imported from Germany. liant and promising as had been his hand of the Patriarch of American "event in the history of venerable Muhlenberg, who could not attend, services to the Pennsylvanians. He Lutheranism settling grievous dis- Zion, an event that every son and mildly complained that the ceremony took undue offense at some inno- putes with ease and skill, after the daughter of the church may contem- "should have taken place at a more cent remarks made by two people. failure of all other mediators--local plate with pride." convenient season, namely in the At the next public service he read leaders, the civil courts, and the Muhlenberg resided in the spring - but our own dear Brother them both out of office and mem- other church leaders. We have also parsonage from June 14, 1759 to Schaum was impatient to consum- bership. In due time, the congrega- seen the Pluckemin Congregation May 1, 1760. His diary gives a mate his betrothal vows." tion declared its sympathy with the springing to new life, planning to detailed account of his work. Early on the morning of the two offenders and showed the seri- build a new and expensive church, During the four years after Second of December, 1750, all the ousness of its intentions by bringing merely because Muhlenberg said he Schrenk left, the church had a resi- clergymen assembled to view the new in an Episcopal missionary who would resume his distant oversight dent pastor for less than one year. building. Then they proceeded to the held an Episcopal service in the of the congregation and make an Nevertheless it was one of the finest Glebe where the church councilmen, church. By 1756, Muhlenberg man- occasional visitation. These two periods in all the long history of the wardens and male members of the aged to smooth the way again. But facts strongly indicate the greatness church. The prosperity of Zion congregations were assembled. At Schrenk deserted, although the con- of this Christian personality. He was between 1756 and 1760 is another this meeting the ordination of Pastor gregation had displayed patience prominent, popular, learned, vigor- one of the many local witnesses to Weygand was approved by clergy and and forbearance, promising to sup- ous, handsome, and gifted with a the superlative qualities of the laity. port his ministry. rich, powerful tenor voice. The Patriarch of American Lutheranism. There is no information to These difficult days, under largest meeting houses of the day guide us in describing the parsonage. Providence, excited the sympathy were filled to the doors upon Contʼd Next page MARCH/APRIL 2016 THE STEUBEN NEWS Page 7 Contʼd from previous page PETER MUHLENBERG many of the major battles of the In 1908, the German colonists (1769 - 1772) War, and was with the suffering in Southwest Africa took part in one One Rev. Frederick Schultz, troops at Valley Forge. of the Dark Continents bloodiest who had recently left the Lutheran In 1769, Peter Muhlenberg settled in New Germantown as resi- On one occasion, he rode rebellions with 84,000 Nama and ministry, was living in New through Oldwick at the head of Herero tribesmen killed. But that trag- Germantown in 1759 and was paid dent pastor, officially remaining as assistant to the rector, his father. He four thousand troops. There are ic incident was an exception to the by the church for his services for "the records indicating that he made usually smooth African-German rela- last half year." He was not regularly lived and worked here for three years. several visits to his old parish dur- tions. Berlin made substantial long called as pastor but merely served as ing the times when his army was range investments in Africa, building pulpit supply. He spent his time in His regular reports to his father have not been printed and quartered nearby. bridges, railroads and highways. The alchemistic researches and so After the war, Muhlenberg German tongue was not imposed on aroused the curiosity of the supersti- probably are lost. Little is known of the details of his ministry. All entries continued in the public service the natives, for the colonists learned tious that they indulged in midnight until the end of his life. His native the local languages and customs. expeditions, over a long period of in the vestry book were made, not by the resident pastor, but by his father. state erected a statue in the nation- Education was so encouraged among years, to dig for treasure in his back al capitol at Washington to perpet- the Africans in the German colonies, yard. On June 25th, 1770, an important meeting was held, at uate his memory. that by 1914, newspapers printed in PAUL BRYZELIUS (1760 - The Soul of Germany Swahili had a circulation of 10,000 1766) The Rev. Paul Bryzelius, a which the following, among other decisions were made. Services were Chapter XV copies in just one colony. Swedish Moravian recently convert- Emperor Wilhelm died on ed to Lutheranism, served the con- to be held in New Germantown Prelude to World War every other Sunday; on the alternate March 9, 1888 at age 91. His son, gregation from 1760 to 1766. It is By Richie Odorfer Sundays services were to be held at Friedrich III, succeeded to the throne, known that he was a vigorous, coura- On the heels of German Pluckemin and Long Valley. The but was ill with throat cancer, and geous, energetic pastor, zealous in unification in 1871 came a dynam- three congregations divided between died three months later. The German the performance of duty. ic building boom all across the them the burden of debt and some crown then passed to Friedrich’s 29 In 1767 Muhlenberg was for- Empire. In Alsace-Lorraine alone, new obligations for the repair of the year old son, Wilhelm II. The mally elected "Rector" and continued then back under German rule, more parsonage and for a wall around the empire’s third sovereign was a kind in this capacity until 1775. During was accomplished in just ten years church yard. and friendly man, although a bit this period the Patriarch was not in for the citizens, than the French In the spring of 1771, Peter pompous, thinking he had been “spe- residence but served the church had done for them in the course of Muhlenberg received a call to serve cially ordained to rule by the through assistants. two centuries. Germany’s interna- in the Shenandoah Valley in a dis- Almighty.” Wilhelm II preferred to be In the archives of Zion is a tional trade increased significantly trict settled almost entirely by called the “All Highest.” As many fine old parchment, a charter issued each year with Hamburg’s bustling German Lutherans from predicted, the young emperor and the by King George III through harbor fast becoming the largest in Pennsylvania. Because the church old chancellor quarreled often over Governor William Franklin to the, the world. laws of Virginia had established the politics – Wilhelm II refused to play a United Churches of Zion, (Oldwick) In the mid-1880s, Church of England and made it dif- minor role in the government. He did- and St. Paul's (Pluckemin). Thus Bismarck ignored the jealousy of ficult for dissenters, it was necessary n’t possess the deep gratitude and after fifty years of ministry to the England, and embarked on a plan for Muhlenberg to go to London for respect for the Iron Chancellor as had community, Zion first was estab- to acquire overseas colonies. As a Episcopal ordination. This was a been shown Bismarck by his father lished as a legal religious society rec- growing world industrial power, technicality. Muhlenberg remained a and grandfather. Consequently, in ognized by its colony and empire. Germany required her own sources Lutheran to the end of his life. March of 1890, Bismarck was forced A month earlier in this same of raw materials, and needed new In the spring of 1772, he proceeded to resign, at age 75, and retired to his year, a constitution was adopted - markets for her products. Equally to London, was duly ordained and family estate in Friedrichsruh. Zion's first, so far as we know. important to colonize was the high established in the Virginia parish. Europe was shocked over Muhlenberg and his assis- number of talented German citi- Here he became an associate of Bismarck’s departure. Since 1871, he tants, Peter Muhlenberg and zens leaving the homeland annual- George Washington and Patrick had led Germany on a peaceful course Christian Streit, served the united ly for America, a condition Henry and other Virginians in the that gave stability to the continent, congregations by turns from 1767 Bismarck hoped would be correct- pre-Revolution struggles for liberty. and for that he was greatly appreciat- until February 1769. ed if there were opportunities in At the outbreak of war, he preached ed. In 1895, all Germany celebrated German ruled foreign lands. a sermon on the text, "There is a sea- Bismarck’s 80th birthday. Three years By means of diplomacy, son ... to every purpose under heav- later he died. Declining a state funer- PETER MUHLENBERG purchase, or seizure, Germany en," ending with the words, "A time al, Prince Otto von Bismarck was took possession of China’s to preach and a time to pray, but buried quietly on his estate. Shantung province, a part of New there is also a time to fight, and that With the dawn of the 20th Guinea (Kaiser Wilhelm Land), the time has now come." After the serv- century, the German Empire stood as Marshall and Solomon Islands, ice he removed his gown to reveal one of the great powers of the world. Samoa, and the Bismarck the military uniform he was wear- It possessed the largest population in Archipelago. In Africa, German ing. Drums at the church door called western Europe, and the German army missionaries first arrived in mod- men to enlist. This was the begin- had a reputation of being the best ern Ghana and Togo followed by ning of the 8th Virginia Regiment, organized and trained body of men on traders, then in 1884 treaties were composed almost entirely of earth, while the German Navy was made with tribal chiefs allowing Germans from the Shenandoah gradually closing in on Great Britain’s their land to become a German Valley. Of this Regiment, General mastery of the sea. In world trade, protectorate. Tanzania, a land rich Richard Henry Lee said, "It was not Germany’s steel output outran the in diamonds and gold was also col- only the most complete in numbers, British, and in new fields of produc- onized in 1884, along with the but the best armed, clothed and tion and commerce, where intelli- Cameroons, a region producing equipped. His soldiers were alert, gence and system were of more tropical fruits, cocoa, coffee and zealous and spirited." account than mere trader’s cunning, rubber. German Southwest Africa Muhlenberg entered the such as in the manufacture of dyes, was colonized in 1892 – a treasure service as a Colonel, was promoted optical glass, chemical products and filled land rich in diamonds, silver, first to Brigadier General, and then minerals and cattle. to Major General. He took part in Contʼd next page Page 8 THE STEUBEN NEWS MARCH/APRIL 2016 Soul of Germany Bismarck. His greatest blunder uation, the two top leaders of calendar of events France left Paris for Moscow, Please email your calendar items to: Contʼd from previous page was not renewing the Reinsurance [email protected] 1-2 months prior to your event. in endless novel processes, Treaty with Russia, resulting in to conspire with Czar Nicholas France quickly capitalizing on II, Serbia’s close ally. Emperor 3/10 Robert Wagner Unit Corned Beef & Cabbage Fundraiser Germany led the world. for more info 631-776-7794 By 1908, Germany’s that error by signing a pact with Wilhelm II in the meantime, mines and factories had so far Moscow herself. The Franco- believing the Austrian-Serbian 3/19 6:30 pm German-American Club of Albany Corned Beef affair to be only a local Balkan Dinner. $23/person. For reservations, please call developed as to give employ- Russian treaty made Germany 518.439.5932. All of our events are open to the public! ment to all. Germany’s neigh- their mutual adversary. Then, dispute, had set sail July 6, when it appeared to London that 1914 on a three week cruise to 3/19 1-:00 am Eiermarkt Spring Craft Fair, GAHC, Davenport, IA bors, however, were not so for- Pysanky Vendors, Hot pretzels & more. www.gahc.org tunate. In England at this time Germany had become resolved on the North Cape. England then, creating a navy equal to Great cleverly planning for all even- 5/22 2-6:00 pm Steuben Society 97th Anniversary Luncheon labor discontent had bred (Replaces Founders Day), Coral House, Baldwin NY waves of strikes, along with Britain, England opened up secret tualities, called up her military 516-567-6565 unemployment, poverty, and negotiations with the French. reserves for training exercises. The prelude to war 4/7 & 5/5 7:30 German Genealogy Meeting, VFW Hall Rte 107 squalidness among its people. “Full and elaborate plans” were Hicksville NY 631-265-0621 Across the Channel, the French agreed upon in the event of a pos- heated up on 24th July, when working class has become sible war with Germany. Russia warned Austria that alienated from its government. Consequently, in 1914, only unre- Serbia must not be crushed; the Paris had to resort to ruthless liable Italy and the shaky next day Serbia refused to invades France through Belgium and takes Paris. repression to put down its Austrian-Hungarian Empire stood comply with Vienna’s ultima- Then with France out of the war, Russia would be workers. Similar dismal living with Germany. tum; on 27 July, Wilhelm II dealt with. conditions and civil disorders On June 28, 1914, in the returned from his cruise and Tragically for Germany, her Chief of the plagued many other European Bosnian capital of Sarajevo, while notified Austria that she had no General Staff, Helmuth von Moltke, a nephew of states in the early 20th century. on a goodwill tour of the realm, justification for war, that Franz the great Von Moltke, had disregarded dangerous When Europe’s weak leaders Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to Josef should limit any military flaws in the 1902 Schlieffen Plan that didn’t failed to correct their domestic the Habsburg throne, and his wife action to merely a temporary address unforeseen events, for when Germany problems with internal solu- were assassinated by a Pan Slavic occupation of Belgrade, and invaded Belgium to get at France without tions, they deviously diverted terrorist. The people of Austria then end the hostilities. On the Belgium’s permission, Great Britain asserted that their citizens’ attention and Hungary were grief stricken 28th of July, Austria-Hungary her 1839 treaty with Belgium was violated, and so towards a foreign scapegoat to upon hearing the news, for the declared war on Serbia. Due to on August 4th declared war on Germany. The fol- hate. Large standing armies archduke had been very popular the ineptness of Germany’s lowing day a German mine-laying vessel was were maintained by Europe’s among the citizens, and was a Foreign Office, and the negli- attacked at the mouth of the Thames River by the belligerent powers – and they champion for democratic reforms. gence of Wilhelm II, Vienna British cruiser Amphion and sunk – the first time were ready for any opportunity Emperor Franz Josef, at age 84, was convinced that she had that British and Germans had ever met in conflict to make war: still wore the crown he received German backing to exercise a under their own national flags upon land or water. In 1895 Italy fought back in 1848. free hand with the Serbs. The German people were shocked to hear that Abyssinians, and Turks massa- Bordering Bosnia was On July 30, 1914, England had declared war upon them, especially cred Armenians; 1897 Greece Serbia, a warlike country, whose Russia ordered a general mobi- for such a trivial cause: “a scrap of paper,”as warred with Turkey; in 1898 leaders possessed Pan-Slavic lization of its armed forces. described by Wilhelm II. the United States fought Spain; dreams of one day uniting under The next day, Wilhelm II inter- London’s skilled Foreign Office agents 1899 Russia fought Japan; its flag all the Slavic Balkan preted Russia’s mobilization as worked secretly to find allies once war with 1905 Sweden mobilized to provinces, such as Bosnia and an act of war, and sent the Czar Germany became a possibility. Their most despi- threaten Norway; 1911 Italy Croatia. An Austrian inquiry into a 24- hour ultimatum demand- cable act was a promise of spoils to neutral coun- warred with Turkey; 1914 the assassination uncovered hard ing he stop the mobilization. tries - to buy them off - blood for land, with deals England was on the verge of a evidence that the shooter was a France was also sent an ultima- of such a great magnitude they were criminal. civil war in Ireland. member of a terrorist group that tum demanding she promise Japan was offered Germany’s Chinese posses- Meanwhile, the Germans had connections with top Serbian neutrality in the case war sions; Portugal a German African province; remained at peace, but tensions officials. erupts between Russia and Romania was to get part of Hungary - and Italy, over Berlin’s naval buildup This information prompt- Germany. As expected, after breaking her treaty with Berlin and Vienna, irked the British. That London ed the Austrians to demand that Moscow and Paris both stuck a dagger in their backs by joining England’s felt obligated to match the Belgrade allow them to pursue the ignored Berlin’s ultimatums. side in the war for the future gift of the ancient German effort to maintain her investigation into Serbia. It On the first day of ethnic German province of South Tyrol. supremacy on the seas severe- became known later that Serbia’s August 1914, Germany Turkey’s Ottoman Empire joined ly strained the British prime minister and cabinet, along declared war on Russia, and Germany and Austria-Hungary in the war, which Admiralty’s budget. And the with several Russian diplomats commenced her own mobiliza- pleased London and Paris, for they both had plans, disgrace of losing the famous had been privy and part of the tion. That same day, Britain’s once the Turks were beaten, to grab the future oil “unsinkable” Titanic in 1912 plot weeks before the assassina- civilian Naval chieftain, rich Middle Eastern states as booty, while added to London’s woes. tions occurred. Winston Churchill, ordered his Moscow had its eye on seizing Istanbul from the The foreign policy of When Serbia refused ships into the English Channel Turks. Emperor Wilhelm II was cata- Austria’s demand, Vienna gave to protect the sea lanes for Leaders of world Jewry were promised a strophic, for he had reversed Belgrade an ultimatum to comply future troop movements, as per homeland carved out of Turkish owned Palestine the brilliant diplomacy of or face war. During this crisis sit- Anglo-French war plans. Three if they could provide international Jewish support days later Germany declared for their side. Against those righteous nations that war on France, implementing refused to comprimise their integrity and be FOR INFO ON BECOMING A MEMBER: Steuben Society of the 1902 Schlieffen Plan, bought with offers of spoils or murder for hire, to America, One South Ocean Avenue, Suite 217, Patchogue, whereby a minimum contain- enter the war, Anglo-French agents made veiled ing force guards the eastern NY 11772 email: [email protected] or call threats and intimidations. front as Russia gradually 631-730-5111 builds up for war, while the maximum amount of force Contʼd next issue